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Trophic Model of the Coastal Ecosystem of the West Coast of Peninsular Alias Man Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia

Alias, M. 2003. Trophic Model of the Coastal Fisheries Ecosystem of the West Coast of Penisular Malaysia, p. 313 - 332. In G. Silvestre, L. Garces, I. Stobutzki, M. Ahmed, R.A. Valmonte- Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Aliño, P. Munro, V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings 67, 1 120 p.

Abstract

A preliminary mass-balance trophic model was constructed for the coastal fisheries ecosystem of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (0 - 120 m depth). The ecosystem was partitioned into 15 trophic groups, and biomasses for selected groups were obtained from research (trawl) surveys conducted in the area in 1987 and 1991. Trophic interactions of the groups are presented. The network analysis indicates that fishing fleets for demersal and have a major direct or indirect impact on most high-trophic level groups in the ecosystem.

Introduction mouth (Leiognathidae) are also predominant in the coastal areas. The fisheries ecosystem of the West Coast of Penin- sular Malaysia, (WCPM); between 98° to 104° E Off the WCPM, the waters within the EEZ rarely longtitude, and 1° to 7° N latitude) from the coast- exceed 120 m, the deepest part being at the north- line to the EEZ border (20 - 120 m depth) was stud- ern tip of the Straits of Malacca. In general, WCPM ied (Fig. 1). landings from the area contributed is shallow, with a huge mud flat area (< 10 m) about 50% of total landings in the country. The running northwest from the central part of the total marine area is about 20 400 nm2, including coast (Fig. 1). about 263 nm2 of islands in the north. The Lang- kawi group of islands is the largest with a total land In the Straits of Malacca, currents generally flow area of about 140 nm2. Apart from mangroves, in a northwestern direction throughout the year. some of these islands adjoin unique coral reefs. Tidal action is not appreciable beyond a distance Pulau Payar, an island gazetted as a marine park, is of about 8 miles off the northern coast of Sumatra one of the most diverse coral reef ecosystem in and about 40 miles off the northeast coast. During Malaysia. The sheltered waters of the west coast, the northeast monsoon period (October-April), which have muddy substrate are trawled year round. its current flow is a branch of the southward monsoon current in the South Sea, which Based on analyses of demersal community struc- rounds the extremity of the Malay peninsula and ture (Alias, this vol.), the waters of the WCPM can passes into the strait. During the southwest mon- be divided into two main assemblages (coastal, soon period (May-September), part of the water < 40-m; offshore, > 40-m). The mangrove-related which flows westward in the Java Sea and north- communities are found all along the coast, in waters westward through the Karimata Strait towards the of up to 40 m depth. The commercially most South China Sea also passes directly into the important species group in this community com- Malacca Strait (Hydrographic Department. Admiralty prise of prawns. Small-sized fishes including slip- 1964).

313 7.0

6.5 -10 -20 -70 -40 -3 -90 0 -80 -4 -60 -60 -60 -10 0 -100 -50 -20 6.0 -40 -10

-20 -50

-90 -80 -60

-70 -30 -60 -50 -10 -50 -10 -40 5.5 -30 -20 -50

-100 -90 -60 -80 -70 5.0 -70 -70 -50 -20 -40 -30

-60 -10 -60 -60 4.5 -50 -70 -60 -40

-50 -60 PENINSULAR -10 -30 -20 -70 -40 -40 MALAYSIA 4.0 -60 -30

-20 -10 -30 -80 -10 -70 LATITUDE ºN LATITUDE -50 3.5 -40 -5 -60 -40 -10-20 0

-30 -30 -60 -20 -50 3.0 -40 -40 Assemblage A I S ONDE I -10-20

-20 -10

-30 1 2.5 -10 2

2.0

-10 1.5

1.0 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 LONGITUDE ºE Fig. 1. Map of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia WCPM showing delineation of fishing area by fish assemblage. Isobaths are in meters.

Currents exceeding the rate of one knot may be surfaced to 50 m depth ranged from 3.9 to 6.0 gC·m-2 experienced throughout the year in the strait. (Ichikawa 1986), and from 3.7 to 6.0 gC·m-2 in When the currents are most constant (December - Sarawak waters (Ichikawa and Law 1988). February), only about 17% of all observed rates exceed one knot in northwesterly directions. The WCPM ecosystem comprises four main habi- tats: mangrove mud flats, seagrass beds, coral reefs, Studies of primary productivity were conducted and muddy-sandy bottoms. The mangrove areas only off the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and are in the state of Perak (40 000 ha), Johor (25 600 in waters off Sarawak. Average surface concentra- ha), Selangor (22 500 ha) and Kedah (9 000 ha) tion of chlorophyll a in waters off the East Coast of (Choo et al. 1994). The Larut Matang mangroves Peninsular Malaysia is 0.08 mg·m-3, and the aver- in Perak were reported to be the largest mangrove age value is 0.208 mg·m-3 (Raihan and Ichikawa forest in Peninsular Malaysia and possibly the 1986). Similarly low concentrations of chlorophyll a best managed mangrove forest in the world (Gong are observed in Sarawak waters, ranging between et al. 1980). There have been numerous studies 0.049 to 0.150 mg·m-3 throughout the water col- showing the linkage of mangroves to re- umn (Lokman et al. 1988). On the East Coast, the sources (Malaysian Coastal Resources Study Team density of particulate organic carbon from the sea (MCRST), 1992).

314 WorldFish Center 315 The coral reef areas of the WCPM are found around Consumption (i) = production (i) + unassimilated islands located to the north of Kedah (Payar Islands) food (i) + respiration (i) (1) and off Perak (Sembilan Islands). There are also small isolated fringing reefs occurring along the In addition, the production of group i in the system mainland coast. There are at least five large seagrass can in its simplest form be expressed as: beds off the WCPM (Kushairi 1992). Five species of seagrass are found in shallow waters between 0.2 Production (i) = mortality (i) + catches (i) and 1.8 m, namely: Halophila ovalis, H. uninervis, H. + other mortality (i) (2) pinifolia, H. minor and Enhalus acoroides. where the predation mortality terms are used to Beyond 40 m, the seabed is generally muddy with link the predator and prey species. Equation (2) small spots of sandy bottom. These constitute a can also be expressed as: different habitat altogether with a different faunal

assemblage, also targeted by trawl fishery. Pi - M2i - Pi (1- EEi) - EXi = 0 (3)

The fishery of the WCPM is multispecies and mul- where Pi is the production of (i), M2i is the total tigear. There are about twelve main fishing gears predation mortality of (i), EEi is the ecotrophic used, catching a multitude of fish and invertebrate efficiency of (i) or the proportion of the production

species. Trawls are the main of fishing gear, that is either exported or predated upon, (1 - EEi ) accounting for about 60% of total WCPM landings. is the “other mortality”, and EXi is the export or catch of (i). The fishery resources on the WCPM are being over- harvested. Statistics show that landings in 1996 Equation (3) can be re-expressed as: were 460 302 t, but abundance trends from re- n source surveys indicate that the resources have Bi * PBi - ∑Bj * QBj * DCji - PBi * Bi (1 - EEi) - EXi = 0 (4) declined to only 25% of the original levels (Talib j = 1 et al. this vol.). Steps have been taken to sustain the

WCPM fishery and access is now closed to new where Bi is the biomass of (i), PBi is the production/ entrants to the sector. The focus is now to exploit biomass ratio, QBj is the consumption/biomass resources in the EEZ waters off Sarawak. ratio and DCji is the fraction of prey (i) in the aver- age diet of predator (j). Previous work on multispecies fisheries and marine

ecosystems in Malaysia include a study of the East From the first four parameters Bi, PBi, EEi and QBj, Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, based on an early one may be unknown, to be estimated when the

version of the Ecopath model (Liew and Chan balancing routine is run. The DCji and EXi are 1987), while (Alias, 1994) presented multispecies always required for all groups. surplus production models for the WCPM based on analysis of catch and effort data on 30 different Later versions of the Ecopath model are more groups of species. However, analyses at the eco- dynamic, with the non-predation losses (Eq. 2) system level have so far not been conducted in broken up into migration, biomass accumulation the WCPM. and other mortality. Equation (2) becomes:

Production = fishing mortality + predation mortal- ity + migration + biomass accumulation + other Materials and Methods mortality (5) The Ecopath Model Ecological Groups The master equations of the Ecopath model of (Polovina, 1984) as modified by (Christensen and Table 1 presents the ecological groups used for the Pauly, 1992), assumed that the system is in mass- construction of the Ecopath model of the WCPM. balance, where input for a given group i equals Appendices A & B show the list of species from output, i.e. (FAO 1997) as well as the species in the WCPM.

314 WorldFish Center 315 To model the ecosystem, all species therein need to South China Sea was used, with some modification be grouped according to their trophic characters. to fit the WCPM ecosystem, such as the diadromous Then, the biomass and the catch of each trophic fishes, mammals and turtles. The mammals and group need to be provided. Trophic grouping used turtles were included in the system although infor- by (Pauly and Christensen 1993) for modeling the mation on these groups is incomplete.

Table 1. Ecological groups used in the Ecopath modeling of the waters off the West coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Ecological group Taxa

Benthic producers Brown, red and green seaweeds Other algae Misc. aquatic plants

Crustacean (excl. ) Spiny and Slipper lobster Banana , Giant tiger prawn, Greasy-back prawn/Pink prawn, Rainbow prawn, Red prawn, Sand prawn, Sharp-rostrum prawn, Small white prawn, Yellow Misc. marine

Intermediate predators Barramundi (Giant seaperch), Bombay-duck, Catfish eel, Croakers/Jewfish, Emperors/Scavengers, False trevally, Fusilier, Goatfish, Grouper, Grunter, Lizard fish, Mangrove snapper, Marine catfish, Mojarras/ Silver biddies, Monocle bream, Parrotfish, Pony fishes/Slipmouth, Rabbitfish/Spinefeet, Red snapper, Russell’s snapper, Sharp-toothed bass, Sillago whitings, Snapper, Spadefish, Spotted sicklefish, Sweetlips, Threadfin bream, Triggerfish, Misc. demersal commercial fishesBlack kingfish/Cobia, Leatherskin/ Queenfish, Rainbow runner, Threadfin, Dorab wolf-herring Mixed fish (mainly demersal)

Large pelagics Frigate , Kawakawa, Longtail tuna, Sailfish/Marlin Spanish mackerel/King mackerel

Large predators Conger eel Barracuda Shark

Large zoobenthos feeders Ray

Mammals Dolphins, Porpoises, Dugong

Medium pelagics Amberjack, Black pomfret, Chinese silver pomfret, Golden trevally, Horse mackerel/Trevally, Silver pomfret, Small pomfret, Misc. pelagic commercial fishes Largehead hairtail

Misc. invertebrates Abalones, winkles, conchs, etc. Rock oyster/Flat oyster Brown mussel Scallops, pectens, etc. Blood cockle, Other clams, Undulate venus Misc. marine mollusks Sea-squirts and other tunicates Horseshoe crabs and other arachnoids Sea cucumbers Jellyfish Pearls, mother-of-pearl, shells, etc. Corals Sponges

316 WorldFish Center 317 Table 1. Ecological groups used in the Ecopath modeling of the waters off the West coast of Peninsular Malaysia. (continued)

Ecological group Taxa

Small demersal prey species Chacunda gizzard shad, Longtail shad, Shad, Slender shad Elongate ilisha Flatfish, Tonguefish/ tongue sole Misc. demersal trash fishes Trash fish (mainly demersal)

Small pelagics Bigeye scad, Hardtail scad/Torpedo scad, Mullet, Round scad, Selar scad, Yellowstripe scad Anchovy, Fringescale sardinella, Indo-Pacific tarpon, Rainbow sardine Indian mackerel/Short mackerel Misc. pelagic trash fishes

Squids and Common , , Octopus

Turtles Green turtles

Zooplankton Sergestid shrimp

Table 2. Basic input parameter values used in modeling the coastal fisheries ecosystem off the West coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Ecological group Biomass (t·km-2) P/B (year -1) Q/B (year -1) EE Catch (t·km2·year -1)

Mammals 0.02 0.05 30.00 – –

Large predators 0.02 2.86 7.30 – 0.03

Large pelagics – 3.93 9.55 0.95 0.67

Medium pelagics – 2.43 10.00 0.95 0.13

Large zoobenthos feeders – 3.90 7.85 0.95 0.07

Intermediate predators 0.03 7.49 15.00 – 3.23

Small demersal species – 10.00 23.74 0.95 0.14

Small pelagics – 3.75 12.9 0.95 0.13

Crustaceans (excl. plankton) – 5.11 21.81 0.95 0.82

Misc. invertebrates – 5.51 11.02 0.95 0.06

Squids – 4.10 10.51 0.95 0.29

Turtles 0.02 1.50 3.50 –

Zooplankton – 67.00 280.00 0.95 0.19

Aquatic plants – 71.15 – 0.50 –

Detritus 100.00 – – – –

Note: P/B = Production/Biomass ratio, Q/B = Consumption/Biomass ratio, EE = Ecotrophic efficiency.

316 WorldFish Center 317 Model Parameterization ecosystem demand (i.e. as outputs of Ecopath) and compare these estimates to those from the swept- To describe the west coast fisheries ecosystem, area method. parameters are required for the Ecopath software. Table 2 gives a summary of the basic input param- Production to Biomass Ratios (P/B) eters used in the construction of the Ecopath model for the study area. P/B ratio estimates were mostly obtained from total mortality estimates (Z) derived using length-based Biomass Estimates methods (Chee and others, 1998). For the crusta- cean, large pelagics and zooplankton groups, the Most biomasses were estimated from the catch rate P/B values were adopted from Silvestre et al. (1993) of demersal trawl surveys using the swept area- (see Appendix A). Assuming that biomass for these method (see Appendix A). Two different types of groups were underestimated, the biomass values demersal survey were conducted in the area, i.e. were adjusted such that fishing mortality (F) is the coastal and offshore surveys, both conducted in equivalent to Z minus natural mortality (M). different areas and years. To determine the biomass for the total area, information from the offshore Consumption to Biomass Ratio (Q/B) and coastal survey was combined. The closest gap in time pertains to the 1987 offshore survey and For initial parameterization, Q/B values were esti- the 1991 coastal survey. In this study, the ecosys- mated from the average of values obtained from the tem was modeled based on the 1991 scenario. The literature (Appendix B), except for the zooplankton composition of the offshore demersal assemblage group, where the value from Silvestre et al. (1993) in 1987 was assumed to be similar to 1991. How- was used. The Q/B for mammals was assumed to be ever, the 1987 demersal biomass values were similar to that of large predatory fishes. reduced by 26% before they were combined with the 1991 biomass of the coastal demersal stocks Diet Composition due to differences in the survey period. The reduc- tion was based on the trend of decline for the period The diet composition (Table 3) was estimated 1987 - 91 (see Talib et al. this vol.). based on the work of Liew and Chan (1987) and Silvestre et al. (1993). The diet composition for Estimated biomass should be corrected for varying mammals and turtles was based on the researchers’ catchability coefficient; a value of 0.5 is commonly general knowledge about the groups and their used for trawl surveys in South East Asian waters eating habits. (Pauly 1984) and this was used here for the estima- tion of demersal fish biomass in deeper waters. For Catches pelagic species, this value should be much lower due to the gear being inefficient in catching pelagics. Landings were obtained from statistics (DOF 1992), In this study, it is assumed that the catchability of even though the exact location of capture could not pelagic species is half of those for demersal species, be established (Appendix C). However, informa- i.e. 0.25. The deeper assemblage can be sampled tion on distance from shore is implicit in the type best using a fish trawl as the sampling gear. How- of fishing gear used. Legally, all gears are allocated ever, a prawn trawl best samples the shallower a fishing area. The main task was to reclassify the assemblage. As the coastal demersal fish survey can landings by various fishing gears to landings by only cover the area from 5 m depth and above, the fishing area, so that landings as well as biomass biomass in less than 5 m depth could not be deter- from any fishing area could be calculated. This re- mined. In this study, the initial biomasses for the classification process involved three steps, i.e. clas- shallow areas were corrected by assuming catch- sification of fishing area, classification of fishing ability equal to that of pelagics. gears, and classification of resources/species:

The Ecopath model was used to estimate the bio- Area Classification. The fishing area has been legally mass of other groups, such as marine mammals and classified into four zones based on distance from reptiles. As some of the biomasses estimated via the shoreline. Zone A is from the shoreline to 5 nm, swept-area method were likely to be underesti- Zone B is from 5 to 12 nm, Zone C is from 12 to mates, it was decided to estimate these based on 30 nm, and Zone D is from 30 nm onward.

318 WorldFish Center 319 Zone A is allocated solely for traditional small- Species Classification. A ‘miscellaneous fishes’ cate- scale fishing gears. The zoning system was estab- gory is commonly used in landing statistics and lished after introduction of commercial fishery research (trawl) surveys. It includes both demersal and was intended to reduce conflict between tradi- and pelagic fishes. From an ecological perspective, tional and commercial fishers. The zoning system these fishes are very different in terms of feeding does not seem to be based on any scientific study behavior and diet composition, although they are and criteria used for the boundary delineation are usually all assigned to the ISSCAAP (Group 39). unclear. Alias (this vol.) reported two main species Difficulties arise during the trophic grouping of assemblages off the West Coast of Peninsular Ma- species, but especially so for this group. Here the laysia. The first assemblage occurs over the shallow task was to reclassify this group properly. For the area (0 - 40m) roughly matching Zones A and B, trawl survey data, the “miscellaneous fishes” were and the second assemblage occurs over a deeper broken down to species level and then assigned to area (> 40m) roughly matching Zones C and D. the appropriate group. For the landings data, the miscellaneous group and “trash fish” were assigned Fishing Gear Classification. From cluster analysis of to groups according to the type of gear that caught the catches of various fishing gears in species space, them. For example, “trash fish” landings of the the fishing gears can be classified into five main trawl were assigned to the demersal fishes group groups (Table 4). Information on their areas of because most of the catch was demersals. For the operation and species assemblages fished is also purse seine, the “trash fish” was assigned to the given in Table 4. pelagic group as most of the catch is pelagics.

Table 3. Diet composition of the 15 ecological groups used in the analysis - the predator numbers correspond to the prey numbers.

Predator

Prey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1. Mammals

2. Large predators 0.03

3. Large pelagics 0.66

4. Medium pelagics 0.10 0.10 0.04

5. Large zoobenthos 0.01 0.01 feeders

6. Intermediate predators 0.01 0.34 0.34 0.82 0.01 0.05

7. Small demersal species 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

8. Small pelagics 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.04 0.01 0.01

9. Crust. (excl. plankton) 0.09 0.68 0.54 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.10

10. Misc. invertebrates 0.17 0.26 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.10

11. Squids 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.02

12. Turles

13. Zooplankton 0.01 0.88 0.70 0.08 0.30 0.10 0.10

14. Aquatic plants 0.19 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.80 0.65

15. Detritus 0.01 0.58 0.50 0.64 0.25

Sum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

318 WorldFish Center 319 Table 4. Classification of fishing gears into five main groups. The zone of operation refers to the management zones and the assemblage refers to Figure 1.

Fishing Main Target Zone of Distance range Average depth Gear Group Species Fishing Gear Operation Assemblage from shore (miles) range (m)

1 Anchovy Anchovy purse seine A 1 0 - 5 0 - 20

2 Pelagic fishes Fish purse seine B 1 5 - 12 20 - 40 C 2 12 - 30 40 - 60 D 2 30 - EEZ 60 - 100

3 Demersal fishes Trawlers, drift nets, hooks & B 1 5 - 12 20 - 40 and prawns lines and portable traps C 2 12 - 30 40 - 60 D 2 30 - EEZ 60 - 100

4 Prawn Other seine nets, bag nets, A 1 0 - 5 0 - 20 barrier nets, push nets & other traditional nets

5 Shellfishes Shellfishes collection A 1 0 - 5 0 - 20

Fish Prices Table 5. Wholesale value (in Malaysian Ringgit, RM) of fish by category in 1991. The wholesale value of fish was obtained from the Sub- Price annual statistics (DOF 1992). The price of fish was -1 grouped into six main groups. Table 5 below gives Group group Type of Catch (RM·kg ) a summary of the wholesale value of fish in 1991. Fish Grade 1 Pomfrets, threadfins, spanish 8.27 All prices are in the Malaysian currency, RM. The mackerels, wolf herrings and exchange rate in 1991 was RM2.50 to US$1.00. grouper Fish Grade 2 Mangrove snappers, longtail 1.33 shads, shads, red snappers, Results and Discussion sweetlips, horse mackerels Trends in Commercial and Research Trawl and giant seaperch Survey Catches Fish Grade 3 Other fish species including 2.00 anchovies, squids, crabs and Fig. 2 shows the trend in stock density of fishes jellyfishes. from trawl surveys in coastal and offshore areas Prawn All types of prawn 5.02 from 1971 to 1997 off the WCPM. Trash Trash Fish 0.30 In terms of surplus production models, the abun- fishes dance that generates maximum sustainable yield Shellfish All types of shellfishes 1.08 (MSY) is 50% of the unexploited stock. The present biomass level on the west coast is estimated as 10 - 15% (Talib et al. paper no.6). Fig. 3 shows the trend in catches for the whole area from 1969 to 1996; catches have reached about 500 000 t. This trend suggests that the fisheries have been expand- ing geographically, an issue not pursued here.

320 WorldFish Center 321 16 000

14 000 -2 12 000 Nm i · 10 000

8 000

DENSITY, kg DENSITY, 6 000

4 000

2 000

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 YEAR

Coastal Offshore

Fig. 2. Total density of fish from research vessel surveys in coastal (1) and off-shore (2) waters off the West Coast Peninsular of Malaysia (WCPM).

600

500

400

300

200 LANDINGS (‘000 t)

100

0

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 YEAR

Fig. 3. Total annual landings from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 1968 - 96.

320 WorldFish Center 321 Trophic Model for the West Coast of Pen- Figure 4 presents a flowchart of the trophic interac- insular Malaysia tions in the ecosystem. The estimated mean trophic level of the fisheries catch is about 3.2. Fig. 5 docu- The model presented below is very preliminary, ments the impact any of the groups or fishing fleets and will have to be refined before it can be used in the model has on all other groups or fishing to provide a basis for the policy exploration that fleets through resource competition or direct pre- can be performed via Ecopath with Ecosim Soft- dation. From this it can be concluded that the fleet ware. Ecopath produces a variety of outputs, of fishing for demersals and prawns has a major interest not just for fisheries management but also negative impact on many groups (particularly large for ecological purposes. It is not feasible to repro- zoobenthos feeders and large predators). duce all of these here, but a few may be highlighted. Table 6 presents the biomasses that were input into This basic Ecopath model can serve as the basis the model or calculated by Ecopath to ensure mass- for further analysis of the fisheries and ecosystem, balance. Overall, Ecopath requires considerably using temporal and spatial dynamic simulation. higher biomass than was estimated by the research To give an indication on the sort of analyses that trawl surveys especially for the invertebrates and may be carried out through the use of the Ecopath small pelagic groups. Still, some biomasses seem with Ecosim model software (Christensen et al. lower than expected (e.g. large predators), which 2000; Pauly et al. 2000; Walter et al. 1997), a few may be due to the overestimation of the P/B ratios. preliminary runs using Ecosim were conducted.

Table 6. Comparison of biomass (t·km-2) estimates as obtained from trawl surveys and the Ecopath model. Values in parenthesis are input assumption. Note that Ecopath estimates are considerably higher for groups with low catchability to the trawl survey gear.

Survey/Ecopath Ecological group Biomass trawl survey Biomass Ecopath Biomass ratio

Large predators 0.02 (0.02) 1.00

Large pelagics < 0.01 0.14 0.05

Medium pelagics 0.13 0.14 0.92

Large zoobenthos feeders 0.03 (0.03) 1.00

Intermediate predators 0.56 0.71 0.79

Small demersal species 0.01 0.02 0.55

Small pelagics 0.06 0.66 < 0.01

Crust. (excl. plankton) 0.01 3.98 < 0.01

Miscellaneous invertebrates 0.02 3.32 < 0.01

Squids, cuttlefishes 0.14 2.80 0.05

322 WorldFish Center 323 5 Flow Connector 0.1 Mammals Harvest Other export 0.1 0.0 Flow to detritus Medium Respiration pelagics 0.1 Large Import Large pelagics predators 4 0.1 2.8

L. zoob. Intermed. feeders 0.1 predators 1.1 0.1 S. demersals 3 Small pelagics 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 Crust. TROPHIC LEVEL Misc. (ex. plankt) 0.2 Invertebrates 1.8 7.8 Turtles Squids 0.6 Zooplankton 21.5 2

Detritus Aquatic 1 plants

Fig. 4. Flow chart of trophic interactions along the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The model includes 15 groups and five fisheries (not shown), and the groups are arranged on the flow chart by their trophic levels as estimated by Ecopath.

IMPACTED GROUP urtles Mammals Large predators Large pelagics Medium pelagics L. zoob. feeders Intermed. predators S. demersal species Small pelagics Crust. (ex. plankt) Misc. invertebrates Squids, cuttlefishes T Zooplankton Aquatic plants Detritus Anchovy Pelagic fishes Demersal fishes and Prawn Shellfish Mammals Large predators Large pelagics Medium pelagics L. zoob. feeders Intermed. predators S. demersal species Small pelagics Crust. (ex. plankt) Misc. invertebrates Squids, cuttlefishes

IMPACTING GROUP IMPACTING Turtles Zooplankton Aquatic plants Detritus Anchovy Pelagic fishes Demersal fishes and Prawn Shellfish

Fig. 5. Mixed trophic impact in the Ecopath model of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The graph shows the impact the groups to the left (rows) have on the groups mentioned above (columns). Positive impacts are shown above the baseline, and negative below. The impacts are relative but comparable between groups. The last five rows refer to fishing fleets.

322 WorldFish Center 323 The simulations in Table 7 indicate that if overall the analysis), gives the results summarized in fishing effort in the WCPM ecosystem was lowered Table 8. (to 20% of the level in the Ecopath model for 1991) the impact on catches would be limited. Most fleets This indicates that considerable economic benefit would catch the same amount. Only the “anchovy” (more than a doubling of the rent) could be fleet targeting small pelagics would be severely obtained by scaling down the effort of the anchovy, (negatively) impacted. The simulations also indi- pelagic and demersal fleets, while maintaining cate that only the anchovy fleet, due to removal the prawn and shellfish fleet effort. However this of larger fishes preying on small pelagics, would would come at a price of 30% lower employment in gain from increased fishing, while the other fleet the sector. The results are however very dependent would either maintain their catches or suffer slight on the assumptions made about the cost of fishing decreases. and employment by sector – assumptions about which we have little information at present – in Ecopath with Ecosim also includes routines for addition to the uncertainty associated with the optimization of fishing effort based on various underlying Ecopath parameters. We do, however, constraints. It can be used to identify the fleet believe that this type of analysis is of direct rele- configuration which maximizes (1) net economic vance to future management of the fisheries. It also value (rent of the fishery), (2) social value (employ- draws attention to the additional research and data ment), (3) the rebuilding of specific stocks (man- needed to conduct such analyses. dated rebuilding) or (4) ecosystem structure (high biomass of long-lived ecosystem groups). Running the optimization routine with default parameter Conclusion settings in Ecosim and with an assumption that the costs of fishing amounted to 95% of the value of There is a vast amount of information available the fishery (for each of the five fleets included in about aquatic ecosystems and resources, and any attempt to model marine ecosystems should benefit from this. Here this is done through analysis of Table 7. Results from a preliminary time-dynamic simulation using catch and survey information, combined with ex- Ecosim for the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia ecosystem. The table tensive literature searches. A major source of infor- presents the catches (as % of their 1991 level) that would result from mation is the FishBase database (www..org), lowering fishing effort to 20% of the 1991 baseline level, compared which includes a specific search routine for Eco- with the catches resulting from a doubling of the baseline effort. path modeling. This can be used to extract pub- lished information that may be available for fishes Catch (as % of 1991 baseline) occurring in a given area. It should be clear, how- ever, that published information should always be Fleet 20% effort 200% effort supplemented by local knowledge or research inputs. Anchovy 22 172 For the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, the main gaps in knowledge with regards to the Eco- Pelagic fishes 109 87 path model relates to aspects of food and feeding. Demersal fishes At present, with the lack of such information, the 101 99 and prawns ecosystem analysis relies heavily on information from other areas. This information, although from Prawn 100 101 similar ecosystems, is probably less reliable than if local information were obtained. Shellfish 100 100

Table 8. Results from optimization of economic rent of the fisheries of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Estimates are presented relative to the effort in the 1991 Ecopath model. (See text.)

Economic rent Employment Anchovy fleet Pelagic fleet Demersal fleet Prawn fleet Shellfish fleet (%) (%) effort (%) effort (%) effort (%) effort (%) effort (%)

263 71 63 67 55 99 101

324 WorldFish Center 325 Another possible improvement is to refine the eco- References system model through more detailed spatial analy- sis. For example, the whole area could be broken Alias, M. 1994. Prediction of catch and speciescomposition from the down into two separate areas, the coastal and West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished, Fisheries offshore areas. However, the total number of boxes Research Institute, Penang, Malaysia. (trophic groups) would have to be increased accordingly so that the system would reflect the Aliño, P.M., L.T. McManus, J.W. McManus, C.L. Nanola, M.D. Fortes, real interaction between species, area and size. This G.C. Trono and G.S. Jacinto. 1993. Initial parameter estimations can only be done reliably based on information of a coral reef flat ecosystem in Bolinao, Pangasinan, from each area, especially on the diet composition northwestern , p. 252 - 267, In V. Christensen and of the various groups. However, with more infor- D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM mation about spatial ecosystem dynamics, it would Conference Proceedings 26, 390 p., Manila, Philippines. become possible to construct spatial dynamic mod- els using the Ecospace module of Ecopath with Arreguin-Sanchez, F., E. Valero-Pacheco and E.A. Chavez. 1993. Ecosim (Walter et al. 1999). A trophic box model of the coastal fish communities of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, p. 197 - 205. In V. Christensen Thus, we conclude that in for management and D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. issues to be addressed confidently using simulation ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, p390. modeling, it is necessary to obtain more informa- tion on diet composition, as well as on the changes Chee, P.E. and others. 1998. Demersal fish resources survey within in fishing effort over time, and about bioeconomic EEZ of Malaysia. Fisheries Research Institute (Unpublished). aspects of the fishing fleets, notably of the cost of fishing. Choo, P.S., I. Ismail and H. Rosly. 1994. The West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, p. 33 - 54. In S. Holmgren, ed. An environmental assessment of the Bay of Bengal Region. BOBP/REP/67, p 256. Bay of Bengal programme and Swedish Center for coastal Development and Management of Aquatic Resources, Madras, Madras, .

Christensen, V. and D. Pauly. 1992. A guide to the ECOPATH II software system (version 2.1). ICLARM Software 6. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Christensen, V., C.J. Walter and D. Pauly. 2000. Ecopath with Ecosim - A User’s Guide Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Canada. ICLARM, Penang, Malaysia.

De La Cruz-Aguero, G. 1993. A preliminary model of Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico, p. 193 - 196. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, p 390.

DOF. 1992. Annual Fisheries Statistics 1991. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agricultural, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

FAO. 1997. FAO Yearbook. Fishery Statistics 84 : 708.

Gong, W.K., J.E. Ong, C.H. Wong and G. Dhanarajah. 1980. Productivity of mangrove trees and its significance in a managed mangrove ecosystem in Malaysia. Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environmental Research and Management, University of Malaya and UNESCO. 25 - 29 August 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

324 WorldFish Center 325 Hydrographic Department.Admiralty. 1964. Malacca Strait Pilot. 3rd Pauly, D. and V. Christensen. 1993. Stratified models of large marine Edition, London. ecosystem: a general approach and an application to the South China Sea, p. 148 - 174. In K. Sherman, et al. (eds.) Large Marine Ichikawa, T. 1986. Particulate organic carbon in the water off the ecosystems: stress, mitigation and sustainability. AAAS Press Terengganu coast, p. 87 - 92. In A. K. M. Mohsin, et al. (eds.) (American Association for the Advancement of Science publishing Ekspedisi Matahari ’85: A study on the offshore waters of the division), p 376, Washington, D.C., USA. Malaysian. Occasional Paper.3. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. Pauly, D., V. Sambilay, Jr and S. opitz. 1993. Estimates of relative food consumption by fish and invertebrate populations, required for Ichikawa, T. and A.T. Law. 1988. Particulate organic carbon of the modelling the Bolinao Reef Ecosystem, Philippines, p. 1 - 13. In V. south-eastern portion of the South China Sea, p. 37 - 42. Christensen and D. Pauly, eds. Trophic models of aquatic systems. In A. K. M. Mohsin and M. I. Mohamad, eds. Ekspedisi Matahari ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, 390 p., ICLARM, Manila, ‘87: A study on the offshore waters of the Malaysian EEZ, Philippines. Vol. 8. Occasional Publication. 8. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. Pauly, D., V. Christensen and C.J. Walter. 2000. Ecopath, Ecosim and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries. Kushairi, R. 1992. The areas and species distribution of seagrasses in ICES Journal of Marine Science 57 : 697 - 706. Peninsular Malaysia. Paper presented at the 1st National Natural Resources Symposium, FSSA, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Polovina, J.J. 1984. Model of a coral reef ecosystem. I. The ECOPATH 23 - 26 July 1992, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. model and its application to French Frigate Shoals. Coral Reefs 3(1) : 1 - 11. Liew, H.C. and E.H. Chan. 1987. ECOPATH model of a tropical shallow-water community in Malaysia, p. 32. International Raihan, A., and T. Ichikawa. 1986. Chlorophyll a content off the Development Research Centre (Unpublished), Singapore. Terengannu coast, p. 117 - 120. In A. K. M. Mohsin, et al. (eds.) Ekspedisi Matahari ‘85: A study on the offshore waters of the Lokman, S., B.K. Kamarul and S. Nasir. 1988. Chlorophyll a content off Malaysian EEZ. Occasional Publication Paper 3. Faculty of the Sarawak waters of the South China Sea, p. 87 - 90. In A. K. Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Mohsin, et al., eds. Ekspedisi Matahari’87: A study on the offshore Selangor, Malaysia. waters of the Malaysian EEZ. Occasional Publication 8. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Silvestre, G., S. Selvanathan and A.H.M. Salleh. 1993. Preliminary Selangor, Malaysia. trophic model of the coastal fisheries resources of Brunei Darussalam, South China Sea, p. 300 - 306. In V. Christensen and MCRST (Malaysian Coastal Resources Study Team). 1992. The coastal D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM resources management plan for South Johore, Malaysia. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, 390 p., Manila, Philippines. Technical Report 33. ICLARM. Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia., Kuala Lumpur. Vega-Cendejas, M.E., F. Arreguin-Sanchez and M. Hernandez. 1993. Trophic fluxes on the Campeche Bank, Mexico, p. 206 - 213, Opitz, S. 1993. A quantitative model of the trophic interactions in a In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic models of aquatic Caribbean coral reef ecosystem, p. 259 - 267. In V. Christensen ecosystems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, p 390. and D. Pauly, eds. Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26, p 390. Walter, C.J., V. Christensen and D. Pauly. 1997. Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass-balance Pauly, D. 1984. Fish population dynamics in tropical waters: A manual assessments. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7 : 139 - 172. for use with programmable calculators. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 8, Manila, Philippines. Walter, C.J., D. Pauly and V. Christensen. 1999. Ecospace: Prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas. Ecosystems 2 : 539 - 554.

326 WorldFish Center 327 Appendix A. Landings (from catch statistics), biomass (from trawl surveys), Production/Biomass ratio (P/B) and Consumption/Biomass (Q/B) of marine aquatic and plants used in modeling the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia fisheries ecosystem 1991.

Landings (t·km-2·year -1) Biomass (t·km-2) P/Ba (year -1) Q/Bb (year -1)

Assemblage Coastal Offshore Both Coastal Offshore Both Coastal Offshore Both

Area, km2 231 76.2 466 76.3 698 52.5 231 76.2 466 76.3 698 52.5 231 76.2 466 76.3 698 52.5 69 852.5

Ecological Group

Crustacean 2.45 0.01 0.82 0.72 <0.01 0.24 5.11 5.11 5.11 21.81 (excl. plankton)

Intermediate 5.82 1.95 3.23 0.49 0.59 0.56 13.61 4.98 7.49 11.06 predators

Large pelagics 1.23 0.40 0.67 0.55 0.18 0.30 3.93 3.93 3.93 9.55

Large predators 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 3.38 2.55 2.86 7.30

Small demersal prey 0.36 0.04 0.14 0.03 <0.01 0.01 13.39 13.76 13.45 23.74 species

Small pelagics 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.06 4.07 3.49 3.75 12.90

Squids and 0.47 0.20 0.3 0.23 0.10 0.14 4.11 4.09 4.10 10.51 cuttlefishes

Zooplankton 0.55 0.00 0.18 2.16 0.86 1.29 67.00 67.00 67.00 280.00b

TOTAL 11.70 2.80 5.75 4.49 1.97 2.80 – – – –

Note: a P/B values from (Silvestre et al. 1993) b Q/B values estimated from Appendix B.

Appendix B. Consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) obtained from selected references.

Ecological group Taxa Q/B (year -1) Sources

Crustacean (excl. plankton) Crabs 8.50 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Banana prawn 37.90 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) 19.00 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) 28.94 Pauly et al. (1993) Misc. marine crustaceans 28.00 Aliño et al. (1993)

Intermediate predators Bombay duck, Lizard fish 4.27 Pauly et al. (1993) 8.30 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Catfish eel 10.00 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Catfishes 10.00 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Grouper 2.04 Pauly et al. (1993) 4.00 Aliño et al. (1993) 4.60 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Mangrove snapper 4.89 Pauly et al. (1993) Marine catfish 10.00 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Mojarras/Silver biddies 15.30 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Parrotfish 28.00 Aliño et al. (1993) Rabbitfish/Spinefeet 47.92 Pauly et al. (1993) Red snapper 4.40 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Snappers 4.70 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Wrasse, hogfish 7.55 Aliño et al. (1993)

326 WorldFish Center 327 Appendix B. Consumption/biomas ratio (Q/B) obtained from selected references. (continued)

Ecological group Taxa Q/B (year -1) Sources

Large pelagics Spanish mackerel/ King 8.90 Vega-Cendejas et al. (1993) mackerel 10.20 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993)

Large predators Conger eel, Moray eel 6.50 Aliño et al. (1993) Barracuda 10.00 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Large sharks 4.90 Opitz (1993) Shark 7.80 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993)

Large zoobenthos feeders Large rays 4.90 Opitz (1993) Rays 10.80 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993)

Medium pelagics Amberjack 10.00 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Jacks 10.00 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993)

Misc. invertebrates Misc. marine molluscs 5.60 Aliño et al. (1993) 8.30 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) 8.60 Vega-Cendejas et al. (1993) See cucumbers nei 3.83 Pauly et al. (1993) 22.25 Aliño et al. (1993) Sea-urchins 3.58 Pauly et al. (1993) 25.00 Aliño et al. (1993)

Small demersal prey species Flatfish 9.10 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Flatfishes 9.10 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Tonguefish/tongue sole 9.10 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) 28.29 Pauly et al. (1993) Cardinalfishes 19.39 Aliño et al. (1993) Damselfishes 54.70 Aliño et al. (1993) Drums and croakers 10.00 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Gobies 12.30 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) 70.09 Aliño et al. (1993) Mojarras 15.30 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993)

Small pelagics Mullets 12.30 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Needlefishes 7.20 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Anchovy 19.70 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Fringescale sardinella 11.70 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Herrings 11.70 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Chub mackerels 14.82 Pauly et al. (1993)

Squids and cuttlefishes Common squid 8.30 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) 8.60 Vega-Cendejas et al. (1993) Octopus 7.30 Pauly et al. (1993) Squids 11.70 Opitz (1993) 16.64 Pauly et al. (1993)

Turtles Green turtles 3.50 Polovina (1984)

Zooplankton Zooplankton 120 De La Cruz-Aguero (1993) Sergestid shrimp 24.60 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) Zooplankton 119.70 Arreguin-Sanchez et al. (1993) 133.33 Aliño et al. (1993)

328 WorldFish Center 329 3 72 13 35 96 26 107 983 140 647 484 190 158 318 127 861 98 2776 2834 5839 1629 2550 7114 11497 13305 10458 8 30 82 90 57 91 43 95 25 354 451 320 337 138 97 2609 6363 2918 1435 5131 1593 1751 5945 1086 11590 13291 17 89 10 82 23 57 85 106 475 434 426 615 234 915 112 96 2842 7468 3053 2139 5265 1765 9272 1733 5469 11070 3 5 45 73 67 134 501 496 139 474 164 614 286 916 95 2633 6225 2735 1958 4285 2166 1635 4521 1202 10631 10886 0 0 61 87 51 68 84 173 456 619 488 648 181 700 207 94 2435 5522 2387 2523 3393 2391 9240 1505 3702 10260 – 1 6 30 56 96 158 203 489 497 446 446 707 251 93 3171 4802 1960 2148 3404 8072 2154 1468 1125 4143 10197 – 1 5 41 48 92 64 51 193 560 567 521 508 92 3140 4950 2249 2633 3656 8257 1996 1506 1609 3826 1294 12231 – – 49 34 94 11 60 107 734 643 656 347 248 826 91 2364 4432 1459 2570 3749 7084 1829 8527 1612 1437 2849 – 2 50 35 269 212 790 914 155 743 570 494 582 88 2195 4620 1701 1345 3326 9111 2811 7765 2027 2091 2605 1 1 4 66 19 303 143 794 847 136 501 649 436 819 87 2472 3520 3541 1323 2621 9354 2101 9302 2379 1825 3268 – – 22 13 98 112 583 318 371 794 109 449 507 188 86 3354 3105 2927 3274 1213 1583 3486 1497 1253 1255 1615 – 6 29 53 62 89 62 123 596 893 926 272 345 917 884 150 850 85 3018 3563 3224 2694 1454 3908 1433 10271 – – 2 80 28 26 95 76 322 120 735 727 448 412 820 84 1555 1508 2808 3063 8485 1619 6209 1972 1087 1058 – 0 13 65 20 74 143 336 116 103 869 421 190 83 1538 1071 2004 3173 7576 1444 1894 5333 1589 2546 1337 1466 – 5 0 15 98 18 29 716 300 778 162 170 258 172 82 1362 2902 2658 6825 1190 1823 6649 2286 1491 1562 1366 – 0 12 44 20 75 17 429 404 725 124 152 141 130 115 941 81 1175 2538 2448 5029 1334 5524 1698 1447 1204 – – 0 43 38 35 857 205 593 988 958 147 420 260 162 777 80 1249 2799 2434 5387 1631 5321 1990 1819 1342 Year – – 12 84 22 21 84 966 562 299 596 647 486 341 636 79 2969 2863 6116 1346 1585 3504 5577 2176 3136 2017 – 2 1 18 11 11 729 126 146 232 569 229 664 78 1760 3028 1899 3033 6321 1663 1127 1662 4919 2013 1861 5649 5 2 14 13 82 13 26 636 565 317 129 884 771 556 524 411 77 2189 2324 2358 8435 1156 2681 1419 1163 3472 – 6 35 71 37 17 56 640 617 215 989 537 171 991 991 194 330 115 76 2509 2110 2582 6958 1803 1084 1187 – 4 1 2 0 36 31 34 34 888 440 232 718 558 860 842 448 904 907 216 75 1262 1745 1791 4375 1667 – – – 0 1 81 26 23 527 677 866 221 128 721 589 900 354 786 191 74 1610 2223 4263 1072 1259 1339 – – – – – 4 1 70 754 691 611 506 282 572 790 953 108 666 567 131 73 2964 3791 1231 2393 – – – – – 7 2 37 676 886 502 410 284 750 752 823 304 602 341 200 274 72 3266 2896 1371 3185 – – – – – 8 7 15 62 495 704 532 399 508 479 985 799 193 688 201 278 187 71 3036 2443 2976 – – – – – 13 52 11 611 444 430 667 546 413 906 162 672 530 452 176 70 3860 2729 1077 3247 – – – – – – 2 2 92 558 310 403 633 489 727 321 622 596 441 69 4117 3546 1019 1688 3797 Local Name Kebasi Puput Terubuk Siakap Lidah/ Sebelah Bayan Biji Nangka Daun Baharu Delah Duri Dengkis Gelama Gerut Jenahak Kaci Kerapu Kerisi Kerisi Bali Kikek Malong Merah Mengkerong Remong Semilang Shrumbu Common Name 1Chacunda Gizzard Shad 2 Shad, Elongate IIisha 3 Shad 1 Barramundi (=Giant Seaperch) 3 Tongue Soles 1 Parrot Fishes 2 Goatfishes 3 Spotted Sicklefish 4 Fusilie 5 Catfishes 6 Spinefoot 7 Croakers 8 Silver Grunt 9 John’s Snapper 10 Grunter/Sweetlips 11 Grouper 13 Threadfin Breams 13 Crimson Jobfish 14 Pony Fishes 15 Daggertooth Pike Conger 16 Red Snapper 17 Greater Lizardfish 18 Bigeye Snapper 19 Eel Catfish 20 False Trevally 24 24 24 25 31 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 No Code Appendix C. Annual landings (t) by type of fish from the West Coast Peninsular Malaysia.

328 WorldFish Center 329 – 6 0 1 15 83 262 471 970 721 902 875 246 556 1893 4503 6178 3886 2759 5011 3900 98 6167 3465 8523 1459 5825 3662 8748 13791 73781 14479 171087 – 7 3 2 20 70 470 324 962 546 816 381 666 1902 3541 3727 3767 2899 4670 4226 97 1050 6748 3182 1200 7045 2947 13729 13394 13164 10392 101003 186274 – 8 2 1 33 479 564 769 501 895 122 222 594 2307 3853 2939 5222 2862 5104 9942 3751 96 1195 5841 1641 9670 1265 5811 3726 9979 11982 63771 160560 – 7 0 3 27 262 579 694 131 244 771 2449 5023 5460 4411 4123 5608 9417 1571 3703 95 1178 1036 4631 1481 4724 1272 3844 2946 12802 36104 10507 156841 – 1 0 24 21 232 449 769 164 327 2850 5521 8194 5665 6243 5430 9394 1164 3892 94 1167 1334 4884 1391 4459 1064 1129 2848 2709 6969 28260 46066 151448 – 2 1 31 16 507 528 776 781 119 277 954 2554 5733 5051 4608 1961 4601 1916 3231 93 1249 4071 1663 4644 1552 2868 2749 6641 14891 35380 13741 141794 – – – 57 37 188 442 759 773 117 202 857 2326 5004 4626 4255 1598 4672 1433 3505 92 1504 5138 2070 3061 1998 4405 3041 25469 55285 15605 15558 192576 – – 4 31 19 183 546 793 349 112 520 804 2802 4020 3666 3813 2087 4391 1015 3652 91 1460 3868 1675 3841 1791 4615 2966 26223 42986 10628 13609 179365 – – 6 56 24 628 177 215 114 467 866 3159 6326 5035 4933 5066 6126 1359 9984 1511 2989 88 1488 4897 1830 4764 2426 6860 2576 25325 40059 10882 145510 – 4 6 38 68 606 487 906 747 302 162 773 734 4301 6959 6719 7623 3084 4672 3156 87 1125 4771 1928 3887 2176 7641 2331 17175 56193 10694 13612 188121 – 90 16 93 64 513 260 386 121 979 140 343 857 3338 3135 4036 5703 1694 3623 1080 7600 3578 86 4811 4550 3787 1167 3192 1929 5334 13166 31581 111323 – 1 9 42 36 66 726 138 972 343 353 862 129 787 778 2868 3403 4551 3970 2180 2921 8546 3275 85 4265 4363 4340 3254 1242 4209 13955 58503 97386 – 2 – 86 73 15 85 597 979 536 448 950 175 930 2625 5281 3075 3138 1266 3167 9772 3610 84 3242 2662 1144 4390 2840 19799 68966 89281 12407 10275 – – – 56 485 120 767 628 511 573 100 182 3558 7619 2680 5170 3063 8140 4085 5120 83 1091 5701 3385 1086 1920 3915 2228 27410 62594 10460 11358 122368 – – – 89 76 640 829 168 404 223 195 619 3360 6297 1713 6694 2767 1068 6766 4193 5061 82 1084 4006 4494 4896 1871 3516 2186 9408 33425 54719 117175 – 2 – 49 66 177 461 200 276 933 137 622 3161 5244 2632 5151 1529 2456 1003 4020 2997 4047 81 3819 4185 3746 1676 3236 2546 8194 27357 45027 135192 – 2 – 70 321 502 304 278 223 213 2553 6831 4701 4869 2607 3256 1420 4947 2877 5578 80 1345 3720 2877 8224 1071 1193 4335 1179 7459 28113 51800 Year 124103 – – – 44 84 359 157 279 109 361 763 941 3200 4867 2024 5376 1439 3205 1644 7553 3254 6397 79 1158 3885 1476 9244 3459 2283 6599 34270 34153 123511 – – – – 62 90 27 324 206 257 198 913 320 4861 5240 3190 4728 2291 3097 2229 7316 3914 78 3299 2897 7644 1757 4900 3048 6025 14882 23803 123892 – – 3 0 – 30 360 126 348 436 651 222 376 110 884 4047 9833 2344 4338 2563 2638 2142 5993 3864 77 2533 3263 1386 1687 6398 11653 19570 135324 – – – 4 – 55 18 286 975 297 513 586 256 862 1151 3700 1712 3269 2344 2343 1800 7484 3120 76 2005 5597 1005 1274 3695 10072 10217 12414 100610 – – – – 55 15 58 111 872 180 791 161 432 395 258 701 728 448 9719 3009 4060 2590 9987 3169 1221 1543 8718 2200 75 2104 3475 5332 103920 – – – – – 26 47 349 208 778 331 636 495 253 236 637 520 210 3281 5776 1590 3985 1619 1258 8692 1739 74 1997 7836 7021 10369 12313 118632 – – – – – – – – 6 54 202 946 389 382 473 609 884 168 3189 3770 1002 3435 1166 1638 1841 73 1633 4678 4849 20281 21693 94829 10668 – – – – – – – – 6 48 43 586 957 375 702 546 643 134 3034 2080 1992 9762 4015 1522 8559 1300 72 1764 3223 1457 1814 15654 68010 – – – – – – – – 58 53 67 410 743 304 278 469 842 3520 3003 1740 4340 1932 9136 1482 71 1813 1461 6115 2309 22647 33953 58779 – – – – – – – – 4 69 49 20 676 849 212 223 837 956 3327 3504 2492 3607 1921 8765 1679 70 2450 1865 6865 3681 22098 29122 43989 – – – – – – – 22 – 10 28 191 793 996 428 277 949 3220 2547 1333 2987 1697 2477 69 2331 2882 6015 1399 3578 18874 57310 39968 10686 Local Name Bulus Pasir Alu-Alu Aruan Tasek Bawal Belanak Cermin Cincaru Demudok Kurau Pelata/Selar Selar Kuning Selayang Pisang-Pisang Talang Bilis Parang Tamban Bulan Aya Mersuji Kembong Tenggiri Timah Pari Yu Ikan Baja Ikan Campur Jebong Ketam Udang Karang Udang Besar Common Name 21 Silver Sillago 22 Monocle Bream 1 Barracuda 2 Cobia 3 Pomfret 4 Mullet 5 Trevally 6 Torpedo Scad 7 Silvermouth Trevally 8 Blackhand Paradise Fish 9 Scads 10 Yellowstrip Scad 11 Shortfin Scad 12 Rainbow Runner 13 Leatherskin 1 Anchovies 2 Dorab Wolf-Herring 3 Sardines Tarpon Indo-Pacific 4 1 Tuna 2 Marlin 1 Short Mackerel 2 Spanish Markerel 3 Largehead Hairtail 1 Rays 2 Sharks 1 Trash Fish 2 Mixed Fish 3 Starry Triggerfish 1 1 Lobster 2 Big Prawn 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 42 45 45 No Code Appendix C. Annual landings (t) by type of fish from the West Coast Peninsular Malaysia. (continued)

330 WorldFish Center 331 – – – – – – – – 204 663 8019 2859 2553 8052 3849 98 11079 24913 17399 17772 14676 518525 – – – – – – – – 119 476 6573 3774 2755 7143 2556 97 11177 23356 14449 15275 14205 546818 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 304 984 8696 5785 96 47116 16864 11186 460302 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 223 6283 2001 95 55591 17310 18424 12041 446516 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 466 7730 7105 3299 94 85642 18515 474006 – – – – – – – – 112 202 3320 1390 2977 1161 4632 3131 93 18390 27668 12737 15260 401900 – – – – – – – – 228 505 3800 1276 2935 4475 5132 6916 92 18550 45335 14760 510471 – – – – – – – – 301 244 782 386 3522 2487 4169 91 18487 48419 16138 30844 489334 – – – – – – – – 356 330 209 2830 2237 1529 2918 7509 88 17002 31292 13009 10896 430188 – – – – – – – – 368 244 5236 2690 2567 9214 4324 3423 87 16108 25953 20467 11842 499862 – – – – – – – – 384 818 115 900 6796 5935 1762 8997 3178 7448 86 14917 15812 324047 – – – – – – – – 12 551 136 6781 8224 2754 9807 2620 1871 6127 85 12630 13086 327124 – – – – – – – – – 168 260 6210 5874 3941 4333 2171 6073 84 11279 11526 12139 347742 – – – – – – – – – – – – 216 9895 5830 2175 7095 3695 83 16064 29337 403998 – – – – – – – – – – – – 413 5074 7353 1741 7148 4664 82 14576 32896 384642 – – – – – – – – – – – – 347 2231 1947 6681 1323 81 14250 27224 13267 364514 – – – – – – – – – – – – 444 132 9299 2121 2631 5848 80 16581 28922 Year 372404 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 379 7131 1186 3613 8379 79 21747 28540 369114 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 499 123 78 63017 10672 11778 355172 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2099 2890 77 50987 10615 11583 331441 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 653 8181 8616 76 43581 262940 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9137 5000 5311 75 37967 241662 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 68 7501 4010 74 48647 267917 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 252 6000 2104 73 45575 249801 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 383 1526 72 36962 16072 200737 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 63 743 4886 1746 71 46703 224590 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 41 673 5392 2119 70 40981 205464 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 619 6866 1365 69 30148 219359 Local Name Udang Sedang Udang Kecil Udang Putih Udang Minyakv Udang Merah Ros Udang Kulit Keras Udang Harimau Lain-lain Udang Lain-lain Udang/ Udang Baring Udang Penaeid Udang Baring Udang Karang/ Penaeid Udang Penaeid/ Baring Udang Galah Siput Sotong Kereta Sotong Katak Sotong Biasa Sotong Kereta/Katak/ Biasa Obor-Obor Common Name 3 Medium Prawn 4 Small Prawn 5 Banana Prawn 6 Greasyback Prawn 7 Pink Prawn 8 Rainbow Prawn 9 Tiger Prawn 10 Other Prawn 11 Other Prawn/ Sergestid Prawn 12 Penaeid Prawn 13 Sergestid Shrimp 14 Lobsters/Penaeid Prawn 15 Penaeid Prawn/ Seregestid Shrimp 16 Giant Freshwater Prawn 1 Shell 1 Octopus 2 Bobfins Squid 3 Squid 4 1 Jellyfish TOTAL 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 56 57 57 57 57 76 No Code Appendix C. Annual landings (t) by type of fish from the West Coast Peninsular Malaysia. (continued)

330 WorldFish Center 331 332 WorldFish Center