DOCSLIB.ORG

Designation of Critical Habitat for the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas Editha Bayensis); Final Rule

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Designation of Critical Habitat for the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas Editha Bayensis); Final Rule Tuesday, August 26, 2008 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis); Final Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 18:13 Aug 25, 2008 Jkt 214001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 C:\FR\FM\26AUR2.SGM 26AUR2 sroberts on PROD1PC76 with RULES 50406 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 166 / Tuesday, August 26, 2008 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR butterfly. For additional information on Unit) and distribution, land use the taxonomy, biology, and ecology of designations that may affect critical Fish and Wildlife Service the Bay checkerspot butterfly, refer to habitat, potential economic effects of the the final listing rule and revised proposed designation, benefits 50 CFR Part 17 proposed critical habitat rule published associated with critical habitat [FWS-R8-ES-2008-0034; 92210-1117-0000- in the Federal Register on September designation, areas considered for B4] 18, 1987 (52 FR 35366) and August 22, exclusion, and the inclusion of water 2007 (72 FR 48178), respectively. It is sources as a primary constituent RIN 1018–AV24 our intention to discuss only those element (PCE). topics directly relevant to the revised We also contacted appropriate Endangered and Threatened Wildlife designation of critical habitat in this Federal, State, and local agencies; and Plants; Designation of Critical final rule. scientific organizations; and other Habitat for the Bay Checkerspot interested parties and invited them to Butterfly (Euphydryas editha Previous Federal Actions comment on the revised proposed rule bayensis) On April 30, 2001 (66 FR 21450), we and the associated DEA. The comment AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, published a final rule designating period for the revised proposed rule Interior. approximately 23,903 ac (9,673 ha) of opened on August 22, 2007, and closed critical habitat for the Bay checkerspot ACTION: Final rule. on October 22, 2007. During the butterfly in San Mateo and Santa Clara comment period for the revised SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Counties, California. On March 30, proposed rule, we received eight Wildlife Service (Service), are 2005, the Home Builders Association of comment letters on the proposed designating revised critical habitat for Northern California filed suit against the revised critical habitat designation and the Bay checkerspot butterfly Service challenging critical habitat for DEA: three from peer reviewers, two (Euphydryas editha bayensis) under the the Bay checkerspot butterfly and other from local governments, and three from Endangered Species Act of 1973, as species (Home Builders Association of organizations or individuals. We amended (Act). In total, approximately Northern California v. U.S. Fish and received no comments from State or 18,293 acres (ac) (7,403 hectares (ha)) Wildlife Service cv-01363-LKK-JFM.). Federal agencies. The comment period fall within the boundaries of the revised On February 24, 2006, a settlement for the DEA opened on April 15, 2008, critical habitat designation for the Bay agreement was reached that requires the and closed on May 15, 2008. We checkerspot butterfly. The revision to Service to reevaluate the final critical received two comment letters and no critical habitat is located in San Mateo habitat rule in light of the standards for requests for public hearings. and Santa Clara Counties, California. designating critical habitat set forth in Comments and new information This final revised designation therefore Home Builders Association of Northern received in response to the revised constitutes a reduction of 1,453 ac (588 California v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife proposed rule that were relevant to the ha) from our 19,746 ac (7,990 ha) Service, 268 F. Supp. 2d 1197 (E.D. Cal final designation were incorporated in proposed revised designation of critical 2002) and any applicable law. In the final rule as appropriate and are habitat for the Bay checkerspot butterfly addition, the settlement stipulated that summarized below. published on August 22, 2007. a revised proposed rule be submitted for publication on or before August 14, Peer Review DATES: This rule becomes effective on 2007, and a final revised rule be In accordance with our policy September 25, 2008. submitted for publication on or before published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR ADDRESSES: The final rule, final August 14, 2008. This final designation 34270), we solicited expert opinions economic analysis, and map of critical is being completed and published in the from seven knowledgeable individuals habitat will be available on the Internet Federal Register in compliance with with scientific expertise that included at http://www.regulations.gov and that settlement agreement. On August familiarity with the species, the http://www.fws.gov/sacramento. 22, 2007 (72 FR 48178), we published a geographic region in which the species Comments and materials received, as revised proposed rule to designate occurs, and conservation biology well as supporting documentation used approximately 19,746 ac (7,990 ha) in principles. We received responses from in the preparation of this final rule, are San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, three of the peer reviewers. The peer available for public inspection, by California. On April 15, 2008 (73 FR reviewers were generally supportive of appointment, during normal business 20237), we published a draft economic the designation of critical habitat. hours, at the Sacramento Fish and analysis (DEA) for the proposed rule to We reviewed all comments received Wildlife Office, 2800 Cottage Way, Suite revise critical habitat. from the peer reviewers and the public W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825; for substantive issues and new Summary of Comments and telephone 916-414-6600. information regarding critical habitat for Recommendations FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: the Bay checkerspot butterfly. All Field Supervisor, Sacramento Fish and We requested written comments from comments received were grouped into Wildlife Office, 2800 Cottage Way, the public on the proposed rule to revise general issue categories relating to the Room W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825; critical habitat for the Bay checkerspot proposed rule to revise critical habitat telephone 916-414-6600; facsimile 916- butterfly and the associated DEA. for the Bay checkerspot butterfly and are 414-6712. If you use a During the comment period, we addressed in the following summary telecommunications device for the deaf requested all interested parties to and incorporated into this final revised (TDD), call the Federal Information submit comments or information related rule as appropriate. Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339. to the proposed revision to the critical Peer Reviewer Comments SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: habitat designation, including, but not limited to, the following: information In general, all three peer reviewers Background regarding dispersal areas, species supported the revised critical habitat This final rule addresses revised occurrence information (specifically designation. However, two peer critical habitat for the Bay checkerspot recent occupancy of the Pulgas Ridge reviewers questioned whether some VerDate Aug<31>2005 18:13 Aug 25, 2008 Jkt 214001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 C:\FR\FM\26AUR2.SGM 26AUR2 sroberts on PROD1PC76 with RULES Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 166 / Tuesday, August 26, 2008 / Rules and Regulations 50407 units were ‘‘critical.’’ One peer reviewer considered when evaluating habitat and 2008) into this final rule. Please see stated that the background information quality for the Bay checkerspot the ‘‘Special Management was comprehensive and reflected the butterfly. Considerations or Protections’’ section decade’s worth of research on the A third peer reviewer stated the need below for more information. butterfly and that the accounts on for aquatic features is too strong and Comment 6: One peer reviewer nitrogen deposition and topographic that the Bay checkerspot butterfly will provided the following comments effects are good summaries. One peer use water when needed and available regarding potential adverse modification reviewer felt that using both currently during drought years. of critical habitat: (1) Small scale occupied and historically occupied Our Response: Based on the above disturbances in serpentine grasslands habitats was a good inclusive decision comments from peer reviewers, the generally do not pose a risk to Bay and effectively covered any remaining Service has removed aquatic features as checkerspot butterfly populations; (2) suitable habitat. Individual peer a PCE in this final rule. For more the section regarding short-term comments are listed below. information, see the ‘‘Primary mortality from grazing and fire should Comment 1: One peer review Constituent Elements’’ section of this be clarified to state that the negative suggested that the designation of final rule. Because all of the units effects of fire and grazing are ‘‘primary’’ and ‘‘secondary’’ host plants designated contain all of the remaining significantly outweighed by the positive implies that eggs are always laid on PCEs identified in the proposed rule, benefit to the Bay checkerspot butterfly; Plantago erecta. The reviewer indicated the removal of aquatic features as a PCE (3) removal of grazing provides one of that their work on the Bay checkerspot did not affect the overall designation of the biggest threats to the subspecies;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Current Practices in the Identification of Critical Habitat for Threatened Species
    Current practices in the identification of critical habitat for threatened species Abbey E Camaclang1*, Martine Maron2, Tara G Martin3, and Hugh P Possingham1,4,5 Author Addresses 1The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 2The University of Queensland, School of Geography, Planning, and Environmental Management, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 3CSIRO Land and Water, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Austrralia 4The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 5Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berkshire, UK *email [email protected] Abstract The term critical habitat is used to describe the subset of habitat that is essential to the survival and recovery of species. Some countries legally require that critical habitat of listed threatened and endangered species be identified and protected. However, there is little evidence to suggest that the identification of critical habitat has had much impact on species recovery. We hypothesized that this may be due at least partly to a mismatch between the intent of critical habitat identification, which is to protect sufficient habitat for species persistence and recovery, and its practice. We used content analysis to systematically review critical habitat documents from the United States, Canada, and Australia. In particular, we identified the major trends in type of information used to identify critical habitat and in occupancy of habitat identified as critical. Information about population viability was used to identify critical habitat for only 1% of the species reviewed, and for most species, designated critical habitat did not include unoccupied habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Butterfly Survey Data and Methodology from San Bruno Mountain Habitat Conservation Plan (1982–2000)
    Analysis of Butterfly Survey Data and Methodology from San Bruno Mountain Habitat Conservation Plan (1982–2000) 1. Status and Trends Travis Longcore Christine S. Lam John P. Wilson University of Southern California GIS Research Laboratory Technical Report No. 1 Prepared for: Thomas Reid Associates 560 Waverly Street, Suite 201 Palo Alto, California 94301 Cover Photo: Lupines at San Bruno Mountain, March 2003 (T. Longcore) Preferred Citation: Longcore, T., C. S. Lam, and J. P. Wilson. 2004. Analysis of Butterfly Survey Data and Meth- odology from San Bruno Mountain Habitat Conservation Plan (1982–2000). 1. Status and Trends. University of Southern California GIS Research Laboratory and Center for Sus- tainable Cities, Los Angeles, California. Summary Managers surveyed for sensitive butterfly species with the San Bruno Mountain Habitat Conservation Plan area between 1982 and 2000 using a haphazard “wandering tran- sect.” To extract as much valuable information as possible from the data collected by this suboptimal methodology we analyzed patterns of surveys and butterfly presence and absence within 250 m square cells gridded across the area within a Geographic In- formation System. While estimates of butterfly abundance were not possible, the data could be tested for trends in butterfly occupancy. For those cells surveyed during at least 10 years, no trends in the total number of occupied cells was evident for either Callippe silverspot butterfly or mission blue butterfly. There were cells, however, that showed positive or negative trends (p<0.2) in occupancy for each species (Callippe sil- verspot butterfly: 14 positive, 15 negative, 6 cells occupied all years; mission blue but- terfly: 40 positive; 40 negative, 2 cells occupied all years).
    [Show full text]
  • The Disastrous Impacts of Trump's Border Wall on Wildlife
    a Wall in the Wild The Disastrous Impacts of Trump’s Border Wall on Wildlife Noah Greenwald, Brian Segee, Tierra Curry and Curt Bradley Center for Biological Diversity, May 2017 Saving Life on Earth Executive Summary rump’s border wall will be a deathblow to already endangered animals on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. This report examines the impacts of construction of that wall on threatened and endangered species along the entirety of the nearly 2,000 miles of the border between the United States and Mexico. TThe wall and concurrent border-enforcement activities are a serious human-rights disaster, but the wall will also have severe impacts on wildlife and the environment, leading to direct and indirect habitat destruction. A wall will block movement of many wildlife species, precluding genetic exchange, population rescue and movement of species in response to climate change. This may very well lead to the extinction of the jaguar, ocelot, cactus ferruginous pygmy owl and other species in the United States. To assess the impacts of the wall on imperiled species, we identified all species protected as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act, or under consideration for such protection by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“candidates”), that have ranges near or crossing the border. We also determined whether any of these species have designated “critical habitat” on the border in the United States. Finally, we reviewed available literature on the impacts of the existing border wall. We found that the border wall will have disastrous impacts on our most vulnerable wildlife, including: 93 threatened, endangered and candidate species would potentially be affected by construction of a wall and related infrastructure spanning the entirety of the border, including jaguars, Mexican gray wolves and Quino checkerspot butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall, Resources, and Dispersal in Southern Populations of Euphydryas Edit Ha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
    PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 60(4), 1984, pp. 350-354 Rainfall, Resources, and Dispersal in Southern Populations of Euphydryas edit ha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) RO-4-122 Dennis D. Murphy and Raymond R. White Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. While the dispersal capacity of an insect species probably changes little from one generation to another, its actual dispersal or vagility may vary considerably. This is well documented for insects which have migratory generations, such as locusts, aphids, and butterflies, but remains virtually undocumented in non-mi- gratory species. One exception is the butterfly, Euphydryas editha. Individuals of this species were originally shown to be extremely sedentary (Ehrlich, 1965), but in some populations the mean dispersal distance of individuals was recently observed to change dramatically from one generation to the next. These changes in vagility appeared to be influenced by the availability of oviposition plants and adult nectar resources; significantly greater vagility occurred in drier years when those resources were sparse (White and Levin, 1981). However, subsequent field observations of four E. editha populations in South¬ ern California indicate that the determinants of vagility are more complicated. In 1977 these populations exploded in size and mass dispersal was observed. Here we discuss how weather and butterfly population size interact to determine host plant availability and butterfly population dynamics. Additionally, we consider the biogeographic and genetic consequences of dramatic population fluctuations in E. editha, and the mechanisms by which both the butterflies and their host plants respond to environmental stress. Life History Euphydryas editha populations in San Diego County usually fly in a four to eight week period, starting as early as mid-January and ending as late as the end of April, depending on the timing of winter rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Habitat Restoration for Native Pollinators in San Francisco Tyrha Delger [email protected]
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-18-2018 Improving Habitat Restoration for Native Pollinators in San Francisco Tyrha Delger [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Recommended Citation Delger, Tyrha, "Improving Habitat Restoration for Native Pollinators in San Francisco" (2018). Master's Projects and Capstones. 739. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/739 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This Master’s Project Improving Habitat Restoration for Native Pollinators in San Francisco by Tyrha Delger is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements or the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Management at the University of San Francisco Submitted: Received: ……………………………. …………………………….... Your Name Date Allison Luengen, Ph.D. Date Name: Tyrha Delger USF MSEM Master’s Project Spring 2018 Final Paper Table of Contents List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………....1 List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………..2 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………….3
    [Show full text]
  • 1180 Main Street Project, Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation Report, Redwood City, San Mateo County, California
    1180 Main Street Project, Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation Report, Redwood City, San Mateo County, California Prepared for: Premia Capital, LLC 801 Hamilton Street Redwood City, CA Prepared by: Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. January 18, 2019 1180 MAIN STREET PROJECT, CULTURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY AND EVALUATION REPORT, REDWOOD CITY, SAN MATEO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA This document entitled 1180 Main Street Project, Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation Report, Redwood City, San Mateo County, California was prepared by Stantec Inc. (“Stantec”) for the account of Premia Capital, LLC (the “Client”). Any reliance on this document by any third party is strictly prohibited. The material in it reflects Stantec’s professional judgment in light of the scope, schedule and other limitations stated in the document and in the contract between Stantec and the Client. The opinions in the document are based on conditions and information existing at the time the document was published and do not take into account any subsequent changes. In preparing the document, Stantec did not verify information supplied to it by others. Any use which a third party makes of this document is the responsibility of such third party. Such third party agrees that Stantec shall not be responsible for costs or damages of any kind, if any, suffered by it or any other third party as a result of decisions made or actions taken based on this document. Prepared by (signature) Joanne Grant, Archaeologist, MA, RPA Reviewed by (signature) John A. Nadolski, M.A. Approved
    [Show full text]
  • Species Account MISSION BLUE BUTTERFLY Icaricia Icarioides Missionensis
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Sacramento Fish & Wildlife Office Species Account MISSION BLUE BUTTERFLY Icaricia icarioides missionensis CLASSIFICATION: Endangered Federal Register 41:22041; June 1, 1976 http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr99.pdf CRITICAL HABITAT: None designated RECOVERY PLAN: Final Recovery Plan for San Bruno Elfin and Mission Blue Butterflies. October 10, 1984 (This plan is now out of date. Contact us if you need a copy.) 5-YEAR REVIEW: Completed February 2010. No change recommended. www.fws.gov/ecos/ajax/docs/five_year_review/doc3216.pdf Mission Blue Butterfly (285 KB) David Wright, USFWS DESCRIPTION The mission blue ( Icaricia icarioides missionensis ) is a small, delicate butterfly in the Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterfly) family. Wingspan is about 2.5 to 3.6 centimeters. (1 to 1.5 inch). The upper wing surfaces of the male are iridescent blue and lavender with black margins fringed with long white hair-like scales. There are no spots on the upper surfaces of the wings. In males, the ventral surfaces of the wings are whitish with small circular gray spots in the submarginal areas and larger circular black spots located in post-median and submedian areas of the fore and hind wings. The body of the male is dark bluish brown. Females have dark brown upper wing surfaces marked with blue basal areas. The margins and wing fringe are similar to the male. Female underwings are stone gray with a dot pattern similar to the males'. The adult flight season extends from late March to early July, depending on the location and microclimatic conditions. Females lay eggs throughout the mating flight.
    [Show full text]
  • Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas Editha Taylori) Oviposition Habitat Selection and Larval Hostplant Use in Washington State
    TAYLOR'S CHECKERSPOT (EUPHYDRYAS EDITHA TAYLORI) OVIPOSITION HABITAT SELECTION AND LARVAL HOSTPLANT USE IN WASHINGTON STATE By Daniel Nelson Grosboll A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June 2011 © 2011 by Daniel Nelson Grosboll. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Study Degree by Daniel Nelson Grosboll has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Judy Cushing, Ph.D. Member of the Faculty ______________ Date Abstract Taylor's checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori) oviposition habitat selection and larval hostplant use in Washington State Taylor’s checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori (W.H. Edwards 1888)), a Federal Endangered Species Act candidate species, is found in remnant colonies between extreme southwestern British Columbia and the southern Willamette Valley in Oregon. This butterfly and its habitat have declined precipitously largely due to anthropogenic impacts. However, this butterfly appears to benefit from some land management activities and some populations are dependent on an exotic hostplant. Oviposition sites determine what resources are available for larvae after they hatch. Larval survival and growth on three reported hostplants (Castilleja hispida, Plantago lanceolata, and P. major) were measured in captivity to determine the suitability of hostplant species and to develop captive rearing methods. Larvae successfully developed on C. hispida and P. lanceolata. Parameters of oviposition sites were measured within occupied habitat at four sites in Western Washington. Sampling occurred at two spatial scales with either complete site censuses or stratified systematic sampling on larger sites. Within the sampled or censused areas, oviposition sites were randomly selected for paired oviposition/adjacent non-oviposition microhabitat measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Cited
    Literature Cited Robert W. Kiger, Editor This is a consolidated list of all works cited in volumes 19, 20, and 21, whether as selected references, in text, or in nomenclatural contexts. In citations of articles, both here and in the taxonomic treatments, and also in nomenclatural citations, the titles of serials are rendered in the forms recommended in G. D. R. Bridson and E. R. Smith (1991). When those forms are abbre- viated, as most are, cross references to the corresponding full serial titles are interpolated here alphabetically by abbreviated form. In nomenclatural citations (only), book titles are rendered in the abbreviated forms recommended in F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan (1976–1988) and F. A. Stafleu and E. A. Mennega (1992+). Here, those abbreviated forms are indicated parenthetically following the full citations of the corresponding works, and cross references to the full citations are interpolated in the list alphabetically by abbreviated form. Two or more works published in the same year by the same author or group of coauthors will be distinguished uniquely and consistently throughout all volumes of Flora of North America by lower-case letters (b, c, d, ...) suffixed to the date for the second and subsequent works in the set. The suffixes are assigned in order of editorial encounter and do not reflect chronological sequence of publication. The first work by any particular author or group from any given year carries the implicit date suffix “a”; thus, the sequence of explicit suffixes begins with “b”. Works missing from any suffixed sequence here are ones cited elsewhere in the Flora that are not pertinent in these volumes.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2020 Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers & Native Plants. No Reproduction of Any Kind Without Written Permission
    April 3, 2020 Theodore Payne Foundation’s Wild Flower Hotline is made possible by donations, memberships and sponsors. You can support TPF by shopping the online gift store as well. A new, pay by phone, contactless plant pickup system is now available. Details here. It is important to note that driving to a wild flower viewing site is now very difficult. There are strict closures of entry roads, parking lots, restrooms, picnic areas and some trails in addition to Visitor Centers and campgrounds at National, State and County parks and reserves. In most cases you need to be a local resident to enter trails that are still accessible to foot or bicycle visitors. If you are out on trails, please practice social distancing precautions. Situations change quickly, so it is advised that you check on websites before venturing out. A list of some web links appears at the end of the report. That said, the weather has been cool so the blooms of last week are still mostly intact. In the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, parking lots and other amenities at trailheads are closed, but the park remains accessible to local day-use walkers, hikers and bicyclists. The National Park Service urges all visitors to follow social distancing protocols. Please avoid crowding or gathering on trails. Speaking of access to locals, a resident of the Santa Monica Mountains who lives on Stunt Rd. near the Stunt Ranch, was able to walk across the street and enter one of the small trails that eventually leads to the popular Backbone Trail.
    [Show full text]
  • Nymphalidae: Melitaeini) and Their Parasitoids
    72© Entomologica Fennica. 22 October 2001 Wahlberg et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 12 Natural history of some Siberian melitaeine butterfly species (Nymphalidae: Melitaeini) and their parasitoids Niklas Wahlberg, Jaakko Kullberg & Ilkka Hanski Wahlberg, N., Kullberg, J. & Hanski, I. 2001: Natural history of some Siberian melitaeine butterfly species (Nymphalidae: Melitaeini) and their parasitoids. — Entomol. Fennica 12: 72–77. We report observations on the larval gregarious behaviour, host plant use and parasitoids of six species of melitaeine butterfly in the Russian Republic of Buryatia. We observed post-diapause larvae in two habitats, steppe and taiga forest region. Five species were found in the steppe region: Euphydryas aurinia davidi, Melitaea cinxia, M. latonigena, M. didymoides and M. phoebe. Three species (M. cinxia, M. latonigena and M. didymoides) fed on the same host plant, Veronica incana (Plantaginaceae). Euphydryas aurinia larvae were found on Scabiosa comosa (Dipsacaceae) and M. phoebe larvae on Stemmacantha uniflora (Asteraceae). Three species were found in the taiga region (M. cinxia, M. latonigena and M. centralasiae), of which the first two fed on Veronica incana. Five species of hymenopteran parasitoids and three species of dipteran parasitoids were reared from the butterfly larvae of five species. Niklas Wahlberg, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; E-mail: [email protected] Ilkka Hanski, Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; E-mail: ilkka.hanski@helsinki.fi Jaakko Kullberg, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, FIN- 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; E-mail: jaakko.kullberg@helsinki.fi Received 2 February 2001, accepted 18 April 2001 1.
    [Show full text]