Lake Gatun Peacock (Cichla pleiozona) Ecological Risk Screening Summary

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, August 2011 Revised, October 2012 and June 2018 Web Version, 7/27/2018

Photo: Leandro Sousa. Licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Available: http://eol.org/data_objects/26103897. (June 19 2018).

1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“South America: Bolivian Amazon basin including the Rio Madre de Dios, Beni, Mamoré, and Guaporé river drainages of Bolivia and ; and in Rio Jamari, a tributary of the Rio Madeira.”

Status in the United States There are no known introductions of Cichla pleiozona in the wild in the United States. A search of numerous online aquarium retailers failed to identify any retailers currently selling C. pleiozona. No other trade in this species is known in the United States.

Means of Introductions in the United States No known introductions.

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Remarks Kullander and Ferreira (2006) spell the species name as both Cichla pleiozona and C. pleizona. Searches for information for this ERSS were conducted using both spellings.

2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From Froese and Pauly (2018):

“Biota > Animalia (Kingdom) > Chordata (Phylum) > Vertebrata (Subphylum) > Gnathostomata (Superclass) > Pisces (Superclass) > (Class) > Perciformes (Order) > Labroidei (Suborder) > Cichlidae (Family) > (Subfamily) > Cichla () > Cichla pleiozona (Species)”

“Status accepted”

Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“Max length: 34.0 cm SL male/unsexed; [Kullander and Ferreira 2006].”

Environment From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“Freshwater; benthopelagic”

Climate/Range From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“Tropical”

Distribution Outside the United States Native From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“South America: Bolivian Amazon basin including the Rio Madre de Dios, Beni, Mamoré, and Guaporé river drainages of Bolivia and Brazil; and in Rio Jamari, a tributary of the Rio Madeira.”

Introduced No known introductions.

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Means of Introduction Outside the United States No known introductions.

Short Description From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“Similar to C. kelberi and C. monoculus and distinct from all remaining species of Cichla in possessing three dark vertical bars on side, presence of pronounced occipital bar in large specimens, absence of black or ocellated markings laterally on head, and presence of irregular dark blotches on anterior abdominal side. Cichla pleiozona have more scales in lateral row 84-93 (vs. 76-83 in kelberi and 68-87 in monoculus) and presence (with occasional exceptions) of dark vertical bar (bar 4) anteriorly on caudal peduncle which is typically absent in both kelberi and monoculus, and from kelberi by absence of light spots on anal and pelvic fins and lower lobe of caudal fin [Kullander and Ferreira 2006].”

Biology No information available

Human Uses From Kullander and Ferreira (2006):

“Species of the genus Cichla are among the major food and game fishes in South America.”

Diseases No information available. No OIE-reportable diseases have been documented for this species.

Threat to Humans From Froese and Pauly (2011):

“Harmless”

3 Impacts of Introductions Moore et al. (2010) assessed C. pleiozona as a species “known to modify or disturb habitat”; “known to impact other species through competition, aggression, predation”; and “likely to pose a significant genetic risk through hybridisation/introgression with exotic species” if introduced to Australia. No details are given on the sources used to make these assessments.

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4 Global Distribution

Figure 1. Known global distribution of Cichla pleiozona, reported in Brazil and Bolivia. Map from GBIF Secretariat (2017).

5 Distribution Within the United States No known occurrences.

6 Climate Matching Summary of Climate Matching Analysis The climate match (Sanders et al. 2018; 16 climate variables; Euclidean Distance) was low throughout the contiguous United States, reflected in a Climate 6 proportion of 0.005. The range for Climate 6 proportions indicating a low climate match is 0.000 to 0.005, inclusive. The highest match was 7 out of 10 which was found in Southern . Florida was the only state to record a high match. The majority of the United States recorded 0 out of 10.

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Figure 2. RAMP (Sanders et al. 2018) source map showing weather stations selected as source locations (red; Brazil and Bolivia) and non-source locations (gray) for Cichla pleiozona climate matching. Source locations from GBIF Secretariat (2017).

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Figure 3. Map of RAMP (Sanders et al. 2018) climate matches for Cichla pleiozona in the contiguous United States based on source locations reported by GBIF Secretariat (2017). 0= Lowest match, 10=Highest match.

The “High”, “Medium”, and “Low” climate match categories are based on the following table:

Climate 6: Proportion of Climate Match (Sum of Climate Scores 6-10) / (Sum of total Climate Scores) Category 0.000≤X≤0.005 Low 0.005

7 Certainty of Assessment The biology and ecology of Cichla pleiozona are poorly known. There are no records showing introductions of this species outside of its native range. Little information is available to determine what kind of effect it would have if it were introduced. The only information available is an Australian government report identifying C. pleiozona as a species that has traits that may make them invasive if released (Moore et al. 2010). Due to lack of information, the certainty of assessment is low. More information is needed to increase the certainty of the assessment.

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8 Risk Assessment Summary of Risk to the Contiguous United States Lake Gatun Peacock Bass (Cichla pleiozona) is a fish native to parts of Brazil and Bolivia. Species in this genus are important food and game species. There are no records of introduction of C. pleiozona outside of its native range, and no data on impacts or lack thereof. Certainty of assessment is low. The history of invasiveness for C. pleiozona is uncertain as it has not been reported beyond its native range. Climate match with the contiguous United States is low overall, with a higher match in Florida. Overall risk for C. pleiozona is uncertain.

Assessment Elements  History of Invasiveness (Sec. 3): Uncertain  Climate Match (Sec. 6): Low  Certainty of Assessment (Sec. 7): Low  Overall Risk Assessment Category: Uncertain

9 References

Froese, R., and D. Pauly, editors. 2011. Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. FishBase. Available: http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Cichla-pleiozona.html. (October 2012).

Froese, R., and D. Pauly, editors. 2018. Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. FishBase. In World Register of Marine Species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1008930. (July 2018).

GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility). 2017. GBIF backbone : Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/5208157. (June 2018).

Kullander, S. O., and E. J. G. Ferreira. 2006. A review of the South American genus Cichla, with descriptions of nine new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 17: 289-398.

Moore, A., N. Marton, and A. McNee. 2010. A strategic approach to the management of ornamental fish in Australia Communication strategy and grey list review – a report to OFMIG. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia.

Sanders, S., C. Castiglione, and M. H. Hoff. 2018. Risk Assessment Mapping Program: RAMP, version 3.1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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