Undergraduate Review Volume 6 Article 22 2010 The “Bad Girl” Turned Feminist: The eF mme Fatale and the Performance of Theory Michelle Mercure Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Mercure, Michelle (2010). The “Bad Girl” Turned Feminist: The eF mme Fatale and the Performance of Theory. Undergraduate Review, 6, 113-119. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol6/iss1/22 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2010 Michelle Mercure The “Bad Girl” Turned Feminist: The Femme Fatale and the Performance of Theory MICHELLE MERCURE Michelle is a senior icture the murderous femme fatale Jane Palmer in Byron Haskin’s majoring in English. 1949 film noir Too Late for Tears, as embodied by the talented actress Lizabeth Scott: gorgeous blonde locks, beautiful long legs and luscious After graduation, she thick lips, all dolled up in a shimmery evening gown fit for a Hollywood delightfully plans to Pstarlet and sporting a gaudy necklace that sparkles the way stars light up the night continue her studies sky. Now, picture this dazzling figure stumbling over a balcony and plummeting to her untimely death after the police barge into her luxurious hotel suite in in English as a graduate student at Mexico, accusing her of the murder of not one, but two of her husbands. Panicked Simmons College in Boston, MA. by the accusation, she grabs two big handfuls of cash from the suitcase of money This paper—a revision of a much she possesses (the driving motivation for at least one of the murders, which she is guilty of). She darts away from the police, trips, and falls over the balcony, ending larger one that she completed with her life with a high-pitched, petrified scream. After she falls to her death, the funding from a2009 ATP summer money she has so desperately clung to disperses into the air, hovering around her grant—shaped her application for dead body like snowflakes in a snow globe. The final image of the glamorous Jane Palmer culminates in a close-up of her hand: palm open, face up, with three bills Simmons in many ways, as well as strewn alongside it on the pavement where she meets her death. her professional goals. She is very thankful to have had Dr. Matt Bell as Having the manipulative, greedy, seductive, murderous femme fatale fall to her mentor to share the experience. her death, as in this example, or perhaps be punished in some other manner— jail or marriage—is supposedly a distinctive characteristic of film noir, or at And grateful for his effort to guide least this is what I anticipated prior to my examination of the femme fatale her research in gender studies and in the dozens of film noirs I set out to view. I anticipated that my analysis film studies, which she hopes, now, to of the archetype of the femme fatale in classic film noir would reveal the following attributes: a female character who is beautiful and manipulative, pursue at the graduate level. cold and calculating, one who knows how to use her femininity in a way that can destroy men. I assumed that these women would epitomize evil, and that it would be a challenge for me to uncover their positive qualities by simply taking a feminist approach. However, the results of my analysis of film noir do not, in most cases, provide an example of a female character who is purely evil and deserving of such punishment; instead, I find it very difficult to know for certain the extent to which most of the femmes fatales I encountered are good or bad, even the murderous, greedy Jane Palmer. The femme fatale challenges the expectations of the viewer who anticipates that she will be purely evil, by seeming simultaneously good and bad. This ambiguity represented in the archetype of the femme fatale provides a solution to one of the biggest concerns facing feminist theory today. BRIDGEWATER STATE COLLEGE 2010 • THE UNDERGRADUATE REVIEW • 113 Within a patriarchal culture, voicing feminist theory in the view, such roles actually—and actively— resist oppression. By very language used by that culture has presented a problem specifically looking at the musical performances by the femmes for feminist theorists who wish to communicate in a voice fatales in these films, I will show how the femme fatale “acts” that has no affiliation with the patriarchal structure, one that out the theories of feminism prior to their emergence. will free women from its constraints. The patriarchal structure allows the male figure—the subject—in society to assume the Before I begin my analysis of the femme fatale, though, I want dominant role and to retain all of the power, while the female to frame my research by looking at how prior scholarship has figure is nothing more than an object meant to satisfy his regarded this subject matter. I will begin by looking at the desire; she is more or less a powerless figure in this structure, treatment of the genre of film noir, according to scholarly one with little or no voice. One way to hypothesize a solution history. Classic film noir is restricted to a specific historical time to this problem of voicelessness is to create a unique voice for period—the 1940’s and 1950’s. Some of the key characteristics feminist theory—a language—that does not have any affiliation of film noir are a male protagonist (usually a private detective), with the patriarchal structure. But this seems highly unlikely the element of criminality, a lack of morality, and an ambiguous considering that any newly created voice (any newly created plot. But there are other identifiable characteristics as well, such language) will inevitably be linked to the one conceived by the as the use of black and white film instead of color; discontinuity patriarchal structure, for it too must be conceived within it. of time, in the forms of flashbacks or flash-forwards; strange Taking into consideration this inevitable link to the past, instead camera angles; a voiceover, usually by the male protagonist; the of rejecting the patriarchal structure as a source for change, use of wordplay, mostly in the form of double entendres; a feminists should embrace it and use it to their advantage. This nighttime setting; urban landscapes; roadways and cars; and, is a much more feasible way to present a voice for feminist of course, the archetype of the femme fatale, a dangerously theory: to embrace the patriarchal language of the past and to beautiful woman who leads men to their destruction. These revive the voice of feminist theory as it already exists there. characteristics, although they are not all present in every film noir (some contain many of them, while others contain only What I propose is a return to the archetype of the femme fatale in a few), help to create an aura of uncertainty that accurately classic film noir. She voices feminist theory prior to its existence reflects the time period in which these films were produced, through her ability to perform, most expressively when she is making them identifiable as examples of film noir.4 seen as the spectacle in a musical performance. She displaces the role of the male subject by resisting his power to know whether Many changes in domestic and economic structures began to she is good or bad, and to what extent she is good or bad. In the occur during this time in the United States (both during and specific films I will address, she “acts” as the object of his desire after World War II), creating uncertainty in its citizens over by performing for him, but is she really performing for him, both moral and structural issues in regards to their daily lives. or does her performance serve another purpose, a more selfish For one, the fact that women were forced out of their newfound one, perhaps? The male protagonist often appears frustrated independence in the work place—achieved during World by her performance, rather than satisfied by it. By denying War II, when men went off to war and women dominated pleasure for the male subject through her objectification as a the workforce—and back into the domestic sphere led to a spectacle on stage, she causes tension to arise in the subject sense of confusion concerning the roles of women and men and object of the patriarchal structure. This tension that the in the workplace and at home. Consequently, the duplicity femme fatale causes neither “contests” the patriarchal structure, of the femme fatale in film noir is often seen as a reflection nor attempts to “converse” with it.1 Instead, it speaks from of the confusing status of women in society at that particular within the patriarchal structure, without letting it understand moment in history.5 The male protagonist is often confused by her meaning. Exposing this voice that has been neglected her duplicity: her beautiful and innocent outward appearance offers feminism a unique way of communicating. Although may mask corruption and evil. my research for the extended version of this project focused on four classic film noirs, in the interest of conserving space, The femme fatale is an actress in every sense of the word. She here, I will only be focusing on Gilda by Charles Vidor and lies, cheats, double-crosses, even murders her victims, and This Gun for Hire by Frank Tuttle.2 I am particularly interested then cries, screams, sings, or whispers words of affection to in examining the archetype of the femme fatale from the the male protagonist to win him over, only to double-cross perspective of a third-wave feminist, a perspective that is often him again.