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Operating Systems OPERATING SYSTEMS UNIX 1969 - UNIX stems from a research project of the AT&T Bell Labs 1976 - UNIX is distributed for free mainly used by Universities to teach Operating Systems courses A brief history for Research projects of UNIX by the end of the 70s AT&T founds a support group to bring UNIX to the market System III and System V were released They have been the starting point for a large number of UNIX distributions for servers and workstations Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 2 1987 - Prof. Tanenbaum (University of Vrije, Amsterdam) developed the MINIX OS to teach Operating Systems (http://www.minix3.org) MINIX is a lightweight version of UNIX that can be executed on PC- MINIX IBM computers (8088 processors). The source code of MINIX was publicly available, but its modification was subject to the approval by Prof. Tanenbaum Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 3 1991 - Linus Torvalds (CS student, University of Helsinki) started developing an open-source and free OS based on MINIX The first kernel was monolithic and tailored to the Intel 80386 processor Linux Torvalds joined the GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) movement of Richard Stallman to allow other people around the world to develop applications for the OS The Linux kernel is still released with a GPL (General Public License) license Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 4 Linux kernel a community of developer is in charge of updating, upgrading, bug- fixing Linux System additional components developed either by the community or Linux included from other projects Linux Distribution contains the kernel, and specific utilities, administrative and application programs, as well as a personalized GUI tailored to a specific category of users Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 5 FreeBSD 11.0 BSD NetBSD 7.0 Family OpenBSD 6.0 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) 4.4 SunOS 4.1.4 NextStep 3.3 OS X (now macOS) 10.12 UNIX family Xenix OS timeline GNU complete timeline at Linux 4.7 http://www.levenez.com/unix Research Unix (Bell Labs) 10.5 Commercial Unix (AT&T) UnixWare (Univel/SCO) Solaris (Sun/Oracle) 11.3 System V HP-UX 11iv3 Family AIX (IBM) 7.2 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 6 Figure 2.17 Unix Family Tree The standard UNIX/Linux interface is text-based called shell – the command interpreter User interface GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) used for applications X Window (originally developed at MIT) is the standard UNIX graphical interface Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 7 The shell provides the interface between the user and the OS waits for the user to type a command interprets the command executes the command returns the results to the user Shell Different UNIX/Linux distributions offers different shells Differences in the syntax of commands Differences in the behaviour of the commands sh, ksh, csh, bash, are a few examples of shells bash is compliant with the POSIX standard (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX) Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 8 When a shell is called it is initialized then a prompt character is displayed (typically # or $ or %) followed by a flashing underscore or rectangle waiting for the user to type a command How the shell When the user types a command and hots “return” works the shell parses the input string to extract the tokens the first name is interpreted as the name of a command or the name of a program and start the execution the shell then waits until the termination of the command/program after the command/program termination, the shell displays the prompt and the flashing character Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 9 The command may be followed by other strings options for the customisation of the output or the behaviour of the command input data Example Command the ls command lists the content of a directory ls arguments displays the list of file names in the current directory ls <directory-name> displays the list of file names in the directory specified by the argument directory-name ls –l <directory-name> displays the list of files in the directory specified by the argument directory-name and for each file all the attributes are displayed Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 10 All supported commands with their syntax are included in a manual that can be accessed by the command man <command-name> Example man cp Help shows the syntax and the available option for the cp command, that copies the content of a source file into a destination file The manual follows a standard format To close the manual, hit the ‘q’ key on the keyboard Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 11 Any command and user program, including the shell, have access to three input and output channels by default stdin - standard Input (read) Standard stdout - standard output (write) Input and stdin - standard error (error messages) these channels are managed in the same way as files in UNIX Standard the three standard input and output channel are usually Output associated to the physical terminal: standard input → keyboard standard output → monitor standard error → monitor Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 12 the characters < and > can be used to redirect the input or the output of a command from/to a different file < in Input and the command reads the input from the file in > out ouput the command writes the output to the file out redirection 2> error all error messages are written to the file error &> all_output all outputs (including the errors) are written to the file all_output Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 13 Example sort < in.txt > out.txt the sort command reads the input data from the file in.txt Input and and writes the output to the file out.txt ouput ls -l abcd > out.txt 2> err.txt writes the output to the file out.txt and errors to the file redirection err.txt ls -l &> all_out.txt all outputs are written to the file all_out.txt Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 14 File management cp, ls, df, mkdir, rm, fdisk, mkfs,… Text filtering and searching sort, grep, more,… Compilers and developer tools Other gcc, g++, make,… commands Text processing nano, vi, emacs,… System administration uname, useradd, userdel, newgrp,… Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 15 to switch off shutdown -h now the computer Giorgio Giacinto 2019 Operating Sytems 16.
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