C168H/PCI 8-Port RS-232 PCI Boards
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Xenix* 286 Installation and Configuration Guide
XENIX* 286 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION GUIDE *XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Copyright@ 1984, Intel Corporation Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue. Santa Clara, California 95051 Order Number: 174386-001 XENIX* 286 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION GUIDE Order Number: 174386-001 *XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation Copyright @ 1984 Intel Corporation I Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95051 I The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Intel Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Intel Corporation makes no commitment to update or to keep current the information contained in this document. Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuitry other than circuitry embodied in an Intel product. No other circuit patent licenses are implied. Intel software products are copyrighted by and shall remain the property oflntel Corporation. Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions stated in Intel's software license, or as defined in ASPR 7-104.9 (a) (9). No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Intel Corporation. The following are trademarks of Intel Corporation and its affiliates and may be used only to identify Intel products: BITBUS im iRMX OpenNET COMMputer iMDDX iSBC Plug-A-Bubble CREDIT iMMX iSBX PROMPT I Data Pipeline Insite iSDM Promware Genius intel iSXM QUEST t::t. -
Marjn Norling November 2012
Mar$n Norling November 2012 UNIX Lecture Goals • Goal 1: Know basic UNIX commands and their use from memory. • Goal 2: Know how to find informaon on more advanced UNIX commands and their use. • Goal 3: Understand the basics of regular expression paerns. • Goal 4: Know the basic loops and condi$onals for shell scrip$ng and understand how to use them. UNIX Schedule Thursday Friday 09.00-09.45 UNIX introduc$on 09.00-09.45 Bash Scrip$ng 10.00-10.45 UNIX basics 10.00-10.45 Tutorial: Bash scrip$ng 11.00-12.00 Redirects to regexp 11.00-12.00 Tips & Quesons 12.00-13.00 Lunch 12.00-13.00 Lunch 13.00-16.00 Tutorial: Basics 13.00-16.00 Tutorial: finishing up UNIX HISTORY UNIX History • 1969 – First Version of UNIX developed at Bell Labs by AT&T • 1975 – UNIX 6, the first to be widely available outside Bell Labs. The first “Berkeley So]ware Distribu$on” (BSD) is released. • 1989 – UNIX System V, the last tradi$onal UNIX version. • 1991 – Linus Torvalds begin developing Linux. “UNIX-like” • Today – UNIX itself, what’s now called “tradi$onal UNIX” is not used, except by enthusiasts. • There are many “UNIX-like” systems (also known as *nix or UN*X) that are similar to UNIX while not conforming to the Single UNIX Specificaon. • In fact, most operang systems today except windows are “UNIX like”. Single UNIX Specificaon (SUS) • Developed and maintained by the Aus$n Group, based on earlier work by the IEee and The Open Group. -
Linux? POSIX? GNU/Linux? What Are They? a Short History of POSIX (Unix-Like) Operating Systems
Unix? GNU? Linux? POSIX? GNU/Linux? What are they? A short history of POSIX (Unix-like) operating systems image from gnu.org Mohammad Akhlaghi Instituto de Astrof´ısicade Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain (founder of GNU Astronomy Utilities) Most recent slides available in link below (this PDF is built from Git commit d658621): http://akhlaghi.org/pdf/posix-family.pdf Understanding the relation between the POSIX/Unix family can be confusing Image from shutterstock.com The big bang! In the beginning there was ... In the beginning there was ... The big bang! Fast forward to 20th century... Early computer hardware came with its custom OS (shown here: PDP-7, announced in 1964) Fast forward to the 20th century... (∼ 1970s) I AT&T had a Monopoly on USA telecommunications. I So, it had a lot of money for exciting research! I Laser I CCD I The Transistor I Radio astronomy (Janskey@Bell Labs) I Cosmic Microwave Background (Penzias@Bell Labs) I etc... I One of them was the Unix operating system: I Designed to run on different hardware. I C programming language was designed for writing Unix. I To keep the monopoly, AT&T wasn't allowed to profit from its other research products... ... so it gave out Unix for free (including source). Unix was designed to be modular, image from an AT&T promotional video in 1982 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc4ROCJYbm0 User interface was only on the command-line (image from late 80s). Image from stevenrosenberg.net. AT&T lost its monopoly in 1982. Bell labs started to ask for license from Unix users. -
The XENIX® System V Operating System
The XENIX® System V Operating System Release Notes Version 2.3.2 The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. © 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system, nor translated into any human or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., 400 Encinal Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95061, USA. Copyright infringement is a serious matter under the United States and foreign Copyright Laws. The copyrighted software that accompanies this manual is licensed to the End User only for use in strict accordance with the End Use License Agreement. which should be read carefully before commencing use of the software. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. USE. DUPLICATION, OR DISCLOSURE BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IS SUBJECT TO RESTRICTIONS AS SET FORTH IN SUBPARAGRAPH (c)(1) OF THE COMMERCIAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE -- RESTRICTED RIGHTS CLAUSE AT FAR 52.227-19 OR SUBPARAGRAPH (c)( 1)(ii) OF THE RIGHTS IN TECHNICAL DATA AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE CLAUSE AT DFARS 52.227-7013. "CONTRACTOR /MANUFACTURER" IS THE SANTA CRUZ OPERATION. INC.. 400 ENCINAL STREET. SANTA CRUZ.CALIFORNIA.9506 1. U.S.A 386,387,80386, Intel 80286, and Intel 386 are trademarks of Intel Corporation. 620 and 630 are trademarks of Xerox Corporation. ALR 386/2 and ALR 386/220 are registered trademarks of Advanced Logic Research, Inc. -
Installing Platine Terminal on Unix Systems
AXEL Platine Terminal Asynchronous AX3000 Models Installing Platine Terminals on UNIX Systems Dec. 1996 - Ref.: UNXE105/648-1 The reproduction of this material, in part or whole, is strictly prohibited. For additional information, please contact: Zone d'activité d'Orsay-Courtabœuf 16 Avenue du Québec BP 728 91962 LES ULIS Cedex France Tel.: (33) 1 69 28 27 27 Fax: (33) 1 69 28 82 04 The information in this document is subject to change without notice. AXEL assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. © - 1995-1996 - AXEL - All Rights Reserved. 1 - SETTINGS FOR MOST UNIX VERSIONS..................................................1 1.1 - SETTING TERMINAL EMULATION......................................................2 1.1.1 - Selecting the Emulation on the AX3000 Platine Terminal ...............4 1.1.2 - Setting the Emulation on the UNIX System.....................................4 1.2 - LOCAL PRINTER .................................................................................5 1.2.1 - Connecting a Local Printer..............................................................5 1.2.2 - Using the Local Printer ...................................................................6 2 - SETTINGS FOR SCO UNIX/XENIX............................................................9 2.1 - SOFTWARE INSTALLATION .............................................................10 2.1.1 - Setting Terminal Parameters ........................................................10 -
The Single UNIX® Ingle UNIX Specification History & Timeline
The Single UNIX® Specifi cationcation HistoryHistory && TTimelineimeline The history of UNIX starts back in 1969, when Ken UNIX System Laboratories (USL) becomes a company Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and others started working on 1969 The Beginning “The Single UNIX Specifi cation brings all the benefi ts of a single standard 1991 - majority-owned by AT&T. Linus Torvalds commences the “little-used PDP-7 in a corner” at Bell Labs and what operating system, namely application and information portability, scalability, Linux development. Solaris 1.0 debuts. was to become UNIX. fl exibility and freedom of choice for customers” USL releases UNIX System V Release 4.2 (Destiny). It had an assembler for a PDP-11/20, fi le system, fork(), October - XPG4 Brand launched by X/Open. December 1992 SVR4.2 1971 First Edition roff and ed. It was used for text processing of patent Allen Brown, President and CEO, The Open Group 22nd - Novell announces intent to acquire USL. Solaris documents. 2.0 and HP-UX 9.0 ship. 4.4BSD the fi nal release from Berkeley. June 16 - Novell First UNIX The fi rst installations had 3 users, no memory protection, 1993 4.4BSD 1972 The Story of the License Plate... acquires USL Installations and a 500 KB disk. Novell decides to get out of the UNIX business. Rather It was rewritten in C. This made it portable and changed than sell the business as a single entity, Novell transfers 1973 Fourth Edition In 1983 Digital Equipment Corporation the middle of it, Late the rights to the UNIX trademark and the specifi cation the history of OS’s. -
Operating Systems. Lecture 2
Operating systems. Lecture 2 Michał Goliński 2018-10-09 Introduction Recall • Basic definitions – Operating system – Virtual memory – Types of OS kernels • Booting process – BIOS, MBR – UEFI Questions? Plan for today • History of Unix-like systems • Introduction to Linux • Introduction to bash • Getting help in bash • Managing files in bash History History of Unix-like systems • 1960s – Multics (MIT, AT&T Bell Labs, General Electric) • 1960s/1970s – UNIX (Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie) 1 PDP-7 History of UNIX-like systems • 1970s, 1980s – popularization, standardization and commerciallization of UNIX • 1983 – the GNU Project is stared 2 • 1988 – the first version of the POSIX standard History of Unix-like systems • 1991 – the first version of a Unix clone – Linux (Linux is not Unix) • 1992 – the license is fixed as GPLv2 • 1996 – version 2.0, supporting many processors • 2003 – version 2.6, new scheduler, much better with multiprocessor machines, preemptive kernel, rewriting code to not depend on the so- called Big Kernel Lock • if the version scheme had not been changed, the current kernel (4.18) would be 2.6.78 Genealogy 1969 Unnamed PDP-7 operating system 1969 Open source 1971 to 1973 Unix 1971 to 1973 Version 1 to 4 Mixed/shared source 1974 to 1975 Unix 1974 to 1975 Version 5 to 6 PWB/Unix Closed source 1978 1978 BSD 1.0 to 2.0 Unix 1979 Version 7 1979 Unix/32V 1980 1980 BSD 3.0 to 4.1 1981 Xenix System III 1981 1.0 to 2.3 1982 1982 Xenix 3.0 1983 BSD 4.2 SunOS 1983 1 to 1.1 System V R1 to R2 1984 SCO Xenix 1984 Unix 1985 Version 8 -
Linux Kernel Programming
1 Linux Kernel Programming Changwoo Min 2 About me • Changwoo Min • Assistant Professor at ECE @ VT • Email: [email protected] • Office: 455 @ Durham • Homepage: https://multics69.github.io/ • Research group: https://cosmoss-vt.github.io/ 3 My research interests • Many-core performance scalability of operating system • What happen if we run Linux on 448-core machine? • Will your application run 448x faster? • Non-volatile memory systems • What happen if storage performance is becoming closer to DRAM performance? • Will your application achieve DRAM-like IO performance? • System security • How operating system should be designed to avoid security holes? 4 What is the Linux Kernel? • One of operating system kernel • e.g., Windows, FreeBSD, OSX, etc. • What does an OS do for you? • Abstract the hardware for convenience and portability • Multiplex the hardware among multiple applications • Isolate applications to contain bugs • Allow sharing among applications 5 View: layered organization • User: applications (e.g., vi and gcc) • Kernel: file system, process, etc. • Hardware: CPU, mem, disk, etc. → Interface between layers 6 View: core services • Processes • Memory • File contents • Directories and file names • Security • Many others: users, IPC, network, time, terminals, etc. → Abstraction for applications 7 Example: system calls • Interface : applications talk to an OS via system calls • Abstraction : process and file descriptor fd = open("out", 1); write(fd, "hello\n", 6); pid = fork(); 8 Why is Linux kernel interesting? • OS design deals with -
Oh the Places UNIX'll
Oh, the Places UNIX'll Go! (With apologies to Dr. Seuss) Oh the places UNIX'll go we'll start from its birth A replacement for MULTICS, a system of great girth The UNiplexed Information and Computing Service (UNICS for short) A programmer's workbench, not much of import It started off life on the PDP-7 Unnamed 'till it reached the PDP-11 With 16bit “mostly orthogonal instruction set” This little-used machine did UNIX beget The system grew to fit several needs Research, Word Processing, and Space Travel deeds The system took form on the PDP-11 (The oldest machine to run UNIX V7) But assembly code is hard to maintain And with UNIX came something to ease that pain “Complex systems must use assembly for everything” they cried But The C Programming Language cast that claim aside UNIX was written in C by v8 And with it the chance for UNIX to migrate Ritchie and Thompson presented UNIX to all in 1973 But Bell couldn't monetize it because of a 1956 consent decree So UNIX was shipped on magnetic tapes And all sorts of media of all sorts of shapes The souorce was available on an “as-is” basis Find a copy of “Lions'” and we're off to the races UNIX for teaching and educational use Version 6 set UNIX's commercial side loose Development was quick and the patches released Sometimes without letting the attorneys say their peace UNIX was on DEC but Bell Labs felt restricted Bell bought an Interdata 8/32 to see DEC evicted And then UNIX ran as a VM/370 guest UNIVAC 1100 and Intel 8086 (custom MMU blessed) Near the end of the '70s UNIX showed up in places It even brought smiles to ARPA's faces But the 1980s would start UNIX's spiral For that is when plucky UNIX went viral Oh, the places UNIX'll go, to thousands of sites They even were noticed by the magazine BYTE Companies "may support other [operating] systems”, it's true “but a Unix implementation always happens to be available". -
SURPRISES with SCO UNIX/386 Serial Number and Activation Key, Was Set up to Support Only Two Users at a Time
.0 of Unix, determined by the SURPRISES WITH SCO UNIX/386 serial number and activation key, was set up to support only two users at a time. But the initialization file started BY SIMSON L. GARFINKEL login programs for 12 termi- nals: instant lock-out. I called SCO and got a new t's really hard to write good software, and the people at The numb er and key that solved my problem. Santa Cruz Operation have earned a well-deserved reputa- tion for their excellent ports of Unix software to industry- A FAS TOPERATING SYSTEM standard 286 and 386 platforms. When I heard that SCO was This Unix is fast. offering AT&T Unix System V release 3.2, it was enough to Beiing a true 386 operating system, convince me to replace my old 286 box with an AST Premium Unix, unlike 16-bit DOS, lets my cornm- 386C computer so I could run the new operating system. puter run at its full speed. By virtue of I was in for a lot of surprises. being Unix, it lets me take advantage of Si UnixSystem For nearly two months I've wrestled with SCO's System more than 15 years of operating system - I. V/386 release 3.2. The verdict from the front lines is that while techmology, such as posted disk writes, /386~s~ the operating system may be a good product for Unix system strean,s support, and some exception- real Unix hackers or product developers, it is not yet ready for the ally powerful (and efficient) program- general Unix community. -
The Measured Performance of Personal Computer Operating Systems
The Measured Performance of Personal Computer Operating Systems J. Bradley Chen, Yasuhiro Endo, Kee Chan, David Mazi&res Antonio Dias, Margo Seltzer, and Michael D. Smith Division of Applied Sciences Harvard University Abstract dews. The differences between the OS platforms used in research and mainstream OS products makes some systems research mrele- This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of vant with respect to the current needs of the software industry. At three operating systems that run on the personal computer archi- the same time, researchers ignore important problems in non- tecture derived from the IBM-PC, The operating systems, Win- UNIX systems. dows for Workgroups, Windows NT, and NetBSD (a freely The operating system most commonly used on PC platforms available variant of the UNIX operating system), cover a broad is Microsoft Windows. Windows lacks many features that the OS range ofs ystem functionalist y and user requirements, from a single research community takes for granted, most notably preemptive address space model to full protection with preemptive multi-task- multitasking and protected address spaces. New operating systems ing. Our measurements were enabled by hardware counters in for the PC market such as Windows NT and 0S/2 incorporate the Intel’s Pentium processor that permit measurement of a broad multitasking support found in modern UNIX operating systems, range of processor events including instruction counts and on-chip while also supporting Windows applications. Though the operat- cache miss counts. We used both microbenchmarks, which expose ing systems community is familiar with the benefits of features specific differences between the systems, and application work- such as separate protected address spaces, little attention has been loads, which provide an indication of expected end-to-end perfor- given to systems without them. -
Securing Commercial Systems
Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Network and Security Research Center Department of Computer Science and Engineering Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA Advanced Systems Security: Securing Commercial Systems Trent Jaeger Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Lab Computer Science and Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University February 18, 2010 Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 1 Commercial Systems • Focus on Performance, Flexibility, and Protection • Do not satisfy the reference monitor concept • But, lots of folks use them, so big potential benefit to making a commercial system secure • Not so easy – so, lots of lessons learned and new ideas Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 2 Retrofitting Security • Make legacy code satisfy the reference monitor concept • Did the rules that we set depend on whether we built the reference validation mechanism from scratch or from legacy code? • Which are hardest? • Is it worth trying? Why? Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 3 Commercial Reference Monitors • 1970s-80s: take an existing OS and add a reference validation mechanism ‣ KVM/370, VAX/VMS, Secure Xenix • 1980s-90s: Use microkernel architectures to deploy secure UNIX systems (like security kernel) ‣ DTMach, DTOS, Fluke/Flask • 1990s-2000s: UNIX systems for secrecy and integrity ‣ IX, DTE, LOMAC Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 4 Early MLS Systems • Data Secure UNIX