985
Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards Glossary
This listing of terms and definitions has been compiled from the ISO 19100 standards published up until April 2011 or that have reached the enquiry or approval stage (Draft International Standard (DIS) or Final Draft International Standard (FDIS)). Every definition is followed by a source remark indicating the standard in which the term was originally defined. If the definition has been adopted from standards other than the geomatics standards, the ISO 19100 standard is mentioned as well. A few of the terms still have inconsistent definitions, such as “attribute”. In these cases, two or more definitions are given. The harmonization of all terms is ongoing in the ISO/TC 211 groups.
A a posteriori classification NOTE Abstract test suites are described in a conformance classification scheme based upon definition of classes clause after clustering the field samples collected [ISO 19105] [UNFAO LCCS 2:2005, ISO 19144-1] acceptance testing (user) a priori classification process of determining whether an implementation classification scheme structured so that the classes are satisfies acceptance criteria, enabling the user to abstract conceptualizations of the types actually determine whether to accept the implementation occurring NOTE 1 This includes the planning and execution of NOTE The approach is based upon definition of several kinds of tests (e.g., functional, volume, classes before any data collection actually takes place performance tests) that demonstrate that the [UNFAO LCCS 2:2005, ISO 19144-1] implementation satisfies the user requirements abbreviation NOTE 2 This is not a part of conformance testing. designation formed by omitting words or letters from access control a longer form and designating the same concept combination of authentication and authorization [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] [ISO 19153] abstract test case accreditation generalized test for a particular requirement the outcome of the accreditation procedure NOTE An abstract test case is a formal basis for [ISO 19158] deriving executable test cases. One or more test accreditation framework purposes are encapsulated in the abstract test case. An the framework in which customers works with abstract test case is independent of both the suppliers to assure data quality implementation and the values. It should be complete [ISO 19158] in the sense that it is sufficient to enable a test verdict accreditation procedure to be assigned unambiguously to each potentially procedure by which a customer assures that its observable test outcome (i. e., sequence of test events) suppliers are capable of consistently delivering the [ISO 19105] product to the required quality abstract test method NOTE The accreditation procedure is a second-party method for testing implementation independent of any (customer) conformity assessment activity particular test procedure [ISO 19158] [ISO 19105] accuracy abstract test module closeness of agreement between an observed value set of related abstract test cases and the true value or a reference value accepted as true NOTE Abstract test modules may be nested in NOTE 1 A test result can be observations or a hierarchical way measurements [ISO 19105] NOTE 2 For positioning services, the test result is abstract test suite (ATS) a measured value or set of values abstract test module specifying all the requirements to NOTE 3 For observations and measurements, true be satisfied for conformance. values are not obtainable. In their place reference 986 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary values which are accepted as true values are used affine coordinate system [ISO 3534-1, ISO 19157, ISO 19116] coordinate system in Euclidean space with straight active object axes that are not necessarily mutually perpendicular object which is capable of independent actions, and [ISO 19111] therefore capable of initiating interactions between agency itself and other objects without immediate prior legal relationship of a person (called the agent) who external stimulation acts on behalf of another person, company or NOTE Compare with passive object. An active object government (called the principal) can represent a user, or an active service that depends [ISO 19153] on internal (and therefore not visible) triggers to start agent actions. Active and passive states may exist for the one who acts on behalf of another same object, and such a service may transition [ISO 19153] between these two states depending on invocation of aggregation
NOTE An application schema describes the content,
Glossary NOTE 2 The local origin and ordinate vectors NOTE Beam width is usually measured in radians and establish an engineering coordinate reference system as the angular width between two points that have 1/2 (ISO 19111), also called a local frame or a local of the power (3 db below) of the center of the beam. It Euclidean coordinate system is a property of the antenna. Power emitted outside of [ISO 19141] this angle is too low to provide a usable return base standard [ISO/TS 19130] ISO geographic information standard or other behavior
buffer characteristic of an international standard as described Glossary geometric object that contains all direct positions in the test purpose whose distance from a specified geometric object is [ISO 19105] less than or equal to a given distance cardinality
Glossary NOTE 3 There are various classes of characteristics, classifier
complex feature NOTE The common characteristic may be a shared Glossary feature composed of other features namespace for the assignment of names and/or codes [ISO 19109] [ISO 19126] complex image compound symbol first-level product produced by processing SAR phase a symbol that is composed of multiple other symbols, history data arranged in a meaningful relationship [ISO/TS 19130-2] EXAMPLE A dashed line symbol with a point symbol complex symbol repeated at an interval symbol that is composed of multiple symbols, [ISO 19117] repeated in a pattern compression EXAMPLE A point symbol that is composed of two technique used for the reduction of space used by data point graphics [ISO 19145] [ISO 19117] compression service component
Glossary NOTE The purpose of concept harmonization is to conformance test report improve communication summary of the conformance to the international [ISO 860, ISO 19104] standard as well as all the details of the testing that concept system (system of concepts) supports the given overall summary set of concepts structured according to the relations [ISO 19105] among them conformance testing [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] testing of a product to determine the extent to which conceptual formalism the product is a conforming implementation set of modeling concepts used to describe [ISO 19105] a conceptual model conforming implementation EXAMPLE Unified modeling language (UML) implementation which satisfies the requirements metamodel, EXPRESS metamodel [ISO 19105] NOTE One conceptual formalism can be expressed in connected several conceptual schema languages property of a geometric object implying that any two [ISO 19101] direct positions on the object can be placed on a curve conceptual model that remains totally within the object model that defines concepts of a universe of discourse NOTE A topological object is connected if and only if [ISO 19101] all its geometric realizations are connected. This is not conceptual schema included as a definition because it follows from formal description of a conceptual model a theorem of topology [ISO 19101] [ISO 19107] conceptual schema language connected node formal language based on a conceptual formalism for node that starts or ends one or more edges the purpose of representing conceptual schemas [ISO 19107] EXAMPLE UML, EXPRESS, IDEF1X constraint NOTE A conceptual schema language may be lexical condition or restriction expressed in natural-language or graphical. Several conceptual schema languages text or in a machine-readable language for the can be based on the same conceptual formalism purpose of declaring some of the semantics of an [ISO 19101] element conditional feature portrayal function [UML 2, ISO/TS 19103] function that maps a geographic feature to a symbol constraint based on some condition evaluated against a property restriction on how a link or turn may be traversed by or attribute of a feature a vehicle, such as a vehicle classification, or physical [ISO 19117] or temporal constraint confidence [ISO 19133] accuracy of a data quality result constraint
continuous change convex set Glossary change in an attribute whose type has a distance geometric set in which any direct position on the measure such that its value can be assumed to take on straight-line segment joining any two direct positions intermediate values between two known in the geometric set is also contained in the geometric measurements set NOTE The interpolation of continuous change is NOTE Convex sets are simply connected, meaning usually done by taking into consideration constraints that they have no interior holes, and can normally be on the curve joining the two data points (time1, considered topologically isomorphic to a Euclidean value1) and (time2, value2), looking at the value as ball of the appropriate dimension. So, the surface of a function of time; for example, if the continuous a sphere can be considered to be geodesically convex change is for the motion of a vehicle, then the [ISO 19107] constraints of physics and of the paths appropriate for coordinate that vehicle must be taken into consideration one of a sequence of n numbers designating the [ISO 19132] position of a point in n-dimensional space continuous coverage NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the coverage that returns different values for the same coordinate numbers are qualified by units feature attribute at different direct positions within [ISO 19107, ISO 19111] a single spatial object, temporal object, or coordinate conversion spatiotemporal object in its domain coordinate operation in which both coordinate NOTE Although the domain of a continuous coverage reference systems are based on the same datum is ordinarily bounded in terms of its spatial and/or EXAMPLE Conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate temporal extent, it can be subdivided into an infinite reference system based on the WGS84 datum to number of direct positions a Cartesian coordinate reference system also based on [ISO 19123] the WGS84 datum, or change of units such as from contract radians to degrees or feet to meters agreement between two or more principals that creates NOTE A coordinate conversion uses parameters in each principal a duty to do or not do something and which have specified values that are not determined a right to performance of the other’s duty or a remedy empirically for the breach of the other’s duty [ISO 19111] [ISO 19153] coordinate dimension control body number of measurements or axes needed to describe group of technical experts that makes decisions a position in a coordinate system regarding the content of a register [ISO 19107] [ISO 19135] coordinate operation conversion change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one transformation from one format to another relationship, from one coordinate reference system to [ISO 19135] another conversion rule NOTE Supertype of coordinate transformation and rule for converting instances in the input data structure coordinate conversion to instances in the output data structure [ISO 19111] [ISO 19118] coordinate reference system conversion service coordinate system that is related to an object by service that invokes a converter adatum [ISO 19145] NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, the object converter will be the Earth resource that performs conversion [ISO 19111] NOTE The resource can be a device or software coordinate reference system [ISO 19145] coordinate system which is related to the real world by convex hull adatum smallest convex set containing a given geometric NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, the object object will be the Earth NOTE Smallest is the set-theoretic smallest, not an [ISO 19123, retired version of ISO 19111] indication of a measurement. The definition can be coordinate set rewritten as the intersection of all convex sets that collection of coordinate tuples related to the same contain the geometric object coordinate reference system [ISO 19107] [ISO 19111] 994 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary coordinate system ground control points and their corresponding image set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates coordinates are to be assigned to points [ISO/TS 19130] [ISO 19111] cost function coordinate transformation function that associates a measure (cost) to coordinate operation in which the two coordinate a route reference systems are based on different datums NOTE The normal mechanism is to apply a cost to NOTE A coordinate transformation uses parameters each part of a route, and to define the total route cost which are derived empirically by a set of points with as the sum of the cost of the parts. This is necessary known coordinates in both coordinate reference for the operation of the most common navigation systems algorithms. The units of cost functions are not limited [ISO 19111] to monetary costs and values only, but include such coordinate tuple measures as time, distance, and possibly others. The tuple composed of a sequence of coordinates only requirement is that the function be additive and at NOTE The number of coordinates in the coordinate least nonnegative. This last criteria can be softened as tuple equals the dimension of the coordinate system; long as no zero or less cost is associated to any loop in the order of coordinates in the coordinate tuple is the network, as this will prevent the existence of identical to the order of the axes of the coordinate a minimal cost route system [ISO 19133] [ISO 19111] coupling coordinated universal time (UTC) linkage of two or more software systems through time scale maintained by the Bureau International des information transfer or messaging Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights NOTE 1 Compare with integration. While the and Measures) and the International Earth Rotation conceptual schema of the information transferred Service (IERS) that forms the basis of a coordinated must be agreed upon to some level, coupling dissemination of standard frequencies and time applications can be and are usually flexible in the signals [Rec. ITU-R TF.686-1 (1997)] data representation of that information as long as the [ISO 19108] semantics content is correct and mappable to some copyleft (GPL) canonical representation of the conceptual schema. license that accompanies some open-source software The most common mapping technology used for that details how the software and its accompanying XML messages is extensible stylesheet language source code can be freely copied, distributed, and transformations (XSLT), and the transformation modified stylesheet can be supplied either by the service NOTE The most widespread use of general public broker or service provider. It is considered a best license (GPL) is in reference to the GNU GPL,which practice for a service provider to supply his is commonly abbreviated simply as GPL when it is functionality through several logically equivalent understood that the term refers to the GNU GPL.One messaging application programming interfaces of the basic tenets of the GPL is that anyone who (APIs), each represented by a different Uniform acquires the material must make it available to anyone Resource Identifier (URI9 linked to an XSLT else under the same licensing agreement. The GPL transformation bridge, and implemented by the same does not cover activities other than the copying, internal code distributing, and modifying of the source code. A GPL NOTE 2 Loose and tight coupling are not at present is also referred to as a copyleft, in contrast to well-defined terms in the literature. Generally, tight a copyright, which identifies the proprietary rights of coupling means that there is some sort of incurred material dependency between requester and responder in the [ISO 19153] use of the interface, while loose means no such correctness dependency. The nature of that dependency is not correspondence with the universe of discourse consistently defined between authors. In that light, NOTE Correctness for an item can only have two tight coupling or tight integration are both bad states: correct or incorrect practices, and have been viewed as such since the [ISO 19157] inception of the terms. Some literature refers to correspondence model integration as tight coupling, but that is more functional relationship between ground and image propaganda than description coordinates based on the correlation between a set of [ISO 19132] Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 995
coverage cylindrical coordinate system Glossary feature that acts as a function to return values from its three-dimensional coordinate system with two range for any direct position within its spatial, distance and one angular coordinates temporal, or spatiotemporal domain [ISO 19111] EXAMPLE Examples include a raster image, polygon overlay, or digital elevation matrix D NOTE In other words, a coverage is a feature that has multiple values for each attribute type, where each data direct position within the geometric representation of reinterpretable representation of information in the feature has a single value for each attribute type a formalized manner suitable for communication, [ISO 19123] interpretation, or processing coverage geometry [ISO/IEC 2382-1, ISO 19115] configuration of the domain of a coverage described in data compaction terms of coordinates reduction of the number of data elements, bandwidth, [ISO 19123] cost, and time for the generation, transmission, and cross-mapping storage of data without loss of information by comparison of terminology entries from different eliminating unnecessary redundancy, removing domains to determine their semantic equivalence irrelevancy, or using special coding [ISO 19146] NOTE 1 Whereas data compaction reduces the cross-track amount of data used to represent a given amount of perpendicular to the direction in which the collection information, data compression does not platform moves NOTE 2 Data compaction can be done through [ISO/TS 19130] aggregation of like values in adjacent grid cells, tiling curve schemes or other means of eliminating information one-dimensional geometric primitive, representing the that is not relevant continuous image of a line [ISO/TS 19129] NOTE The boundary of a curve is the set of points at data compression either end of the curve. If the curve is a cycle, the two reducing either the amount of storage space required ends are identical, and the curve (if topologically to store a given amount of data, or the length of closed) is considered to not have a boundary. The first message required to transfer a given amount of point is called the start point, and the last is the end information point. Connectivity of the curve is guaranteed by the NOTE 1 Adapted from ANSI T1.523-2001 continuous image of a line clause. A topological NOTE 2 Data compression is probabilistic in nature theorem states that a continuous image of a connected based on particular instances of imagery, gridded or set is connected coverage data and is related to encoding and outside [ISO 19107] the scope for this technical specification curve segment [ISO/TS 19129] one-dimensional geometric object used to represent data element a continuous component of a curve using unit of data that, in a certain context, is considered homogeneous interpolation and definition methods indivisible NOTE The geometric set represented by a single [ISO 19115] curve segment is equivalent to a curve data interchange [ISO 19107] delivery, receipt, and interpretation of data customer [ISO 19118] organization or person that receives a product data level NOTE 1 The customer can be internal or external to level containing data describing specific instances the supplier organization [ISO 19101] [ISO 9000, ISO 19158] data product cycle
Glossary NOTE A data product specification provides data quality evaluation procedure a description of the universe of discourse and operation(s) used in applying and reporting quality a specification for mapping the universe of discourse evaluation methods and their results to a dataset. It may be used for production, sales, [ISO 19113] end-use, or other purpose data quality measure [ISO 19131] evaluation of a data quality subelement data product specification EXAMPLE The percentage of the values of an detailed description of a dataset or dataset series attribute that are correct together with additional information that will enable it [ISO 19113] to be created, and supplied to and used by another data quality measure party type of evaluation of a quantitative value based on one [ISO 19131] or more data quality subelements data quality basic measure EXAMPLE The percentage of the values of an generic data quality measure used as a basis for the attribute that are correct creation of specific data quality measures [ISO 19113] NOTE Data quality basic measures are abstract data data quality overview element types. They cannot be used directly when reporting nonquantitative component documenting the quality data quality of a dataset [ISO 19157] NOTE Information about the purpose, usage, and data quality characteristic lineage of a dataset is nonquantitative information inherent characteristic of a product, process, or system [ISO 19113] related to a requirement data quality overview statements NOTE 1 The applicability of a data quality quality-related qualitative information characteristic to a dataset depends on both the NOTE The metadata element usage, lineage, and dataset’s content and its product specification, the purpose are examples of data quality overview result being that all data quality characteristics may statements not be applicable to all datasets [ISO 19157] NOTE 2 A data quality characteristic is a quantitative data quality report component used for the documentation of the quality quality metadata () or standalone report () of a dataset [ISO 19157] NOTE 3 This term is equivalent to the term quality data quality report scope characteristic in ISO 9000 extent or characteristic(s) of the data for which quality [ISO 19113] information is reported data quality conformance result [ISO 19113] the outcome of evaluating the obtained value or set data quality result of values resulting from applying a data quality value or set of values resulting from applying a data measure against a specified conformance quality quality measure or the outcome of evaluating the level obtained value or set of values against a specified NOTE The data quality conformance result may be acceptable quality level either a data quality specification conformance or EXAMPLE A data quality result of 90 with a data a data quality user satisfaction quality value type of percentage reported for the data [ISO 19113] quality element and its data quality subelement data quality date completeness, commission is an example of a value date or range of dates on which a data quality measure resulting from applying a data quality measure to the is applied data specified by a data quality scope. A data quality [ISO 19113] result of true with a data quality value type of boolean data quality element variable is an example of comparing the value (90) quantitative component documenting the quality of against a specified acceptable conformance quality a dataset level (85) and reporting an evaluation of kind pass or NOTE The applicability of a data quality element to fail a dataset depends on both the dataset’s content and its [ISO 19113] product specification, the result being that all data data quality scope elements may not be applicable to all datasets extent or characteristic(s) of the data for which quality [ISO 19113] information is reported Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 997
EXAMPLE A certain area may contain features of EXAMPLE boolean variable, percentage, ratio Glossary identical type but whose spatial positions have been NOTE A data quality value type is always provided established with separate methods yielding different for a data quality result positioning accuracies. In this case, it is desirable to [ISO 19113] have several data quality scopes data quality value unit NOTE 1 A data quality scope for a dataset can value unit for reporting a data quality result comprise a dataset series to which the dataset belongs, EXAMPLE meter the dataset itself, or a smaller grouping of data located NOTE A data quality value unit is provided only when physically within the dataset sharing common applicable for a data quality result characteristics. Common characteristics can be an [ISO 19113] identified feature type, feature attribute, or feature data transfer relationship; data collection criteria; original source; movement of data from one point to another over or a specified geographic or temporal extent amedium NOTE 2 Quality differs frequently between various NOTE Transfer of information implies transfer of parts of the dataset defined by the data quality report data scope. It is therefore usual to report quality for the [ISO 19118] same data quality characteristic several times within data type the same data quality report scope. One data quality a descriptor of a set of values that lack identity report scope may thus encompass several data quality (independent existence and the possibility of scopes. These different data quality scopes may be side-effects) spatially overlapping or even share the same EXAMPLE Integer, Real, Boolean, String, and Date boundaries NOTE Data types include primitive predefined types [ISO 19113, ISO 19138] and user-definable types data quality specification conformance [UML 2, ISO/TS 19103] the outcome of evaluating the obtained value or set of data type values resulting from applying a data quality measure specification of a value domain with operations against a conformance quality level from a product allowed on values in this domain specification EXAMPLE Integer, Real, Boolean, String, and Date [ISO 19113] NOTE Data types include primitive predefined types data quality subelement and user-definable types component of a data quality element describing NOTE A data type is identified by a term, e.g., Integer. a certain aspect of that data quality element Values of the data types are of the specified value [ISO 19113] domain, e.g., all integer numbers between −65 537 data quality themes and 65 536. The set of operations can be +, -, *, and /, groups of related data quality characteristics sharing and is semantically well defined. A data type can be a common nature simple or complex. A simple data type defines a value NOTE Data quality characteristics are grouped into domain where values are considered atomic in themes solely for the benefit of the human brain to a certain context, e.g., Integer. A complex data type is organize data quality characteristics in a logical and a collection of data types which are grouped together. easily comprehensible structure. Computers have no A complex data type may represent an object and can need of these, and they are not part of the UML thus have identity schemas [ISO 19118] [ISO 19113] data value data quality user satisfaction an instance of a data type; a value without identity outcome of evaluating the obtained value or set of NOTE A value may describe a possible state of an values resulting from applying a data quality measure object within a class or type (domain) against user requirements [UML 2, ISO/TS 19103] [ISO 19113] dataset data quality value result identifiable collection of data value or set of values resulting from applying a data NOTE 1 A dataset may be a smaller grouping of data quality measure which, though limited by some constraint such as [ISO 19113] spatial extent or feature type, is located physically data quality value type within a larger dataset. Theoretically, a dataset may be value type for reporting a data quality result as small as a single feature or feature attribute 998 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary contained within a larger dataset. A hard-copy map or ARP. Approximately the complement of the look chart may be considered a dataset angle NOTE 2 The principles which apply to datasets may [ISO/TS 19130-2] also be applied to dataset series and reporting groups depth [ISO 19101, ISO 19115, ISO 19117] distance of a point from a chosen reference surface dataset series measured downward along a line perpendicular to that collection of datasets sharing the same product surface specification NOTE A depth above the reference surface will have [ISO 19115] a negative value datum [ISO 19111] parameter or set of parameters that define the position design coordinate reference system of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of engineering coordinate reference system in which the a coordinate system base representation of a moving object is specified NOTE 1 A datum defines the position of the origin, [ISO 19141] the scale, and the orientation of the axes of designation (designator) a coordinate system representation of a concept by a sign which denotes it NOTE 2 A datum may be a geodetic datum, a vertical NOTE In terminology work, three types of datum, an engineering datum, an image datum, or designations are distinguished: symbols, appellations, a temporal datum and terms [ISO 19111, ISO 19116] [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] day detector period having a duration nominally equivalent to the device that generates an output signal in response to periodic time of the Earth’s rotation around its axis an energy input [ISO 19108] [ISO/TS 19130] definition determinand representation of a concept by a descriptive statement concept that is a characteristic of one or more feature which serves to differentiate it from related concepts types, where the value for an instance may be [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] estimated by application of some procedure, in an act Delaunay triangulation of observation network of triangles such that the circle passing EXAMPLE Cars (a feature type) all have through the vertices of any triangle does not contain, a characteristic color, where color is a property type in its interior, the vertex of any other triangle [ISO 19156] [ISO 19123] digital elevation model delimiting characteristic dataset of elevation values that are assigned essential characteristic used for distinguishing algorithmically to two-dimensional coordinates a concept from related concepts [ISO/TS 19101-2] NOTE The delimiting characteristic support for the digital item back may be used for distinguishing the concepts stool structured digital object (asset, work, service, data or and chair information) with a standard representation, [ISO 19146] identification, and metadata framework dependency
Digital Rights Management (DRM) the left side (+) of the same edge and the start node Glossary packaging, distributing, controlling, and (−) and end node (+) of the same edge, and in tracking content based on rights and licensing computational topology to represent these concepts information [ISO 19107] NOTE DRM covers a much broader spectrum of directed face capabilities and underlying technologies supporting directed topological object that represents an description, identification, trading, protecting association between a face and one of its orientations monitoring, and tracking of all forms of rights usages NOTE The orientation of the directed edges that for both tangible and intangible (electronic) assets, compose the exterior boundary of a directed face will including the management of rights-holders appear positive from the direction of this vector; the relationships orientation of a directed face that bounds a topological Digital refers to the material over which the rights solid will point away from the topological solid. exist. Rights applies to the intellectual property rights Adjacent solids would use different orientations for linked to the material. Management covers both their shared boundary, consistent with the same sort of defining a policy and enforcing that policy in such association between adjacent faces and their shared a way that rights are respected edges. Directed faces are used in the coboundary The ultimate goal of a distributed DRM system is for relation to maintain the spatial association between content authors to be able to project policies face and edge governing their content into remote environments with [ISO 19107] confidence that those policies will be respected by the directed node remote nodes directed topological object that represents an For the purposes of this document, DRM is taken to association between a node and one of its orientations mean technology that enables the secure distribution NOTE Directed nodes are used in the coboundary (and where appropriate, sale) of digital media content relation to maintain the spatial association between on the Internet edge and node. The orientation of a node is with [ISO 19153] respect to an edge: + for end node, − for start node. Dijkstra graph This is consistent with the vector notion of positively weighted directed graph appropriately result = end − start configured to execute a shortest path search [ISO 19107] NOTE The term comes from the most commonly directed solid known algorithm for finding a shortest path in directed topological object that represents an a positively weighted graph, from E. Dijkstra’s paper association between a topological solid and one of its (Dijkstra, E., 1959: A note on two problems in orientations connection with graphs. Numerische Mathematik, NOTE Directed solids are used in the coboundary vol.1 pp. 269Ð271). Although this algorithm is not the relation to maintain the spatial association between only one in use, the requirements for the graph are face and topological solid. The orientation of a solid is common to most. The most common relaxation of the with respect to a face: + if the upNormal is outward, requirement is the positive weights, which are not − if inward. This is consistent with the concept of needed in the BellmanÐFord algorithm up = outward for a surface bounding a solid [ISO 19133] [ISO 19107] direct evaluation method directed topological object method of evaluating the quality of a dataset based on topological object that represents a logical association inspection of the items within the dataset between a topological primitive and one of its [ISO 19114] orientations direct position [ISO 19107] position described by a single set of coordinates discrete change within a coordinate reference system change in an attribute value such that it can be [ISO 19107] assumed to have changed without having taken directed edge intermediate values between two known directed topological object that represents an measurements association between an edge and one of its NOTE Legal changes of parcel changes are discrete, orientations having occurred at a specific time NOTE A directed edge that is in agreement with the [ISO 19132] orientation of the edge has a + orientation; otherwise, discrete coverage it has the opposite (−) orientation. Directed edge is coverage that returns the same feature attribute values used in topology to distinguish the right side (−) from for every direct position within any single spatial 1000 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary object, temporal object, or spatiotemporal object in its domain feature domain feature of a type defined within a particular NOTE The domain of a discrete coverage consists of application domain a finite set of spatial, temporal, or spatiotemporal NOTE This may be contrasted with observations and objects sampling features, which are features defined for [ISO 19123] cross-domain purposes discrete spatiotemporal object [ISO 19156] temporal sequence of object representations depicting Doppler angle
ellipsoid EXAMPLE Local engineering and architectural grids; Glossary surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about coordinate reference system local to a ship or an amainaxis orbiting spacecraft NOTE 1 In this international standard, ellipsoids are [ISO 19111] always oblate, meaning that the axis of rotation is engineering datum (local datum) always the minor axis datum describing the relationship of a coordinate NOTE 2 The Earth ellipsoid is a mathematical system to a local reference ellipsoid figure of the Earth which is used as EXAMPLE A system for identifying relative positions a reference frame for computations in geodesy, within a few kilometers of the reference point astronomy, and the geosciences NOTE Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and [ISO 19111] vertical datums ellipsoidal coordinate system (geodetic coordinate [ISO 19111] system) engineering viewpoint coordinate system in which position is specified by viewpoint on an Open Distributed Processing (ODP) geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude, and (in the system and its environment that focuses on the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height mechanisms and functions required to support [ISO 19111] distributed interaction between objects in the system ellipsoidal height (geodetic height) h [ISO/IEC 10746-2] distance of a point from the ellipsoid measured along enterprise viewpoint the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this point, viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that being positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid focuses on the purpose, scope, and policies for that NOTE Only used as part of a three-dimensional system ellipsoidal coordinate system and never on its own [ISO/IEC 10746-2] [ISO 19111] error encapsulation discrepancy with the universe of discourse collection of specified data content in a well-defined [ISO 19138] coding structure, or the process by which it is done error propagation [ISO 19120] process of determining the uncertainties of derived encoding quantities from the known uncertainties of the conversion of data into a series of codes quantities on which the derived quantity is dependent [ISO 19118] [ISO/TS 19130] encoding rule NOTE Error propagation is governed by the identifiable collection of conversion rules that define mathematical function relating the derived quantity to the encoding for a particular data structure the quantities from which it was derived. EXAMPLE XML, ISO 10303-21, ISO/IEC 8211 essential characteristic NOTE An encoding rule specifies the types of data to characteristic which is indispensable to understanding be converted as well as the syntax, structure, and a concept codes used in the resulting data structure [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] [ISO 19118] evaluation
Glossary NOTE Expected risk is calculated by multiplying the NOTE If errors are found, one can correctly deduce probability of the types of infringement by the cost of that the implementation does not conform to the that infringement, summed up over all types of standard; however, the absence of errors does not infringement necessarily imply the converse. Falsification test can [ISO 19153] only demonstrate nonconformance. Compare with extension verification test. Due to technical and economical totality of objects to which a concept corresponds problems, in most cases, falsification test is adopted as [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] a test method for conformance testing exterior [ISO 19105] difference between the universe and the closure feature NOTE The concept of exterior is applicable to both abstraction of real-world phenomena topological and geometric complexes EXAMPLE The phenomenon named Eiffel Tower [ISO 19107] may be classified with other similar phenomena into external coordinate reference system a feature type named tower coordinate reference system whose datum is NOTE 1 A feature may occur as a type or an instance. independent of the object that is located by it Feature type or feature instance shall be used when [ISO/TS 19130] only one is meant external function NOTE 2 In UML 2, a feature is a property, such as an function not part of the application schema operation or attribute, which is encapsulated as part of NOTE The electronic map in a car navigation system a list within a classifier, such as an interface, class, or has to be displayed so that the up-direction of the map data type is always in the direction the car is moving. To be able [ISO 19101, ISO/TS 19103, ISO 19110] to specify the rotation of the map, the current position feature association of the car must be retrieved continuously from an relationship that links instances of one feature type external position device using an external function with instances of the same or a different feature type [ISO 19117] NOTE Feature associations include aggregation of features [ISO 19110] F feature association relationship between features face NOTE 1 A feature association may occur as a type or two-dimensional topological primitive an instance. Feature association type or feature NOTE The geometric realization of a face is a surface. association instance is used when only one is meant The boundary of a face is the set of directed edges NOTE 2 Feature associations include aggregation of within the same topological complex that are features associated to the face via the boundary relations. [ISO 19109] These can be organized as rings feature association concept [ISO 19107] concept that may be specified in detail as one or more fail verdict feature association types test verdict of nonconformance EXAMPLE A supports feature association concept NOTE Nonconformance may be with respect to either describes a relationship between real-world the test purpose or at least one of the conformance phenomena such as highways and bridges where the requirements of the relevant standard(s) role of one feature is that it is supported by the other [ISO 19105] feature (whose role is supporter-of) fair use [ISO 19126] uses of content that are considered valid defenses to feature attribute copyright infringement, such as for criticism or characteristic of a feature educational purposes EXAMPLE 1 A feature attribute named color may NOTE Fair use is based on case-law precedents have an attribute value green which belongs to the derived from general principles. The term is often data type text misapplied to refer to the reasonable expectations of EXAMPLE 2 A feature attribute named length may consumers to be able to use purchased content on all have an attribute value 82.4 which belongs to the data owned devices type real [ISO 19153] NOTE 1 A feature attribute may occur as a type or an falsification test instance. Feature attribute type or feature attribute test to find errors in the implementation instance is used when only one is meant Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1003
NOTE 2 A feature attribute type has a name, a data NOTE 1 A feature event includes the linear reference Glossary type, and a domain associated to it. A feature attribute location of the located feature along the locating instance has an attribute value taken from the domain feature of the feature attribute type NOTE 2 A feature event may be qualified by the NOTE 3 In a feature catalog, a feature attribute may instant at which, or period during which, the feature include a value domain but does not specify attribute event occurred values for feature instances [ISO 19148] [ISO 19101, ISO 19109, ISO 19110, ISO 19117] feature fusion feature attribute concept feature succession in which two or more previously concept that may be specified in detail as one or more existing instances of a feature type are replaced by feature attribute types a single instance of the same feature type EXAMPLE A height feature attribute concept EXAMPLE Two instances of the feature type pasture describes length in the vertical direction as are replaced by a single instance when the fence a characteristic that may be shared by real-world between the pastures is removed phenomena such as human, tree,andbuilding [ISO 19108] [ISO 19126] feature identifier feature catalog identifier that uniquely designates a feature instance catalog containing definitions and descriptions of the [ISO 19142] feature types, feature attributes, and feature feature inheritance relationships occurring in one or more sets of mechanism by which more specific features geographic data, together with any feature operations incorporate structure and behavior of more general that may be applied features related by behavior [ISO 19101, ISO 19110] [ISO 19110] feature concept feature operation concept that may be specified in detail as one or more operation that every instance of a feature type may feature types perform EXAMPLE The feature concept road may be used to EXAMPLE 1 An operation upon the feature type dam specify several different feature types, each with is to raise the dam. The result of this operation is to a different set of properties appropriate for a particular raise the level of water in a reservoir application. For a travel planning application, it might EXAMPLE 2 A feature operation by the feature type have a limited set of attributes such as name, route dam might be to block vessels from navigating along number, location, and number of lanes, while for a watercourse a maintenance application it might have an extensive NOTE Feature operations provide a basis for feature set of attributes detailing the structure and type definitions composition of each of the layers of material of which [ISO 19101, ISO 19108] it is composed Operation that may be performed upon or by all [ISO 19126] instances of a feature type feature concept dictionary [ISO 19110] dictionary that contains definitions of, and related feature operation concept descriptive information about, concepts that may be concept that may be specified in detail as one or more specified in detail in a feature catalog feature operation types [ISO 19126] EXAMPLE A traffic flow operation might return the feature division number of persons or vehicles expected to move on or feature succession in which a previously existing through some kind of transportation feature during feature is replaced by two or more distinct feature a period of time specified as input to the operation instances of the same feature type [ISO 19126] EXAMPLE An instance of the feature type land feature portrayal function parcel is replaced by two instances of the same type function that maps a geographic feature to a symbol when the parcel is legally subdivided [ISO 19117] [ISO 19108] feature portrayal rule set feature event collection of portrayal rules that apply to a feature information about the occurrence of a located feature instance along a locating feature [ISO 19117] 1004 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary feature reference NOTE In the airborne case, this would be swath width uniform resource identifier that identifies a feature for a linear array, ground footprint for an area array, [ISO 19143] and for a whisk broom scanner it refers to the swath feature substitution width. [Manual of Photogrammetry] feature succession in which one feature instance is [ISO/TS 19130-2] replaced by another feature instance of the same or file different feature type named set of records stored or processed as a unit EXAMPLE An instance of feature type building is [ISO/IEC 2382-1, ISO 19118] razed and replaced by an instance of feature type filter capabilities
framework processing is applied to remove existing noise present Glossary relationship between the elements of the content in the data to produce a visually exploitable dataset model and the separate encoding and portrayal [ISO/TS 19130-2] mechanisms general concept [ISO/TS 19129] concept which corresponds to two or more objects full inspection which form a group by reason of common properties inspection of every item in a dataset NOTE Examples of general concepts are planet and NOTE Full inspection is also known as 100% tower inspection [ISO 19146] [ISO 3534-2, ISO 19114] general public license function license containing rights accorded to the general rule that associates each element from a domain public without an existing agreement (source, or domain of the function) to a unique NOTE GPLs can be granted by the owner of element in another domain (target, codomain, or a resource or may be applied to a resource by law, range) usually as part of copyright law. The most obvious [ISO 19107] GPL concept is fair use in the USA for copyrighted functional language material. Other GPL rights may be demanded by the language in which feature operations are formally source of the resource or other public good specified considerations NOTE In a functional language, feature types may be [ISO 19153] represented as abstract data types generalization
Glossary a geocoder is an integral part of the internals of such EXAMPLE Spain is an example of a country name; a service SW1P 3AD is an example of a postcode [ISO 19133] [ISO 19112] geodetic coordinate reference system geographic imagery coordinate reference system based on a geodetic imagery associated with a location relative to the datum Earth [ISO 19111] [ISO/TS 19101-2] geodetic coordinate system geographic imagery scene coordinate system in which position is specified by geographic imagery whose data consist of geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude, and (in the measurements or simulated measurements of the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height natural world produced relative to a specified vantage [ISO/TS 19130-2] point and at a specified time geodetic datum NOTE A geographic imagery scene is a representation datum describing the relationship of a two- or of an environmental landscape; it may correspond to three-dimensional coordinate system to the Earth a remotely sensed view of the natural world or to NOTE 1 In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an a computer-generated virtual scene simulating such ellipsoid definition aview NOTE 2 The term and this technical specification [ISO 22028-1, ISO/TS 19101-2] (ISO/TS 19130) may be applicable to some other geographic information celestial bodies information concerning phenomena implicitly or [ISO 19111, ISO 19116, ISO/TS 19130-2] explicitly associated with a location relative to the φ geodetic latitude (ellipsoidal latitude) Earth angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to [ISO 19101, ISO 19107] the ellipsoid through a given point, with northwards geographic information service treated as positive service that transforms, manages, or presents [ISO 19111] λ geographic information to users geodetic longitude (ellipsoidal longitude) [ISO 19101] angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian geographic information system plane of a given point, with eastward treated as information system dealing with information positive concerning phenomena associated with location [ISO 19111] relative to the Earth GeoDRM enabled (applied to processing resources) [ISO 19101] capable of maintaining GeoDRM extended resources and enforcing GeoDRM defined rights and protections geographic location [ISO 19153] longitude, latitude, and elevation of a ground or GeoDRM extended (applied to resources) elevated point associated to GeoDRM metadata indicating types of [ISO/TS 19130-2] licenses that apply geographic point location [ISO 19153] a well-defined geographic place described by one geographic data coordinate tuple data with implicit or explicit reference to a location [ISO 19145] relative to the Earth geographic point location representation NOTE Geographic information is also used as a term syntactic description of a geographic point location in for information concerning phenomena implicitly or a well-known format explicitly associated with a location relative to the [ISO 19145] Earth geoid [ISO 19109] equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which geographic feature is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity representation of real-world phenomenon associated and which best fits mean sea level either locally or with a location relative to the Earth globally [ISO 19125-2] [ISO 19111] geographic identifier geoLicense spatial reference in the form of a label or code that license related to geoinformation identifies a location [ISO 19153] Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1007
geoLicense infringement has the direct position in its interior and is similar Glossary act or instance of unauthorized access or use of (isomorphic) to Rn, Euclidean n-space protected, copyrighted, or patented material or of NOTE Curves, because they are continuous images of a trademark, tradename, or trade dress a portion of the real line, have geometric dimension [ISO 19153] one. Surfaces cannot be mapped to R2 in their geoLicense resolution entirety, but around each point position, a small settling or resolving the status of a geoLicense neighborhood can be found that resembles (under [ISO 19153] continuous functions) the interior of the unit circle in geolocating R2, and are therefore two-dimensional. In this geopositioning an object using a physical sensor international standard, most surface patches (instances model or a true replacement model of GM SurfacePatch) are mapped to portions of R2 by [ISO/TS 19130] their defining interpolation mechanisms geolocation [ISO 19107] mathematical correspondence between position in geometric object a grid coordinate system and position in a geodetic spatial object representing a geometric set coordinate system NOTE A geometric object consists of a geometric [ISO 19115-2] primitive, a collection of geometric primitives, or geolocation information a geometric complex treated as a single entity. information used to determine geographic location A geometric object may be the spatial representation corresponding to image location of an object such as a feature or a significant part of [ISO 19115-2, ISO/TS 19130] a feature geometric aggregate [ISO 19107] collection of geometric objects that has no internal geometric primitive structure geometric object representing a single, connected, NOTE No assumptions about the spatial relationships homogeneous element of space between the elements can be made NOTE Geometric primitives are nondecomposed [ISO 19107] objects that present information about geometric geometric boundary configuration. They include points, curves, surfaces, boundary represented by a set of geometric primitives and solids of smaller geometric dimension that limits the extent [ISO 19107] of a geometric object geometric realization [ISO 19107] geometric complex whose geometric primitives are in geometric complex a one-to-one correspondence with the topological set of disjoint geometric primitives where the primitives of a topological complex, such that the boundary of each geometric primitive can be boundary relations in the two complexes agree represented as the union of other geometric primitives NOTE In such a realization the topological primitives of smaller dimension within the same set are considered to represent the interiors of the NOTE The geometric primitives in the set are disjoint corresponding geometric primitives. Composites are in the sense that no direct position is interior to more closed than one geometric primitive. The set is closed under [ISO 19107] boundary operations, meaning that, for each element geometric set in the geometric complex, there is a collection (also set of direct positions a geometric complex) of geometric primitives that NOTE This set in most cases is infinite represents the boundary of that element. Recall that [ISO 19107] the boundary of a point (the only 0-D primitive object geometry property
Glossary geometry-value pair GML schema ordered pair composed of a spatial object, a temporal schema components in the XML namespace object, or a spatiotemporal object and a record of http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2 as specified in this feature attribute values international standard [ISO 19123] [ISO 19136] geopositioning graph determining the geographic position of an object set of nodes, some of which are joined by edges NOTE While there are many methods for NOTE In geographic information systems, a graph geopositioning, this technical specification is focused can have more than one edge joining two nodes, and on geopositioning from image coordinates can have an edge that has the same node at both [ISO/TS 19130] ends georectified [ISO 19107] corrected for positional displacement with respect to graphical language the surface of the Earth language whose syntax is expressed in terms of [ISO 19115-2] graphical symbols georeferenceable dataset [ISO 19101] dataset with some additional information such as gravity-related height H control points or orientation data that enable the height dependent on the Earth’s gravity field process of georeferencing NOTE In particular, orthometric height or normal [ISO 19115-2] height, which are both approximations of the distance georeferencing of a point above mean sea level process of determining the relation between the [ISO 19111] position of data in the image coordinates and its grazing angle
grid point includes three gimbal-mounted gyroscopes, used to Glossary point located at the intersection of two or more curves measure roll, pitch, and yaw in a grid [ISO/TS 19130] [ISO 19123] gridded data H data whose attribute values are associated with positions on a grid coordinate system height h, H (altitude) [ISO 19115-2] distance of a point from a chosen reference surface, ground control point measured upward along a line perpendicular to that physical point on the ground of accurately known surface geographic location used to register coverage data to NOTE 1 A height below the reference surface will ground position have a negative value [ISO 19115-2] NOTE 2 See: ellipsoidal height and gravity-related ground range
Glossary homonymy image distortion relation between designations and concepts in a given deviation between the actual location of an image language in which one designation represents two or point and the location that theoretically would result more unrelated concepts from the geometry of the imaging process without any NOTE 1 An example of homonymy is: bark Ð errors (1) sound made by a dog,(2)outside covering of the [ISO/TS 19130] stem of woody plants,(3)sailing vessel image formation
NOTE IXIT typically provides the details on the licenses can be infringed without bypassing the DRM Glossary organization and storage of concepts in the SUT as system, then the system is not sufficient well as on the means of access to and modification of [ISO 19153] the SUT infringement (of a right) [ISO 19105] prevention of an act of a principal consistent with impulse response rights granted to that principal on a resource width of the return generated by a small point NOTE Infringement of a right is a fault in the DRM reflector, which equates to the smallest distance system. If rights can be infringed without bypassing between two point reflectors that can be distinguished the DRM system, then the system is not properly as two objects restricted to that which is necessary [ISO/TS 19130] [ISO 19153] incident angle inheritance
Glossary any of position, motion, or attitude. There may be interoperability redundant measurements. When combined, a unified capability to communicate, execute programs, or position, motion, or attitude is determined transfer data among various functional units in [ISO 19116] a manner that requires the user to have little or no integration knowledge of the unique characteristics of those linkage of two or more software systems by the use of units a common data and method base [ISO 2382-1, ISO 19118] NOTE Compare with coupling. Integration and interoperate coupling are the two major mechanisms for communicate, execute programs, or transfer data interoperation of systems among various functional units in a manner that [ISO 19132] requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the intension unique characteristics of those units set of characteristics which makes up the concept [ISO 19132] [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] interval scale intensity scale with an arbitrary origin which can be used to power per unit solid angle from a point source into describe both ordering of values and distances a particular direction between values NOTE Typically for LIDAR, sufficient calibration has NOTE Ratios of values measured on an interval scale not been done to calculate absolute intensity, so have no meaning relative intensity is usually reported. In linear-mode [ISO 19108] systems, this value is typically provided as an integer, inverse evaluation
J NOTE This term is used interchangeably with the Glossary term LIDAR. Historically, the term LADAR grew out join predicate of the RADAR community and is more often found in filter expression that includes one or more clauses that the literature to refer to tracking and topographic constrain properties from two different entity types systems NOTE 1 In this international standard (ISO 19142), [ISO/TS 19130-2] the entity types will be feature types land administration NOTE 2 In this international standard (ISO 19143), the process of determining, recording, and the entity types will be resource types disseminating information about the relationship [ISO 19143] between people and land join tuple NOTE In many countries land administration set of two or more object instances that satisfy a filter information is determined, recorded, and disseminated that includes join predicates under the umbrella of cadastre and land registry. Both NOTE In this international standard (ISO 19142), the institutions can be unified in a single (state) object instances will be feature instances organization [ISO 19142] [ISO 19152] joint ownership land cover ownership by two or more persons each having observed (bio)physical cover on the Earth’s surface undivided shares in the property as a whole NOTE Land cover is distinct from land use NOTE In this case the principal as owner is a principal [UNFAO LCCS 2, ISO 19144-2] group, i. e., a group of other principals land cover metalanguage [ISO 19153] logical general model used to describe land cover Julian date features from which more specific rules can be Julian day number followed by the decimal fraction of describe to create a particular classification system the day elapsed since the preceding noon [ISO 19144-2] [ISO 19108] land use Julian day number arrangements, activities, and inputs that people number of days elapsed since Greenwich mean noon undertake in a certain land cover type to maintain it or on 1 January 4713 BC, Julian proleptic calendar produce change [ISO 19108] EXAMPLE Recreation area is a land use term that junction may be applicable to different land cover types: for single topological node in a network with its instance, sandy surfaces, such as a beach; a built-up associated collection of turns incoming and outgoing area such as a pleasure park; woodlands; etc. links NOTE Definition of land use in this way establishes NOTE Junction is an alias for node a direct link between land cover and the actions of [ISO 19133] people in their environment. Multiple land uses may coexist at the same location (e.g., forestry and K recreation). This is in contrast to land cover classes, which are mutually exclusive knowledge [UNFAO LCCS 2, ISO 19144-2] fact or condition of knowing something with language familiarity gained through experience or association system of signs for communications, usually [ISO 19101] consisting of vocabulary and rules knowledge base NOTE In this standard, language refers to natural database of knowledge about a particular subject language or special languages but not programming NOTE The database contains facts, inferences, and languages or artificial languages unless specifically procedures needed for problem solution [Webster identified Computer] [ISO 5127-1, ISO 19104] [ISO/TS 19101-2] language identifier information in a terminological entry which indicates L the name of a language [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] LADAR last return acronym for laser detection and ranging, or laser last reflected signal that is detected by a 3-D imaging RADAR system of time-of-flight (TOF) type, for a given 1014 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary sampling position and a given emitted pulse [reference lexical language ASTM E2544-07a] language whose syntax is expressed in terms of [ISO/TS 19130-2] symbols defined as character strings layer [ISO 19101] basic unit of geographic information that may be license requested as a map from a server representation of grants that convey to principals the [ISO 19128] rights to use specified resources subject to specified layover conditions visual effect in SAR images of ambiguity among NOTE A license represents, but is not, a contract that returns from scatterers at different heights that fall grants a party explicit rights to use intellectual into the same range-Doppler-time bin property NOTE The effect makes buildings lie over onto the [ISO 19153] ground toward the sensor velocity vector, akin to license perspective views in projective imagery (e.g., Earth permission or proof of permission granted to a system observation (EO), infra red (IR)) (but in the opposite participant by a competent authority to exercise a right direction) which would otherwise be disallowed or unlawful [ISO/TS 19130-2] [ISO 19132] leaf
was emitted and the time each reflected return(s) is linear reference system Glossary received in order to calculate the distance(s) to the reference system that identifies a location by reference scatterer(s) encountered by the emitted pulse. For to a segment of a linear geographic feature and topographic LIDAR, these time-of-flight distance along that segment from a given point measurements are then combined with precise NOTE Linear reference systems are widely used in platform location/attitude data along with pointing transportation, for example, highway name and mile data to produce a three-dimensional product of the or kilometer markers illuminated scene of interest [ISO 19116] [ISO/TS 19130-2] linear referencing liminal spatial unit specification of a location relative to a linear element spatial unit on the threshold between 2-D and 3-D as a measurement along (and optionally offset from) representations that element [ISO 19152] NOTE An alternative to specifying a location as line string a two- or three-dimensional spatial position curve composed of straight-line segments [ISO 19148] [ISO 19136] linear referencing method lineage manner in which measurements are made along (and chain of legal ownership of content; history of optionally laterally offset from) a linear element ownership [ISO 19148] [ISO 19153] linear referencing system linear coordinate system set of linear referencing methods and the policies, one-dimensional coordinate system in which a linear records, and procedures for implementing them feature forms the axis [ISO 19148] EXAMPLES Distances along a pipeline; depths down linear referencing system (ISO 19116) a deviated oil well bore positioning system that measures distance from [ISO 19111] a reference point along a route (feature) linear element NOTE The system includes the complete set of one-dimensional object that serves as the axis along procedures for determining and retaining a record of which linear referencing is performed specific points along a linear feature such as the EXAMPLES Feature, such as road; curve geometry; location reference method(s) together with the directed edge topological primitive procedures for storing, maintaining, and retrieving NOTE Also known as curvilinear element location information about points and segments on the [ISO 19148] highways linear mode [ISO 19133] lIDAR systems operated in a mode where the output linear segment photocurrent is proportional to the input optical part of a linear feature that is distinguished from the incident intensity remainder of that feature by a subset of attributes each NOTE A LIDAR system which employs this having a single value for the entire part technology typically uses processing techniques to NOTE 1 A linear segment ia a one-dimensional object develop the time-of-flight measurements from the full without explicit geometry waveform that is reflected from the targets in the NOTE 2 The implicit geometry of the linear segment illuminated scene of interest. These time-of-flight can be derived from the geometry of the parent feature measurements are then combined with precise [ISO 19148] platform location/attitude data along with pointing linearly located data to produce a three-dimensional product of the located using a linear referencing system illuminated scene of interest [ISO 19148] [ISO/TS 19130-2] linearly located event linear positioning system occurrence along a feature of an attribute value or positioning system that measures distance from another feature a reference point along a route NOTE 1 The event location is specified using linearly EXAMPLE An odometer used in conjunction with referenced locations predefined mile or kilometer origin points along NOTE 2 A linearly located event may be qualified by a route provides a linear reference to a position the instant at which, or period during which, the [ISO 19116] linearly located event occurred 1016 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary NOTE 3 ISO 19108:2002 limits events to a single about that data, including coordinates (from instant in time and does not include the specification a coordinate reference system), a measure (from of a location a linear referencing system), or an address (from an [ISO 19148] address system) linearly referenced location [ISO 19112] location whose position is specified using linear location-based service (LBS) referencing service whose return or other property is dependent on [ISO 19148] the location of the client requesting the service or of link some other thing, object, or person directed topological connection between two nodes NOTE Queries such as find the nearest restaurant (junctions), consisting of an edge and a direction depend on the location of the questioner and are thus NOTE Link is an alias for directed edge appropriate for an LBS [ISO 19133] [ISO 19133] link position location-dependent service (LDS) position within a network on a link defined by some service whose availability is dependent upon the strictly monotonic measure associated with that link location of the client NOTE Link positions are often associated to a target NOTE It is often the case that the supplier of feature that is not part of the network. The most information or services may wish to restrict their common link measures used for this are distance from usage to particular places. For example, emergency start node or address. The most common use of a link service request are often routed through the local position is to geolocate an address supplier to ensure jurisdiction or prompt timing. In [ISO 19133] another common case, cellphones roam among literal value providers of local services dependent on which cell constant, explicitly specified, value they are currently in. Such roaming capability can be NOTE This contrasts with a value that is determined applied to any essentially local service by resolving a chain of substitution (e.g., a variable) [ISO 19133] [ISO 19143] locator attribute local resource attribute whose value is a reference to a local or resource that a web feature service can retrieve remote resource directly from its repository NOTE In XML, this attribute is commonly called an [ISO 19142] href and contains a URI reference to the remote local resource resource (see W3C XLink) resource that is under the direct control of a system [ISO 19142] that implements this international standard look angle [ISO 19143] vertical angle from the platform down direction locale (downward normal to the platform horizontal plane) to cultural and linguistic setting applicable to the the slant range direction, usually measured at the ARP interpretation of a character string NOTE It is approximately the complement of the [ISO 19135] depression angle located feature [ISO/TS 19130-2] feature that is linearly located along an associated loosely coupled interface (locating) feature message-based service interface based on a common EXAMPLE A feature bridge may be a located feature taxonomic definition and independent of the along the feature railway (a locating feature) particulars of message format or representation and of [ISO 19148] the internal implementation of the service locating feature [ISO 19132] feature that is used to identify the location of linearly located features M EXAMPLE A feature road may be the locating feature for a feature pedestrian crossing (a located feature) main-road rule [ISO 19148] set of criteria used at a turn in lieu of a route location instruction; default instruction used at a node identifiable geographic place NOTE This rule represents what is most natural to do EXAMPLE Eiffel Tower, Madrid, California at a node (intersection), given the entry link used. The NOTE A location is represented by one of a set of data most common version is as straight as possible,orto types that describe a position, along with metadata exit a turn on the most obvious extension of the entry Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1017
street, which is usually, but not always, the same measurand Glossary named street that was the entry. Every node in a route particular quantity subject to measurement is either associated to an instruction or can be EXAMPLE Vapor pressure of a given sample of water navigated by the main-road rule at 20 ◦C [ISO 19133] NOTE The specification of a measurand may require maneuver statements about quantities such as time, temperature, collection of related links and turns used in a route in and pressure combination [VIM, 19136] NOTE Maneuvers are used to cluster turns into measurand convenient and legal combinations. They may be as property-type subject to measurement, whose value is simple as a single turn, a combination of quick turns described using a measure (jogs in the American Mid West, consisting of a turn NOTE Specialization of observable property type followed immediately by a turn in the opposite [ISO/TS 19103, ISO 19156] direction), or very complex combinations consisting measure
Glossary NOTE ISO 19115 describes a standard for a metadata EXAMPLE This may be motion of the position schema sensor mounted on a vehicle or other platform, or [ISO 19101] motion of an object being tracked by a positioning metadata section system subset of metadata which consists of a collection of [ISO 19116] related metadata entities and metadata elements multibeam SONAR NOTE Equivalent to a package in UML terminology type of SONAR that continually transmits numerous [ISO 19115] SONAR beams in a swath or fan-shaped signal pattern metamodel
NOTE All aspects of a DRM system are necessary if northing N Glossary they do not prevent legitimate requests from execution distance in a coordinate system, northwards (positive) [ISO 19153] or southwards (negative) from an eastÐwest reference neighborhood line geometric set containing a specified direct position in [ISO 19111] its interior, and containing all direct positions within a specified distance of the specified direct position O [ISO 19107] network object
Glossary observation result operation
owner partÐwhole relation Glossary one with an interest in and dominion over content: as: relation between two concepts where one of the (a) legal owner in this entry concepts constitutes the whole and the other concept (b) one with the right to exclusive use, control, or a part of that whole possession of content NOTE A partitive relation exists between the concepts (c) a purchaser under a contract for the sale of real week and day,andmolecule and atom content [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] [ISO 19153] party (principle) a person or organization that plays a role in a rights P transaction NOTE These two terms are used as near synonyms package from ORDL and ISO 21000. There will be no general-purpose mechanism for organizing elements distinction between these two terms made here, but into groups there may be distinctions in legal documents NOTE 1 A package provides a namespace for the depending on local laws grouped elements For example, in some legal traditions, party refers to NOTE 2 Packages may be nested within other a person in a legal dispute, while principal may be the packages. Both model elements and diagrams may entity initiating a contract, such as an agency appear in a package [ISO 19153] [UML 2, ISO/TS 19103] party parameterized feature portrayal function persons, or group of persons, or juridical persons that function that maps a geographic feature to compose an identifiable single (legal) entity, or a basic a parameterized symbol administrative unit NOTE A parameterized feature portrayal function EXAMPLE A juridical person may be: a company, passes the relevant attribute values from the feature a municipality, the state, a tribe, a farmer cooperative, instance for use as input to the parameterized symbol or a church community (with each juridical person [ISO 19117] represented by a delegate: a director, chief, CEO,etc.) parameterized symbol NOTE 1 In order to be registered as a party not all symbol that has dynamic parameters members need to be identified and registered NOTE The dynamic parameters map to the attribute individually values of each feature instance being portrayed NOTE 2 A basic administrative unit may be a party [ISO 19117] because it may hold a right of, e.g., easement parametric coordinate reference system [ISO 19152] coordinate reference system based on a parametric party member datum party registered and identified as a constituent of [ISO 19111-2] a group party parametric coordinate system [ISO 19152] one-dimensional coordinate system where the axis pass units are parameter values which are not inherently single instance of a remote, mobile measuring system spatial going by a target of interest [ISO 19111-2] NOTE In this international standard, the measuring parametric datum system will usually be a remote-sensing platform. In datum describing the relationship of a parametric a navigation context, the measuring system might be coordinate system to an object a global positioning system (GPS) satellite NOTE The object is normally the Earth [ISO 19115-2] [ISO 19111-2] pass verdict partitive relation test verdict of conformance relation between two concepts where one of the [ISO 19105] concepts constitutes the whole and the other concept passive object a part of that whole object which can only react to external stimulation NOTE A partitive relation exists between the concepts and cannot initiate actions on its own week and day,andmolecule and atom NOTE A passive object is usually accessed through an [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] external interface, through which it receives requests, 1022 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary processes those requests, and returns data as NOTE A period is bounded by two different temporal a response to that request. Since objects can positions implement more than one type, it is possible for [ISO 19108] a single object to pass through active and passive periodic time states. For example, a tracking service can lie dormant duration of one cycle until a tracking request activates a period where the [ISO 31-2, ISO 19108] internals of the object initiate tracking activities based persistent protection mechanisms on internal triggers as specified within the request. protection mechanism that remains in force regardless When the tracking request is deactivated, the object of where the content of the original resource is located may return to a passive state or reproduced [ISO 19132] NOTE Persistent protection mechanisms involve passive sensor authentication, authorization, and encryption sensor that detects and collects energy from an technologies for effectively locking digital content independent source and limiting distribution to those who pay EXAMPLE Many optical sensors collect reflected [ISO 19153] solar energy perspective center [ISO/TS 19130] point located in three dimensions through which all passive SONAR rays between object points and image points appear to type of passive sensor that only receives sound waves pass geometrically from external sources and does not transmit any sound [ISO/TS 19130] waves out phase history data (video phase history data) [ISO/TS 19130-2] raw RADAR return signal information after passive tracking demodulation tracking dependent on stationary sensors external to NOTE Usually stored as a series of range lines, each the vehicle or traveler, allowing for measurements of containing information from a specific range bin. location when the vehicle’s or traveler’s tracking Phase history data (PHD) can be thought of as a table device passes through the range of external sensors of of five columns: in-phase signal, quadrature signal, known position range, Doppler angle, and time [ISO 19132] [ISO/TS 19130-2] payment provider physical quantity party that has an established billing relation with quantity used for the quantitative description of a consumer physical phenomena NOTE Payment providers may be telephone and NOTE In GML a physical quantity is always a value cellular companies, banks, credit-card corporations, described using a numeric amount with a scale or Internet service providers (ISPs), network operators, using a scalar reference system. Physical quantity is and utility companies. The payment provider bills the a synonym for measure when the latter is used as consumer, deducts a fee, and forwards the payment to a noun the content provider. The payment provider is thus [ISO 19136] responsible for the balancing of accounts physical sensor model [ISO 19153] sensor model based on the physical configuration of performance indicator a sensing system internal parameters of positioning systems indicative [ISO/TS 19130] of the level of performance achieved picture original NOTE Performance indicators can be used as quality representation of a two-dimensional hard-copy or control evidence of the positioning system and/or soft-copy input image in terms of the color-space positioning solution. Internal quality control may coordinates (or an approximation thereof) include such factors as signal strength of received NOTE Picture originals could be obtained from radio signals [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)], figures printed maps, printed pictures of a geographic imagery indicating the dilution of precision (DOP) due to scene, or drawings of geographic information, etc. geometric constraints in radiolocation systems, and [ISO 19101-2] system-specific figures of merit (FOM) picture portrayal [ISO 19116] representations of image data in terms of the period color-space coordinates that are appropriate for, and one-dimensional geometric primitive representing tightly coupled to, the characteristics of a specified extent in time real or virtual output device and viewing Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1023
NOTE Picture portrayals are geared for visual display platform coordinate reference system Glossary whether in hard copy or soft copy engineering coordinate reference system fixed to the [ISO 19101-2] collection platform within which positions on the pixel collection platform are defined smallest element of a digital image to which attributes [ISO/TS 19130] are assigned point NOTE 1 This term originated as a contraction of zero-dimensional geometric primitive, representing picture element a position NOTE 2 Related to the concept of a grid cell NOTE The boundary of a point is the empty set NOTE 3 It is the smallest unit of display for a visible [ISO 19107] image point [ISO 19101-2, ISO 19115-2] observation derived from a spatial source which may place be used to define one or more boundary faces or identifiable part of any space boundary face strings NOTE In contrast to location Ð an identifiable NOTE This can be observed by, e.g., terrestrial geographic place [ISO 19112] and position Ð this data surveying, but also by photo interpretation, image type describes a point or geometry potentially interpretation, or identification on an existing map occupied by an object or person [ISO 19152] [ISO 19155] point cloud place identifier (PI) collection of data points in 3-D space identifier that specifies locations, from multiple NOTE The distance between points is generally identifiers such as a geographic identifier, or nonuniform, and hence all three coordinates coordinates (Cartesian or spherical) for each point must be [ISO 19155] specifically encoded place identifier (PI) application [ISO/TS 19130-2] application providing PI-based services to end users point coverage or other applications coverage that has a domain composed of points [ISO 19155] [ISO 19123] place identifier (PI) conversion polar coordinate system conversion of a PI specifying a location into another two-dimensional coordinate system in which type of PI pointing to the same location position is specified by distance and direction from the PI conversion can be made between a geographic origin identifier such as an address to coordinates (or NOTE In three dimensions called spherical coordinate coordinate operation). It can be also performed among system geographic identifiers [ISO 19111] EXAMPLE The PI conversion of a zip code 100-0004 polarization into an address Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo restricting radiation, especially light, vibrations to NOTE 1 A source PI can be converted into multiple a single plane target PIs [ISO 19115-2] NOTE 2 In this standard, distributed PIssuchas policy geographic identifiers may be referred to as set of rules related to a particular purpose qualitative PI,andserialPIs such as coordinates may [ISO/IEC 10746-2, 19101-2] be referred to as quantitative PI polygon [ISO 19155] planar surface defined by one exterior boundary and place identifier (PI)platform zero or more interior boundaries group of service interfaces to manage or register data [ISO 19136] required for PI conversion and exchange polygon coverage [ISO 19155] coverage that has a domain composed of polygons planar topological complex [ISO 19123] topological complex that has a geometric realization polymorphism that can be embedded in Euclidean two-space characteristic of being able to assign a different [ISO 19107] meaning or usage to something in different contexts Ð platform specifically, to allow an entity such as a variable, structure which supports a sensor or sensors a function, or an object to have more than one form [ISO 19115-2] [ISO 19139] 1024 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary polysemy portrayal specification relation between designations and concepts in a given collection of operations applied to the feature instance language in which one designation represents two or to portray it more concepts sharing certain characteristics [ISO 19117] NOTE 1 An example of polysemy is: bridge position (1) structure to carry traffic over a gap data type that describes a point or geometry (2) part of a string instrument potentially occupied by an object or person (3) dental plate NOTE A direct position is a semantic subtype of NOTE 2 The designation in the relation of polysemy position. Direct positions as described can only define are called polysemes a point, and therefore not all positions can be [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] represented by a direct position. That is consistent population with the is type of relation. An ISO 19107 geometry is totality of items under consideration also a position, but not a direct position EXAMPLE 1 All points in a dataset [ISO 19132] EXAMPLE 2 Names of all roads in a certain positional accuracy geographic area closeness of coordinate value to the true or accepted [ISO 3534-2, ISO 19114, ISO 19157] value in a specified reference system portrayal NOTE The term absolute accuracy is sometimes used presentation of information to humans for this concept to distinguish it from relative [ISO 19109, ISO 19117] positional accuracy. Where the true coordinate value portrayal catalog may not be perfectly known, accuracy is normally collection of defined portrayals for a feature catalog tested by comparison with available values that can NOTE Content of a portrayal catalog includes best be accepted as true portrayal functions, symbols, and portrayal context [ISO 19116] (optional) positioning system [ISO 19117] system of instrumental and computational components portrayal context for determining position circumstances, imposed by factors extrinsic to NOTE Examples include inertial, integrated, linear, a geographic dataset, that affect the portrayal of that optical, and satellite positioning systems dataset [ISO 19116] EXAMPLE Factors contributing to portrayal context precision may include the proposed display or map scale, the measure of the repeatability of a set of measurements viewing conditions (day/night/dusk), and the display NOTE Precision is usually expressed as a statistical orientation requirements (north not necessarily at the value based upon a set of repeated measurements such top of the screen or page), among others as the standard deviation from the sample mean NOTE Portrayal context may influence the selection [ISO 19116] of portrayal functions and construction of symbols predicate [ISO 19117] set of computational operations applied to a data portrayal function instance which evaluate to true or false function that maps geographic features to symbols [ISO 19143] NOTE Portrayal functions can also include parameters predicate expression and other computations that are not dependent on formal syntax for describing a predicate geographic feature properties [ISO 19143] [ISO 19117] preferred term portrayal function set term rated according to the scale of the term function that maps a feature catalog to a symbol set acceptability rating as the primary term for a given [ISO 19117] concept portrayal rule [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] specific kind of portrayal function expressed in prime meridian a declarative language meridian from which the longitudes of other NOTE A declarative language is rule based and meridians are quantified includes decision and branching statements [ISO 19111] [ISO 19117] principal point of autocollimation portrayal service point of intersection between the image plane and the generic interface used to portray features normal from the perspective center [ISO 19117] [ISO/TS 19130] Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1025
principal point of best symmetry projection center Glossary center of the circles of equal distortion of the lens point located in three dimensions through which all positioned in the image plane rays between object points and image points appear to [ISO/TS 19130] pass geometrically principal register NOTE It is represented by the rear nodal point of the register that contains a description of each of the imaging lens system subregisters in a hierarchical register [ISO/TS 19130-2] [ISO 19135] property prism
Glossary Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics range bin
NOTE Logically, a record is a set of pairs NOTE Kinds of relationships include association, Glossary
Glossary required relationship response explicit spatial relationship between spatial units result of an operation returned from a server to a client NOTE 1 Due to inaccuracies or missing geometries, [ISO 19128] spatial overlay may generate invalid or no response model relationships between spatial units, which can be schema defining the properties of each feature type corrected using required relationships that can appear in the response to a query operation NOTE 2 The type of relationship is defined in ISO NOTE This is the schema of feature types that a client 19125-2 can obtain using the DescribeFeatureType operation [ISO 19152] [ISO 19142] resolution (of a sensor) responsibility smallest difference between indications of a sensor formal or informal obligation to do something that can be meaningfully distinguished EXAMPLE The responsibility to clean a ditch, to NOTE For imagery, resolution refers to radiometric, keep a snow-free pavement or to remove icicles from spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions the roof during winter, or to maintain a monument [ISO 19101-2] [ISO 19152] resolution
NOTE 3 This international standard deals both with associated instructions. This default is called the Glossary real rights (e.g., ownership right) and personal rights main-road rule (e.g., land use right) [ISO 19133] [ISO 19152] route traversal right process of following a route permission to act that makes a party entitled to act [ISO 19133] with respect to all or part of a specified resource under routing the terms of the license finding of optimal (minimal cost function) routes NOTE A right specifies an action (or activity) or between locations in a network a class of actions that a principal may perform on or [ISO 19133] using the associated resource. A right is for all intents and purposes a legally recognized entitlement to do something to or with the content of a resource S [ISO 19153] rights holder sampling feature principal that owns the right to license rights to feature, such as a station, transect, or section, which is a resource involved in making observations concerning a domain NOTE Rights may be by law (copyright), by feature agreement, or by contract (the license agreement). In NOTE A sampling feature is purely an artefact of the the case of digital commerce, DRM ensures that observational strategy, and has no significance licenses are adhered to, and that rights holders are independent of the observational campaign compensated as appropriate for each transaction. [ISO 19156] Agents of the original rights holder may also issue satellite positioning system licenses, but their ability is only under the agency positioning system based upon receipt of signals contract to the original principal broadcast from satellites [ISO 19153] NOTE In this context, satellite positioning implies the rights management use of radio signals transmitted from active artificial control, management, allocation, and tracking of the objects orbiting the Earth and received by passive rights granted to system participants instruments on or near the Earth’s surface to [ISO 19132] determine position, velocity, and/or attitude of an rights management object. Examples are GPS and GLONASS tracking and controlling the use of content, rights, [ISO 19116] licenses, and associated information scale of measurement [ISO 19153] particular way of assigning numbers or symbols to ring measure the value of some property simple curve which is a cycle [ISO 19156] NOTE Rings are used to describe boundary scan components of surfaces in 2-D and 3-D coordinate set of sequential frames collected during a single full systems cycle of a mechanical scanner representing [ISO 19107] a cross-track excursion from one side of the field of risk regard to the other and back again value of what may be lost if infringement occurs [ISO/TS 19130-2] [ISO 19153] scan mode route SAR mode in which the antenna beam is steered to sequence of links and/or partial links that describe illuminate a swath of ground at various angles relative a path, usually between two positions, within to the flight path throughout the collection anetwork NOTE Steering the antenna also allows dwell time to [ISO 19133] be increased and provides the ability to collect strips route instruction at angles nonparallel to the flight direction and with information needed at a point along a route in better resolution than Stripmap mode a network that allows that route to be traversed [ISO/TS 19130] NOTE To minimize the number of instructions needed scanSAR mode to complete a route traversal, a default instruction can special case of Stripmap mode that uses an be assumed at junctions without specifically electronically steerable antenna to quickly change the 1030 Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards
Glossary swath being imaged during collection to collect systems that can support trusted interactions over the multiple parallel swaths in one pass network [ISO/TS 19130] [ISO 19101] scene semimajor axis a spectral radiances of a view of the natural world as semidiameter of the longest axis of an ellipsoid measured from a specified vantage point in space and NOTE This equates to the semidiameter of the at a specified time ellipsoid measured in its equatorial plane NOTE A scene may correspond to a remotely sensed [ISO 19111] view of the natural world or to a computer-generated semiminor axis b virtual scene simulating such a view semidiameter of the shortest axis of an ellipsoid [ISO 22028-1, ISO 19101-2] NOTE The shortest axis coincides with the rotation schema axis of the ellipsoid and therefore contains both poles formal description of a model [ISO 19111] NOTE In general, a schema is an abstract sensor representation of an object’s characteristics and element of a measuring instrument or measuring chain relationship to other objects. An XML schema that is directly affected by the measurand represents the relationship between the attributes and [ISO/IEC GUIDE 99, ISO 19101-2] elements of an XML object (for example, a document sensor model or a portion of a document) description of the radiometric and geometric [ISO 19101] characteristics of a sensor schema
service broker NOTE This implies that no interior direct position is Glossary application that combines or offers lower-level involved in a self-intersection of any kind services for specific user needs [ISO 19107] [ISO 19132] simple feature service chain feature restricted to 2-D geometry with linear sequence of services where, for each adjacent pair of interpolation between vertices, having both spatial and services, occurrence of the first action is necessary for nonspatial attributes the occurrence of the second action [ISO 19125-1] [ISO 19119] simple symbol service metadata a symbol that is neither compound nor parameterized metadata describing the operations and geographic [ISO 19117] information available at a server single-beam SONAR [ISO 19128] type of SONAR that produces one narrow SONAR service-oriented architecture (SOA) beam directly beneath the transducer/receiver and software architecture consisting of coupled services receives a return from the closest point at which it NOTE The most common SOAs in use today are web intersects services (using Simple Object Access Protocol [ISO/TS 19130-2] (SOAP), Universal Description, Discovery and slant plane
Glossary spacestamp NOTE 3 Spatial units may be represented: in text value of a spatial attribute of an object at a given time, (from this tree to that river), or based on a single at which time the object’s state is measured and point, or as a set of unstructured lines, or as a surface, recorded or as a 3-D volume NOTE See: timestamp NOTE 4 Apart from spatial units represented with [ISO 19132] a single point, text, or a set of unstructured lines, spatial attribute a spatial unit may have an area equal to zero for feature attribute describing the spatial administrative reasons representation of the feature by coordinates, [ISO 19152] mathematical functions, and/or boundary topology spatial unit group relationships any number of spatial units, considered as an entity [ISO 19117] EXAMPLE Spatial units forming together an spatial object administrative zone such as a section, a canton, object used for representing a spatial characteristic of a municipality, a department, a province, or a country. a feature Spatial units within a planning area [ISO 19107] NOTE The spatial units in a spatial unit group are not spatial operator necessarily continuous function or procedure that has at least one spatial [ISO 19152] parameter in its domain or range spatio-parametric coordinate reference system NOTE Any UML operation on a spatial object would compound coordinate reference system in which one be classified as a spatial operator, as are the query constituent coordinate reference system is operators in clause 8 of this international standard a parametric coordinate reference system and one is [ISO 19107] a spatial coordinate reference system spatial position [ISO 19111-2] direct position that is referenced to a two- or spatio-parametric-temporal coordinate reference three-dimensional coordinate reference system system NOTE An alternative to specifying a location as compound coordinate reference system comprising a linearly referenced location spatial, parametric, and temporal coordinate reference [ISO 19148] systems spatial reference [ISO 19111-2] description of position in the real world spatiotemporal domain
NOTE Not to be confused with an ellipsoidal notation in place of, or in addition to, the ones used Glossary coordinate system based on an ellipsoid degenerated for the extended metaclass into a sphere [UML 2, ISO/TS 19103] [ISO 19111] stripmap mode
Glossary NOTE Subprocesses can be broken down even further homogeneous interpolation and definition as is deemed necessary to control the quality of the methods process [ISO 19107] [ISO 19158] swath subregister ground area from which return data are collected part of a hierarchical register that contains items from during continuous airborne LIDAR operation a partition of a domain of information NOTE A typical mapping mission may consist of [ISO 19135] multiple adjacent swaths, with some overlap, and the sufficient operator will turn off the laser while the aircraft is capable of enforcing the requirements of a system oriented for the next swath. This term may also be NOTE A sufficient DRM system would have to be referred to as a pass bypassed if an infringement would be possible. Proof [ISO/TS 19130-2] of sufficiency may be difficult since it may be sweep SONAR dependent on an attack model, which describes the type of SONAR that has several single-beam sorts of attacks to which the system is immune transducer/receivers mounted on a boom, which is [ISO 19153] then operated parallel to the water’s surface and superordinate concept (broader concept) orthogonal to the vessel’s direction of travel concept which is either a generic concept or [ISO/TS 19130-2] a comprehensive concept swipe [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] set of sequential frames collected during a single supersession half-cycle of a mechanical scanner representing replacement of a register item by one or more new a cross-track excursion from one side of the field of items regard to the other NOTE The status of the replaced item changes from [ISO/TS 19130-2] valid to superseded symbol [ISO 19135] portrayal primitive that can be graphic, audible, or supplier tactile in nature, or a combination of these organization or person that provides a product [ISO 19117] NOTE 1 The supplier can be internal or external to the symbol component customer organization symbol that is used as a piece of a compound NOTE 2 In the context of this technical specification symbol the supplier has provided a product via a process that [ISO 19117] can have some impact on quality symbol definition [ISO 9000, ISO 19158] technical description of a symbol supplier organization [ISO 19117] organization or person that provides a product symbol reference NOTE 1 Referred to as the supplier in this document pointer in a feature portrayal function that associates NOTE 2 The supplier can be internal or external to the the feature type with a specific symbol customer organization [ISO 19117] NOTE 3 In the context of this document the supplier symbol set has provided a product via a process that can have collection of symbols some impact on quality NOTE Symbol sets are usually designed for [ISO 9000, ISO 19158] a community of interest to portray information of surface interest to the community two-dimensional geometric primitive, locally [ISO 19117] representing a continuous image of a region of a plane synonymy NOTE The boundary of a surface is the set of relation between or among terms in a given language oriented, closed curves that delineate the limits of the representing the same concept surface. Surfaces that are isomorphic to a sphere or to NOTE 1 The relation of synonymy exists, for an n-torus (a topological sphere with n handles)have example, between deuterium and heavy hydrogen no boundary. Such surfaces are called cycles NOTE 2 Terms which are interchangeable in all [ISO 19107] contexts are called synonyms; if they are surface patch interchangeable only in some contexts, they are called two-dimensional, connected geometric object used to quasisynonyms represent a continuous portion of a surface using [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1035
synthetic-aperture RADAR technical dictionary Glossary imaging RADAR system that simulates the use of collection of terminological entries presenting a long physical antenna by collecting multiple returns information related to concepts or designations from from each target as the actual antenna moves along the one or more specific subject fields track [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] NOTE The electromagnetic radiation is at microwave technical standard frequencies and is sent in pulses standard containing the definitions of item classes [ISO/TS 19130] requiring registration system under test (SUT) [ISO 19135] computer hardware, software, and communication technology viewpoint network required to support IUT viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that [ISO 19105] focuses on the choice of technology in that system [ISO/IEC 10746-2, ISO 19101, ISO 19101-2] T template parameterized model element tag
Glossary value) and orientation (direction of travel) are needed polyhedra is a semiregular tessellation. Otherwise the for a temporal sequence describing location and tessellation is irregular spatial extent. Motion in combination with object [ISO 19123] deformation would require more information testing laboratory [ISO 19132] organization that carries out the conformance term assessment process verbal designation of a general concept in a specific [ISO 19105] subject field Thiessen polygon NOTE A term may contain symbols and can have polygon that encloses one of a set of points on a plane variants, e.g., different forms of spelling so as to include all direct positions that are closer to [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19104] that point than to any other point in the set term equivalent [ISO 19123] term in another language which designates the same timestamp concept value of time at which an object’s state is measured NOTE A term equivalent should be accompanied by and recorded a definition of the designated concept expressed in the [ISO 19132] same language as the term equivalent topographic LIDAR [ISO 19104] lIDAR systems used to measure the topography of the term instance classification ground surface and generally referring to an airborne classification identifying the status of a term LIDAR system [ISO 19104] [ISO/TS 19130-2] terminological data topological boundary data related to concepts or their designations boundary represented by a set of oriented topological NOTE The more common terminological data include primitives of smaller topological dimension that limits entry term, definition, note, grammatical label, subject the extent of a topological object label, language identifier, country identifier, and NOTE The boundary of a topological complex source identifier corresponds to the boundary of the geometric [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] realization of the topological complex terminological dictionary [ISO 19107] collection of terminological entries presenting topological complex information related to concepts or designations from collection of topological primitives that is closed one or more specific subject fields under the boundary operations [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] NOTE Closed under the boundary operations means terminological entry that, if a topological primitive is in the topological part of a terminological data collection which contains complex, then its boundary objects are also in the the terminological data related to one concept topological complex [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] [ISO 19107] terminological record topological dimension structured collection of terminological data relevant to minimum number of free variables needed to one concept distinguish nearby direct positions within a geometric [ISO 19104] object from one another terminological record identifier NOTE The free variables mentioned above can unique, unambiguous, and linguistically neutral usually be thought of as a local coordinate system. In identifier assigned to a terminological record a 3-D coordinate space, a plane can be written as [ISO 19104] P(u,v) = A + uX+ vY,whereu and v are real terminology repository numbers and A is any point on the plane, and X and Y data store or document in which terms and their are two vectors tangent to the plane. since the associated definitions are stored or recorded locations on the plane can be distinguished by u and v [ISO 19104] (here universally), the plane is 2-D and (u,v)is tessellation a coordinate system for the points on the plane. On partitioning of a space into a set of conterminous generic surfaces, this cannot, in general, be done subspaces having the same dimension as the space universally. If we take a plane tangent to the surface, being partitioned and project points on the surface onto this plane, we NOTE A tessellation composed of congruent regular will normally get a local isomorphism for small polygons or polyhedra is a regular tessellation. One neighborhoods of the point of tangency. This local composed of regular, but noncongruent polygons or coordinate system for the underlying surface is Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards 1037
sufficient to establish the surface as a 2-D topological carries a tracking device to allow it to be tracked is, by Glossary object definition, a conveyance or vehicle for that device. Since this international standard deals only with Thus, a cellphone that carries a GNSS device is the spatial coordinates, any 3-D object can rely on vehicle for that device; and the traveler carrying the coordinates to establish its topological dimension. In a cellphone, allowing him to be tracked, is the vehicle four-dimensional (4-D) model (spatiotemporal), for the phone, and all of its internal electronics tangent spaces also play an important role in [ISO 19132] establishing topological dimension for objects up to trajectory 3-D path of a moving point described by a one-parameter [ISO 19107] set of points topological expression [ISO 19141] collection of oriented topological primitives which is transaction operated upon like a multivariate polynomial set of actions joined into the same unit of work, such NOTE Topological expressions are used for many that the actions either succeed or fail as a unit calculations in computational topology [ISO 19153] [ISO 19107] transaction time topological object time when a fact is current in a database and may be spatial object representing spatial characteristics that retrieved are invariant under continuous transformations [ISO 19108] NOTE A topological object is a topological primitive, transducer a collection of topological primitives, or a topological device that converts one type of energy to another complex [ISO/TS 19130-2] [ISO 19107] transfer protocol topological primitive common set of rules for defining interactions between topological object that represents a single, distributed systems nondecomposable element [ISO 19118] NOTE A topological primitive corresponds to the transfer unit interior of a geometric primitive of the same collection of data for the purpose of a data transfer dimension in a geometric realization NOTE A transfer unit does not have to be identifiable [ISO 19107] like a dataset topological solid [ISO 19118] three-dimensional topological primitive transmitter
Glossary traversal
unit V Glossary defined quantity in which dimensioned parameters are expressed valid time NOTE In this international standard, the subtypes of time when a fact is true in the abstracted reality units are length units, angular units, time units, scale [ISO 19108] units, and pixel spacing units validation [ISO 19111] process of assessing, by independent means, the unit of measurement quality of the data products derived from the system defined quantity in which a dimensional parameter is outputs expressed [CEOS WGCV, ISO 19101-2] NOTE In positioning services, the usual units of value
Glossary NOTE Classifications based on construction may vocabulary include automobile, truck, bus, bicycle, etc. terminological dictionary which contains designations Classifications based on purpose may include taxi, and definitions from one or more specific subject emergency vehicle, etc. Vehicle classification may be fields used to determine the application of navigation NOTE The vocabulary may be monolingual, bilingual, constraints or multilingual [ISO 19133] [ISO 1087-1, ISO 19146] velocity vector first derivative of the antenna’s position vector [ISO/TS 19130-2] W verification test test developed to prove rigorously whether an IUT is waypoint correct location on the network that plays a role in choosing [ISO 19105] candidate routes potentially satisfying a routing version (temporal) request complete representation of an object at a given [ISO 19133] instance in time Web NOTE Temporal versions differ from samples in that universe of network-accessible information, an a complete description is required. In this sense embodiment of human knowledge a version is a complete sample able to be considered [ISO 19101] outside the domain of the temporal sequence to which Web service it may belong services (usually including some combination of [ISO 19132] programming and data, but possibly including human vertical coordinate reference system resources as well) that are made available from one-dimensional coordinate reference system based a business’s web server for web users or other on a vertical datum web-connected programs [ISO 19111] [ISO 19101] vertical coordinate system whiskbroom sensor one-dimensional coordinate system used for sensor that sweeps a detector forming cross-track gravity-related height or depth measurements image line(s) and constructs a larger image from a set [ISO 19111] of adjacent lines using the along-track motion of the vertical datum sensor’s collection platform datum describing the relation of gravity-related [ISO/TS 19130] heights or depths to the Earth workflow NOTE In most cases the vertical datum will be related automation of a business process, in whole or part, to mean sea level. Ellipsoidal heights are treated as during which documents, information, or tasks are related to a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate passed from one participant to another for action, system referenced to a geodetic datum. Vertical according to a set of procedural rules datums include sounding datums (used for [ISO 19119] hydrographic purposes), in which case the heights may be negative heights or depths [ISO 19111] Z viewpoint (on a system) form of abstraction achieved using a selected set of zero meridian architectural concepts and structuring rules, in order to meridian from which the longitudes of other focus on particular concerns within a system meridians are quantified [ISO/IEC 10746-2, ISO 19101-2] [ISO 19111] 1041
About the Authors
Daniel P. Ames Chapter C.31
Idaho State University Dr. Ames is an Associate Professor of Geosciences and Civil and Environmental Geosciences and Civil & Environmental Engineering at Idaho State University. He leads several open source hydrologic and Engineering Geographic Information Systems projects including the MapWindow GIS desktop Idaho Falls, ID, USA software for Windows (www.mapwindow.org), the DotSpatial (www.dotspatial.org) [email protected] programming library and the HydroDesktop (www.hydrodesktop.org) hydrologic information system. Authors
Kristine Asch Chapter C.27
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. Kristine Asch is Geologist and leads the unit Geological Information Sys- und Rohstoffe tems and Maps at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany Hannover, Germany. She is Chair of the Commission of Geoscience Information (CGI) [email protected] of the IUGS and the Subcommision Europe of the Commission of the Geological Map of the World. She authored the 1 : 5 Million International Geological Map for Europe and Adjacent Areas as a GIS and a paper map. As leader of the German Geoscience INSPIRE Expert Group, Kristine is intensely involved in creating the implementation rules of the new EU Directive INSPIRE.
Norbert Bartelme Chapter B.6
Graz University of Technology Professor Bartelme is Head of the Department of Geoinformation and Institute for Geoinformation Dean of Studies for Geomatics and Geospatial Technologies at Graz Graz, Austria University of Technology in Austria. His current research fields are [email protected] geodata standardization and interchange, spatial information systems, interoperability in the field of geodata and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), XML-technologies for the use in location-based services and GIS risk management.
Matthias Becker Chapter B.8
Technische Universität Darmstadt Professor Becker studied Geodesy at the Technische Universität Darm- Institut für Geodäsie stadt. He received his PhD in Geodesy in 1984. From 1992 on he worked Darmstadt, Germany as a senior scientist at the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie in [email protected] Frankfurt. Since 2000 he chaired Applied Geodesy Department at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. Since December 2005 Professor Becker is Director of the Institute for Physical Geodesy at the Techni- sche Universität Darmstadt. His present research activities are precise positioning by GNSS and Galileo, mass transport and mass distribution in the Earth system and geodynamics.
Ralf Bill Chapter C.24
Rostock University Professor Bill studied Geodesy in Mainz, Berlin and Karlsruhe, Germany, from 1975 Faculty for Agricultural and until 1979. He worked as a scientist at Karlsruhe and Stuttgart University. His GIS Environmental Sciences background comes from a working phase as hard- and software developer in GIS Rostock, Germany industry. In 1994 he became Professor for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at Rostock [email protected] University. His research interests are GIS technologies and their application in various disciplines such as agriculture. 1042 About the Authors
Thomas Brinkhoff Chapter A.3
Jade University of Applied Sciences Thomas Brinkhoff is Professor for Geoinformatics at the Jade University Oldenburg, Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Germany. He studied Computer Science at the University of Bremen and received his Geoinformatics (IAPG) doctoral degree from the University of Munich. His research interests are spatial and Oldenburg, Germany spatio-temporal database systems, mobile GIS, location-based services and geospatial [email protected] sensor web. He published the first German text book about spatial database systems.
Jean Brodeur Chapter B.15
Natural Resources Canada Jean Brodeur completed his PhD degree in Geomatics Sciences in 2004 Centre for Topographic Information on semantic interoperability of geospatial data. He has been involved in Authors Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada several projects in geographic information such as conceptual modelling, [email protected] semantics, metadata, interoperability, and standards. Working for Natural Resources Canada he is also Chairman of the Canadian Advisory Committee to ISO/TC 211 and Adjunct Professor at the Département des Sciences Géomatiques of the Université Laval.
Robert G. Brook Chapter C.28
Esri Robert Brook is Esri’s Global Pipeline and Gas Utility Industry Redlands, CA, USA Manager. Robert has spent time in many facets of the industry including [email protected] consulting firms, software and service vendors, and government and nonprofit agencies. He currently holds several key industry positions, and is a regular speaker and contributor to industry publications.
Thomas E. Burk Chapter C.30
University of Minnesota Thomas E. Burk is Professor of Forest Biometrics at the University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Resources Prior to coming to the University of Minnesota in 1985, he was on the Forestry Faculty St. Paul, MN, USA at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He also has experience with the [email protected] US Forest Service and has consulted with forestry industries and agencies throughout the United States and Canada.
Keechoo Choi Chapter C.26
Ajou University Dr. Choi is Professor of Transportation Engineering and Associate Dean of the Department of Environment, Civil, and Graduate School of ITS at Ajou University, Korea. He is also Director of the TOD- Transportation Engineering based Sustainable City/Transportation Research Engineering Center funded by the Suwon, Korea Korean Government and his research area covers transportation planning and modeling [email protected] and information technology application for transportation.
Michael Cramer Chapter B.9
Universität Stuttgart Michael Cramer is Senior Lecturer and permanent staff member at the Institut für Photogrammetrie (ifp) Institute for Photogrammetry (ifp), University of Stuttgart, Germany. Stuttgart, Germany He received his doctor degree in Geodesy and Geoinformatics from the [email protected] same university. His research was devoted to georeferencing of sensors using integrated GPS/inertial data for airborne photogrammetry. Currently his focus is on digital photogrammetric airborne sensor systems with special emphasis on their overall accuracy. Besides this he also is active in standardization activities in Europe and worldwide. About the Authors 1043
David M. Danko Chapters B.12, B.13
Esri David Danko is senior consultant with Esri, where he provides pro- Vienna, VA, USA fessional consulting services in GIS standards, interoperability, and [email protected] geographic metadata. Previously, he worked for the US Defense Map- ping Agency (DMA), where he was responsible for developing and managing agency policies and programs to ensure standardization and interoperability. David Danko has over 40 years experience in the fields of cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information.
William F. Davenhall Chapter C.29
Esri Bill leads the health and human services team at Esri. He has over 30 years of Authors Redlands, CA, USA experience in using geographic and demographic information to solve business, health [email protected] and social problems. Bill also has held executive leadership roles in hospitals, medical clinics, research and consulting organizations, software technology companies, and health data organizations. Bill earned a MS in Sociology with a concentration in Medical Behavioral Science. His health related research interests have included family resiliency, health data quality, healthcare fraud, and social service integration.
Kian Fadaie Chapter B.13
Department of Fisheries and Oceans Dr. Fadaie is the National Director of Hydrography at the Canadian Hydrographic Canada Service and a member of the IMO e-Navigation Correspondence Group. In this Ottawa, Ontario, Canada position she is responsible for standards and interoperability of hydrographic data. Dr. [email protected] Fadaie chaired the Canadian Advisory Committee to ISO/TC 211 for 8 years and was the proponent of the Imagery, Gridded and Coverage Data Standards in TC 211. Dr. Fadaie has authored many scientific papers, books, publications, citations and guides for use in national and international organizations.
Kenneth Field Chapter B.11
Esri Dr. Kenneth Field is a cartographic researcher at Esri. He was formerly Redlands, CA, USA Principal Lecturer and GIS Course Director at Kingston University kfi[email protected] London, UK. He holds a PhD in GIS from Leicester University, has presented and published widely. He is a Fellow of the British Cartographic Society, Royal Geographic Society and a Chartered Geographer (GIS).
Betsy George Chapter B.10
Oracle America, Inc. Betsy George currently works in the Spatial Databases Group at Oracle Spatial and Location Technologies Corporation after earning her PhD from Department of Computer Nashua, NH, USA Science at University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA. Her research [email protected] interests include spatial databases with specific focus on spatio-temporal networks and routing algorithms in time-dependent networks.
Frank Gielsdorf Chapter A.2
technet GmbH Berlin Dr. Frank Gielsdorf graduated in 1987 as Dipl.-Ing. in Surveying from the Technical Berlin, Germany University of Dresden, Germany and obtained his doctoral degree in 1997 from the [email protected] Technical University of Berlin. From 1995 to 2006 he was Assistant Professor in the Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation at the Technical University of Berlin. Since May 2006 he works as developer for technet GmbH Berlin, Germany. 1044 About the Authors
Görres Grenzdörffer Chapter C.24
Rostock University Görres Grenzdörffer finished his studies in 1994 with a Diploma in Geography. From Department Geodesy and Geoinformatics 1994 to 2001 he was scientific assistant at Rostock University. In 2001 his PhD thesis Rostock, Germany in the field of precision farming and remote sensing was completed. Currently, Dr. [email protected] Grenzdörffer is a Senior Lecturer at the Chair for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at Rostock University, Germany.
Gerhard Gröger Chapter B.10
University of Bonn Gerhard Gröger is Senior Researcher at the Institute for Geodesy and Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation at the University of Bonn. He received a Diploma Geoinformation
Authors degree in Computer Science and his PhD degree venia legendi from the Bonn, Germany University of Bonn. His research interests are GIS, spatial data models, [email protected] integrity and data quality, standardization and 3-D, urban and multiscale GIS. He is Chair of the modeling subgroup of the Special Interest Group 3-D and member of the INSPIRE Thematic Working Group for Buildings.
Joachim Gudmundsson Chapter C.22
University of Sydney Joachim Gudmundsson is currently an ARC Future Fellow in the School School of Information Technologies of IT at University of Sydney. He obtained his PhD in Computational Sydney, NSW, Australia Geometry from Lund University in Sweden and spent four years at [email protected] Utrecht University and TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands, as a research fellow. In 2005 he became a Principal Researcher at NICTA, Australia. His research interests include computational geometry, approximation algorithms, spatio-temporal analysis and data structures.
Norbert Haala Chapter B.9
University of Stuttgart Norbert Haala is Associate Professor in the Institute for Photogrammetry at the Uni- Department Institute for Photogrammetry versity of Stuttgart, where he is responsible for lectures in the field of photogrammetric Stuttgart, Germany image processing. His research interests include virtual city models and image-based [email protected] 3-D reconstruction.
Paul Hardy Chapter B.11
Esri Paul Hardy has a MA in Computer Science from Cambridge University, England. Cambridge, UK He spent 28 years at Laser-Scan in Cambridge England, as Chief Programmer, [email protected] Product Manager, and Principal Consultant. Subsequently he was Product Manager for Cartography at Esri in Redlands, California, from 2003 to 2006, implementing advanced cartographic capabilities into ArcGIS. He now is Business Development Consultant for Esri Europe, focused on national mapping and cadastre.
Tobias Hillmann Chapter A.2
University of Applied Sciences After his studies in mathematics, mine surveying and geodesy, Tobias Department of Landscape Architecture, Hillmann did his PhD thesis at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Ger- Geoinformatics, Geodesy and Civil many, in Geostatistics. He then worked two years as Mine Surveyor at Engineering a mining office (Landesoberbergamt NRW). Since 2002 he is Profes- Neubrandenburg, Germany [email protected] sor for Geodesy, Data Processing and Cartography at the Hochschule Neubrandenburg, Germany. His research areas are the visualization of 3-D-city-model with game engines and spatial-temporal databases. About the Authors 1045
Ned Horning Chapter C.31
American Museum of Natural History Ned Horning is the Director of Applied Biodiversity Informatics at Department Center for Biodiversity and the American Museum of Natural History’s Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Conservation. He has over 30 years experience using remote New York, USA sensing, GIS, and related tools to map and model the environment. He [email protected] is proponent and educator for using open source geospatial software to support biodiversity conservation.
Marco Hugentobler Chapter C.30
Sourcepole AG Marco Hugentobler holds a PhD in Geography from the University of Zurich, Pfäffikon, Switzerland Switzerland. He works as a software developer at Sourcepole AG in Pfäffikon SZ, [email protected] Switzerland. Authors
Sung-Gheel Jang Chapter C.18
Cleveland State University Sung-Gheel Jang is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Urban Studies Urban Studies at the Cleveland State University in Ohio, USA. He studied GIS and Planning Cleveland, OH, USA at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His current research interests [email protected] include assessing regional impacts of different land reuse strategies using GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis, and implementing CyberGIS applications to better understand human-environment interactions.
Ari Jolma Chapter C.31
Aalto University School of Engineering Ari Jolma is a Professor of Environmental Informatics at Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Finland. He has worked at Aalto and at its predecessor Helsinki University Engineering of Technology since 1990, as a graduate student, a post-doc and since Lahti, Finland 2003 as a professor. Professor Jolma has studied and worked at Cornell ari.jolma@aalto.fi University, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, and Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence.
Mathias Jonas Chapter C.23
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Dr. Mathias Jonas studied Nautical Engineering and has a PhD degree Hydrographie (BSH) from the University of Rostock. Since 1994 employed at Bundesamt Rostock, Germany für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie Hamburg/Rostock, Germany, he [email protected] is now Managing Director of the Department of Nautical Hydrography Ð responsible for national activities in wreck search, sea survey and the issue of related nautical publications including the representation in various national and international organizations. He is author of numerous publications including co-authorship of the worlds most comprehensive publication about electronic sea charts.
Gerhard Joos Chapter C.25
Technical University of Denmark Gerhard Joos studied geodesy in Stuttgart and Calgary and received a doctor’s degree DTU Space from the University of the Bundeswehr Munich. After years of consultancy to utility Copenhagen Ø, Denmark companies and the Deutsche Bahn as well as in the defence area to the Bundeswehr [email protected] Geoinformation Office and the NATO C3 Agency he became Associate Professor at the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen. His research focus is on interoperability, data quality and GI workflows. He is about to join NC3A as senior scientist. 1046 About the Authors
Matthias M. Jöst Chapter C.21
Heidelberg mobil International GmbH Dr. Jöst is an active researcher in the areas of LBS, personalization, and HCI for more Head of Development than a decade. Until 2005 he was affiliated with the European Media Lab Ð a privately Heidelberg, Germany owned research laboratory in Heidelberg. In recent years he managed a spin-off in the [email protected] area of LBS and tourism. Today he is heading the software development at HDM-I, a company that delivers mobile solutions.
Holger Kessler Chapter C.27
British Geological Survey Holger Kessler joined the BGS with a degree in Physical Geography Geological Modelling Systems from Frankfurt University as a Survey Geologist in 1998. After a career Nottingham, UK in primary geological mapping in Yorkshire and Norfolk his main Authors [email protected] achievement over the past 8 years was to develop and implement the geological modelling software GSI3D. Since 2007 he is Team Leader for Geological Modeling Systems development at British Geological Survey.
Tschangho J. Kim Chapters C.18, C.26
University of Illinois at Dr. Tschangho John Kim, Endowed Professor of Urban and Regional Urbana-Champaign Systems at the University of Illinois, has published 8 books, and 140 Urban and Regional Planning, Civil and book chapters and articles in urban systems, transportation, land use, Environmental Engineering and applications of ICTs to urban planning and transportation. Current Champaign, IL, USA [email protected] works include planning future cities in ubiquitous access technology spaces, location-based systems, ubiquitous GIS and modeling dynamic congestion control systems.
Christopher Kinabrew Chapter C.29
National Network of Public Health Chris Kinabrew is Associate Director for Government and External Affairs at the Institutes National Network of Public Health Institutes (NNPHI). He was Esri’s Public Health New Orleans, LA, USA Specialist from 2005-2010, serving the public health sector and linking public health [email protected] GIS users worldwide. Chris graduated from Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Social Work, and Williams College. He just spent three years in Mozambique, where his wife conducted public health research.
Wolfgang Kresse Chapters A.3, B.9, B.13
University of Applied Sciences Wolfgang Kresse holds a diploma degree in Geodesy and a doctor’s degree in Digital Neubrandenburg Cartography, both from the University of Bonn, Germany. Currently, he is Professor for Neubrandenburg, Germany GIS and Photogrammetry at the University of Applied Sciences in Neubrandenburg, [email protected] Germany, and a professor for remote sensing at the Politechnika Koszalinska« in Poland. As a Visiting Professor he was affiliated to the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing in Ottawa (2002/2003) and to the University of Maine, USA (2008/2009). Formerly, he worked as a software developer and customer trainer for Carl Zeiss Company with focus on graphics, photogrammetry, and data exchange.
Patrick Laube Chapter C.22
University of Zurich Patrick is a lecturer with the Department of Geography, University of Department of Geography Zurich. He is a Geographer by training, now specializing in Geographical Zurich, Switzerland Information Science. Patrick’s overarching research interest is the pro- patrick.laube@geo.uzh.ch cessing of spatio-temporal information aiming at a better understanding of the dynamics in natural and built environments. His research inte- grates methods from geography, information science, data mining, and computational geometry. About the Authors 1047
Steve Lime Chapter C.30
University of Minnesota Steve Lime is currently the Data and Applications Manager at the Geography Social Sciences Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. He is the primary technical Minneapolis, MN, USA developer of the MapServer-based DNR Data Deli, providing significant [email protected] data to the GIS community. As a researcher at the University of Minnesota during the 1990s, Steve was the developer of Minnesota MapServer. He also currently serves on the Master of Geographic Information Science graduate faculty and has advised a number of students in the program. He also taught a very popular course on GIS and the Internet at the University of Minnesota on Internet GIS.
Roger Lott Chapter B.16 Authors Ilkley, West Yorkshire, UK Now retired but formerly the Chief Surveyor for BP and involved with Geographic [email protected] Information Systems for over 30 years. Currently Roger Lott is Chairman of the Geodesy Subcommittee of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, responsible for maintenance of the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset.
Stephen J. Mathers Chapter C.27
British Geological Survey Stephen Mathers has over 30 years experience at the British Geological Survey with Nottingham, UK extensive experience of the geology of England, industrial mineral exploration, clastic [email protected] sedimentology and quaternary geology. Currently, he is leading the team constructing the National Geological Model of the UK and leads training for the GSI3D software.
Andreas Matheus Chapter B.17
Universität der Bundeswehr München Andreas Matheus holds a German doctor’s degree in Computer Science Institut für Technische Informatik from the Technische Universität München and a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Neubiberg, Germany Electrical Engineering from the Gerhard Mercator Universität Duisburg- [email protected] Essen. He is an active OGC member since 2001 and chair of the OGC Security Working Group since 2006. His current research is focused on security in protecting OGC Web Services. He has project experience from the OGC initiatives OWS-3, OWS-4, OWS-6, OWS-7 and OWS-8. Most recent activities involve the deployment for web-based federations based on the security assertion markup language (SAML) and the free and open source software Shibboleth.
William (Bill) Meehan Chapter C.28
Esri William Meehan heads the worldwide utility practice for Esri. He is Utility Solutions author of Empowering Electric and Gas Utilities with GIS, Power Redlands, CA, USA System Analysis by Digital Computer and numerous papers and articles. [email protected] Meehan has lectured extensively and taught courses at Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts. Prior to joining Esri, he was the Vice President of Electric Operations at Boston Edison.
Helena Mitasova Chapter C.31
North Carolina State University Helena Mitasova is Associate Professor in the Department of Marine, Earth and Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. She Atmospheric Sciences co-authored the first book on open source GRASS GIS, and published over 50 Raleigh, NC, USA papers on applications of GRASS for topographic analysis, erosion modeling, coastal [email protected] dynamics, and visualization. She is OSGeo charter member. Her PhD is from the Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia. 1048 About the Authors
Edward Nash Chapter C.24
DVZ Datenverarbeitungszentrum Edward Nash studied Mapping Information Science at the University of Newcastle- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern GmbH upon-Tyne, where he also completed a PhD in Geomatics. In five years as a Research Schwerin, Germany Associate at Rostock University, he focussed on applications of geospatial web [email protected] services in precision agriculture and on-farm compliance checking. He is currently a software developer at DVZ-MV working on SDI components and web-based GIS applications.
Markus Neteler Chapter C.31
Fondazione Edmund Mach Markus Neteler received his MSc degree and PhD in Physical Geography GIS and Remote Sensing Unit and Landscape Ecology from the University of Hannover, Germany. Since Authors S. Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy 2008 he works at Fondazione Edmund Mach in Trento, Italy, as the Head [email protected] of the GIS and Remote Sensing Unit. His main research interests are remote sensing for environmental risk assessment and free software GIS development.
Andreas Neumann Chapters B.14, C.30
City of Uster Andreas Neumann holds a masters degree in Geography and a PhD Department of Construction in Cartography. From 1999 to 2007 he worked for the Institute of Uster, Switzerland Cartography at the ETH Zurich. Currently, he is employed as a GIS [email protected] manager in Uster, Switzerland. Andreas specializes in open source GIS, databases and web mapping. He was repeatedly involved in the organization of the annual SVG open developers conference.
Silvia Nittel Chapter B.9
University of Maine Dr. Silvia Nittel is an Associate Professor with the Department of Spatial Information Department of Spatial Information Science and Engineering at the University of Maine. After obtaining a Dipl.-Inf. from Science & Engineering the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg in Computer Science, and a doctorate from the Orono, ME, USA University of Zurich, and a postdoc in the Computer Science Department at University [email protected] of California at Los Angeles, she joined the University of Maine in 2001. She now focuses on database management strategies for ad-hoc geosensor networks and sensor data stream management systems.
C. Douglas O’Brien Chapter B.16
IDON Technologies, Inc. C. Douglas O’Brien, President of IDON Technologies, is the convener of TC 211 Ottawa, Canada WG6 - Imagery. He has extensive experience in the handling of spatial data in a [email protected] standards environment with 33 years involvement through ISO and other international organization. Douglas O’Brien, a Professional Engineer, chairs the Canadian National Committee on Geomatics and has been active in support of the UN FAO with the initiative to standardize the essential climate variables.
Roland Pesch Chapter C.23
University of Vechta Roland Pesch holds the position of a scientific coordinator at the Chair of Landscape Ecology Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Germany. His main research Vechta, Germany interests lie in the application of GIS technologies and spatial statistics in [email protected] environmental monitoring and protection activities. He thereby strongly focuses on the methodological transfer of approved data analysis methods in terrestrial landscape ecology to chosen marine research applications. About the Authors 1049
Clemens Portele Chapter A.4
interactive instruments GmbH Clemens Portele holds a diploma in Physics from the University in Bonn, Germany Bonn, Germany. Since 1996 he is Managing Director of interactive [email protected] instruments. The main focus of his work is the modeling of geographic information and architectures of spatial data infrastructures.
Aaron Racicot Chapter C.31
Z-Pulley Inc. Aaron Racicot is a GIS programmer interested in the development and utilization of Langley, WA, USA open source GIS tools in the areas of environmental and conservation related projects. [email protected] Aaron completed his undergraduate work in computer science at the University of
Washington in 1996 and received a Masters in Environmental Science from Oregon Authors Health and Science University in 2005.
Charles Roswell Chapter A.1
Columbia, MD, USA Charles Roswell earned a PhD in geography in 1974. He taught at the University of [email protected] Maryland from 1971 to 1980 and was employed for 27 years by the US Government as an imagery and geospatial scientist, retiring from the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency in 2008. He has more than 20 years’ experience in developing national and international standards for digital geographic information.
Winfried Schröder Chapter C.23
University of Vechta Winfried Schröder is Professor at the University of Vechta where he Landscape Ecology holds the Chair of Landscape Ecology. His main research areas are Vechta, Germany environmental monitoring, applied environmental statistics and GIS, [email protected] ecological classification of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, genetically modified organisms in terrestrial environments, ecological impacts of climate change, and analysis and evaluation of marine protected areas.
Markus Seifert Chapter C.19
Landesamt für Vermessung und Markus Seifert is engineer for surveying and geographic informa- Geoinformation tion. His area of research is data modeling, standards for spatial data München, Germany infrastructures and digital cadastral systems. He is Chair of the Stan- [email protected] dardization Working Group Cartography and Geoinformation at the German Standardization Institute (DIN) and Representative for the Ger- man Mapping Agencies to national and international standardization organizations for geographic information (SDI Germany, OGC, ISO/TC 211, CEN/TC 287).
Wenzhong Shi Chapter A.5
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Dr. Shi is a Professor in GIS and Remote Sensing in the Department of Land Surveying Department of Land Surveying and and Geo-Informatics at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He obtained his Geo-Informatics doctor’s degree from the University of Osnabrück in Vechta, Germany, in 1994. His Kowloon, Hong Kong current research interests include GIS and remote sensing, uncertainty and spatial [email protected] data quality control, image processing for high-resolution satellite images. He has published over 300 research articles and 10 books. 1050 About the Authors
Jan Skaloud Chapter B.9
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Jan Skaloud is Lecturer and Research Director at Geodetic Engineering Lab, EPFL. Lausanne He is past and current Chair of scientific groups in the International Society for Lausanne, Switzerland Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and the International Association of jan.skaloud@epfl.ch Geodesy (IAG). His area of research is satellite positioning, inertial navigation, sensor integration and calibration, mobile mapping and remote sensing. He is author of more than hundred scientific publications and of two book chapters.
Christian Strobl Chapter C.30
German Aerospace Center (DLR) Christian Strobl is working as GIS scientist at the German Aerospace German Remote Sensing Data Center Authors Center in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. During the last years his major (DFD) task was the development of the geospatial infrastructure for the German Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) in Jakarta / [email protected] Indonesia. In general, he focuses on processing geoscientific and remote sensing data with open source tools. Christian holds a PhD in Geology from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, where he also teaches GIS. In addition he gives lectures on geostatistics at the TU Munich.
Tim Sutton Chapter C.31
Linfiniti Consulting CC. Tim Sutton is a developer and member of the Steering Committee of the Swellendam, Western Cape, South Africa Quantum GIS project. His great passion is to see the GIS freely available tim@linfiniti.com to everyone. Tim is also a founding member of Linfiniti Consulting CC, a small company created to help people learn and use open source GIS software (http://linfiniti.com).
Jérôme Théau Chapter B.7
Université de Sherbrooke Jérôme Théau has a multidisciplinary training in wildlife and habitat management Département de géomatique appliquée (MSc 1999) and geo-ecology (PhD 2004). He has been working for more than ten years Sherbrooke, QC, Canada on spatio-temporal characterization of ecosystems using geospatial tools. Dr. Théau [email protected] held positions of research associate at Idaho State University, USA, and Cemagref, France. He is presently working as an Assistant Professor at Sherbrooke University in Québec, Canada.
Ranga R. Vatsavai Chapter C.30
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Dr. Ranga Raju Vatsavai is a senior research scientist at the Oak Ridge National Computational Sciences and Engineering Laboratory. He has published over fifty peer-reviewed articles, co-edited two books on Division ”Knowledge Discovery from Sensor Data«« and served on the program committees of Oak Ridge, TN, USA ACM-KDD, SDM and ACMGIS. He has also contributed extensively to several highly [email protected] successful software systems in various capacities including the UMN-MapServer.
Lutz Vetter Chapter C.23
University of Applied Sciences Professor Dr. Lutz Vetter holds a PhD in Applied Geography and is Pro- Geoinformatics fessor for Land Information System and Landscape Planning (Regional Neubrandenburg, Germany and Environmental Planning, Environmental Impact Assessment, GIS, [email protected] Remote Sensing and Geostatistics) since 1996. His fields of research in- terest are land information system, new statistical methods and modelling, ICZM, marine GIS and planning. About the Authors 1051
Jan O. Wallgrün Chapter B.9
University of Bremen Jan Oliver Wallgrün studied Informatics at the University of Hamburg, Department for Mathematics and Germany, and received his PhD from the University of Bremen, Informatics Germany, in 2008. He is currently working as a post-doctoral researcher Bremen, Germany at the University of Bremen. His main research interests are methods [email protected] for spatial reasoning and abstract spatial representations and their application for robot navigation and Geographic Information Systems.
Shuliang Wang Chapter A.5
Wuhan University Dr. Shuliang Wang is a Professor of Spatial Data Mining and Software Engineering International School of Software at Wuhan University, China. He obtained his PhD degree from Wuhan University and Wuhan, Hubei, China HongKong Polytechnic University in 2002, and his doctoral thesis was awarded one of [email protected]; The Best National Thesis In China. His research interests include spatial data mining Authors [email protected] and software engineering, his contributions are published in three monographs and several scientific papers.
Frank Wilke Chapter C.20
Dortmund, Germany After his diploma in geodesy at the University in Bonn, Germany, Frank Wilke [email protected] was Research Assistent at the University of Dortmund, Germany, in the Department of Spacial Planning. He was Director of Planning-Administration of the City of Bergkamen, Germany, and spent time as a development-expert for urban planning and renewal in Brazil and Kuwait. Since 1994 he is Professor at the University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Germany. His latest research concerns vacancy-analyses of large residential areas.
Thomas Wolle Chapter C.22
Arclight Sydney Thomas Wolle studied Computer Science at the Friedrich-Schiller- Sydney, NSW, Australia University in Jena. From 2001 to 2005 he was a PhD student at Utrecht [email protected] University, focusing on algorithms for graphs with small tree width. In 2006 he joined NICTA in Sydney, where the research focus was the analysis of trajectories of moving objects. Since 2011 he works at Arclight in Sydney.
Jessica Wyland Chapter C.28
Esri Jessica Wyland is a journalist and writer. She currently researches Marketing Communication and reports on how geographic information is used to respond to Redlands, CA, USA international energy concerns. In this capacity, Jessica works with utility [email protected] companies, resource developers, and industry experts to promote and share advances in related technologies and practices.
Alexander Zipf Chapter C.21
University of Heidelberg Since 2009 Professor Zipf is Chair of Geoinformatics (GIScience) in the Department Department of Geography of Geography of the University of Heidelberg and is affiliated with the Interdisciplinary Heidelberg, Germany Center for Scientific Computing (IWR). Before he was Professor for Cartography at [email protected] Bonn University and for Geoinformatics in Mainz. Among others his research interests include location-based services, next generation SDIs, 3D-GIS, and crowd sourced geoinformation. 1053
Detailed Contents
List of Abbreviations ...... XXI
Part A Basics and Computer Science
1 Modeling of Geographic Information Charles Roswell ...... 3 1.1 Background ...... 3 1.1.1 Fundamental Standards ...... 3 1.1.2 The Modeling Approach ...... 3 1.2 Unified Modeling Language ...... 5 ealdCont. Detailed 1.2.1 Package ...... 5 1.2.2 Classifier ...... 6 1.2.3 Class Features ...... 7 1.2.4 Naming of UML Elements ...... 10 1.3 The General Feature Model ...... 11 1.3.1 GF_FeatureType ...... 11 1.3.2 GF_InheritanceRelation ...... 12 1.3.3 GF_AssociationType ...... 13 1.3.4 GF_Constraint ...... 14 1.3.5 GF_PropertyType ...... 14 1.3.6 GF_AssociationRole ...... 14 1.3.7 GF_AttributeType ...... 14 1.3.8 GF_Operation ...... 14 1.4 Application Schema Example ...... 15 1.5 Conclusion ...... 17 References ...... 17
2 Mathematics and Statistics Frank Gielsdorf, Tobias Hillmann ...... 19 2.1 Data Integration with Adjustment Techniques ...... 20 2.1.1 Estimation of Parameters ...... 21 2.1.2 Arithmetic Mean ...... 22 2.1.3 Weighted Arithmetic Mean ...... 22 2.1.4 Adjustment with Several Unknown Parameters ...... 23 2.1.5 The Law of Error Propagation ...... 24 2.1.6 ErrorPropagationforLinearFunctions ...... 24 2.1.7 The Importance of Covariances ...... 25 2.1.8 Adjustment and Error Propagation ...... 26 1054 Detailed Contents
2.1.9 Positional Accuracy Improvement as an Adjustment Problem ...... 27 2.1.10 Transformation ...... 28 2.1.11 GNSS Measurement ...... 28 2.1.12 Improving Absolute Geometry ...... 28 2.1.13 Improving Relative Geometry ...... 30 2.2 2-D Datum Transformations ...... 30 2.2.1 Centroid Reduction ...... 30 2.2.2 The Four-Parameter (Helmert) Transformation ...... 31 2.2.3 Six-Parameter (Affine) Transformation ...... 32 2.2.4 Three-Parameter Transformation ...... 33 2.2.5 Five-Parameter Transformation ...... 33 2.2.6 Conformal Transformation with Complex Polynomials ..... 33 2.2.7 Modeling of Correlations ...... 35 2.2.8 Reasons for Correlations ...... 35 2.2.9 Rubber Sheeting ...... 35 2.2.10 Stochastic Modeling ...... 36
ealdCont. Detailed 2.2.11 Functional Modeling ...... 36 2.2.12 Modeling of Point Identities ...... 37 2.2.13 Geometrical Constraints, Known Relative Geometry ...... 38 2.2.14 Matching and Constraint Snooping ...... 38 2.2.15 Topology and Extraction of Subgraphs ...... 38 2.2.16 Geometrical Parameterization of Subgraphs ...... 39 2.2.17 Search for Candidates ...... 40 2.2.18 Statistical Tests ...... 40 2.2.19 Search for Geometrical Constraints ...... 41 2.2.20 Interaction of Matching and Adjustment ...... 42 2.3 Geostatistics ...... 43 2.3.1 Example ...... 43 2.3.2 Random Fields in Geostatistics ...... 44 2.3.3 Terms of Stationarity ...... 44 2.3.4 Structure of Random Fields ...... 45 2.3.5 Spatial Dependence ...... 46 2.3.6 Kriging ...... 52 2.3.7 Geostatistical Simulation ...... 59 References ...... 60
3 Databases Thomas Brinkhoff, Wolfgang Kresse ...... 61 3.1 Historical Background ...... 62 3.1.1 Features of a Database ...... 62 3.1.2 Database Architecture ...... 63 3.1.3 Operational Requirements ...... 64 3.1.4 Data Models ...... 65 3.2 Relational Model ...... 65 3.2.1 Design ...... 66 3.2.2 Tables ...... 66 Detailed Contents 1055
3.2.3 Relationships ...... 67 3.2.4 Normalization ...... 68 3.2.5 Integrity Rules ...... 72 3.2.6 Set Theory ...... 72 3.2.7 Structured Query Language ...... 73 3.2.8 Entity–Relationship Model ...... 75 3.2.9 Entities ...... 75 3.2.10 Relations ...... 75 3.2.11 Difference to Other Models ...... 75 3.3 Object-Oriented Model ...... 75 3.3.1 Motivation for the Object-Oriented Model ...... 76 3.3.2 Foundations ...... 76 3.3.3 Features ...... 76 3.3.4 Object-Oriented Constructs ...... 77 3.3.5 Manifesto ...... 77 3.3.6 Comparisons of OODBS and RDBS ...... 77 3.3.7 Object Relational DBMS (ORDBMS) ...... 78
3.4 Indexing with B-Trees ...... 78 Cont. Detailed 3.5 Spatial Databases ...... 79 3.5.1 Geometry Model ...... 80 3.5.2 Topological and Network Models ...... 83 3.5.3 Raster Models ...... 83 3.6 Spatial Query Processing ...... 83 3.6.1 Basic Spatial Queries ...... 84 3.6.2 Multistep Query Processing ...... 84 3.6.3 Filtering by Approximations ...... 85 3.7 Spatial Indexing ...... 87 3.7.1 Basic Techniques ...... 88 3.7.2 Quadtrees ...... 89 3.7.3 Grid Files ...... 91 3.7.4 R-Trees ...... 92 3.8 Network Databases ...... 97 3.8.1 Network Analysis ...... 97 3.8.2 Partitioning and Hierarchies of Networks ...... 98 3.9 Raster Databases ...... 100 3.9.1 Georeferencing and Spatial Selections ...... 101 3.9.2 Access Optimization ...... 101 3.10 Spatiotemporal Databases ...... 102 3.10.1 Database Schema ...... 102 3.10.2 Basic Queries ...... 103 3.10.3 Spatiotemporal Indexing ...... 104 3.11 Spatial Database Systems ...... 105 3.11.1 Commercial Systems ...... 105 3.11.2 Open-Source Systems ...... 106 References ...... 106 1056 Detailed Contents
4 Encoding of Geographic Information Clemens Portele ...... 109 4.1 Encoding Concepts ...... 110 4.1.1 Data Interchange ...... 110 4.1.2 Encoding Rules ...... 111 4.1.3 The Need for Multiple Encoding Rules ...... 117 4.2 Sample Encoding Rules ...... 118 4.2.1 GML Encoding Rule ...... 118 4.2.2 ISO/TS 19139 Encoding Rule ...... 120 4.3 Commonly Used Formats to Encode Geographic Information ...... 121 References ...... 121
5 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Shuliang Wang, Wenzhong Shi ...... 123 5.1 Basic Concepts in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ...... 123 5.1.1 Dataset and Knowledge in DMKD ...... 124 5.1.2 Hierarchy, Granularity, and Scale in DMKD ...... 124 ealdCont. Detailed 5.1.3 DMKD Understood from Different Views ...... 125 5.2 Evolution of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ...... 125 5.2.1 Rapid Growth of Data Volume ...... 126 5.2.2 Data Usage ...... 126 5.2.3 Birth of DMKD ...... 127 5.3 Mathematical Foundations of DMKD ...... 127 5.3.1 Probability and Statistics ...... 127 5.3.2 Fuzzy Sets ...... 128 5.3.3 Rough Sets ...... 128 5.3.4 Data Fields ...... 129 5.3.5 Cloud Models ...... 130 5.4 Techniques of DMKD ...... 130 5.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Transform ...... 130 5.4.2 Association ...... 131 5.4.3 Classification ...... 132 5.4.4 Clustering ...... 133 5.4.5 Prediction ...... 135 5.4.6 Discrimination ...... 135 5.4.7 Exception ...... 136 5.5 Data Warehouse for DMKD ...... 137 5.5.1 Data Warehouse Architecture ...... 137 5.5.2 Data-Warehouse Design ...... 138 5.6 Decision Support System for DMKD ...... 138 5.6.1 DSS Architecture ...... 139 5.6.2 DSS Models ...... 139 5.7 Trends and Perspectives ...... 140 5.7.1 Web Mining ...... 140 5.7.2 Spatial DMKD ...... 140 References ...... 141 Detailed Contents 1057
Part B Geographic Information
6 Geographic Information Systems Norbert Bartelme ...... 145 6.1 Architecture of a GIS ...... 145 6.1.1 Information and Data ...... 145 6.1.2 Geographic (Geospatial) Information ...... 147 6.1.3 Geographic Information System Definitions ...... 147 6.1.4 Classical GIS and Recent Modifications ...... 148 6.2 GIS Functionality ...... 149 6.2.1 Categories ...... 149 6.2.2 Data Capture Functions ...... 150 6.2.3 Update Functions ...... 152 6.2.4 Structuring Functions ...... 153 6.2.5 Transformation Functions ...... 155 6.2.6 Storage, Checking, Archiving, and Data Transfer Functions 156 6.2.7 Data Request and Retrieval Functions ...... 158 6.2.8 Analysis Functions ...... 160 Cont. Detailed 6.2.9 Design and Presentation Functions ...... 172 References ...... 174
7 Change Detection Jérôme Théau ...... 175 7.1 Definition ...... 175 7.2 Development of Change Detection over Time ...... 175 7.3 Methods Overview ...... 176 7.3.1 Changes on Earth Surface ...... 176 7.3.2 Imagery Characteristics Regarding Changes ...... 176 7.3.3 Changes in Imagery ...... 176 7.3.4 Data Selection and Preprocessing ...... 176 7.3.5 Change Detection Methods ...... 177 7.4 Typical Applications ...... 182 7.4.1 Forestry ...... 182 7.4.2 Agriculture and Rangelands ...... 182 7.4.3 Urban ...... 182 7.4.4 Ice and Snow ...... 182 7.4.5 Ocean and Coastal ...... 182 7.5 Probable Future Directions ...... 183 References ...... 183
8 Geodesy Matthias Becker ...... 185 8.1 Basics ...... 185 8.2 Concepts ...... 186 8.3 Reference Systems and Reference Frames ...... 187 1058 Detailed Contents
8.4 Coordinate Reference System ...... 188 8.4.1 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate Types ...... 188 8.4.2 International Celestial Reference System and Frame ...... 189 8.4.3 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame ..... 190 8.4.4 World Geodetic System (WGS 84) ...... 191 8.4.5 Geodetic Reference System 1980 ...... 191 8.5 Height Systems and Vertical Datum ...... 192 8.5.1 Definition of Heights in Geodesy ...... 192 8.5.2 Orthometric Height HO ...... 193 8.5.3 Normal Heights (H∗) ...... 193 8.6 Geopotential Models and Geoid ...... 195 8.7 Time Systems ...... 196 8.7.1 Time Scales and GNSS Times ...... 197 8.8 Conversions, Transformations, and Projections ...... 198 8.8.1 Conversion Between Ellipsoidal and Cartesian Coordinates 198 8.8.2 Local Geodetic Systems ...... 199 8.8.3 Coordinate Transformation
ealdCont. Detailed and Transformation of Terrestrial Frames ...... 200 8.8.4 Projections and Plane Coordinates ...... 201 8.8.5 Meridian Strip Projection (Transverse Mercator Projection) 202 8.8.6 Universal Transverse Mercator System ...... 203 8.8.7 Datum Transformation ...... 204 8.9 Coordinate Determination ...... 205 8.9.1 GPS Coordinate Determination ...... 206 8.9.2 Terrestrial and Local Coordinate Determination ...... 207 References ...... 208
9 Data Capture Michael Cramer, Wolfgang Kresse, Jan Skaloud, Norbert Haala, Silvia Nittel, Jan O. Wallgrün ...... 211 9.1 Passive Sensors ...... 212 9.1.1 General Remarks on Imaging ...... 212 9.1.2 Frame Sensors ...... 216 9.1.3 Line Sensors ...... 221 9.1.4 Multispectral Techniques ...... 227 9.2 Active Sensors ...... 230 9.2.1 RADAR ...... 230 9.2.2 LIDAR ...... 240 9.3 Navigation Sensors ...... 245 9.3.1 Mapping Prerequisites ...... 245 9.3.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems ...... 245 9.3.3 Inertial Navigation ...... 248 9.3.4 Integrated Navigation ...... 249 9.3.5 Geometrical Relations ...... 250 9.4 Sensor Orientation ...... 252 9.4.1 Principle ...... 252 9.4.2 Collinearity Condition ...... 254 Detailed Contents 1059
9.4.3 Models ...... 254 9.4.4 Feature Matching ...... 256 9.4.5 Adopted Approaches ...... 261 9.5 Remote Sensing Products ...... 264 9.5.1 Surface ...... 264 9.5.2 Orthophoto ...... 267 9.6 Other Platforms and Methods ...... 275 9.6.1 Geosensor Networks ...... 275 9.6.2 Mapping Indoor Environments with Mobile Robots ...... 278 9.6.3 Paper Maps ...... 293 References ...... 297
10 Geometry and Topology Gerhard Gröger, Betsy George ...... 303 10.1 Geometry ...... 303 10.1.1 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D Geometries ...... 303 10.1.2 Special Cases: 2-D as Embedding Space and 2.5-D ...... 305
10.1.3 3-D Geometries ...... 305 Cont. Detailed 10.2 Topology ...... 308 10.2.1 Topological Relations ...... 308 10.2.2 Topological Data Models ...... 311 10.3 Graph Theory (Königsberg Bridge Problem) ...... 315 10.3.1 The Problem Introduction ...... 315 10.3.2 Abstraction ...... 316 10.3.3 Finding a Eulerian Circuit in a Graph ...... 317 10.3.4 Key Applications ...... 318 10.3.5 Graph Theory ...... 319 10.3.6 Future Directions ...... 320 References ...... 320
11 Portrayal and Cartography Paul Hardy, Kenneth Field ...... 323 11.1 What is Cartography? ...... 324 11.1.1 History of Cartography ...... 325 11.1.2 Relationship Between Cartography and GIS ...... 325 11.1.3 Good Cartography ...... 325 11.2 Types of Maps ...... 325 11.2.1 Topographic Reference Maps ...... 326 11.2.2 Plans ...... 327 11.2.3 Charts ...... 327 11.2.4 Virtual Maps ...... 327 11.2.5 Thematic Maps ...... 327 11.2.6 Qualitative Thematic Mapping – What Is Here? ...... 327 11.2.7 Quantitative Thematic Mapping – How Much Is Here? ..... 328 11.3 Abstraction and Generalization ...... 331 11.3.1 Scale ...... 331 11.3.2 Resolution ...... 331 1060 Detailed Contents
11.3.3 Generalization ...... 331 11.3.4 Map Projections ...... 332 11.4 Map Symbol Design ...... 334 11.4.1 Dimensionality ...... 334 11.4.2 Visual Variables ...... 334 11.4.3 Using Visual Variables ...... 337 11.4.4 Mimetic Symbols ...... 337 11.4.5 Bivariate and Multivariate Symbology ...... 337 11.4.6 Symbolizing Time Series and Animations ...... 338 11.4.7 Legibility ...... 338 11.5 Color ...... 338 11.5.1 Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing ...... 338 11.5.2 Color Specification – Hue, Lightness, Saturation ...... 339 11.5.3 Color Spaces ...... 340 11.5.4 Color Choice on Maps ...... 340 11.5.5 Color Use for Quantitative Maps ...... 342 11.5.6 Color Use for Qualitative Maps ...... 342 ealdCont. Detailed 11.5.7 General Hints for Color Use ...... 343 11.6 Text ...... 343 11.6.1 Typeface, Case, Bold, Italics, and Size ...... 343 11.6.2 Font Characteristics ...... 343 11.6.3 Text Legibility ...... 344 11.6.4 Label Placement ...... 344 11.6.5 Stored Annotation ...... 345 11.6.6 Placement Preferences ...... 345 11.7 Associating Symbology with Feature Data in GIS ...... 346 11.7.1 Production Symbology Using Rules and Overrides ...... 346 11.7.2 Programmatic Symbology ...... 346 11.7.3 Sequencing of Drawing Map Symbols ...... 347 11.8 Relief Portrayal ...... 348 11.8.1 2-D – Contours, Banded Tints, Elevation Models, Hillshading ...... 348 11.8.2 2.5-D – Rendered Terrain Surface and Draping of Cartography ...... 349 11.8.3 3-D – Immersive Rendering with 3-D Symbology ...... 350 11.9 Layout ...... 350 11.9.1 Marginalia and Furniture Elements, Insets, Titles, Legends, etc...... 351 11.9.2 Visual Hierarchy ...... 351 11.9.3 Visual Balance and Arrangement ...... 351 11.9.4 Page and Map Margins ...... 353 11.10 Hardcopy and Softcopy Output ...... 353 11.10.1 Direct Printing ...... 354 11.10.2 Softcopy – PDF for Download ...... 354 11.10.3 Prepress ...... 354 Detailed Contents 1061
11.11 Internet Cartographic Deployment ...... 354 11.11.1 Static or Dynamic Maps ...... 354 11.11.2 Standards ...... 355 11.11.3 Web 2.0 ...... 355 11.11.4 Designing a Map for Screen ...... 355 11.11.5 Map Mashups ...... 356 11.11.6 Mobile Mapping ...... 357 References ...... 358
12 Geospatial Metadata David M. Danko ...... 359 12.1 Background ...... 360 12.2 Interoperability ...... 362 12.2.1 Categories of Interoperability ...... 362 12.2.2 Interoperability Enablers ...... 363
12.2.3 Geospatial Interoperability ...... 364 Cont. Detailed 12.3 Applying Geospatial Metadata ...... 364 12.3.1 Catalog Environment ...... 364 12.3.2 Processing/Data Analysis Environment ...... 366 12.3.3 Production Environment ...... 367 12.3.4 Archival Environment ...... 367 12.3.5 Geoweb Services Environment ...... 367 12.3.6 Aggregate Datasets ...... 367 12.4 Economic Benefits of Geospatial Metadata ...... 369 12.4.1 Savings in Geospatial Resource Production and Management ...... 369 12.4.2 Geospatial Resource User Applications ...... 370 12.5 Geospatial Metadata Element Types ...... 371 12.6 Geospatial Metadata Standards ...... 374 12.6.1 Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata ...... 375 12.6.2 ISO 19115:2003 ...... 375 12.6.3 ISO 19115-2:2009 ...... 379 12.6.4 ISO/TS 19139:2007 ...... 380 12.6.5 ISO 19113:2002 ...... 380 12.6.6 ISO/TS 19138:2006 ...... 382 12.6.7 ISO 19110:2005 ...... 382 12.6.8 ISO 19119:2005 and ISO 19119:2005/Amd 1:2008 ...... 385 12.6.9 ISO 15836:2009 ...... 385 12.7 Geospatial Metadata Outlook ...... 386 12.7.1 Semantic Web ...... 387 12.7.2 Volunteered Geographic Information ...... 388 12.7.3 Profiles ...... 389 References ...... 390 1062 Detailed Contents
13 Standardization Wolfgang Kresse, David M. Danko, Kian Fadaie ...... 393 13.1 Interoperability ...... 394 13.1.1 Infrastructure ...... 394 13.1.2 Training, Knowledge, and Human Resources ...... 395 13.1.3 Laws, Principles, and Best Practices ...... 395 13.1.4 Understanding and Working with Diversity (ETL) ...... 395 13.1.5 Information Assurance ...... 395 13.1.6 Metadata ...... 396 13.1.7 Standards – De Jure, De Facto, Industry ...... 396 13.2 Basics of Standards ...... 397 13.2.1 Characteristics of Standards ...... 397 13.2.2 International Standardization Organizations and Consortia ...... 399 13.2.3 Formal International Standardization Organizations ...... 401 13.2.4 ISO 9000 Family of Standards ...... 406 13.2.5 Cultural and Linguistic Adaptability ...... 407
ealdCont. Detailed 13.2.6 Requirements for Future Developments of Standards ...... 408 13.3 Geomatics Standards ...... 409 13.3.1 History of Geomatics Standards ...... 409 13.3.2 ISO/TC 211 ...... 411 13.3.3 Future of Geomatics Standardization ...... 422 13.3.4 Roadmap to the ISO 19100 Standards ...... 429 13.4 Nongeometry Standards ...... 430 13.4.1 Infrastructure Standards ...... 430 13.4.2 Basic Standards ...... 440 13.4.3 Imagery Standards ...... 465 13.4.4 Catalogue Standards ...... 473 13.4.5 Implementation Standards ...... 475 13.4.6 Web: Mapping and Sensors ...... 477 13.4.7 Location-Based Services ...... 480 13.4.8 Classification ...... 485 13.4.9 Qualifications and Certification of Personnel (ISO/TR 19122) 487 13.5 Geometry Standards ...... 489 13.5.1 Relations Between Geometry Standards ...... 489 13.5.2 Positions ...... 489 13.5.3 Spatial Schema (ISO 19107) ...... 491 13.5.4 Simple Features (ISO 19125-1, ISO 19125-2) ...... 505 13.5.5 Schema for Coverage Geometry and Functions (ISO 19123) .. 509 13.5.6 Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136) ...... 517 13.6 Liaison Members of ISO/TC 211 ...... 522 13.6.1 Internal Liaison Members of ISO/TC 211 ...... 522 13.6.2 External Liaison Organizations to ISO/TC 211 ...... 527 13.7 Open Geospatial Consortium ...... 537 13.7.1 Background ...... 537 13.7.2 OGC Programs ...... 539 13.7.3 The OGC Standards Development Process ...... 541 Detailed Contents 1063
13.7.4 OGC Standards ...... 543 13.7.5 RelationoftheOGCtoISO/TC211...... 557 References ...... 560
14 Web Mapping and Web Cartography Andreas Neumann...... 567 14.1 Origins of Web Mapping ...... 568 14.1.1 Why Web Mapping Became Popular ...... 569 14.1.2 Advantages of Web Maps ...... 570 14.1.3 Problems with Web Maps ...... 570 14.2 Technical Aspects ...... 571 14.2.1 Web Mapping Architectures ...... 573 14.2.2 Server-Side Technologies ...... 573 14.2.3 Client-Side Technologies ...... 574 14.3 Important Applications ...... 576 14.3.1 Address Matching, Routing ...... 576 14.3.2 Real-Time Maps ...... 576
14.3.3 Location-Based Services ...... 576 Cont. Detailed 14.3.4 Online Atlases ...... 576 14.3.5 e-Learning ...... 576 14.3.6 Volunteered Geographic Information ...... 576 14.3.7 Urban and Regional Planning ...... 576 14.4 Future Directions of Web Mapping ...... 577 14.5 Scalable Vector Graphics ...... 577 14.5.1 Origins of SVG ...... 577 14.5.2 SVG Features and Elements ...... 578 14.5.3 Typical Applications of SVG ...... 583 14.5.4 Mobile SVG and Location-Based Services ...... 584 14.5.5 Print and Reporting ...... 585 14.5.6 Perspectives for SVG ...... 586 References ...... 586
15 Geosemantic Interoperability and the Geospatial Semantic Web Jean Brodeur ...... 589 15.1 Historical Development ...... 589 15.2 What Is Semantics About? ...... 590 15.3 Semantics Through Cognition ...... 590 15.4 Ontology ...... 591 15.5 Geosemantic Interoperability ...... 592 15.5.1 Communication: a Foundation for Semantics in the Interoperability of Geographic Information ...... 592 15.5.2 Heterogeneity in Geographic Information: a Barrier to Efficient Interoperability ...... 593 15.5.3 Interoperability of Geographic Information from a Communication Perspective ...... 594 15.5.4 The Role of Semantics in Interoperability of Geographic Information ...... 596 1064 Detailed Contents
15.6 Geosemantic Interoperability Through SDIs ...... 597 15.7 Geographic Information Standards for Geosemantic Interoperability 597 15.8 The Semantic Web ...... 601 15.9 The Geospatial Semantic Web ...... 606 15.10 Conclusions ...... 608 References ...... 609
16 Registration of Geospatial Information Elements C. Douglas O’Brien, Roger Lott ...... 613 16.1 Background ...... 613 16.2 Requirements ...... 614 16.3 Concept of a Register ...... 615 16.4 Registration Process ...... 615 16.4.1 Register Owner ...... 616 16.4.2 Submitting Organization ...... 616 16.4.3 Control Body ...... 617 16.4.4 Register Manager ...... 617
ealdCont. Detailed 16.4.5 Registry Manager ...... 617 16.4.6 Register User ...... 617 16.5 Register Versus Registry ...... 617 16.5.1 Versioning of Registers ...... 618 16.6 Register Structure ...... 618 16.6.1 Elements Inherited from ISO 19135 ...... 618 16.7 Federated Registers ...... 618 16.7.1 Set of Registers ...... 618 16.7.2 Reference to External Registers ...... 619 16.7.3 Register Maintenance and Access ...... 620 16.8 Implementation of Registers ...... 621 16.8.1 Platform Independence ...... 621 16.8.2 Geospatial Web Services ...... 621 16.8.3 Implications of ebRIM ...... 621 16.9 Example Registers ...... 621 16.9.1 Example Code List Registers ...... 621 16.9.2 Example of Roles for a Feature Register ...... 622 16.10 The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Registry ...... 623 16.10.1 Coordinates and Coordinate Metadata ...... 623 16.10.2 Registry Ownership and Management ...... 624 16.10.3 Registry Data Management ...... 624 16.10.4 Registry Service Interface ...... 626 16.10.5 Registry User Interface ...... 627 References ...... 629
17 Security for Open Distributed Geospatial Information Systems Andreas Matheus ...... 631 17.1 Security Requirements ...... 632 17.1.1 Thinking About the Threats – Who Is the Enemy? ...... 633 17.1.2 Which Requirements Are Geo-Specific? ...... 633 Detailed Contents 1065
17.2 Standards for Interoperable Implementation of Security Functions . 633 17.2.1 Standards for Implementing Confidentiality and Integrity 634 17.2.2 Standards for Implementing Authentication ...... 635 17.2.3 Standards for Implementing Access Control ...... 636 17.3 Summary ...... 638 References ...... 639
Part C Applications
18 Ubiquitous Geographic Information Tschangho J. Kim, Sung-Gheel Jang ...... 643 18.1 Evolution of GIS: From Mapping to Managing Spatial Knowledge ... 644 18.2 Evolution of Computing Technologies ...... 645 18.2.1 Centralized Computing ...... 645 18.2.2 Distributed Computing ...... 646 18.2.3 Mobile Computing ...... 647 ealdCont. Detailed 18.2.4 Ubiquitous Computing ...... 647 18.3 Evolution of Information and Communication Technologies ...... 648 18.3.1 Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) ...... 648 18.3.2 Geolabeling and Sensing Technology ...... 649 18.3.3 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) ...... 649 18.3.4 Location-Based Services (LBS) ...... 649 18.3.5 Telematics ...... 650 18.3.6 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) ...... 650 18.3.7 Teleports and Intelligent Buildings ...... 650 18.3.8 Voice Recognition ...... 650 18.4 State of the Art of Ubiquitous GIS ...... 651 18.4.1 Existing Services ...... 651 18.4.2 Issues: Technical Developments ...... 651 18.4.3 Standardization of UBGI ...... 652 18.5 Future Prospects ...... 653 18.5.1 Global Urbanization Trends and Sustainable Resources .... 653 18.5.2 Future Cities in a Ubiquitous Technology Space ...... 653 18.6 Conclusions ...... 655 References ...... 655
19 Legal, Law, Cadastre Markus Seifert...... 657 19.1 International Standardization ...... 658 19.1.1 The European INSPIRE Data Specification for Cadastral Parcels ...... 658 19.1.2 The Land Administration Domain Model ...... 659 19.2 The Roots of Cadastre in Germany ...... 663 19.2.1 The History of the German Cadastre ...... 663 19.2.2 Related Organizational Details ...... 665 1066 Detailed Contents
19.3 Land Register in Germany ...... 666 19.4 The German Cadastral System ...... 667 19.4.1 Content of the Automated Property Register ...... 668 19.4.2 Content of the Automated Cadastral Map ...... 669 19.5 The Next Step: The Integrated Cadastre Information System in Germany ...... 670 19.5.1 ALKIS – The Step to a Standardized Geographic Information System ...... 670 19.5.2 AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS Application Schema ...... 672 19.5.3 The AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS Basic Schema ...... 673 19.5.4 Standard-Based Data Exchange Interface ...... 676 19.5.5 The AAA Application Schema as a Brick of a Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 677 19.5.6 How to Use the AAA Application Schema in Other Thematic Domains ...... 678 19.5.7 A New Trend: Open-Source Implementation of a Cadastral System ...... 679 References ...... 681 ealdCont. Detailed 20 Planning Frank Wilke ...... 683 20.1 Planning Levels ...... 686 20.1.1 Spatial Planning System ...... 690 20.2 Spatial Planning at Federal and Regional Levels ...... 691 20.2.1 Spatial Planning in Europe ...... 691 20.2.2 National Spatial Planning ...... 692 20.2.3 Federal State and Regional Planning ...... 694 20.3 Legally Binding Urban Land-Use Plan ...... 697 20.3.1 Master Land-Use Plan ...... 700 20.3.2 Legally Binding Urban Land-Use Plan ...... 702 20.4 Sector Planning ...... 705 20.5 Plan Implementation ...... 706 20.6 Territorial Units ...... 707 References ...... 709
21 Location-Based Services Alexander Zipf, Matthias M. Jöst ...... 711 21.1 The Location-Based Service Ecosystem ...... 712 21.1.1 Mobile Devices ...... 712 21.1.2 Communication Networks ...... 712 21.1.3 Positioning Component or Service ...... 713 21.1.4 Service and Application Providers ...... 714 21.1.5 Data and Content Providers ...... 714 21.2 Classification of Location-Based Services ...... 714 21.3 Example Applications and Services ...... 715 21.3.1 Global, Mobile, and Location-Based Search ...... 715 21.3.2 Mobile Pedestrian Navigation ...... 715 21.3.3 Regional and Local Location-Based Services ...... 716 Detailed Contents 1067
21.4 Standards for Spatial Services ...... 716 21.4.1 The Open Geospatial Consortium ...... 716 21.4.2 The OGC OpenGIS Location Service (OpenLS) Implementation Specification ...... 718 21.4.3 ISO Standards for Location-Based Services ...... 722 21.5 Summary ...... 723 References ...... 723
22 Computational Movement Analysis Joachim Gudmundsson, Patrick Laube, Thomas Wolle ...... 725 22.1 Movement Traces – A New Kind of Geographic Information ...... 726 22.2 Scientific Fundamentals of Computational Movement Analysis ...... 726 22.2.1 Modeling Movement and Movement Spaces ...... 727 22.2.2 Indexing Trajectories ...... 727 22.2.3 Segmenting Trajectories and Trajectory Simplification ..... 729 22.2.4 Trajectory Similarity ...... 729 22.2.5 Mining for Movement Patterns ...... 731
22.2.6 Visual and Exploratory Movement Analysis ...... 732 Cont. Detailed 22.3 Application Fields of Movement Analysis ...... 733 22.3.1 Behavioral Ecology ...... 733 22.3.2 Mobility and Transportation ...... 733 22.3.3 Surveillance and Security ...... 734 22.3.4 Marketing ...... 734 22.3.5 Sports Scene Analysis ...... 734 22.3.6 Movement in Abstract Spaces ...... 735 22.3.7 Ubiquitous Computing and Assisted Living ...... 735 22.4 Privacy ...... 736 22.5 Conclusions and Outlook ...... 737 References ...... 738
23 Marine Geographic Information Systems Lutz Vetter, Mathias Jonas, Winfried Schröder, Roland Pesch ...... 743 23.1 Exploitation of the Sea ...... 744 23.2 Data ...... 746 23.2.1 Data Acquisition ...... 746 23.2.2 Data Types ...... 747 23.2.3 Data Modeling ...... 749 23.2.4 Web-Based Marine Geo-Information Services ...... 752 23.2.5 Standardization and Harmonization Initiatives ...... 755 23.3 Methodology of GIS-Based Analyses in a Marine Context ...... 755 23.4 Applications ...... 757 23.4.1 Maritime Spatial Planning Activities ...... 757 23.4.2 Coastal Hazards ...... 758 23.5 Outlook on Marine Information Systems ...... 758 23.6 Electronic Navigational Charts for Ship Operation at Sea ...... 759 23.6.1 Digital Ship Navigation ...... 759 23.6.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO) ...... 759 1068 Detailed Contents
23.7 Chart Functions ...... 761 23.7.1 Navigating the Vessel ...... 761 23.7.2 User Interface ...... 762 23.7.3 Basic Settings of Electronic Charts ...... 762 23.7.4 Chart Selection ...... 762 23.7.5 Scale, Range, and Usage of a Chart ...... 764 23.7.6 Areas for Which Special Conditions Exist ...... 765 23.7.7 Detailed Background Information (Info Box; Pick Report) . 765 23.7.8 Depth Information and Safety Contour ...... 765 23.7.9 Alarms and Status Indications ...... 766 23.7.10 Mode of Presentation ...... 767 23.7.11 Navigational Tools ...... 767 23.7.12 Route Planning Functions ...... 768 23.7.13 Route Monitoring Functions ...... 768 23.7.14 Real-Time Ship and Environmental Data ...... 768 23.7.15 High-Precision Navigation for Special Tasks ...... 769 23.7.16 Predicting Own Ship’s Movement ...... 770
ealdCont. Detailed 23.7.17 Integration with Other Navigational Systems ...... 771 23.7.18 AIS Data in the Electronic Chart ...... 772 23.8 Electronic Chart Data ...... 773 23.8.1 Charted Nautical Information ...... 773 23.8.2 Additional Navigational Data ...... 773 23.8.3 Data Provision ...... 773 23.8.4 Chart Corrections ...... 773 23.8.5 Data Services ...... 774 23.8.6 Data Display ...... 776 23.9 The Way Ahead ...... 776 23.9.1 ECDIS – Original Intentions and Reality ...... 776 23.9.2 The New Data Structure ...... 777 23.9.3 Hydrographic Registry ...... 778 23.9.4 Steps for Transition ...... 779 23.10 GIS-Based Ecoregionalization of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea .. 780 23.10.1 Data ...... 781 23.10.2 Methods ...... 781 23.10.3 Results ...... 786 23.10.4 Conclusions and Outlook ...... 789 References ...... 791
24 GIS in Agriculture Ralf Bill, Edward Nash, Görres Grenzdörffer ...... 795 24.1 Motivation ...... 795 24.2 Spatial Data in Agriculture ...... 797 24.2.1 Data Sources ...... 797 24.2.2 Remote Sensing ...... 799 24.2.3 Internal Farm Geoinformation ...... 799 24.2.4 Other Data ...... 801 Detailed Contents 1069
24.3 Integrated Administration and Control System ...... 801 24.3.1 Integrated Administration and Control System ...... 801 24.3.2 Land Parcel Identification System ...... 801 24.4 Precision Agriculture ...... 803 24.4.1 Precision as the Basis for Modern Agriculture ...... 803 24.4.2 Spatial Technologies ...... 804 24.4.3 Precision Farming ...... 804 24.4.4 Information-Driven Plant Production ...... 810 24.5 Farm of Tomorrow ...... 815 24.5.1 Standardization ...... 815 24.5.2 Transparent Production and Traceability ...... 816 24.5.3 Trends in Farm Management ...... 816 24.5.4 Certification, Farm Management, and Crop Production Standards ...... 816 24.5.5 Robotics ...... 817 24.6 Outlook ...... 817 References ...... 817 ealdCont. Detailed
25 GIS in Defense Gerhard Joos ...... 821 25.1 Background and History ...... 822 25.2 Scenarios ...... 823 25.2.1 Coalition War Fighting Operation ...... 823 25.2.2 Coalition Peacekeeping Operation ...... 824 25.2.3 Counter-Insurgency Operation ...... 824 25.2.4 Noncombatant Evacuation Operation ...... 824 25.2.5 United Nations Humanitarian Aid Operation ...... 824 25.2.6 Coalition Sanctions Enforcement Operation ...... 824 25.3 Situational Awareness ...... 825 25.3.1 Common Operational Picture ...... 825 25.3.2 Recognized Environmental Picture ...... 826 25.4 Network-Centric Warfare ...... 827 25.5 Core Services ...... 827 25.5.1 NATO Core GIS ...... 828 25.6 Functional Area Services ...... 828 25.6.1 Command and Control ...... 829 25.6.2 Logistics ...... 830 25.6.3 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) ...... 830 25.6.4 Air-Traffic Control ...... 831 25.6.5 AWACS ...... 831 25.6.6 Confidence-Building Measures and Disarmament ...... 831 25.6.7 Electronic Warfare Analysis Systems ...... 832 25.6.8 Embedded Systems ...... 833 25.6.9 Training and Simulation ...... 833 1070 Detailed Contents
25.7 Military Standards ...... 833 25.7.1 WGS84 ...... 833 25.7.2 Coordinate Systems ...... 833 25.7.3 DIGEST ...... 833 25.8 New Generation of Military Standards ...... 835 25.8.1 DFDD ...... 836 25.8.2 Registers ...... 836 25.9 Military Datasets ...... 836 25.9.1 Level of Detail and Resolution ...... 836 25.9.2 Paper Maps and Their Scanned Georeferenced Counterparts ...... 836 25.9.3 Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photographs ...... 837 25.9.4 Vector Map ...... 837 25.9.5 Digital Terrain Elevation Data ...... 838 25.9.6 Multinational Geospatial Coproduction Program ...... 838 25.9.7 Automated Air Facilities Intelligence Files ...... 838 25.9.8 Digital Vertical Obstruction Files ...... 839 ealdCont. Detailed 25.9.9 Digital Nautical Chart ...... 839 25.9.10 Tactical Ocean Data – Level 0 ...... 839 25.9.11 Tactical Pilotage Chart ...... 839 25.9.12 Urban Models ...... 839 25.9.13 General Regularly Distributed Information in Binary ...... 840 25.10 Conclusion ...... 840 References ...... 840
26 GIS for Transportation TschanghoJ.Kim,KeechooChoi...... 843 26.1 GIS-T in the Public Sector ...... 845 26.1.1 GIS-T in Transportation Organizations ...... 845 26.1.2 GIS-T Activities in Transportation Organizations in the USA 849 26.2 GIS-T in the Private Sector ...... 851 26.2.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ...... 851 26.2.2 Car Navigation System ...... 851 26.2.3 Location-Based Services ...... 852 26.3 Issues in Implementing GIS-T ...... 852 26.3.1 Data Issues ...... 852 26.3.2 Data Sharing and Conversion ...... 852 26.4 Information/Communication Technologies and GIS-T ...... 853 26.4.1 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and GIS-T ...... 853 26.4.2 Artificial Intelligence and GIS-T ...... 854 26.4.3 GIS-T in Ubiquitous Transportation Systems ...... 854 26.5 Summary and Conclusion ...... 854 References ...... 855 Detailed Contents 1071
27 Geology Kristine Asch, Stephen J. Mathers, Holger Kessler...... 857 27.1 Field Work ...... 860 27.2 Geographic Information in Geology ...... 861 27.2.1 Influence of Geographic Information on Geology ...... 861 27.2.2 GI Standards in Geology ...... 862 27.3 Maps and Models ...... 865 27.3.1 Geological Maps ...... 865 27.3.2 3-D Geological Models ...... 865 27.3.3 Modeling Software ...... 872 27.3.4 Delivery ...... 873 27.3.5 Environmental and Subsurface Management ...... 876 27.4 Spatial Data Infrastructures ...... 878 27.4.1 INSPIRE ...... 878 27.4.2 OneGeology ...... 879 27.4.3 OneGeology-Europe ...... 880 27.4.4 GIRAF ...... 881
27.4.5 SLEWS ...... 883 Cont. Detailed 27.5 Future Challenges ...... 883 References ...... 884
28 GIS in Energy and Utilities William (Bill) Meehan, Robert G. Brook, Jessica Wyland ...... 887 28.1 Overall Picture ...... 887 28.1.1 Serious Challenges for Energy Companies and Utilities ..... 887 28.1.2 GIS Provides Spatial Context for Solutions ...... 888 28.1.3 Spatial Approaches Can Frame New Problems ...... 888 28.1.4 Problem and GIS Solution Patterns ...... 889 28.1.5 GIS Helps Energy Companies and Utilities Transform ...... 893 28.2 System Design ...... 894 28.2.1 The Structure of an Energy/Utility GIS ...... 894 28.2.2 Energy/Utility Data Models ...... 895 28.2.3 Cadastre and Land Management ...... 895 28.2.4 Energy Company Workflows and GIS ...... 895 28.2.5 GIS and the Energy Company Value Chain Master Processes 899 28.3 Applications ...... 900 28.3.1 GIS for Exploration ...... 900 28.3.2 GIS for Energy Development ...... 901 28.3.3 GIS for Gathering Infrastructure ...... 902 28.3.4 GIS for Production Facilities ...... 902 28.3.5 GIS for Transportation (Transmission) ...... 903 28.3.6 GIS for Distribution ...... 906 28.3.7 GIS for Retail ...... 908 28.3.8 GIS for Energy Consumers ...... 908 28.4 Summary ...... 909 Further Reading ...... 909 1072 Detailed Contents
29 GIS in Health and Human Services William F. Davenhall, Christopher Kinabrew ...... 911 29.1 What Is Health? ...... 912 29.1.1 What Is Public Health? ...... 912 29.2 A Brief History of Geography and GIS in HHS ...... 913 29.2.1 The Early Years of GIS in Health and Human Services ...... 915 29.2.2 The Early Adopters ...... 917 29.2.3 GIS Starting in Hospitals ...... 918 29.3 GeographyIsDestinyinHealth ...... 918 29.3.1 Growth of GIS in Health and Human Services ...... 920 29.4 GIS Relevance to Public Health ...... 920 29.4.1 Immunization ...... 920 29.4.2 Disease Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, and Syndromic Surveillance ...... 921 29.4.3 Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response ..... 922 29.4.4 Community Health Assessment, Planning, and Profiling ... 923 29.4.5 Environmental Health ...... 924
ealdCont. Detailed 29.4.6 Chronic Disease Prevention and Control ...... 925 29.4.7 Infectious Diseases ...... 927 29.4.8 Animal and Veterinary Health ...... 929 29.4.9 Human Services ...... 929 29.4.10 Hospitals and Health Systems ...... 930 29.5 GIS and HHS Education ...... 930 29.5.1 Biostatistics and GIS ...... 930 29.5.2 Community Health and GIS ...... 930 29.5.3 Epidemiology and GIS ...... 930 29.5.4 Global Health and GIS ...... 931 29.5.5 GIS and e-Health ...... 931 29.6 Summary ...... 932 References ...... 933
30 Open-Source GIS Ranga R. Vatsavai, Thomas E. Burk, Steve Lime, Marco Hugentobler, Andreas Neumann, Christian Strobl ...... 939 30.1 MapServer ...... 939 30.1.1 Definition ...... 939 30.1.2 Basic MapServer Features ...... 940 30.1.3 Historical Background ...... 940 30.1.4 MapServer Technical Fundamentals ...... 941 30.1.5 Typical Applications ...... 946 30.1.6 Outlook ...... 947 30.2 Open-Source Geospatial Libraries ...... 947 30.2.1 Historical Background ...... 948 30.2.2 Library Scopes and Descriptions ...... 949 30.2.3 Application Examples ...... 952 30.2.4 Future Directions ...... 953 Detailed Contents 1073
30.3 Quantum GIS ...... 953 30.3.1 Origins of Quantum GIS ...... 954 30.3.2 QGIS Features and Architecture ...... 954 30.3.3 Application Examples ...... 957 30.3.4 Future Plans ...... 957 30.4 PostGIS – an Open-Source Spatial Database ...... 958 30.4.1 Origins of PostgreSQL ...... 958 30.4.2 PostGIS – Details and Examples ...... 959 30.4.3 Main Applications ...... 963 30.4.4 Future Directions ...... 963 30.5 Open-Source Licenses ...... 963 References ...... 964
31 Open-Source Tools for Environmental Modeling Ari Jolma, Daniel P. Ames, Ned Horning, Helena Mitasova, Markus Neteler, AaronRacicot,TimSutton...... 967 31.1 Historical Background and Current Developments ...... 967
31.1.1 Early Years ...... 968 Cont. Detailed 31.1.2 Conferences on GIS and Environmental Modeling ...... 968 31.1.3 The Role of International Organizations ...... 969 31.1.4 Current Situation and Outlook ...... 969 31.2 Fundamentals of Environmental Modeling and Management ...... 970 31.2.1 The Modeling Process ...... 971 31.2.2 Software for Modeling ...... 972 31.3 Geospatial Free and Open-Source Software Toolchain ...... 973 31.3.1 Hardware and Operating System Platforms ...... 973 31.3.2 Programming-Language-Specific Platforms ...... 974 31.3.3 Application Development Platforms ...... 976 31.4 Solutions and Examples ...... 981 31.4.1 Mapping of Ecological Values Using a Desktop Tool ...... 981 31.4.2 Delivery of a Spatial Assessment of Climate Change Impacts ...... 981 31.4.3 Runoff and Erosion Modeling and Control Designs ...... 982 31.4.4 Coastal Dynamics and Sea Level Rise Impacts ...... 982 31.4.5 Assessing Environmental Pollution of Watersheds ...... 982 31.4.6 Spatial Modeling of Landscapes ...... 982 References ...... 982
Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards ...... 985 About the Authors ...... 1041 Detailed Contents ...... 1053 Subject Index ...... 1075 Subject Index 1075
Subject Index
χ2 distribution 41 Ð spatial coordinate transformation ad hoc query tool 127 .NET 646 201 additive color mixing 338, 339 .map file 943 Ð tessellation 314 address 707 100% principle 420 Ð topology 271 address scheme 720 1Spatial Clarity 332 Ð visualization 957 adjustment 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 2.5-D 266, 267, 303 Ð volumes interpolation 977 31Ð34, 36, 38, 41, 42 Ð geometry model 305 Ð Web Editeur Geologique (3DWEG) Ð model 264 2-dimensional (2-D) 212, 228, 242, 873 Ð theory 20, 22, 24 495, 860, 950 4-intersection model 309 administration 522 Ð electronic sensor 216 9-intersection model 309 Ðsystem 150 Ð ellipsoidal coordinates 443 administrative Ð Euclidean space 727, 728 A Ð boundary 922 Ð geometric model 187 Adobe Ð geometry model 305 A* algorithm 285 Ð Flash framework 355 Ðimage 212 absolute Ð Flex framework 355 Ð point 304 Ðgeometry 28 ÐSVGViewer(ASV) 578 Ð scanner 245 Ð orientation 261 ADS80 airborne line scanner 222 Ð surface 266 absolute circular error 460 advanced data analysis 124 Ð surface model 187 Absolute Exterior Orientation (EO) advanced GNSS data analysis 196 Ð topological model 312 245 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 2-manifold 304 absolute Exterior Orientation (EO) (AMI) 893, 908 3-4-D process modeling 877 252 Advanced Public Transportation 3-DIM 542 abstract System (APTS) 853 3G (third-generation) network 713 Ð coverage 520 Advanced Traffic Management Index Subject 3-dimensional (3-D) 187, 212, 230, Ðlevel 399, 409 System (ATMS) 853 266, 495 Abstract Data Types (ADT) 718 Advanced Traveler Information Ð attitude 251 abstract geometry coordinate 544 System (ATIS) 853 Ð city model 307 abstract specification 462, 537, 717 Advanced Vehicle Control System Ð city modeling 154 Abu Dhabi Systems & Information (AVCS) 853 Ð data structure 953 Centre 530 Advanced Very High Resolution Ð Euclidean space 727 acceleration 244, 248 Radiometer (AVHRR) 183, 944 Ð geocentric Cartesian coordinate accelerometer 248Ð251 aerial 33 access –film 523 Ð geodata 569 Ð control 526, 632, 633, 636, 638 Ðimage 267 Ð geological model 876 Ð right 633, 636 Ð photo 714, 900 Ð geometry model 305 Ðtodata 755 Ð photograph 360, 367, 369, 837, Ð GeoModeller 873 accessibility analysis 166 915 Ð groundwater flow modeling 977 accident 850, 889, 898, 904, 908 Ð triangulation 215 Ð hybrid model 187 accreditation body 459 Aerial Triangulation (AT) 225, 253, Ðimage 978 accumulation of data 124 472 Ð map algebra 977 accuracy graph 49 Aeronautical Information Exchange Ð modeling 873 acquisition 379 Model (AIXM) 540 Ð object 212, 303 Ð geospatial data 240 affine line-based transformation ÐPDF 873 across track 234, 244 model 255 Ð point 83 Ð interferometry 239 affine transformation 295, 512, 513, Ð polynomial model 255 active object 516 Ð seven-parameter transformation Ð database 347 AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS (AAA) 33, 34 active sensor 230, 245, 252 Ð application schema 671, 673 Ð simulation 148 ActiveX control 941 Ðbasicschema 673 Ð spaceÐtime cube 728 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) 547 Ð data model 670 1076 Subject Index
AFNOR 410 ALKIS (Amtliches anthropology 534 Africa 530, 882 Liegenschaftskataster- Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) 928 Africover 487 Informationssystem) 670, antiviral 927 after theft system 526 798 ANZLIC Working Group 376 agency code register 778 Allied Procedures Publication (APP) Apache 943 Agency for Toxic Substances and 825 ÐServer 752 Disease Registry (ATSDR) 917 along and across track 244 aperture 235 aggregate 305, 491 along-track 234, 244, 261 API 355, 569 Ð dataset 367 Ð interferometry 239 app layer 956 Ð geometric 675 ALS 242 apparent electrical conductivity aggregation 8, 331 altitude 228 (ECa) 806 Ðlevel 707 Ambient Spatial Intelligence (AmSI) application 126, 365, 895 agricultural 735 Ð configuration 943 Ð electronics 523 ambulance 923 Ð layer 633 Ð machinery 795, 811 Ð location 923 Ðlevel 4 agriculture 522, 529 American GPS 191 Ð model 419 Ð software products 797 American National Standards Ð ontology 592 Ð spatial data 797 Institute (ANSI) 63, 73, 401 Ð provider 480 AIDS 928 Amtliches Liegenschaftskataster- Ð schema 3Ð5, 7, 11, 15, 111, 115, Air Force 822 Informationssystem (ALKIS) 117, 118, 373, 383, 519, 599, 622, air pollution 925 798 863 air pressure 214 analog camera 215 Application Programming Interface air quality 541, 844, 846 analysis 125, 130, 138, 229, 242, (API) 362, 440, 546, 555, 646, Air Task Order (ATO) 831 267, 366, 567, 753, 868, 889, 891, 968, 972 Air Tasking Message (ATM) 831 892, 896 application-independent data 601 air traffic 705 Ð composite 178 approval stage 403 air/noise pollution 908 Ð discovery 141 approximating airborne Ð evacuation 903 Ðcurve 168 ujc Index Subject Ð imagery 398 Ð function 160 approximation 83, 86, 88, 94 Ð imaging sensor 216 Ð layer 956 aquaculture 182, 744 Ð photogrammetry 258 Ð Object-Oriented (OO) 76 aquifer 868 Ð photograph 465 Ðsystem 150 Arc Internet Map Server (ArcIMS) Ð platform 216 analytic web map 572 752, 942 Ð pushbroom line sensor 223 analytical tool 917 Arc marine data model 749 Ðsensor 224 anchor point 269, 271 arc section 20 airborne laser scanner 250 Anderson 487 arc string 491 Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) angle of incidence 234, 239 arc string by bulge 491 244, 261, 264, 266 animal ArcGIS 304, 925 airborne line scanner concept 222 Ð health 920 Ð Online 387 Airborne Warning and Control Ð outbreak 921 Ð Pipeline Data Model (APDM) System (AWACS) 831 animated web map 572 895 aircraft 746 animation 338, 519, 732, 749 ÐServer 569, 952 airfield 838 Ðevent 574 archeology 534 Air-Traffic Control (ATC) 831 Ð tool 980 architect AJAX 355, 569, 942 anisotropy 45 Ð enterprise 431 alarm 765, 766 Ð geometric 48 architectural reference model 421 Ð function 768 annotation 345 Ð services 441 ALB (Automatisiertes anonymity 736 architecture 421, 542, 828 Liegenschaftsbuch) 798 ANOVA F-test 786 Ð data-warehouse 137 Alexander von Humboldt 744 ANSI 453 Architecture Implementation Pilot Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) 781 ANSI/NISO Z39.85 Ð 2001 453 (AIP) 541 algebraic topology 308 Antarctic 535 archival 365 algorithm of Dijkstra 165 anthrax 919 archival environment 367 alignment 352 Ðstrain 919 archiving 529 ALK (Automatisierte anthropogenic impact 780 ArcIMS 569, 952 Liegenschaftskarte) 798 anthropogenic pressure 780 ArcObjects software toolkit 346 Subject Index 1077
ArcSDE 950 Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license autonomous Ðsoftware 752 964 Ð helicopter 292 ArcXML 753 audit 407, 438 Ð measurement 249 area 503 Australian Government Geologists Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Ð of interest 719 Information Committee (GGIC) (AUV) 746, 749 Ð of responsibility 692 864 autosteer system 810 Ð of under-immunization 921 Australian Marine Spatial autosteering 797 Ð variations in health care 919 Information System (AMSIS) avian influenza 921 arithmetic mean 22, 23 755 aviation 540 Army 822 authentication 462, 573, 634 azimuth 334 arrangement 335 Ð assertion 635 Ð direction 235 array type sensor 467 Ð in open systems 632 Ð resolution 234 Artemisinin-Based Combination Ð request protocol 635 Therapy (ACT) 928 authenticity 396 B artifact authoritative data 396 Ðprofile 636 authoritative referencing 620 B+-tree 91, 106 Ð resolution protocol 635 authorization 363, 633, 636 Bezier« 490 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 125, Ð assertion 635 Ð spline 497 126, 843, 854 AutoCAD 861 bacillus anthracis 919 Ðsystem 183 autocorrelation function 44 backbone infrastructure 648 ASCII file 968 autocovariance 44, 57 back-fitting model 49, 50 Asia 534 Ð function 44, 56 backward cloud generator 130, 131 aspect model 170 Autodesk Geospatial Products 964 balloon metaphor 164 asset management 889, 890, 892, Automated Air Facilities Intelligence Baltic Sea 743 897 File (AAFIF) 838 band 101 assisted living 735 Automated Cadastral Map (ALK) banded tint 348 associated vocabulary 601 668 bar code 713 association 7, 8, 12, 14Ð16, 78, 383 Automated Mapping/Facilities barometer 245 Ðclass 8, 9 Management (AM/FM) 907 barrel distortion 214 Index Subject Ðrole 385 Automated Property Register (ALB) barycentric interpolation 512 Ðrule 124 668 base map 294, 908 Ð rule mining 131 Automated Resistivity Profiling basic Association of Geographic (ARP) 872 Ð geodata 813 Information (AGI) 488 automated selection 261 Ð navigation service 482 ATIS application 851 Automatic Aerial Triangulation Ð register 618 ATKIS (Amtliches (AAT) 256 Ð spatial query 84, 88 Topographisch-Kartographisches automatic equipment identification Ðtest 438 Informationssystem) 173, 670 526 Ð time system 196 Atlas 531 Automatic Identification System Basic Image Interchange Format atmospheric condition 176 (AIS) 772 (BIIF) 525, 834 atmospheric radiative transfer model Automatic License Plate Recognition Basic Law 664 229 (ALPR) 649 BASINS (Better Assessment Science atmospheric refraction 268 Automatic Radar Plotting Aids Integrating Point and Nonpoint atmospheric transmissivity 233 (ARPAs) 771 Sources) 982 atmospheric window 230 automatic roadside assistance 650 bathymetric map 753 Atomic Time (TAI) 197 automatic seamline 272 bathymetry 750, 778, 839 attenuation 242 Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Ð gridded 777 attitude 221, 245, 253, 262, 268 63 Bavaria 960 attribute 7Ð12, 14, 16, 78, 369, 383, automatic vehicle identification 526 Bavarian Administration for 433, 678, 749, 892, 895, 940 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Surveying and Geoinformation Ð assertion 635 853 (BVV) 679 Ð code 834 Automatisierte Liegenschaftskarte Bayer pattern 218 Ð decision 136 (ALK) 798 Bayes Ðdepth 126 Automatisiertes Liegenschaftsbuch Ð filter 287, 290 Ðsize 331 (ALB) 798 Ðlaw 289 1078 Subject Index
Bayes’ theorem 132 biostatistics 930 built environment 919 Ð applied to large databases 132 biotope 780 bulk transportation 899, 902 Bayesian biotope and land use type mapping Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Ð belief network 132 (Biotop- und Nutzungstypen- Hydrographie (BSH) 757 Ð classifier 178 kartierung, BTNT) 799 Bureau International de l’Heure Ð inference 135 biquadratic interpolation 512 (BIH) 190 Ð kriging 53 bivariate map 328 burn-in flight 215 Ðnetwork 971 bivariate symbology 337 bus 483 Ð update procedure 282 block geometry 215 business beam splitter 219 block region 88, 92, 95, 105 Ðanalysis 395 beamwidth 235 block side 707 Ð analytics 903, 908 bearing 503 Blocks model 307 Ð data warehouse 127 bedrock 869 blood bank 922 Ð model 363 behavior 895 Bluetooth 713, 718 Ð modeling 534 behavioral ecology 733 blunder 295 Ð registry application 621 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Board of Directors (BOD) 538 Ð tool 909 System (BRFSS) 923 body frame 250, 251 Business Intelligence (BI) 138 Beidou 247 Boolean operator 306 butterfly pattern 216 BellÐLa Padula 632 Boolean set operation 73 buying pattern 909 benthic data 781 border 292 by-law 398 Berkeley Software Distribution Ð edge 99 (BSD) license 949 Ð node 99 C Bernstein polynomials 497 borehole 859, 867 Bertin 334 boresight determination 252 C 525, 949, 974 Bessel ellipsoid 445 bottom decision-maker 125 C++ 525, 949, 953, 956, 974 best fitting 192 bottom hierarchy 131 CAD drawing 360 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Bouguer anomalies 43 cadastral 908 (BLUE) 255 boundary 283, 309, 314, 500, 605 Ð agency 665 ujc Index Subject best point 516 Ð administrative 922 Ð authority 665 Best Practice Paper (BP) 541 Ð relation 314 Ð footprint 307 bias 455 Ð representation 303, 306 Ð layer 894 Biba model 632 Bounding Box (BBOX) 479 Ðmap 795 bicubic grid 499 bounding boxes overlap 962 Ð map nondigital 669 bicubic interpolation 274, 512 boustrophedonic scanning 514 Ð object 293 Ð bilinear 273 break-line 265 Ð parcel 658, 659, 662 Ð nearest neighbor 273 BRGM 873 Ðplan 327 bidirectional pipeline processing British Geological Survey (BGS) Ðsystem 535, 657 595 866 Ð tradition 399 BIIF (Basic Image Interchange browser 477 cadastre 657, 895, 900 Format) 410 ÐPOSTprofile 636 Ð administration 797 bilinear interpolation 273, 512 Ð threat model 633, 636 Ð for regional planning 697 billing service 714 BSD license 951, 952, 958, 964 Ð for spatial planning 697 Binary Large Object (BLOB) 74, b-spline surface 500 Ð regional planning 697 100 B-tree 126 CAD-type system 508 binary region 87 bucket region 88 calendar 102 Ð regular 87 buddy finder 715 calibrated focal length 214, 467 binding 975 buffer 82, 502, 950 calibration 176, 213, 243, 252, 253, Ð land-use plan 698 Ðanalysis 164 255, 262, 263 Bing Maps 355, 569, 584 Ð zone 85 Ð of lever-arms 252 biodiversity 278, 541, 780, 888 bug-fix 462 camera 523 biofuel 899 building 522, 661, 707 Ð calibration 256 biologist 733 Ðblock 708 Ð certification 529 biology 746, 750, 919 Ð permit 696, 700, 705 Ð cone 217 biostatistic cancer registry dataset Ðuse 698, 703, 704, 706 Ðgeometry 216 917 building classification Ð head 215 biostatistician 917 Ð model-based 308 Ð hyperspectral 212 Subject Index 1079
Ð mapping 215 Cascading Style Sheet centroid 501 Ð pinhole 212 (CSS) 568 Ð coordinates 30 Canada 557 cascading Web Map Server 477 Ð reduction 30 Canada’s Minister of Health and catalog 365, 542 CEP (Celestial Ephemeris Pole) Welfare 912 Ð service 545, 554, 717, 828 189 Canadian Geospatial Data Ð standards 473 CERN 568 Infrastructure (CGDI) 590 Catalogue Service for the Web certification 363 cancer registry 924 (CSW) 554, 621 CFP 541 candidate 86 Catalogue Services for the Web CGI (Common Gateway Interface) Ðkey 66 (CSW) 607 525, 568, 947 canonical path type 734 cataloguing dataset 452 Ð module 942 Cantor-diagonal scanning 514 CauchyÐRiemann differential Ðvariable 942 Canvas 569 equation 201 chain-node vector data 834 capability description 367 CCD (charge-coupled device) 212 chalk 870 capability test 438 Ð array 218 Chameleon 946 capacitated arc routing Ð frame arrangement 216, 217 change detection 175, 183 problem 319 Ð frame sensor 219 Ð method 177 capacitated Chinese postman problem Ð line sensor technology 222 Ð sensitivity 177 319 CD ROM 406, 860 change in imagery 176 capacity building initiative 921 celestial reference system 187, 189 change vector analysis 179 cap-and-trade system 893 cell change vector procedure 180 capturing Ð center 273, 516 channel 218 Ðdata 151 Ð code 89, 91, 97 Character Large Object (CLOB) 74 car navigation Ð complex 311, 313 character set 380 Ðdevice 644 Ð identification 713 characteristic curve 215 Car Navigation System (CNS) 450, Ð phone 727 characteristics of the geospatial data 647, 851 Ð resolution 91 85 carbon trading 888 Ð structure 516 characteristics rule 124 Carrier-Phase Differential cell decomposition 283 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Index Subject (CP-DGPS) 247 cellular mesh 866 212, 227 Ð kinematic 248 cellular network 524, 712 chart 327, 360, 764, 772, 777 Ð static 248 CEN (Centre« Europeen« de Ðdisplay 767 carrier-smoothed code 247 Normalisation) 376, 862 Ð orientation 776 Cartesian Ð ISSS 523 Ð related content 778 Ð coordinate 186Ð189, 198 Ð TC 278 523 chart data 759, 760 Ð coordinate system 445 Ð TC 278 Road transport and traffic Ð producer 774 Ð CRS 470 telematics 411, 425 Ðraster 776 Ð ITRF coordinate 204 Ð TC 287 523 Ð shape 776 Ð product 72 CEN (Comite« Europeen« de Ð symbol 776 cartogram 575 Normalisation) Ð vector 776 cartographer 294, 324, 860 Ð TC 287 geographic information Chebyshev distance 133 Cartographic 399 chemical spill 922 Ð Heritage 531 center 504 Chevron 528 cartographic center transformation 89 Chief Executive Officer (CEO) 538 Ð deployment 354 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Chinese postman problem 318 Ð generalization 155, 294 921 Chinese Taipei GIS Center 530 Ð projection 776, 973 Centers for Disease Control and chirp 235 Ð projections library 974 Prevention (CDC) 917 Chi-Square Interaction Detection Ð representations mechanism 346 centimeter accuracy 203 Method (CHAID) 781 Ð symbol 448 Central Informatics Organization of chi-square test 786 Ð workshop 828 Bahrain 530 chlorophyll 747 Cartographies of Disease 913 central meridian 204 choice of color saturation 340 cartography 201, 323, 324, 448, Central Meridian (CM) 202 cholera outbreak 913 505, 534 central perspective 212, 268 choose-subtree 105 Cartográfic de Catalunya 530 centralized computing 645, 646 Ð operation 94, 95 1080 Subject Index
choropleth map 328, 575 climate 946 cognitive 124 chroma scale 340 Ð change 537, 541, 744, 884, 981 coherence of data 755 chronic disease 913 Ð function map 700 cokriging 53, 56, 59 Ð GIS exchange 926 Ð zone 485 Cold War 832 Ð prevention 920 climatic condition 903 collaborating center 916 Ðtrend 918 clipping technique 88, 91 collaboration network 370 circuit closed surface 304 collaborative web map 573 ÐEulerian 99, 316 closely coupled integration 249 collimator 213 Circular Map Accuracy Standard close-range application 256 collinearity (CMAS) 382 closure 501 Ð condition 254, 255 CircularString 83 clothoid 303, 491 Ð equation 213, 270 circulation 746 cloud Colloquium on African Geology city 653, 707 Ð environment 324 (CAG) 882 Ð Geographic Markup Language Ð generator 131 color 338, 356 (CityGML) 553, 840, 953 Ð model 123, 127, 130, 131 Ðband 219, 222 Ð model 304 Ð model of displacement 130 Ðmap 101 civil aviation 531 cloud computing 652, 655 Ð palette 356 civil engineering 522 Ð technology 854 Ð proofing 524 Civil Military Cooperation (CIMIC) cloud model Ðramp 342 829 Ð condensed 131 Ð scheme 342 claim for damages 684 cluster analysis 758, 781, 786, 927 Ð space 340 clarity 325 clustering 133, 134, 136 Ð specification 339 class 7, 8, 11 Ðanalysis 128 colored RGB digital image 218 Ð conformance 438 Ðrule 124 combined approach 180 Ðdiagram 5, 431 CMOS technology 227 combined L1 GPS/Galileo receiver Ð feature 7, 331, 747, 895 CMYK 524 247 Ð membership probability 132 Ð model 340 combined transformation 124 Ðname 10 CNES 528 Comite« Europeen« de Normalisation ujc Index Subject classical inferential model 135 coal 887, 893 (CEN) 399, 410 classification 132, 136, 382, 661, –fire 230 Command and Control (C2) System 789, 891 Ðmine 899 821 Ð algorithm 785 Ðplant 903 Command and Control Information Ð and regression tree (CART) 781 coalition peacekeeping operation System (C2IS) 829 Ðofdata 266 824 Command, Control, Communication Ð of standards 400 coalition sanctions enforcement (C3) 831 Ð percentage 788 operation 824 Command, Control, Communication, Ð procedure 178, 780 coalition war fighting operation 823 Computer, Intelligence (C4I) Ðrule 124 Coarse-Acquisition (C/A) 825 Ðsystem 485, 755 code 247 Command, Control, Communication, classifier Coast Guard 822 Computers, Intelligence, Ð attribute 6 coastal Surveillance, Reconnaissance Ðdiagram 6 Ð dynamics 982 (C4ISR) 822 Ð operation 6 Ð ecosystem 758 commerce 522 class-to-class relationship 431 Ð flood protection 697 commercial GIS vendor 574 clause Ð zone 779 commercial provider 948 Ð conformance 438 Ð zone mapping 778 Commercial Vehicle Operation Clean Air Act 843 coboundary 314, 519 (CVO) 853 cleaning 278 Ð relation 314 Commission on the Management and CleanSeaNet project 758 code list 621 Application of Geoscience clearinghouse 365, 394, 452 coded character set 522 Information (CGI) 863 Ðnetwork 375 codedread 586 Committee Draft (CD) 403, 404 Clenshaw summation 195 codelist 7 Committee on Earth Observation clientÐserver architecture 646 co-dimension 310 Satellites/Working Group on Ð configuration 942 coding 522 Information Systems and Services client-side application 942 cofactor matrix 23 (CEOS/WGISS) 527 client-side software 945 cognition 124, 125, 590 committee stage 403 Subject Index 1081
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) compound coordinate reference conformal 334 940 system 195 Ð transformation 33, 34 Common Information Model (CIM) compound CRS 442, 445 conformance 895 compound element 375 Ðclass 438 common interface 615 CompoundCurve 83 Ðclause 438 Common Language Infrastructure comprehensive data warehouse 138 Ðlevel 439 (CLI) 975 comprehensive matrix 133 conformance and testing 430 Common Object Request Broker comprehensive metadata element conic 491 Architecture (CORBA) 547, 646 452 conjugate point 218 Common Operational Picture (COP) Comprehensive Perl Archive Conseil Européen pour la Recherche 825, 827 Network (CPAN) 974 Nucléaire 568 CommonGIS 979 Comprehensive R Archive Network consensus 401 commonness 593 (CRAN) 974 Ð standards 400 communication 280, 324, 592, 845, Compusult 530 conservative approximation 87 852, 853 computational movement analysis consortium 537 Ð bandwidth 713 726, 733 constant trajectory 253 Ð channel 593Ð595 Computational Transportation constraint 9, 14, 15 Ðnetwork 594, 648 Science (CTS) 733 Ð as observation 38 Ð process 593 computational viewpoint 440, 480, Ð management 35 Ð service 714 597, 722 Ð snooping 38 Ð service (ITCS) 440 computer construct Ðsystem 942 Ð industry 534 Ð object-oriented 77 Communications Service Interface Ð mapping 916 construction 523, 888, 898 (CSI) 441 computer graphics 410 Ð coordination 889 community Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) Ð documentation 898 Ð health program 930 410 Construction Engineering Research Ð modeling 969 Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) Laboratory (CERL) 716 company 410 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Ð workflow 896 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 306 Index Subject company value chain 845, 861, 890 consumer 374 Ð master process 899 computerized dataset 126 Ð camera 216 comparison predicate 551 concatenated operation 444 contamination 905 COMPASS 206 concept 591 Content Standard for Digital Compass 227 Ð classification 602 Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) compatibility 399 conceptual data model 151 375 complementary hue 343 conceptual model 364, 858 context 594 Complementary MetalÐOxideÐ conceptual modeling 4, 5 Ð document 549 Semiconductor (CMOS) 227 conceptual schema language 3Ð5, Ð function 450 complete state space 287 111, 112, 430, 672, 778 Ð intersection 605 completeness 371, 381, 382, 454 Ð conceptual formalism 430 Ð segment metaphor 605 complex 491 ÐEXPRESS 430 Contiki 276 Ð geospatial analysis 978 conceptualization principle 420 continental-scale geoid Ð navigation service 483 condensed cloud model 131 Ð CHAMP 195 Ð number 237 condition Ð GOCE 195 Ð organization 286 Ð collinearity 254, 255 Ð GRACE 195 component calibration 215 Ð of the object 5 Continuous Wave (CW) 241 Component Object Model (COM) Ð of universality 55 Continuously Operating Reference 547 conditional distribution 132 Station (CORS) 847 component register 618 conditional function 450 contour 266, 348, 865 composed approximation 87, 91 Conductivity, Temperature, Density Ð line 294, 849 composite (CTD) 746 control body 617, 619, 623, 624 Ðanalysis 178 confidence 131 control design 982 Ðcurve 305 confidence-building measures 831 control point 20, 23, 25, 28, 30Ð36, Ð solid 306 confidentiality 396, 632 40, 42, 225 Ð surface 304, 306 conflation 35, 38 Conventional International Origin composition 8, 14 Conflict Prevention Centre 832 190, 192 1082 Subject Index
conversion 444, 852 Spatial/Regional Planning customer 891, 893, 894, 908 Ðrule 111, 112, 117 (CEMAT) 691 Ðbehavior 892 convex hull 950 counterflow principle 686, 690 Ð care 909 convolution 257 counter-insurgency operation 824 Ðdata 909 cooperative agreement 558 counterterrorist 824 Ð layer 895 coordinate 719 counting 382 Ð service 892 Ð Cartesian 186Ð189, 198 country name 523 cut and fill calculation 849 Ðconversion 198, 206 county 922 CV SegmentedCurveCoverage 513 Coordinate Reference Frame (CRF) county’s planning process 922 CV ThiessenPolygonCoverage 512 188 covariance 25, 35, 42, 56, 59 CV TINCoverage 513 Coordinate Reference System (CRS) Ð function 46, 49 cybernetics 592 188, 270, 371, 373, 413, 440, 443, Ðmatrix 28, 30, 40, 179, 290, 455 cylinder 304 446, 473, 508, 517, 542, 618, 623, cover sheet 404 C# 949, 975 663, 833, 840, 948 coverage 273, 465, 490, 519, 837, Ð ellipsoidal and projected 445 963 D Ð engineering 443 Ð abstract 520 Ð geodetic 443 Ð alignment 951 DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Ðimage 443 Ð cleaning 951 Language) 604 Ð subtype 443 Ð multi point 520 dark object subtraction 177 Ð vertical 443 Ð multi surface 520 Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Coordinate System (CS) 186, 364, Ð schema 366 918 623, 953 CP-DGPS/INS 263 data Ð information 366 crawler 746 Ð about data 396 Ð subtypes 444 Creative Commons 969 Ð access 955 coordinate transformation 83, 155, Ð Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license Ð accumulation of 124 191, 198, 200, 619 964 Ð acquisition 126, 845 Ð service 555, 717 Ð license 964 Ð analysis tool 138 coordinate-based representation creator 389 Ð and service sharing 879 ujc Index Subject 280, 282 crisp characteristics function 128 Ð association 279, 287 Coordination of Information on the crop monitoring 182 Ðblock 91, 92 Environment (CORINE) 487 crop production standard 816 Ð capture 409 copyleft 963 crossbow 276 Ð capturing 151 copyright 351, 568 cross-community interoperability Ð catalog 375 copyright laws 363 540 Ð collection processing 276 CORBA technology 547 cross-domain vocabulary (ISO Ð compression 845 CORBA/IIOP 554 19146) 434 Ð consistency 138 core cross-mapping 437 Ð cube 124, 138, 141 Ð metadata 378, 452 cross-platform library 953 Ð dictionary 138, 376, 379 Ð service 827 cross-validation 43, 50, 51, 785 Ðdisplay 417 Ðviewer 828 cross-variogram 46 Ð elevation 849 coregistration 219, 239 CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) Ð exchange 409 Coriolis force 188 306 Ð exchange model 451 corner transformation 88 CS-Map 951, 953 Ð exchange standard 853 cornerness measure 258 CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) 568 Ð feature 360 correlation 28, 35, 36, 42, 48 cubic index (BMZ) 703 Ð format 363 Ðmask 260 cubic interpolation 267, 512 Ð integration 888, 905, 976 Ðmatrix 179 cubicSpline 303 Ð interchange 110, 115 Ðstrategy 258 cultural adaptability 614 Ð layer definition 943 correlogram 44, 46, 50 Cultural and Linguistic Adaptability Ð management 845, 889, 890, 892, correspondence model 380, 470 (CLA) 407, 526 895Ð897, 976 cost 888, 891, 904 cultural and linguistic support 380 Ðmart 124, 127, 137 Ð function 480 cultural landmark 839 Ð mining 124, 127 Ðofdata 755 curvature 189 Ðnetwork 977 Council of Europe Conference of curve 82, 305, 506 Ð node 94, 97 Ministers Responsible for CurvePolygon 83 Ð point 866 Subject Index 1083
Ð preparation 124 data transfer 375, 668 Dead Reckoning (DR) 767 Ð preprocessing 176 Ð function 156 Ð technology 851 Ð presentation 760 data transmission 845 debugging environment 571 Ð preservation 542 Ð and storage 126 Decca 525 Ð producer 385 database 62, 72, 124, 125, 127, 331, decentralized spatial computing Ð product 475, 537 440, 442, 623, 668, 860, 895, 903, 278 Ð provider 480, 956 930 decision Ð request 158 Ð active object 347 Ð attribute 136 Ð selection 176 –field 364 Ð support 542, 927 Ð service 774 Ð general 414 Ð support tool 127 Ð serving 977 Ð nautical 744 Decision Support System (DSS) Ð sharing 846, 852 Ðnetwork 97 123, 127, 138, 971 Ð source layer 137 Ð relational 65, 67, 78, 126, 130, decision tree 785Ð788 Ð specification 662, 879 644 Ð model 781 Ðstorage 409, 416, 845 Ð schema 68 Ð procedure 781 Ð type 431, 747 Ð spatiotemporal 102 decision-making 127, 395, 845, 859 Ðusage 126 Ð structure 138 Ð model 970 Ð visualization 127 Database Management System Ð pattern 127 Ð warehouse 123, 125, 127, 130, (DBMS) 62, 64, 84, 125, 148, Ð process 137 137, 138, 141 750, 845, 959 Ðtable 135 Data Access Object (DAO) 547 database system 125 decluster calculation 51 data capture 889, 892, 896 Ð technology 125 decoding 115 Ð function 150 DataBlade 105 deeds registration 657 Ð process 366 data-driven linear quadtree 91 deegree 978 Ðsystem 150 data-driven model 139 Deep Map 716 data cube data-mining process 125 Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) Ð hyperspectral 229 data-oriented manipulation 125 747 data field 123, 129 data-referenced decision-making Defence Geospatial Information Ð scalar 129 139 Working Group (DGIWG) 411, Index Subject Ð vector 129 dataset 124, 380, 432, 836, 946 426, 439, 475, 527, 622, 823, 833, Data Mining and Knowledge Ð aggregate 367 835 Discovery (DMKD) 123, 135 Ð and knowledge 123 Ð feature and attribute data registry Ð basic concept 123 Ð computerized 126 475 Ð dataset and knowledge 124 Ð geospatial 85, 367 Ð Feature Data Dictionary (DFDD) Ð entity 136 Ð language 380 475, 622, 836 Ð evolution 125 Ð metadata 367 defense 395, 542, 716 Ð hierarchy 124 Ðseries 367, 368 defibrillator 926 Ð mathematical foundation 127 Ð topic category 380 definition of interface 462 Ð rules and exceptions 124 datatype 6, 7, 10, 14, 16 deforestation 182 Ðsetofrules 123 data-warehouse deformation rule 125 Ð significant step 124 Ð architecture 137 Delaunay triangulation 29, 35, 37 Ð technique 130 Ð bus architecture 138 delete operation 88 Ð trends and perspectives 140 Ðdesign 138 Delft University of Technology 530 Ð web mining 140 Ð model 138 deliverables of ISO 403 Ð with incompleteness 128 datum 205, 363, 371, 443, 623 DEM generation 263 data model 78, 84, 383, 417, 419, Ð transformation 30, 33, 35, 36, 204 demographic data 916 777, 779, 895 Ð transformation parameter 205 dengue 924 Ð standardized 81 DB2 106 density analysis 918 data quality 372, 380, 452, 542, Ð Spatial Extender 106, 958 Department of Peacekeeping 599, 778, 839 dBASE format 121 Operations of the United Nations Ð basic measures 382 de facto 825 Ð measure 383, 455 Ð standard 397 Department of Science and Ð reporting 459 Ð status 667 Technology of India 530 data structure 109Ð112, 117 de jure Department of Transportation (DOT) Ð schema 120 Ð standard 397 850 1084 Subject Index
deployment Digital Geographic Information discrete 44 Ð cartographic 354 Exchange Standard (DIGEST) Ð coverage 486 derived relational operator 72 376, 439, 528, 833 Ð curve coverage 511 desaturated color 341 Digital Line Graph (DLG) 385 Ð echo 241, 242 DescribeFeatureType 478 Digital Nautical Chart (DNC) 839 Ð grid point coverage 512, 520 descriptive 43 Digital Number (DN) 422 Ð point coverage 511, 512, 520 Ð animation 583 Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle Ð solid coverage 511, 516 desertification assessment 182 (DOQ) 947 Ð surface coverage 511, 520 design 888, 897, 904 Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) 947 discrimination 135 Ð engineer 897 Digital Rights Management (DRM) Ðrule 124 Ð service 891 462, 546, 571 Discussion Paper (DP) 541 Ð standard 400 Digital Surface Model (DSM) 264 disease desktop environment 981 Digital Terrain Elevation Data Ð outbreak 917 desktop GIS 917 (DTED) 838 Ð surveillance 920, 921 Ðsoftware 917 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 160, disease-specific program 920 desktop PC 646, 647 168, 264, 305, 327, 671, 798, 807, displacement 294, 331 detector array 227 873 display base 762 determination Digital Vertical Obstruction File distance 82, 501 Ð of sites for Points of Dispensing (DVOF) 839 Ð dependent correlation 41 (PODS) 922 digitization 747 Ð Euclidean 133, 285 Deutsches Institut für Normung Ð error 295 Ð query 85 (DIN) 401 Ð of paper map 295 distortion 268, 467 developer toolchain 974 Ðtable 295 Ð of distance 203 developing countries 921 Dijkstra shortest-path algorithm Ð pincushion 214 development 899 285 Distributed Component Object Model Ð platform 976 Dilution of Precision Value (DOP) (DCOM) 646 Ð process 400 206 distributed computing 645Ð648 device dimension 303 distributed database system 276 ujc Index Subject Ð car navigation 644 Ð of the intersection 310 distributed geospatial information de facto standard 398 Dimensionally Extended system 631, 633 de jure standard 398 Nine-Intersection Matrix distributed network 631 DHTML 942 (DE-9IM) 310, 951, 958 Distributed Spatial Database System diabetes 918 DIN 398, 862 (DBS) 277 diagnosis 912 direct georeferencing 227, 249 distributed web map 571 diarrhea 931 Ðgeometry 251 distribution 890Ð894, 900, 905, difference 72, 73, 503, 950 Direct Linear Transform (DLT) 470 907, 908 Difference of Gaussians (DoG) 258 direct multidate classification 178, Ð asset 889 Differential Absorption LIDAR 182 Ð format 380 (DIAL) 471 directed graph 97 Ð of cancer 926 Differential GPS (DGPS) 207, 247 directed primitive 519 Ð of electricity 888 differential transformation 297 direction 103 district 659 diffraction 235 Ðclass 53 District of Columbia 923 diffusion mapping 928 directorate 823 divide 72 digital Directorate-General 533 divide-and-conquer 286 Ð cadastral map 669 directory node 79, 94, 97 DL (Description Logics) 604 Ð elevation information 895 directory service 718 DLR 528 Ð farm soil map 806 Dirichlet tessellation 512 DMA (Defense Mapping Agency) ÐGI 644 disarmament 831 195 Ð library 385 disaster 946 DMKD (Data Mining and Ð navigation 777 Ð management 409, 541, 845 Knowledge Discovery) 135 Ðsensor 212 discordance test 136 Ð entity 136 Ð signature 632 discovery 124 Ð evolution 125 Digital Earth 126, 140 Ð function 550 Ð hierarchy 124 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Ðofdata 755 Ð mathematical foundation 127 264, 349, 465, 721, 968, 977 Ð process 136 Ð rules and exceptions 124 Subject Index 1085
Ð technique 130 dynamic Economic Commission for Europe of Ð trends and perspectives 140 Ð chart display 777 the United Nations (UN-ECE) Ð with incompleteness 128 Ðdatum 191 773 Document Object Model (DOM) Ð height 193 ecoregion 780, 781, 787, 789 572 Ðinsert 88 ecoregionalization 743, 746, 781, Document Type Definition (DTD) Ð language 975 789, 791 451, 944 Ðmap 354 Ð GIS-based 780 documentation 522, 898 Ð position 652 ecosystem 780 document-driven DSS 140 Ð table of contents 79 Ð research 780 domain Ð time 197 EDBS 669 Ð model 4 Ðtree 726 edge 84, 97, 285, 292, 313, 727 Ð object 513 Ðview 732 Ð routing problem 318 Ð ontology 592, 608 Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Ð weighted graph 292 Ð ontology registry 424 730 education 522, 846 Domain Working Group (DWG) dynamically Ð campaign 918 540 Ð created web map 571 effective communication 593 Doppler effect 231, 233 Dynamically Tuned Gyro (DTG) efficiency of health care 919 Doppler LIDAR 471 248 Egenhofer operators 309 Doppler Orbitography and EGNOS (European Geostationary Radiopositioning Integrated by E Navigation Overlay Service) 206, Satellite (DORIS) 190 245 Doppler radar 249 Earth 857 e-governance 661 DouglasÐPeucker 729 Ðbrowser 267 EH 924 Ð line simplification 331 Ðcurvature 268 e-Health 931 Draft International Standard (DIS) –fixedITRF 196 Ð initiative 932 403, 413 –fixedsystem 188, 190 eigenvalue 257 Drafting Team (DT) 879 Ð Gravitational Model (EGM) 1996 EIS AFRICA 530 drawing order 978 838 e-Learning 576, 585 drawing sequence 347 Ð Gravitational Model 1996 electric transmission corridor 889 Index Subject drift effect 227 (EGM96) 191 Electrical Resistivity Tomography Ðoffset 227 Ð Gravitational Model 2008 (ERT) 872 driver assistance system 810 (EGM2008) 196 electricity 887, 894, 901 driver guidance 797 Ð gravity model (EGM) 187 electromagnetic (EM) 832 drone 830 Ð imagery 543, 544 Ð radiation 227 DSS (Decision Support System) Ð Observation (EO) 527 Ð spectrum 233 Ð architecture 139 Ð observation satellite 830 Ðwave 713 Ð model 139 Ð system science 884 Electronic Bearing Line (EBL) Ð taxonomy 139 Earth surface 176 767 DTM grid 267 Ð change 177 electronic business 425 Dual Independent Map Encoding Earth system science 542 Ð Registry Information Model 916 Earth’s rotation 531 (ebRIM) 626 DUALabs (Data-Use Access earthquake 876, 884 electronic chart 768, 769, 771 Laboratory) 916 Ð zone 889 Ð chart correction 773 Dublin Core 453, 523 easement 666, 667, 894 Ðdata 770, 773 Ð information 554 e-Book 585 Ð precision navigation 769 Ð metadata 385 e-business 534 Ðsystem 525, 765, 766, 768 Ð metadata element set 389, 753 e-business Registry Information Ð system data display 776 Ð metadata elements 454 Model (ebRIM) 621 Ð technology 760 duplicate 88, 91 eccentricity 189, 495 Ð user interface 762 duration 102 ECEF frame 250 Electronic Chart Display and Dust Network 276 echelon indicator 825 Information System (ECDIS) dust-sized mote 276 ECMAScript 569 760 Dutch Kadaster 530 ecological property 780 electronic conveyance 661 DWG/DWF 950 Economic and Social Council electronic fee collection 526 DXF 669, 950 (ECOSOC) 536 electronic map 571 1086 Subject Index
Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) EN ISO 14689-1 Geotechnical Environment Directorate-General 759, 760, 776 investigation and testing Ð (DG) 411 Ðdata 773 Identification and classification of environmental Electronic Warfare (EW) 832 rock 862 Ð application 409 Ð analysis system 832 encoded Ð assessment 889 electronics Ð request 596 Ð auditing 524 Ð agricultural 523 Ð response 596 Ðdata 410, 465, 522, 768 electrooptical encoding 109, 115, 523, 778 Ð disaster mitigation 171, 172 Ð imaging 833 Ð pattern 119 ÐDSS 971 Ðsensor 216 Ð requirement 117 Ð health data collection 917 Ðsystem 524 Ð service 110, 115 Ð labelling 524 element of communication 593 encoding rule 109Ð112, 117 Ð management 905, 907, 968, 970 elevation Ð concept 111 Ð microscope 275 Ðdata 849 ÐXMLbased 120 Ð modeling 967 Ðgrid 265 encryption 110, 462 Ð monitoring 735, 780, 791 Ð model 348, 837 endmember 230 Ð planning 859 Ðprofile 243 endoscope 524 Ð pollution 982 Ð reference system 443 end-user 464 Ð protection 395, 743, 865 eliminating duplicates 88 energistics 527 Ð public health tracking 925 ellipse 495 energy 536, 744, 868 Ð report 695, 700 Ð error 257 Ð company 887Ð893, 895, 898, 909 Environmental Modeling Platform ellipsoid 187, 189, 191, 192, 196, Ð organization 888 (EMP) 877 204, 619, 627 Ð problem 888 Environmental Protection Agency ellipsoidal Ð resource 859 (EPA) 982 Ð coordinate system 445 Ð value chain 899 Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Ð height 186, 189, 192Ð194 energy/utility GIS 895 242, 747 elliptical scanner 244 Ð structure 894 EPHT 925 embedded 534 enforcement and authorization 462 epidemic spread 913 ujc Index Subject Ð spatial system 735 engineering 892, 897, 899, 904 epidemiologist 915 Ðsystem 585, 735, 833 Ð asset 889 epidemiology 915 embedding 91 Ð coordinate reference system 417 Epigrass 980 Ð space 303 Ð CRS 443 epipolar geometry 258 emergency 394, 524 Ð viewpoint 597, 722 EPSG (European Petroleum Survey Ð and disaster management 542 Engineering Report (ER) 540, 541 Group) 623, 959 Ð response 735, 907 Enhanced Client Profile Ð code 83, 106 Emergency Operations Center (EOC) (ECP) 635 Ð dataset 623 922 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Ð Geodetic Parameter Dataset 623 Emergency Response to coastal Oil, Evolution (EDGE) 713 equal-area 334 Chemical, and Inert Pollution from enquiry stage 403 equals 502 Shipping (EROCIPS) 758 enterprise equidistant 334 Emergency Route Service (ERS) Ð architect 431 equipotential surface 186, 189, 192, 720 ÐGIS 904 194, 195 emission load 701 Ð knowledge portal 140 equivalence class set 128 EMODNET (European Marine Ð viewpoint 422, 480, 597, 722 equivocal offset geometries 486 Observation and Data Network) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ergodicity 45 755, 758 137 erosion modeling 982 empirical entity error Ð model 43 Ð relationship model 75, 430 Ð ellipse 257 Ð standard deviation 27 Entity Relationship (ER) 750 Ð geometrical 294 employee 891Ð893 Entwicklungsplan Meer 757 Ð propagation 24Ð26, 28, 30 EMSA (European Maritime Safety enumeration 7 ESA (European Space Agency) Agency) 758 Ð method 307 527, 540 EN ISO 14688 Geotechnical envelope 501 eSafety 526 investigation and testing Ð environment 536, 839, 859, 912, Esri 121, 890, 964 Identification and classification of 919 ÐArcGIS 332, 346 soil 862 Ð cloud 324 Ð ArcGIS Online 355 Subject Index 1087
ÐArcSDE 958 European Umbrella Organization for Extensible Rights Markup Language Ð Maplex 344 Geographic Information (XrML) 634 Ð shapefile 950 (EUROGI) 530 extensible web client 941 estimation algorithm 277 European Union 487, 529 extension for community healthcare Etak 851 Eurostat Directorate-General (DG) outcomes (ECHO) 919 ETL (Extraction, Transformation and 411 extent information 380 Loading) 138 evacuation exterior 306, 309 Euclidean Ðanalysis 903 Ðshell 306 Ð distance 133, 285 Ð route 370, 922 Exterior Orientation (EO) 245, 252, Ðgeometry 465 evaluate 515 253, 270 Ð space 133, 494 Ðinverse 515 Ð position and attitude 467 Euclidian geometry 160, 185 evaluation external liaison member 412, 527 Eulerian Ð factor 364 external measurement 249 Ð circuit 99, 316 Ðmatrix 133 external register 619 Ðcycle 317 evidence theory 127 Ð relationship 617 Ðgraph 317 evidence-based medicine 919 Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) Ðpath 317 exaggeration 331 395 EUNIS (European Nature exception 136 extracted knowledge 130 Information System) 780 Ð detection 123 extremum problem 21 EUROCONTROL 540 Ð from dataset 136 extrinsic property 605 EuroGeographics 527, 530 exchange of ENC data 760 extrusion 307 European Commission Joint exchange of geographic information ExxonMobil 528 Research Centre (JRC) 527 535 European Committee for exchange standard 613 F Standardization 396 exchange structure schema 835 European Committee for Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) face 84, 313, 505 Standardization (CEN) 851 746, 749, 757, 781, 790 facilities layer 894 European Datum 1950 executive 693 facility 891, 908 (ED50) 188 Expectation Maximization (EM) Ð inventory management 845 Index Subject European Directory of Marine 288 Ð management 395, 845, 906 Environmental Datasets (EDMED) expected value 55, 57 factor 746 experimental semivariogram 51 Ð evaluation 364 European Geostationary expert system 126 factor analysis 735 Navigation Overlay Service explanatory statement 695 False Easting (FE) 203 (EGNOS) 206 exploration 280, 865, 899 false hit 86, 87 European Marine Observation and Ð master process 900 False Northing (FN) 203 Data Network (EMODNET) 755, Exploration and Mining Markup FAO (Food and Agriculture 758 Language (XMML) 863 Organization) 528, 533 European prestandard 410 exploratory well 900 farm geoinformation 799 European Reference System 191 exponential model 47 Farm Management Information European Semantic Systems exposure and density 215 System (FMIS) 805 Initiative 606 EXPRESS language 430, 524 farm management trend 816 European Space Agency (ESA) extended aerial triangulation 215 farm of tomorrow 815 527, 540 Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) 249, farm operation with robots 817 European Spatial Data Infrastructure 287, 290 farmer 529 529 Extended Open System Environment faulting 869 European Spatial Data Research Reference Model (EOSE-RM) Fauna Flora Habitat (FFH) 757 (EuroSDR) 527 440 FDIS (Final Draft International European Spatial Development Extended Open Systems Standard) 403 Perspective (ESDP) 686, 691 Environment (EOSE) 421 FDS 313 European Spatial Planning Extensible Access Control Markup feature 5, 120, 303, 334, 368, 383, Observation Network (ESPON) Language (XACML) 555, 636 544, 618, 778 692 Extensible Markup Language (XML) Ð attribute 5, 15 European Terrestrial Reference 398, 418, 517, 549, 602, 670, 942 Ð character 337 System 1989 (ETRS89) 188 extensible RDBMS 105 Ðclass 331, 747, 895 1088 Subject Index
Ð collection 545 feedback 593 focus map 721 Ð concept dictionary 622 FGDC (Federal Geographic Data folding 869 Ð concept dictionary register 778 Committee) 554 font characteristics 343 Ðdata 360 Fiber Distributed Data Interface font of type 344 ÐdatainGIS 346 (FDDI) 525 food 919 Ð geological 894 Fiber-Optical Gyro (FOG) 248 Food and Agriculture Organization Ðgeometry 543, 549 field 44 (FAO) 528, 533, 969 Ð homologous 253 Ð evaluation book 799 Food and Agriculture Organization of Ð model 622 Ð measurement 891, 900 the United Nations (FAO/UN) Ð object 943 Ð operation 797 527 Ð property 119, 120 Ðsketch 892, 898 for blind 531 Ð register 622 Field of View (FOV) 216, 244, 269, forced reinsert 96 Ðsize 331 469 forecast 135 Feature Attribute Coding Catalogue file format 397 forecast bankruptcy 135 (FACC) 834, 837 file identifier 380 Foreign Function Interface (FFI) Feature Catalogue (FC) 373, 382, film 212 975 385, 388, 418, 442, 474, 601, 622, Ð scanners 523 foreign key 67, 71, 72 673, 778 filter 218, 952 foreshortening 236 Ðexample 475 Ð refine paradigm 963 forest 946 Feature Data Object (FDO) 948 Ðstep 86 –fire 230, 946 feature type 11, 14, 15, 118, 369, Filter Encoding (FE) 308, 551, 607, forestry 522, 529 382, 385, 599, 676 717 Formal Data Structure (FDS) 313 Ð characteristic 5 Filter Encoding standard (FES) 677 ForNet Project 941 Ðclass 14 Final Draft International Standard Förstner operator 256 Ð function 5 (FDIS) 403, 413 FORTRAN 525, 968 Ð relationship 5 finance 534 forward cloud generator 130 feature-based matching 259 find 515 FORWISS 542 feature-level metadata 369 fire monitoring 182 FOSS (Free and Open Software) ujc Index Subject federal building code 697, 699 firmware 399 974 Federal Communications First Normal Form (1NF) 68Ð70 Ð 4G conference 968 Commission (FCC) 711 fish 750 Ð modeling tool 967 Federal Geographic Data Committee fishery 529, 744 Ð WPS software 978 (FGDC) 365, 375, 453, 530, 753, fitness for use 375, 387 four-dimensional 860 849 five-parameter transformation 33 Fourier analysis 267 Federal Highway Administration flash player 568 four-parameter transformation (FHWA) 853 flat file data 137 31Ð34 Federal Institute for Research on flattening 186, 189, 204 frame 353 Building, Urban Affairs, and fleet management 166, 524, 526, Ð based color camera 218 Spatial Development (BBSR) 576 Ð camera 212, 253, 268, 467 694 Ðsystem 409 Ðsensor 216 federal land utilization order 700 fleet of vehicle 913 frame camera 254 Federal Ministry for Regional flickr 387 framework Planning, Building and Urban flight direction 221 Ð indexing 962 Development 703 flight track 268 Ð standards 400 Federal Ministry of Transport, flood disaster 370 fraud detection 929 Building, and Urban Affairs flood plain 889 Free and Open-Source Software (BMVBS) 692 flood protection (FOSS) 967 Federal Office for Building and Ðcoastal 697 free software 967 Regional Planning (BBR) 694 flooding 903 freedom of movement 729 Federal Planning Act 686, 692Ð694 floor plan 279 freight 526 federal spatial planning report 693, floor-space index (GFZ) 703 Fréchet distance 730 694 flying height 221, 235 full topological vector data 834 federal transport infrastructure plan FME (Feature Manipulation Engine) full-waveform scanner 242 693 964 functional area service 828 federated register 618, 620, 621 focal length 212 functional fit model 470 fee 524 focal plane 217 functional service 828 Subject Index 1089
Fundamentalkatalog (FK) 189 General Feature Model (GFM) 5, geographic coordinate 189, 544, furniture element 351 11, 13, 416, 420, 441, 599, 778 834 future city 653 General Packet Radio Service Geographic Data Attribute Set future GNSS 206 (GPRS) 713 (GDAS) 556 fuzzy General Regularly Distributed Geographic Data File 313 Ð clustering analysis 133 Information in Binary (GRIB) Geographic Data File (GDF) 439, Ð comprehensive evaluation 133 840 524, 851 Ð confidential level 135 generalization 8, 10, 12, 133, 331, geographic database 593 Ð membership function 128 529, 732 geographic dataset Ð probability 135 Generalized Search Tree (GiST) Ð core metadata 452 Ðset 123, 127, 128 106, 962 geographic feature 375, 517, 717 Fédération Internationale des general-purpose map 326 Ð ontology 607 Géomètres (FIG) 488 Generic Database (GDB) 948 geographic identifiers 374 generic knowledge 136 geographic imagery scenario 422 G genetic variation 919 Geographic Information (GI) 5, geneticÐmathematical dependence 145, 523, 608, 615, 644, 854, 967 GAGAN 245 56 Ð architecture 145 GALILEO 197, 206, 207, 227, 713 Geo Mobility Server (GMS) 718 Ð database 595 gaming console 712 geo web service 817 Ðelement 613 gas 887, 889, 890, 893 geoanalytical method 972 Ð heterogeneity 593 Ð distribution 898 geoanalytical tool 977 Ð interoperability 589, 592, 594 Ð gathering 902 Geocaching 949 Ðmap 940 Ð pipeline 888, 889, 898 geocentric latitude 199 Ð product 617 gastrointestinal respiratory complaint geocode 917 Ð registration of items 615 922 Ð patient information 921 Ð semantic interoperability 595 gateway service 718 geocoding 245 Ð standard 589, 597 gathering 906 ÐH1N1 927 Geographic Information Human Ð place 921 Ð of objects 205 Interaction Service (GIHS) 441 Ðsystem 890 Ð technology 916 Geographic Information Model Index Subject Gaussian geocomputation 977 Management Service (GIMS) Ð distribution 44 geodata 567 441 Ð model 47, 57 Ðbasic 813 Geographic Information Processing Ð sensor model 290 Ð format 752 Service (GIPS) 441 Gauß–Krüger geodesic 303 Geographic Information Science Ðsystem 203, 445 geodesic string 491 (GIS) 736 Gauß-Krüger 961 geodesy 185, 186, 191, 201, 531 Geographic Information Service Gauß–Krüger coordinates 669 geodesy technique 190 (GIS) 432 GaussÐMarkov model 21, 30, 33, geodetic Geographic Information System 260 Ðsystem 199 (GIS) 19, 139, 147, 315, 325, gazetteer 372, 374 Geodetic Codes and Parameters 360, 409, 589, 643, 644, 716, 839, GCP (Ground Control Point) 617, 618 852, 854, 860, 888, 973 262 geodetic CRS 443 Ð class of registers 618 GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction geodetic data management feature Ð defense 821 Library) 948, 949, 970 106 Ð technology 911 Ð Dataset 949 Geodetic DataBlade 105 Geographic Information System for Ð RasterBand 949 geodetic datum 204, 619 Transportation (GIS-T) 843, 844 GDF (Geographic Data File) Ð transformation 198, 204 geographic linkage service 542 313 geodetic latitude 199 geographic longitude 201 GDOP (Geometrical Dilution Of Geodetic Reference System 1980 Geographic Markup Language Precision) 206 (GRS80) 187, 191 (GML) 717, 815, 943 GE Smallworld 950 geodetic surface 186 Ð application schema 112 gender 536 geodetic surveying 150 Geographic Metadata XML Encoding general GeoFrance 3-D 873 (gmdXML) 380 Ð database 414 geographer 726 geographic objects 555 general catalogue 385 geographic analysis 360, 394 geographic resource 395, 396 1090 Subject Index
Geographic Resources Analysis geometrical constraint 30, 36Ð38, Ð decentralized spatial computing Support System (GRASS) 537, 41, 42 277 716, 968 geometrical modeling 305 Ð platform 276 geographic surface 979 geometrical relation 250 geospatial Geographical Information System geometry 303, 517, 661 Ð clearinghouse 365 (GIS) 126 Ð absolute 28 Ð dataset 85, 367 geography 534, 912 Ð attribute 85 ÐFOSS 967, 977 Ð graph theory 319 ÐID 547 Ð imagery 366 Geography Markup Language (GML) Ð model 305 Ð interoperability 364 109, 303, 413, 542, 553, 584, 594, Ð of time 442 Ð library 947 836, 863, 959 Geometry Markup Language (GML) Ð metadata 364, 369 geoid 186, 187, 193, 195 83 Ð modeling system 979 Ð global 187 GeometryCollection 82, 959 Ð processing 553 Ð model 195 geometryÐvalue pair 514 Ð relations ontology 607 geoidal GeoNetwork 969 Ð resource 377 Ð height 186 Geonovum 530 Ð semantic agenda 607 Ð undulation 193 geophysics 530, 534 Ð semantic web 606 Geoinformatica 981 geoportal 365 Ð service 375, 413 geoinformation broker 796 geopositioning 471 Ð service ontology 608 Geo-interface for Atmosphere Land ÐInSAR 471 Ðsoftware 968, 972, 978 Earth, and Ocean NetCDF ÐSAR 471 Ðweb 361, 517, 621 (GALEON) 540 geopotential Ðwebservice 608 GeoJSON 121 Ð leveling 192 geospatial analysis 941 geolabeling 649, 653 Ð model 195 Ðsystem 942 geological Ð number 193, 194 geospatial data 141, 380, 589 Ð feature 894 geoprocessing 942 Ð acquisition 240 geological and petrographic symbol georeference 707 Ð infrastructure 156 523 Ð parameter 827 Ð or services 360 ujc Index Subject geological map 857, 880 georeferenced Ð query 607 Geological Survey Organization Ðdata 126 Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GSO) 865 georeferencing 101, 245, 836 (GDAL) 942, 948, 974 geology 530, 746, 857, 900, 904 George Mason University 540 geospatial data quality 380 geom 283 George River Caribou Herd (GRCH) Geospatial Database Access System geomarketing 171 182 (GSDAS) 941 geomatics 157 GeoRM 542 Geospatial Digital Rights geomatics standardization GeoRSS 121 Management Reference Model Ð implementation strategy 422 GEOS (Geometry Engine (GeoDRM) 546 geomatics standards 409 Ð Open Source) 948, 949, 953, Geospatial Extensible Access Control Geomedia WebMap 568 974 Markup Language (GeoXACML) geomedicine 932 Ð library 958 555, 633 geometric geoscience 43 Geospatial Extensible Access Control Ð aggregate 675 Geoscience InfoRmation in AFrica Markup Language (GeoXACML) Ðanalysis 160 (GIRAF) 881 637 Ð anisotropy 48 Geoscience Laser Altimeter System geospatial information 366, 613, Ð complex 675 (GLAS) 243 619 Ð concept 599 GeoScience Markup Language Ð ontology 388 Ð entity 546 (GeoSciML) 863 Ðsystem 145 Ð leveling 192 geosemantic interoperability 589, Ð technology 146 Ð object class 15 597, 608, 609 Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Ð primitive 675 Geosemantic Proximity (GsP) 830 Ð representation 282, 283 605 Geospatial, Meteorological, and Ð sensor calibration 213 geosemantic proximity assessment Oceanographic Data Ð symbol 337 607 (GEOMETOC) 826 Ð topology 482 Geosemantic Web 596 geostatistical interpolation 866 geometrical geosensor network 275, 735 geostatistical method 781 Ð error 294 Ð data collection 276 geostatistical technique 758 Subject Index 1091 geostatistics 43, 44, 46, 127, 781, GIS for retail 908 GML (Geographic Markup 867 GIS software 183, 716 Language) 118, 305, 373, 943, geosynchronization 540 GIS-T (for transportation) 853 950, 952 geotagged digital image 388 Ð application 852 Ð application schema 112, 677 geotagging 357, 389 Ð application, private sector 851 Ð encoding rule 118 geothermal plant 901 Ð application, TranDASS 854 Ð in JPEG 2000 for geographic geothermal resource 894, 901 Ð application, transportation imagery 554 GeoTIFF 121, 398 organization 850 Ð instance 119 GeoTools 974, 977 Ð data quality 852 Ðprofile 519 GeoVISTA Studio 979 Ð function 850 Ð schema 115 geovisualization 303, 531, 575, 978 Ð implementation 852 GM ArcString 494 GeoVRML 447 Ð relationship 851 GM Bezier 497 geoweb services environment 367 Ð support 854 GM Object 491 GeoXACML 634 Ðsystem 852 GNOME (GNU Object Model German Federal Environmental Ð technology 845 Environment) 981 Agency (UBA) 781 GiST index 962 Ð desktop environment 981 German Federal Maritime and GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System) gnomonic 334 Hydrographic Agency (BSH) 781 525 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite GetCapabilities 477, 717, 944 glacier and ice sheet monitoring System) 29, 246, 250, 261, 262, GetFeature 478 182 804 GetFeatureInfo 477, 718, 944 Glade 981 Ð guidance 810 GetFeatureWithLock 478 global Ð inertial data 227 GetMap 477, 718, 944 Ð geodetic 3-D model 187 Ð measurement 28 GetPropertyValue 478 Ð health 931 Ð orbit determination 190 GIS (Geographic Information Ð interoperability 376 Ð positioning, perspective 207 System) Ðmap 487 Ð time 197 Ðanalysis 929 Ð mapping 533 GNU General Public License (GPL) Ð architecture 346 Ð navigation satellite 524 950, 953, 957, 963 Ð based analysis, methodology 755 Ð ontology 592 GNU Lesser General Public License Index Subject Ð based dashboard 889 Ð percent tree cover 533 (LGPL) 950, 964 Ð based design 906 Ð reference frame 30 GNU linear programming kit Ð conformal map 201 Global Earth Observation System of (GLPK) 978 Ð database 332 Systems (GEOSS) 528 GoCAD 873 Ð for distribution 906 Global Land Cover by National golden ratio rule 353 Ð for electric transmission 905 Mapping Organization goniometer 213 Ð for energy consumers 908 (GLCNMO) 533 Google 356, 948 Ð for energy development 901 Global Navigation Satellite System ÐEarth 387, 569, 744, 860, 873, Ð for exploration 900 (GLONASS) 197, 206, 227, 245, 949, 959 Ð for gathering infrastructure 902 246, 713 Ð Maps 355, 550, 569, 584, 952 Ð for production facilities 902 Global Navigation Satellite System Ð mashups 388 Ð for transportation (GIS-T) 903 (GNSS) 20, 35, 186, 212, 227, Ð Ocean 744 Ð functionality category 149 245, 448, 480, 525, 650, 726, 733, Ð web server 573 Ð hardware 853 845, 860, 894 government agency 527, 716 Ð in epidemiology 931 Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS (Global Positioning System) Ð libraries 939 139, 150, 245, 568, 644, 649, 653, 190, 197, 205, 207, 215, 227, Ð MapWindow 976 713, 833, 851, 860 245Ð247, 332, 388, 651, 759, 832, Ð market place 537 Global Positioning System Ð Global 948 Ð operator 360 System for Mobile Communication Ð coordinate determination 206 Ð plug-in 942 (GPS-GSM) Collar 733 Ðdevice 921 Ð service 146 Global Positioning System Time Ð enabled cellphone 854 Ð software, open source 680 (GPST) 197 Ð GPSBabel 948, 955 Ð solution pattern 889 Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Ð height 193 Ð standard 543 (GSDI) 157, 429, 527, 590 Ð INS system 264 Ð time scale 196 Global System for Mobile Ð leveling 195 GIS and Environmental Modeling communication (GSM) 713 Ð master control station 197 conference 968 glossary 434 Ð measurement 249 1092 Subject Index
Ð observable 206 Grenelle de la Mer 757 H Ðownership 649 grid 351 Ð package for PDA 851 Ð based transformation 198 H1N1 pandemic 913, 927 Ð position 250 Ð bicubic 499 habitat 892, 895, 903 Ð positioning 191 Ð cell 92 Ð fragmentation 182 Ð range 851 Ð computing 647 Hamiltonian Ð receiver 851 Ð coverage 545, 552 Ð path problem 99 Ð satellite 191, 197 Ð directory 92 Ð property 320 Ð support 955 ÐDTM 168 harbor plan 764 Ð trajectory 256, 263 Ð elevation 265 hardcopy output 353 Ð trajectory solution 215 –file 92 hardware 363 Ð velocity 250 Ð file, structure 93 harmonization initiative 755 Ð week 197 Ð generation 267 Harmonized Model Maintenance GPX 952 Ð hexagonal 465 Group (HMMG) 413, 414 gradient 43, 56, 57 Ð index 106 Harris Ð kriging 53, 56 Ð interpolation 469 Ð corner detector 257 granularity 124 Ð point value pair 514 Ð feature extraction 259 graph 38, 40, 41, 97, 313 Ð rectified 512 Ð point 258 Ð representation 317 Ð smart 888, 891, 893, 898 hashing 126 Ð search 285 Ðsystem 203 Haviland’s map 926 Ð theory 315 Ð values matrix 512, 514 Hayford ellipsoid 445 graphic technology 522 grid index 106 hazmat 845 graphical freedom 346 grid map 282 headquarter (HQ) 822 Graphical Kernel System (GKS) gridded coverage 520 health 541, 859, 946 409, 525 gridded data 414, 465, 489, 778 Ð agency 913 graphical object size 335 Ground Control Point (GCP) 261, Ðanimal 920 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 263, 270, 467 Ð department 922 526, 627, 943, 949 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ð education 930 ujc Index Subject Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) 872 Ð metrics network 932 372, 943 Ground Sample Distance (GSD) Ð risk factor 931 graphics metafile 525 229, 268, 830 Health and Human Services (HHS) GRASS (Graphic Resources Analysis ground survey 369 911, 930 Support System) 950, 952, 953, ground water 865 health department 918 955, 957 grounding survey 905 Health Management Information ÐGIS 969 ground-pointing telescope 228 System (HMIS) 932 Ð GRASSLinks 940 groundwater 870 health program Ð program 953 Group of Eight (G8) 541 Ð community 930 Ð toolbox 957 Group on Earth Observation healthcare 534, 735 GRASS-R 975 System of System (GEOSS) Ð industry 931 graticule 351 541 Ð organization 912, 919 gravity 193 Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Healthcare Information and –field 185, 188, 189, 191, 192, 541 Management Systems Society 194, 195, 197, 207, 531 GRS80 ellipsoid 205 (HIMSS) 931 Ð related height 446 Gruber point 261 heart disease 918 gray value Grundbuchordnung (GBO) heat map 338 Ð corner 258 666 heat-leakage 230 Ð difference 260 GSI3D 872 height 94 great-circle route 768 guillemets 9 Ð ellipsoidal 191 greenhouse gas gully 265 Ð parallax 269 Ð emission 909 gvSIG 952, 970 helicopter 923 Ð management 524 gyroscope 248 Ð inspection survey 905 Greenwich mean meridian 189 Ð mechanical gyro 248 Helmert transformation 31, 198 Gregorian calendar 519 Ð technology 248 Ð 3-D seven-parameter 201 Subject Index 1093 heuristic algorithm 977 human I hexagonal Ð activity 746 Ðgrid 465 Ð biology 912 IBM 430 hexagonal grid coverage 512 Ð body 919 Ð Informix 105, 950 HHS education 912 Ð Ðenvironment system 183 identification 524 hierarchical classification system Ð mobility 733 Ð of hits 87 487 Ð recognition process 131 identifier 389, 602 hierarchical organization 286 Ð Ðrobot interaction 292 identifying customers 889 hierarchical register 615, 618 Ðsense 591 identity provider discovery profile hierarchical representation 286 Ð services 912 635 hierarchy 351 Ð services agency 929 identity theft 633 Ðofgeometry 506 Human Interaction Service (ITHS) IEC 410, 522 Ð of standards 399 440 IEC webstore 406 high orbiting satellite 253 Human Service Coordination IEC/TC 1 522 higher-order polynomial Alliance (HSCA) 916 IEC/TC 80 522 transformation 295 Human Technology Interface (HTI) IEEE Geoscience and Remote high-level programming language 440 Sensing Society (GRSS) 527 974 HumanÐMachine Interface (HMI) IGS (International GNSS Service) high-precision DTM 800 761 191 high-precision navigation 769 Hungarian Association for IHO (International Hydrographic high-quality typesetting 410 Geoinformation 530 Organization) 778 high-resolution satellite system hurricane 744 Ð Geospatial Information Registry 224 hybrid matching 256 778 High-Speed Circuit Switched Data hybrid representation 281 illness 913 (HSCSD) 713 hydroelectric facility 888 image Hilbert hydrographi Ðblock 215 Ð code 97 Ðchart 532 Ð catalog 945 Ðcurve 89, 96 hydrographic Ð coordinate transformation services Ðorder 515 Ð information 777, 778 545 Index Subject Ð R-tree 96 Ðoffice 760, 773, 780 Ð CRS 443 hillshade 348 Ð registry 778 Ð cube 229 hillshading 348 Ð service 759 Ð differencing 176, 177 Hippocrates 913 Ð SONAR 471, 472 Ð exploitation services 545 Ðoath 932 Ð sounding 465 Ð matching 529 historical map 295 Ðsurvey 774 Ð measurement 523 history 325, 534 hydrography 465, 746, 760, 776 Ð noise 256 history of cartography 531 hydrological analysis 977 Ð processing 410, 845 hole-effect model 48 hydrology 530 Ð processing approach 177 holistic security approach 631 hyperbola 495 Ð ratioing 176Ð178 holomorphic function 202 hypermedia 522 Ð recognition 713 homing procedure 284 hyperspace 465 Ð reference 467 homologous hyperspatial tessellation 465 Ð regression 179 Ð feature 253 hyperspectral Ð regression procedure 180 horizon 105 Ð camera 212 Ð scale 221 horizon system 200 Ð data cube 229 Ð stitching 217, 218 Horizontal Dilution of Precision Ð scanner 228 Ð technology 522, 524 (HDOP) 952 Ðsensor 228 Image Interchange Format (IIF) 834 horizontal polarization 233 Hypertext Markup Language image-like compression 265 hospital 911 (HTML) 526, 944 imagery 360, 454, 465, 532, 778, Ð service area 930 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 895, 921 housing 536 941, 942 Ð acquisition 212 Ð density 685, 704 Ð POST binding 636 Ð airborne 398 hue 335, 339 Ð redirect binding 636 Ð characteristics 176 Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Ð standard 414 340 (HTTP)artifact binding 636 Ð type data (raster) 452 huge dataset 123, 125 hypothesis 287 Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) 830 1094 Subject Index
imaging inertial initial longitude 203 Ð electrooptical 833 Ð measurement 215 inland ECDIS 773 imaging principle 213 Ð space 187, 189 inner node 91 immersive environment 350 Ðsystem 448 INS (Inertial Navigation System) immunization 920 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 248, 250, 263 Ð registry 921 227, 248 Ð carrier phase 263 IMO performance 765 inertial navigation 249, 251 Ð trajectory 251 impedance mismatch 78 Ð attitude 248, 249 InSAR 237 implementation 431 Ð position 248, 249 Insecticide-Treated Bednet (ITN) Ðlevel 399 Ð velocity 248, 249 928 Ð specification 521, 537 Inertial Navigation System (INS) insect-transmitted disease 929 Ð standard 475 227, 245, 248 insert 97 Implementation Specification (IS) infectious disease 920, 927 insert operation 93, 94 541 inference 127 inset 351 Implementation Under Test (IUT) infield reconnaissance mission 830 inspection 278 438 influenza-like-illness 927 inspection workflow 898 implementing class 6 information 360, 614, 618 INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial implementing rule 658 Ð access layer 137, 138 Information in Europe) 529, 686, Implementing Rules 878 Ð communities 545 719 import/export of GPS data 957 Ð community 402 Ð directive 678 Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Ð content 614, 944 instance 7Ð9, 11, 12, 14 830 Ðelement 615 Ð feature catalog 385 IMU 261 Ð exchange 592 Ðlevel 117 in situ Ð filter 287 Ð model 451 Ðsensor 556 Ð flow control model 632 Ð of any class 6 incidence angle 242 Ð interchange 522 Ð of the class 8 incremental complete-state-space Ðnetwork 653 instant 102 approach 287 Ð object attribute 633 Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) ujc Index Subject incremental multihypothesis Ð product 614 241 approach 288 Ð service 613 instantaneous point 749 incremental NNQ 85 Ðsystem 614, 617, 618, 852 instantiation 15 INDABA 882 Ð viewpoint 480, 597, 722 Institute of Methodologies for index 946 Information and Communication Environmental Analysis of the indexing Technology (ICT) 643, 645, 648, Italian National Research Council Ð framework 962 658, 931 (IMAA-CNR) 540 indexing database 727 Information Assurance (IA) 395 Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile indexing optimization 962 Information Service Interface (ISI) 530 indicator 441 Integrated Administration and Ð kriging 53, 60 Information System (IT) 383 Control System (IACS) 798, 799, indicator computation 981 information technology 437 801 indirect sensor orientation 245, 253 Information Technology (IT) 145, Integrated Assessment (IA) 971 indoor 360, 860, 909, 931 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Ð environment 278 Informix 105 (ICZM) 743, 757Ð759 indoor environment infrared 228, 713, 837 integrated navigation 249 Ð route graph representation 284 infrared survey 905 Integrated Navigation System (INS) indoor environment 284 infrastructure 363, 394, 430, 536, 769 indoor location-based service 721 868, 888, 891, 893, 905 integrated sensor orientation 245 indoor measurement 212 Ð facility 704 Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISEO) Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Ð geospatial data 156 253, 261, 263, 264 928 Ð operation 898 integrated vector management inductive 43 Ð protection 182 928 Ð process 125 Infrastructure for Spatial Information integrity 63, 72, 396 industry 522 in Europe (INSPIRE) 411, 429, Ð management 889, 895, 903, 904, industry standard 590, 658, 755, 878 907 Ð de facto standard 396 Ingres 952, 959 Ð of the information 632 Ðdejure 396 inheritance 78, 118 Intel 276 Subject Index 1095
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) International Association of Oil and International Stratigraphic Chart 541 Gas Producers (OGP) 527 (ICS) 862 intelligence 395 International Astronomical Union International Telecommunication intelligence directorate 823 (IAU) 187 Union (ITU) 400 Intelligence, Surveillance, and International Cartographic International Terrestrial Reference Reconnaissance (ISR) 830 Association (ICA) 401, 527 Frame (ITRF) 187, 190 intelligent International Celestial Reference International Traffic in Arms Ð building 650, 653 Frame (ICRF) 189 Regulations (ITAR) 830 Ð city 653 International Centre for ENCs International Union of Geodesy and Intelligent Transportation System (IC-ENC) 774 Geophysics (IUGG) 531 (ITS) 649, 650, 736, 843, 853 International Civil Aviation International Union of Geological Intelligent Transportation system Organization (ICAO) 527 Sciences (IUGS) 863 (ITS) 653 International Classification of International Workshop Agreement Intelligent Vehicle and Highway Diseases (ICD) 912 (IWA) 403, 404 System (IVHS) 650, 853 International Classification of Health internationalization 407 interactive 912 internet 140, 248, 323, 477, 631, Ð adjustment 980 International Commission on Air 633, 636, 712, 940 Ð health atlas 917 Navigation (ICAN) 531 ÐIS 567 Ðmap 577 international consortia 400 Internet Explorer (IE) 569 Ð mapping 927 International Council for the Internet Map Server (IMS) 753 Ðviewing 957 Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Internet of Things 140 Ðwebmap 572 781 Internet threat model 633, 636 Ð web mapping 926 International Earth Rotation and interoperability 81, 157, 362, 374, interactivity 581 Reference Frame Service (IERS) 385, 394, 398, 407, 438, 517, 592, interchange 523 197 619, 622, 659, 833, 862, 944 interconnected computer network International Electrotechnical Ð enabler 363 647 Commission (IEC) 400, 405 Ð geospatial 364 interest International Environmental Ð human resource 395 Ð operator 256 Modeling and Software Society Ð IEEE definition 593 Index Subject Ð point 256 (iEMSs) 968 Ð requirement 361 interface 5, 6, 398, 448, 522, 904, International Federation of Surveyors interoperability category 907 (FIG) 527, 658, 661 Ð human 362 Ðlevel 399 International Federation of the Ð legal/policy 362 Ð standards 400 National Standardizing Ð semantic 362 interferogram 239 Associations (ISA) 401 Ð technical 362 interferometric phase International Geological Congress Interoperability Experiment (IE) angle 238 (IGC) 882 540 Interferometric SAR (InSAR) 231, International Geospatial Warehouse Interoperability Program 467, 471 (IGW) 838 (IP) 540 interferometry 237 international health regulation 915 interpersonal communication 594 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate International Hydrographic interpolate 516 Change (IPCC) 876 Organization (IHO) 396, 411, interpolation 732, 865 interior 304, 309, 605 439, 527, 620, 749, 760 Ð two-dimensional method 273 Ðring 314 International Maritime Organization interpretation 597 Ðshell 306 (IMO) 760 Interprocess Communication (IPC) Interior Orientation (IO) 212, 245, International Organization for 972 252, 253, 255, 467 Standardization (ISO) 400 INTERREG 691 intermediate frame 250 International Society for intersection 72, 73, 82, 85, 87, 105, intermodal 524 Photogrammetry and Remote 162, 309, 503, 950 Intermodal Surface Transportation Sensing (ISPRS) 401, 527 Ðjoin 85 Efficiency Act (ISTEA) 843 International Standard (IS) 403, 413 Ðmatrix 605 internal liaison 522 International Standardized Profile Ð operation 73 Ðmember 412 (ISP) 438 intersects 502 internal schema 110, 117 International Steering Committee intertidal zone monitoring 182 International Association of Geodesy for Global Mapping (ISCGM) interval scale 517 (IAG) 187, 527, 531 527 intervention 698 1096 Subject Index
intrinsic 46 ISO 19115:2003 375 ISO 9000 family of standards Ð model 45 ISO 19116 437, 448 Ð numbering 406 Ð property 605 ISO 19117 355, 417, 448, 521 ISO 9000 series 397 intrusion 869 ISO 19118 4, 110, 380, 418, 450, ISO 9000:2005 406 invariant region 256 451, 521, 676 ISO 9001:2008 406 invasive species 182 ISO 19119 4, 385, 440, 543 ISO 9004:2009 406 inventory 845Ð847 ISO 19119:2005 385 ISO and IEC Joint Technical in situ calibration 213 ISO 19123 423, 434, 472, 477, 486, Committee 1 (ISO/IEC JTC1) ionospheric condition 247 489, 519, 543, 544, 676 410 iPhone 357 ISO 19124 467 ISO directives relevant irregular tessellation 728 ISO 19125 81, 105, 106, 283 Ð conformance 405 ISO 410, 522, 537, 755, 862 Ð class model 81 Ð foreword 404 ISO 10181 632 ISO 19125-1 476, 489 Ð introduction 404 ISO 11179 376 ISO 19125-2 476, 505, 546 Ð scope 404 ISO 11783 813 ISO 19126 475, 622 ISO guide 403 ISO 14825:2004 852 Ð feature item 618 ISO publicly available specification ISO 15836:2009 385 ISO 19128 477 (ISO/PAS) 403 ISO 18025 622 ISO 19129/TS 489 ISO REL 463 ISO 19011 406 ISO 19131 475 ISO SQL/MM model 960 ISO 19100 430, 677, 779 ISO 19131:2007 476 ISO standard 403, 409 ISO 19100 family ISO 19132 480 Ð template 404 Ð groups 440 ISO 19133 280, 424, 480, 481, 483, ISO store 406 Ð implementation 431 722 ISO Technical Committee (TC) 211 Ðprofile 422 ISO 19134 425, 480, 483 375 ISO 19100 standards 415 ISO 19135 408, 417, 446, 473, 486, ISO technical report (ISO/TR) 403, ISO 19101 3, 4, 415, 418, 419, 438, 613, 615, 617, 618, 621Ð623, 836 404 440, 486, 672, 717 Ð compliant registry 621 ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) ISO 19102 430 ISO 19135-2 473 404 ujc Index Subject ISO 19103 430 ISO 19136 109, 434, 440, 505, 517, ISO technical specification (ISO/TS) ISO 19104 430, 434, 440 677, 836, 863 403 ISO 19105 404, 430, 437 ISO 19137 440 ISO/IEC 10746 418, 480 ISO 19105:2000 413 ISO 19139 109, 388 Ð computational viewpoint 419 ISO 19106 430, 438 ISO 19141 480, 484 Ð engineering viewpoint 419 ISO 19107 15, 115, 283, 303, 304, ISO 19142 111, 478, 479 Ð enterprise viewpoint 418 308, 440, 442, 477, 489, 543, 675 ISO 19143 308, 479 Ð information viewpoint 419 ISO 19108 102, 517 ISO 19144-1 434, 486 Ð technology viewpoint 419 ISO 19108 Temporal schema 442 ISO 19144-2 487, 622 ISO/IEC 11179 615 ISO 19109 3, 5, 11, 111, 416, 438, ISO 19145 473, 474 ISO/IEC 13249-3 81 441, 509, 521, 622, 672, 676 ISO 19147 425 ISO/IEC 13249-3:2006 82 ISO 19110 118, 417, 442, 474, 622, ISO 19148 480, 483 ISO/IEC 14481 419 676 ISO 19150-x 424 ISO/IEC 19501 430 ISO 19110:2005 382 ISO 19152 461, 658, 662 ISO/IEC 19501-1 5 ISO 19111 417, 434, 443, 509, 543, ISO 19152 Land administration ISO/IEC 21000-5 463 627, 676 domain model (LADM) 459 ISO/IEC 7498-2 632 ISO 19111-2 443 ISO 19154 425 ISO/IEC 7942 409 ISO 19112 425, 447 ISO 19155 424 ISO/IEC 8632 410 ISO 19113 382 ISO 19156 479, 543 ISO/IEC 8825 834 ISO 19113:2002 380 ISO 19157 396, 415, 452, 454, 459 ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003 546 ISO 19114 454 ISO 19160 425, 482 ISO/IEC 9592 410 ISO 19115 118, 367, 375, 382, 402, ISO 639-2 7 ISO/IEC 9636 410 408, 415, 451, 467, 521, 543, 676, ISO 6709:1983 447 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2 522 753 ISO 6709:2008 473 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 522 ISO 19115 classes in OWL 604 ISO 8211:1994 834 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC23 522 ISO 19115-1 452 ISO 8805 GKS-3D 410 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24 410, 522 ISO 19115-2 415, 465 ISO 8824 834 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25 522 ISO 19115-2:2009 379 ISO 9000 395, 406 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC27 522 Subject Index 1097
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 522 ISO/TS 19139 118, 450, 477 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31 522 ISO/TS 19139-2 425 594 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC32 410, 522 ISO/TS 19139:2007 380 Java VM (Java Virtual Machine) ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 410, 522 ISO/TS 19158 459 975 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC35 522 ISO/TS 19159 472 Java-based GMLViewer 945 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC36 522 ISO/TS 19159-x 467, 472 JavaScript 355, 568, 942, 952, 981 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 430, 522 ISOBUS 813, 815 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) ISO/IEC JTC1/WG7 522 Ð standards family 815 121 ISO/IEC Open systems isolated node 84 JCS Conflation Suite (JCS) 948 environment reference model isolated relation 314 Jet Navigation Chart (JNC) 837 (OSE-RM) 421 isoline 266 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ISO/IEC TR 14252 421 isometric view 267 943 ISO/RS 19124 465 isopleth map 330 JINI technology 646 ISO/TC 12 522 isothermal latitude 201 join 71Ð73 ISO/TC 130 522 ISO 19107 310 Joint Advisory Group (JAG) 560, ISO/TC 154 425, 522 ISPRS 528 853, 855 ISO/TC 171 522 ISPRS (International Society for joint probability density function ISO/TC 172 522 Photogrammetry and Remote 288 ISO/TC 176 406, 522 Sensing) 401 joint probability distribution 133 ISO/TC 184 430, 522 Ð working group (ISPRS WG) Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) ISO/TC 20 522 398 405 ISO/TC 204 412, 425, 439, 481, IT business 398 JPEG 121, 547, 943 483, 522, 853 IT department 918 JPEG 2000 121, 526 ISO/TC 207 522 IT Security 522 JSXGraph 584 ISO/TC 211 5, 11, 118, 409, 522, ITC International Institute for JTC1 SC24 Computer graphics, 543, 557, 590, 615, 621, 652, 658, Geo-Information Science and Earth image processing 465 668, 853 Observation 530 JTS Topology Suite (JTS) 948, 974 ISO/TC 211 WG 7 402 item class 622 Julian century 197 ISO/TC 211/OGC joint advisory Ðtable 623 Julian date (JD) 197 Index Subject group (JAG) 414 Item Identifier (ID) 614 JUMP 949 ISO/TC 23 522 ITRF realization 205 junction 285, 483 ISO/TC 241 522 ITRF2005 190, 200 jurisdiction 407 ISO/TC 37 522 ITRF-based geometry 195 justification 699 ISO/TC 42 522 ITRS (International Terrestrial ISO/TC 46 522 Reference System) 659 K ISO/TC 59 522 ITS project 851 ISO/TC 69 522 ITU (International Kaliningrad 316 ISO/TC 82 522 Telecommunications Union) 522 Kalman filter 287, 290 ISO/TC 211 651 ITU publications 406 Ð smoother 250, 252 ISO/TR (technical report) 19121 ITU-T/SG12 523 Kalman gain 290 466 ITU-T/SG13 523 KDE 981 ISO/TR 19120 439, 528 ITU-T/SG16 523 Kerberos 634 ISO/TR 19121 465 ITU-T/SG17 523 key point detector 258 ISO/TR 19121:2000 413 ITU-T/SG2 523 keyboard 526 ISO/TS 19101-2 465, 543 IUGS-CGI 881 Keyhole Markup Language (KML) ISO/TS 19103 3, 5, 7, 16, 111, 672 109, 118, 121, 447, 569, 949, 950, Ð primitive types 431 J 952, 959 Ð stereotypes 431 Key-Value Pair (KVP) 479, 550 ISO/TS 19127 445 Jacobian 291 keyword 372 ISO/TS 19129 465 Japan 487 Ð hierarchy 591 ISO/TS 19130 465, 467, 489 Jason-1 242 kidnapped robot problem 281 ISO/TS 19130-2 467 Java 568, 941, 949, 975 kinematic CP-DGPS 248 ISO/TS 19135-2 425 Ð applet 568, 941 kinematic laser scanning 252 ISO/TS 19138 454 Ð platform 974 Klein bottle 304 ISO/TS 19138:2006 382 Ð servlet 574 k-NNQ 85 1098 Subject Index
knot 490 Landsat 175, 183, 228 Ð security 662 knowledge 593, 776, 780, 833, 858, landscape 780, 893 Ð service 892 888, 892, 897 Ðclass 786 Ð status 667 Ð application 124 Ð feature 265 legally binding land-use plan 686 Ðbase 124, 773 Ð planning 701 legally binding urban land-use plan Ð based system 159 LandSerf 979 689, 698, 702 Ð discovery 127 landslide 876 Legally Mandated Organization Ð driven model 140 land-use information 665 (LMO) 879 Knowledge-Based Expert System land-use plan 684, 696, 697, 699, legend 338, 351 (KBES) 183, 854 700, 705 legged robot 279 Königsberg bridge problem 316 Ðmaster 686, 689, 698 legibility 338, 344 kriging 50, 51, 55, 57, 267, 785, Ðurban 697 legislative 693 787, 789 lane departure warning system 524 length 503 Ðgradient 53, 56 language 363, 372, 395, 424, 522, lens distortion 214, 268 Ð indicator 53, 60 636 Leonhard Euler 316 Ðordinary 53, 55 language-specific platform 974 level Ðvariance 49, 50, 55, 57, 59 laser 242, 245, 524 Ð abstract 399, 409 kriging variance 56 Ð altimeter 242 Ð conformance 439 KU Leuven 530 Ð matching 261 level of coverage 400 Ðprofiler 243 level of detail 367, 399, 836 L Ð ranging 240, 241 level of dimensionality 334 Ð scanner 243, 252, 279 level of metadata 367 label object 943 Ð scanning 471 level of ontology 592 label placement 344, 345 Ðsensor 250, 264 level of prescriptiveness 400 laboratory calibration 213 Latin America Development Bank level of topology 835 Lalonde Report 912 530 leveling 193 Lambert conformal conic projection latitude 186, 189, 193, 199, 201, Ð operation 194 204 446 Level-of-Detail 1 307 ujc Index Subject land Ð ellipsoidal 191 LGPL (Lesser General Public Ð management 536, 895, 900, 905, Ð geocentric 199 License) 980 907 Ð reduced 199 liaison 522 Ðmap 706 law 395, 398 libproj4 948 Ðownership 897, 903 law of total probability 289 library Ð register 664, 666 layer 903, 923 Ð digital 385 Ð registration system 663 Ð street 894 license 462, 895, 949 Ð registry 661 Ð structure 894 Ð manager 464 Ð registry officials 666 layer object 943 Ð verification 462 Ð registry, object-oriented 667 layered architecture 942 licensee 464 Ð regulation 706 layout 350 licensing 634 Ð tenure 664 layover 236 Ð agent 464 Ðvalue 706 LBS (Location-Based Services) LIDAR (Light Detection and Ð wnership 900 576 Ranging) 212, 240, 243, 253, 847 Land Administration Domain Model LCD monitor 339 Ðsensor 471 (LADM) 607, 658, 659, 680 lead poisoning 924 Ð sensor orientation 837 land administration law 462 lead poisoning prevention 930 life cycle 524 land cover 529, 839 leaf node 91, 93 life sciences 534 Ð change 982 leak detection 907 lifestyle 912, 919 Land Cover Classification System lease 895, 900 Life-Worldly Oriented Area (LOR) (LCCS) 487, 533, 607, 621, 622 least-squares 707 land cover meta language 485, 622 Ð adjustment 190, 201, 257 light 212 Land Information System (LIS) 668 Ð image matching 260 Light Detection and Ranging Land Parcel Information System Ð method 21, 256 (LIDAR) 212, 230, 240, 467, (LPIS) 801 legal 904 747, 807, 907 landmark 284, 720 Ð framework 395 light rail 483 Ð based representation 282, 283 Ð restrictions on datasets 370 light source 212 Subject Index 1099 lighthttpd 573 local planning authority 697 M lightness 337, 339 local planning autonomy 698 lightning strike assessment 905 Local Space Rectangular (LSR) Mac OS X 952, 953 light-sensitive element 212 224 machine interoperation 606 Lightweight Directory Access localization 281, 407, 712 machine learning 125, 126 Protocol (LDAP) 634 Ðstep 279 Ð algorithm 183 likelihood space 288 local-level frame 251 machinery 522 limited right 666 locate (curve segment) 515 Ð agricultural 795, 811 line 82, 283, 861 location 913 Macromedia 575 Ð camera 212, 245, 253, 254, 263 Ðofincident 922 macro-view hierarchy 125 Ð scanner 243, 252 Ð of the dataset 380 magnetic sensor 249 Ð scanner system 221 Ð recall 555 Mahalanobis distance 133 Ðsensor 221, 262 Ð series point 749 mail exchange 536 line sensor data Ð service 480 maintenance 372, 888, 891Ð893, Ð orientation 224 Ð service (OpenLS) 555 898, 904, 905 lineage 373, 380, 621 Ð utility 718 malaria 924 linear locational geometry 544 Ð prevention 928 Ð topology 154 locational geometry structures management information system linear array scanning system 227 544 930 linear CCD 223 location-based information 922 management of geospatial metadata linear element 485 Location-Based Mobile Service 378 linear feature (LBMS) 414, 426, 649, 852 management of metadata 671 Ð label placement 345 Location-Based Service (LBS) 158, Management Zone (MZ) 809 linear function 24 480, 517, 533, 545, 568, 584, 649, maneuvering aids 524 linear geostatistics 45 711, 733, 852 Manhattan linear interpolation 512 Ð primary 713 Ð distance 133 Linear Mixing Model (LMM) 229 Ð secondary 714 Ðmetric 161 linear quadtree 91, 106 Location-Based Services (LBS) manifesto 78 Ð space-driven 92 555, 576 manÐmachine interface 526 Index Subject linear reference 480 locations of incident 918 many-to-many relationship 68 Ð coordinate 544 LockFeature 478 map 278, 360, 531, 536, 746, 859 Ðsystem 481 Lockheed Martin 540 Ðalgebra 973, 977 Linear Referencing System (LRS) locking function 550 Ð algebra module 977 83, 106, 846 logic 125 Ð ashup 356 linear scale 92 Ðrule 131 Ð compilation 356 linear scanning 514 logical consistency 381, 454 Ð content 294 linear transformation 179, 296 logical predicate 551 Ð coordinates 28, 544 Ð procedure 179 logically related data 124 Ð digitization 27 linearization 290 logistic management 777 Ð for screen 327 LinearRing 82 logistics 830, 907, 908 Ð generalization 448 line-based 2-D representation 283 Ð directorate 823 Ð layout 350 Lines of Sight (LOS) 832 Longest Common Subsequence Ðmargin 353 LineString 82, 959 (LCSS) 730 Ð matching 727 linguistic adaptability 407, 614 longitude 186, 189, 199, 202, 446 Ð merging step 279 link 483 Ð ellipsoidal 191 Ð object 943 Linux 952, 953, 968 long-range tracking 777 Ð of plague 913 Ð based systems 973 look-ahead function 768 Ð paper 294 list 515 loose coupling 972 Ð production 531 load balance 943 Loran C 525 Ð projection 332, 494, 531, 619 Local Area Network (LAN) 525, loss of proximity 89 Ð scale 294, 327, 334, 356, 836 631 lost area interpolation 512 Ðserver 752, 939 local area networking 646 loudness contour 706 Ð service 356 local law 698 low-cost instrument 250 Ð static 354, 917 local level frame 250 lower approximation 128 map server system local map 286, 288 LPIS workflow 802 Ð client 940 local observation system 199 Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) 190 MAPGEN 948 1100 Subject Index
MapGuide 942 marketing 529, 734 MetaCRS 952 Mapguide 948 Ð terminology 924 metadata 117, 118, 138, 151, 359, MapLayer 956 Markov 363, 365, 396, 402, 432, 594, 599, Mapnik 355, 974 Ð property 289 617Ð619, 623, 635, 778, 946, 970 mapping 278, 712, 893, 901, 905, Markov chain 289 Ð2.0 387 907 mashup 356 Ð accuracy 360 Ð and sensors 477 mash-up 572 Ð application 379 Ð camera 215 mass market 711 Ð catalog 365 Ð change 181 Ðgeo 542 Ðelement 365, 375, 378, 389 Ð computer 916 mass vaccination Ð element, definition 377 Ð frame 250, 252 Ð administration 921 Ð harvesting 946 Ð indoor environment 278 massive database 127 Ð implementation 477 Ð mobile 357 Master Address File (MAF) 852 Ðlevelof 367 Ð of concepts 605 master cone 217 Ð model 377 Ð prerequisites 245 master land-use plan 686, 689, 698 Ð operations 385 Ð probabilistic state estimation 288 master registry 620 Ð primary function 364 Ð risk factor 930 matching 38, 40, 42, 43 Ð register 618, 778 Mapquest 568 Ð candidate 41 Ð section 376 maps 312 Material Composition Category Ð standard 374, 385, 454 maps on demand 571 (MCC) 834 Ð type 364, 371 MapServer 939, 975 mathematical method 970 metalanguage 622 Ð architecture 941 MATLAB 975 meta-metamodel 419 Ð basic building block 941 matrix 22Ð26, 30, 36Ð39, 41, 42 Ð key principle 5 Ð feature 940 maximum remainder algorithm 135 Ðlevel 4 Ð geographic layer 940 mbRegion 500 metamodel 11, 419, 599, 621 MapText LabelEZ 344 mean Earth ellipsoid 187, 194 Ðlevel 4 MapWindow 970, 981 Mean Error (ME) 785 metamodel level margin 353 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 186, 194, Ð ISO/TC 211 5 ujc Index Subject Ðofmaps 386 837, 838 meteorological information 827 marginalia 351 mean solar day (UT1) 197 meteorology 530, 542 MarGIS 781 meaning 590 meter consumption 909 Ð database 750 MEASURE (monitoring and methodology 125 Ð project 752, 781 evaluation to assess and use metric representation 282 marine 531 results) 928 metrology 479 Ð conservation 744 measured value 20, 21 Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Ð ecoregion 780 measurement 479 916 Ð ecosystem 758 Ð unit 755 MicaMote 276 Ð environment 744, 746 measures 520 Microelectromechanical System Ð environmental protection 779 Median Percentile Error (MPE) 785 (MEMS) 248, 275 Ð navigation 839 medical geography 913, 914 microprofiler 746 Marine Data Model (MDM) 750 meet 310 microscope 524 Marine Environmental Data Base membership 538 microsensor 276 (MUDAB) 781 Ð function 130 Microsoft 948 Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure mental image 591 Ð .NET framework 975 (MGDI) 755 mental map 325 ÐBING 952 maritime navigation 522 Mercator projection 332 Ð Internet Information Server 573 Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) meridian of the ellipsoid 202 Ð Network (MSN) 715 760 meridian strip projection 202 Ð photogrammetry 219 Maritime Spatial Data Infrastructure Ð scheme 203 ÐSQLServer 106 (MSDI) 779 meronymy 605 Ð Windows family 973 Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) message 592 MicroStation 861 757, 759 MetaCarta 949 micro-view world 124 maritime transport 744 Metacarta 569 microwave 230, 232 market value 903 metaclass 9, 599 middle decision-maker 125 Subject Index 1101 middleware 534, 942 mobile device 644, 647, 648, 712, monostatic system 234 mid-scale topographic map 327 892, 893, 900, 957 mooring 746 MIF/MID (MapInfo interchange Ð GPS-enabled 647 morbidity 912 format) 121 Ð manufacturer 714 mortality 912 milieu creation 707 mobile field service 555 mortgage 665, 667 military 175, 395 mobile GIS 892, 906, 917 Morton order 89, 515 Ð dataset 836 ÐArcPad 917 mosquito-borne disease 928 Ð function 01 829 Ð GoogleEarth 917 Moteiv 276 Ð Geographic Information System Ðsoftware 917 motion model 287, 289 622 mobile robot 292 mountain cartography 531 Ð GIS application 834 mobile scanning mouseover 356 Ð organization 823 Ð airborne 245 movement Ð standard 833, 835 Ð terrestrial 245 Ðanalysis 726, 732 Military Grid Reference System mobility 725, 889, 898 Ð characteristics 729 (MGRS) 834 Möbius strip 304 Ð pattern 733 MIL-STD 2525B 826 model 395 Ð space 727 MIL-STD2525B 825 Ð classification 467 Ð trace 726 MIME media type 111 Ð coupling 971 movie 749 mimetic symbol 337 Ðelement 431 moving average approach 169 mineral 868 Ð elevation 348, 837 moving cluster 732 Ð resource 880 Ð empirical 43 moving object database 733 minimum bounding box 501, 728, Ð exponential 47 moving point 102, 104 729 Ð geopotential 195 moving query 103, 105 minimum bounding pentagon 86 Ð integration tool 971 mp3 player 712 minimum bounding rectangle 104 Ð ratified semantic connection 431 MTSAT (Meteorological Satellite) Minimum Bounding Rectangle Model Driven Architecture (MDA) 245 (MBR) 86, 94, 97, 163 661 multi point coverage 520 minimum spanning tree 98 model fit 50 multi surface coverage 520 mining 522 Model Management Service (ITMS) Multi Version R-tree (MVR-tree) Index Subject Ð algorithm 125 440 728 Ðtask 129 Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) multicurve 305 Ministries of Health (MOH) 920, 4, 109 multidate classification 179 921, 928, 931 model-driven DSS 140 multidate clustering 178 Ministry of the Interior (MOI) 719 model-driven model 139 multidate image 177 Minkowski distance 133 modeling 3, 5, 128, 151, 661, 866, multidimensional data model 138 misplanning 698 893, 901, 904, 906, 971 multihead concept 217 mission 537 Ð community 969 multihypothesis tracking 288 MIT (Massachusets Institute of modeling complex shape 265 Multilateral Interoperability Technology) 949, 964 modeling language 384 Programme (MIP) 829 Ð license 951 modeling of geographic information multilevel grid directory 93 mixed classification 128 3 MultiLineString 82, 959 mobile modeling process 888 multilingual glossary of terms 437 Ðmap 568 modeling tool 971 multilinguism 407 Ð mapping 323, 357 modelling language 525 Multimap 568 Ðnetwork 712 MODFLOW 968 multimedia 124, 522, 523, 585, 715 Ð phone 712, 932 Modified Julian Date (MJD) 197 multimodal 830 Ð positioning system 414 Moho 869 Ðmap 721 Ð robot 278 moisture of objects 239 Ðnetwork 484 ÐSVG 584 Molodenskij 193 Ð peration 483 Ð technology 148 Ð formula 198 Ð probability distribution 288 Ðwebmap 568 moment 59 Multinational Geospatial mobile cellular subscriber 712 monitoring 879, 893, 905, 906 Coproduction Program (MGCP) mobile computing 647, 648, 725 Ð database 125 838 1102 Subject Index
multipartition technique 89, 91 National Center for Health Statistics nautical database 744 multipass approach 288 (NCHS) 917 Nautical Miles (NM) 764 multiple CCD lines 224 National Environmental Public nautical navigation 717 multiple representation 531 Health Performance Standard nautical publication 773, 777Ð779 multiple single line image 221 925 Naval exercise area (NAVEX) 839 multiple-receiver LIDAR 471 National Geographic Information navigability 8 multiple-stop service 483 Infrastructure Programme of Nepal navigation 182, 245, 280, 284, 332, multiplicity 7Ð9, 14Ð16 530 372, 480Ð482, 712, 714, 744, 839, MultiPoint 82, 959 National Geospatial-Intelligence 851 MultiPolygon 82, 959 Agency (NGA) 538, 540, 833, Ðchart 354 multiprocessor computer 127 838 Ðgrade 250 multiresolution indexing 943 National Hydrography Dataset Ð nautical 717 multirobot scenario 279 (NHD) water feature 947 Ð service, basic 482 Multispeak 895 National Information Standards Ðsystem 524 multispectral 837 Organization (NISO) 453 Ð technology 227 Ðimage 218 National Land Information System navigation service Ð imagery 831 Users Association of Poland Ðpredictive 482 Ðsensor 228 (GISPOL) 530 navigation service 482 Ð spaceborne 228 National Land Survey of Finland navigational Ð technique 212 530 Ð object 762 Multispectral Scanner National Malaria Control Program navigational data 773 (MSS) 228 (NMCP) 929 navigational object 771 multistep query processing 85, 86 national map sheet series 327 navigational tool 767 MultiSurface 507 National Mapping and Cadastral Navstar satellite 851 multisurface 305 Agencies (NMCA) 529 NAVTEQ 714, 851 multivalued vector map 313 National Marine Electronics Navy 822 multivariate Association (NMEA) 207 naïve Bayesian classifier 132 Ðmap 328 National Oceanic and Atmospheric nearest neighbor ujc Index Subject Ð statistics 758 Administration (NOAA) 747 Ð interpolation 273, 512 Ð symbology 337 National Road Network of Canada Ð search 161 Ð technique 781 475 Nearest-Neighbor Query (NNQ) municipality 659, 666, 678, 922 National Security and Homeland 85, 727 mutation event 574 Defense 831 near-infrared spectral band 218 MVR-tree 728 National Space Research and neighborhood 304 MySQL 950, 976 Development Agency of Nigeria nesC 276 530 netCDF 947 N National Spatial Data Infrastructure NetLogo 733 (NSDI) 157, 371, 590 network 97, 106, 125, 130, 363, N fertilization 814 National Spatial Data Infrastructure 441, 631, 646, 648, 661, 852 NADM C1 (North American (NSDI) 375 Ð adjustment 253 Geologic Map Data Model) 863 national spatial planning 692 Ðanalysis 98, 893, 977 name identifier management protocol National Topographic Data Base Ðanalyst 921 635 (NTDB) 603 Ð centric warfare 827, 836 namespace 7, 10, 520 Native-Space Indexing (NSI) 728 Ð connectivity 713 naming style 10 NATO 528 Ðdata 977 Nationaal Waterplan 757 ÐCoreGIS 828, 829 Ð database 97 National Aeronautics and Space Ð geomatics 411 Ð hierarchy 99 Administration (NASA) 538 Ð Secondary Imagery Format (NSIF) Ð layer 633 National AIDS Commission (NAC) 834 Ð mobile 712 928 natural disaster 922 Ð model 84, 97 National Atlas of Canada 568 Natural Resource Analysis and Ð modeling 891 national body 412 Mapping System (NRAMS) 943, Ð request 576 National Cancer Institute 126 947 Ð service 879 National Center for Atmospheric Natural Resources Canada 375, 530 Ð space 728 Research (NCAR) 542 nautical chart 532 Ð topology 97 Subject Index 1103
Network Common Data Form Normalized Difference Vegetation object-orientation 77 (NetCDF) 121, 555 Index (NDVI) 808, 947 object-oriented database 149 Network Information System (NIS) normalized organization data model object-oriented DBMS 105 97 138 object-oriented GIS 149 networked sensor 649 normative reference 405 object-oriented model 76 networks interoperability 361 norme 398 object-oriented modeling 5 neural network 228 North American Geologic Map Data Object-Oriented Modeling (OMG) New Partnership for Africa’s Model 863 149 Development (NEPAD) 882 North American Profile of ISO 19115 object-oriented paradigm 662 New Work Item Proposal (NWIP) 375 objectÐproperty model 119 402, 465 North arrow 351 object-relational 662 Newtonian mechanics 185 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ð database 106, 958 Next Generation Networks (NGN) (NATO) 821 Ð database model 80 523 North Sea 743, 746 ÐDBMS 105 nginx 573 Norwegian Hydrographic Office Object-Relational Database NGO 913 774 Management System (ORDBMS) nicotine replacement therapy 926 Norwegian Mapping Authority 401, 148 NIMA (National Imagery and 412 oblique imagery 542 Mapping Agency) 195 notary 665 observation 21Ð24, 26, 28Ð30, 36, NMEA format 207 note 9 37, 41, 257, 517 NOAA 528 notice-to-mariner 774 Ðdata 556 nodal point 212 NSDI (National Spatial Data Ð equations 23 node 84, 97, 284, 292, 313, 505, Infrastructure) 719 Ðfusion 540 727 nugget effect 48 Ð vector 42 noise number of boundaries 304 Observations and Measurements Ð emission 303 number universe 129 (O&M) 556 Ð emission plan 705 NumPy 975 observing member 412 Ð pollution 903 nursing services 912 occupancy grid 282 Nokia 953 nutating mirror 243, 244 Ð representation 282 Index Subject Ð Maps 716 nutrition 930 occupancy-based representation nomadic device 524 NUVEL plate motion velocity 191 282 Nomenclature d’Unités Territoriales nviz 980 ocean water temperature 176 Statistiques (NUTS) 708 oceanographic modeling noncombatant evacuation operation O Ð open access 540 824 oceanography 530, 532 Non-Governmental Organization OASIS 425, 636 octave 974 (NGO) 866, 913, 931 Ð WS-security 633 octree 90, 283 nonhierarchical classification system ÐXACML 634 ODBS 78 487 obfuscation 736 odometer 245, 249 nonlinear adjustment 33 object odometry 279 nonlinear transformation 296 Ð condition 5 Ð measurement 288 nonorientable surface 304 Ð feature 943 official geodetic control station nonparametric filter 287, 291 object class information system (AFIS) 671 nonpermissive license 963 Ð geometric 15 official real estate cadastre nonrepudiation 396 object constraint 5 information system (ALKIS) 670 nonspatial attribute 136 Object Constraint Language (OCL) official topographic cartographic nonuniform data distribution 88, 431 information system (ATKIS) 670 89, 93 Object Linking and Embedding, off-nadir viewing 217 norm 398 Database (OLE DB) 547 offset 481 normal Object Management Group 5, 646 offset curve 491 Ð angle 216 Object Management Group (OMG) offshore exploration 777 Ð cloud model 131 4, 109, 377, 430, 527, 672 OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Ð equation 257 Object Relational DBMS 519, 530, 539, 634 normalization 68, 70 (ORDBMS) 79 Ð Architecture Board (OAB) 539 Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) object space 217 Ð compatibility 943 258 objective data 131 Ð GeoWeb Service 828 1104 Subject Index
ÐGML3.0 676 online service interface 617 Open Source Geospatial Foundation Ð interface 813 Online Transactional Processing (OSGeo) 968 Ð IP testbed 540 (OLTP) 126 open space 692, 695, 701 Ð membership 538 on-screen digitization 295 Open System Environment Reference Ðnetwork 540, 541 on-site collection 800 Model (OSE-RM) 440 Ð planning committee 539 OnStar 854 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Ð service 948, 950 Ð service 649 633 Ð Simple Features 958 Ðsystem 650 OpenAdresses 573 Ð standard 941 on-the-fly data transformation 977 OpenEV 981 Ð Strategic Member Advisory on-the-fly generalization 584 OpenGeo 530 Committee 539 on-the-job calibration 213 OpenGIS service architecture 543 Ð technical committee (TC) 539 ontology 372, 589, 591, 595, 597, OpenGIS Simple Features 547 Ð web coverage service 111 601, 605, 661, 722 OpenLayers 355, 569, 948, 949, Ð web feature service 111 Ð best practice 608 952 Ð Web Services (OWS) 540 Ð development 608 OpenSeaMap 744 ÐWMS 570 Ðlevelof 592 open-space structure 697 OGC (Open Geospatial Ð matching 604 OpenStreetMap 355, 357, 387, 388, Consortium)service interface 828 Ontology Ð Part 1: Framework 424 573, 576, 949, 952, 969 OGC Architecture Board (OAB) OODBMS 78 Operating Area (OPAREA) 839 539 Open Archives Initiative Protocol for operating system 953, 973 OGP 623 Metadata Harvesting 385 operation 7, 14, 383, 433 OGR 942, 948, 974 Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) Ðname 10 OGRFeature 950 547, 594, 950 operational awareness 889, 898, OGRGeometry 950 Open Digital Rights Language 909 OGRLayer 950 (ODRL) 634 operational database 137 oil 887, 889, 890, 892 open distributed processing Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) Ð company 892, 893 Ð viewpoints 419 837 Ð spill 182 open geodata 969 operational symbology 825 ujc Index Subject Ðwell 889, 893, 901 Ð interoperability specification 537 operations directorate 823 OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) operations metadata 385 604 121, 157, 278, 355, 399, 401, 412, operative agreement 558 oil and gas 423, 443, 521, 527, 537, 590, 615, ophthalmic optics 524 Ð industry 779 621, 633, 651, 652, 668, 716, 834, optical gyro 248 Ð production 744 853, 883, 958, 969 optical sensor OLAP 138 Ð extension 941 Ð frame 252 Ð platform 127 Ðmembers 538 Ð system calibration 252 Ð spatial 141 Ð Web Processing Service (WPS) optics 522 OMA 634 814 Oracle 106, 846, 950 Omega 525 open geospatial specification 533 Ð Multidimension 106 O-member 412 open geospatial standard 968 Ð Spatial 106, 304, 950, 958 onboard navigation system 524 Open GRASS Foundation (OGF) orbital track 228 one-dimensional 506 716 ordinal scale 519 Ð index structure 91 Open GRASS foundation (OGF) ordinary kriging 53, 55 OneGeology 864, 880 537 Ordnance Survey (OS) 714, 875 OneGeology-Europe 863 open location services 542 Organisation Européenne Ð project (1G-E) 880 Open Location Specification Photogrammétriques one-to-many relationship 68 (OpenLS) 718 Expérimentales (OEEPE) 529 one-to-one relationship 67 open period 102 organization Online Analysis and Processing Open Skies 831 Ð relationship 619 (OLAP) 126 open source 679, 939, 946, 947 Organization for Security and online atlas 576 Ð experience 680 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Online Geospatial Processing Ð library 964 831 (OLGP) 941 Ð license 963 Organization for the Advancement of Online National Atlas of the United Ðsoftware 680, 963 Structured Information Standards States 568 Ðsystem 106 (OASIS) 527, 621, 626 online resource 380 Open Source Geospatial 948 organized community effort 912 Subject Index 1105 organizing data 888 pan image 219 PDL 975 organizing spatial data Panamerican Institute of Geography PDOP (Position Dilution Of Ð clipping technique 88 and History (PAIGH) 527 Precision) 206 organizing workflow 888 panchromatic 830, 837 Peano curve 89 orientability 304, 306 Ð channel 219 pedestrian navigation 715 orientable primitive 491 Ð nadir channel 225 perception 591 orientation 335, 712 pandemic influenza 927 perceptual symbol 591, 595 Ð absolute 261 PANGAEA 750 performance standards 400 Ð accuracy 250 paper 339 perimeter 504 –fix 227 Ðmap 212, 293, 836 period 102 Ð fix point 225 Ð shrinkage 295 periodic orthogonal perspective 268 Ðsize 397 Ð pattern 731 orthometric height 193 Ð stretch 294 Perk 276 orthophoto 20, 30, 155, 212, 267 parabola 495 Perl 949, 974, 975 Ðmosaic 271 parallax 222 Ð Graph package 978 orthorectification 831 parallel Ð module repository 974 oscillating mirror 243, 244 Ð driving system 810 permafrost monitoring 182 OSGeo family 948 Ð processing system 127 Permanent Committee on GIS OSGeo foundation 570, 967 parameter 21 Infrastructure for Asia and the OSGeo Live DVD 969 Ð quantity 44 Pacific (PCGIAP) 527 OSI reference model 634 parameterized form 493 Permanent Committee on Spatial outage management 889, 907 parametric filter 287 Data Infrastructure for the outbreak investigation 920 Parametric-Space Indexing (PSI) Americas (PCIDEA) 527 outcrop 859, 860, 867 728 Permanent International Association outdoor environment 284 parasitology 916 of Navigation Congresses (PIANC) outlier 136 parcel 664, 894 773 outlier detection 136 Ð measurement 799 Persistence of Vision Raytracer Ð fundamental approaches 136 ParcelBoundary 675 (POV-Ray) 980 output data structure 112 parcel-identifier persistent R-tree 728 Index Subject Outreach and Adoption Program Ðmap 667 person 707 (OCAP) 541 parish 659 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) overflow 94 Parrot 976 644, 647, 851, 860, 932 Ð of data block 93 participating member 412 personal folio 666 overlap 90, 91, 95, 97, 273 participation procedure 698 personal hygiene 912 Ðregion 89, 91 particle depletion problem 291 Personal Navigational Assistant overlay 286, 940 particle filter (PNA) 712 Ð representation 286 Ð nonparametric filter 291 personalized web map 572 OWL ontology 603 Ð robot mapping 291 perspective distortion 268 OWL-S service ontology 606 partitioning of networks 100 perspective height 335 owner 464 passive imaging perspective transformation 269, ownership 462, 661 Ðsensor 227 512, 513 Ð rights 460 pass-through operation 444, 445 Petrotechnical Open Software ozone layer depletion 537 patchwork 286 Corporation (POSC) 528 Ðmap 286 phase P path 97 Ð difference 238 Ð length 98 Ð flattening 239 Pacific 534 Ð planning 281, 285, 286 Ð information 247 package 10 patient 931 Ð measurement 249 Ðdiagram 5 Ð preference 919 Ð unwrapping 239 Ð group of elements 5 pattern phishing 633 package diagram 431 Ð butterfly 216 photogrammetric camera calibration painter’s model 578 Ð buying 909 213 PAL 955 Ð recognition 125 photogrammetric imaging 215 Pan American Institute of Geography payment provider 464 photogrammetric processing 224 and History (PAIGH) 530 PCI Geomatics 948 photogrammetry 150, 211, 213, pan chromatic nadir channel 224 PCL 410 529 1106 Subject Index
photograph Platform Specific Model (PSM) Ð health 932 Ð aerial 360, 367, 369, 837, 915 109 Ð mean 56 photography 212, 522 Platform-Independent Model (PIM) Portable Document Format (PDF) photonics 522 109 354, 524, 580 photosurveillance satellite 830 platform-neutral perspective 545 portable network graphics 372 PHP 975 platform-specific perspective 545 Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Ð MapScript 947 plug-in layer 956 525, 943 physical geodesy 194 P-member 412 portolan chart 325 physical sensor model 467 PNG (Portable Network Graphics) portrayal 323, 450, 617, 618, 778 piecewise polynomial 227 372, 410 Ð2-D 348 pilot 540 Point 82, 959 Ðarea 619 pincushion distortion 214 point 88, 89, 92, 106, 283, 861 Ð catalogue 448, 828 pinhole camera 212 Ð cloud 266 Ð conditional function 450 pipeline alignment 904 Ðdata 338 Ð context function 450 Pipeline Inspection Gage (PIG) 904 Ð feature, label placement 345 Ð external function 450 Pipeline Open Data Standard (PODS) Ðgeometry 90 Ð function 449 895 Ð in-polygon test 164 Ð register 778 Pipeline Safety and Improvement Act Ð query 84, 92, 94, 940 Ðrule 659 889 Ð region quadtree 90 position 221, 242, 245, 253, 264, pixel 216 Ð register 474 267 Ðsize 223 Ð set topology 308 Ð accuracy 27, 294, 366, 371, 381 pixel-by-pixel 269 Ð transformation 88, 91 Ðsensor 263 place 424 Point of Interest (POI) 98, 715, 719 Positional Accuracy Improvement Ð identifier architecture 652 Point of Purchase (PoP) 734 (PAI) 21, 28, 297 placement 345 Points of Dispensing (PODS) Positional Dilution of Precision plan 327 Ð determination of sites for 922 (PDOP) 952 Ð drawing regulation 698 polar coordinate determination 207 positional quality 364 Ð implementation 706 polar radius 189 positioning accuracy 248 ujc Index Subject planar graph vector data 834 polar stereographic projection 204 positioning method 247 planar interpolation 497 polarization 232 positioning service planar polygon 497 Policy Administration Point (PAP) Ð application 448 plane coordinate 201 637 Ð data model 449 Ðsystem 202 Policy Decision Point (PDP) 636, Ð overview 448 Planetary Cartography 531 637 positioning system planning 182, 379, 529, 683, 743, Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) Ð mobile 414 746, 761, 777, 868, 891, 896, 905 636 possession 462 Ð and simulation 170 Policy Information Point (PIP) post classification 178 Ð approval 686, 705 636 postal system 425 Ð approval authority 705 Polish interdepartmental maritime PostalCode 719 Ðarea 707 policy plan 757 post-classification procedure 178 Ð committee 539 pollution 744, 747, 903, 908 PostGIS 106, 679, 946, 947, 950, Ð goal 683, 692 polygon 82, 347, 959 958, 976 Ð hierarchy 694 Ðdata 338 Ð geometry type 959 Ð horizon 696, 701 Ð overlay 162 Ðraster 963 Ðlevel 686 PolyhedralSurface 507 Ð spatial function 960 Ð obligation 698 polyline 283 Postgres 105, 958 Ðperiod 698 polynomial 33, 34, 260, 269, 469 Postgres95 959 Ð preliminary 699 Ð correlation 215 PostgreSQL 106, 679, 947, 950, Ð workflow 896 Ð interpolation 497 956, 958, 976 plant Ð spline 496 Ð database 956 Ð information-driven 810 Ð transformation 296, 467 Ð storage method 962 Ð rating 801 Ð trend function 55 PostScript 580 Ð remote sensing 799 polynomialSpline 303 –file 354 plate carrée 332 popular GIS library 948 Postscript 410 platform 221, 268, 529 population 536, 923 potential difference 192 Ðsoftware 973 Ð based investigation 921 potential field 283 Subject Index 1107 potential function 129 Priorities for Local Aids Efforts Ðmarket 706 power consumption 275 (PLACE) 928 Ð type 14, 368, 369, 385 power plant 899 priority 347 Ð unit 707 precession 248 Ð attribute 450 Ð value type 120 precise code 247 prism 228 proportional symbol 331 precise GIS data capture 247 privacy proposal stage 402 Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Ð issues 571 proprietary GIS 978 206, 247 Ð policy 736 protocol precision Ð protection 736 Ð connectionless 942 Ð agriculture 278, 803 private contract 666 Ð stateless 942 Ð farming 803, 804 probabilistic robotics 280, 288 Prototype JavaScript Framework Ð farming cycle 805 probabilistic rough set 136 952 Ð farming strategy 806 probabilistic sensor model 282 provider 374 Ð technology classification 803 probability 24, 39, 127, 136 proximity 88, 91 prediction 49 Ð fuzzy 135 Ð fitting 35, 36 Ð function principle 770 Ð theory 123, 127 pseudo-cross-variogram 46 Ðstep 289 process VM 975 pseudo-observation 29 Ðtrend 124 processing 365, 366 pseudorandom code 247 predictive navigation service 482 Ð language 522 pseudorange 206 predictive query 104 Ð service 440 public geodata 671 predictive rule 124 product 72 public health 912, 917 preliminary planning 699 Ð specification 367, 385 Ð GIS relevance 920 preparation of standards 404 production 365, 888, 890, 892, 899, public relations 704 preparatory land-use plan 698Ð700 901, 903 public transport 524, 526, 570, 715 preparatory stage 402 Ð environment 367 public transportation 922 preplanned waypoint 768 Ð facility 899, 902 publication stage 403 prepress 354 Professional Petroleum Data publishing web maps 957 presentation 767 Management Association (PPDM) pulse compression 235 Ð function 172 895 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) Index Subject Ð library 776 profile 389, 430, 519, 661 236 Ð mechanism 773 Ð2-D 243 pulse-based range finder 241 Ð service 718 Ð3-D 243 Pulsed Doppler Elevation Scan Ðsystem 150 Ð artifact 636 (PDES) 831 preservation of open spaces 701 Ð elevation 243 Pulsed Doppler Nonelevation Scan pressure altitude 445 profiler 242 (PDNES) 831 prevention 912 Program Maintenance Group (PMG) pulsed laser 241 Prevention of Mother-to-Child 414 pushbroom Transmission (PMTCT) 928 programmatic symbology 346 Ð condition 221 preventive treatment 912 Programme Maintenance Group Ð scanning 221 PRIMAR Stavanger 774 (PMG) 413 Ðsensor 467 primary key 66, 67, 69, 72, 78 Programmer’s Hierarchical pyramid 102 prime meridian 443 Interactive Graphic System Python 949, 956, 967, 974, 975 primitive 491 (PHIGS) 410, 525 Ð GDAL binding 975 Ð datatype 7 programming language 522, 971 Ð Package Index (PyPI) 974 Ð instancing 307 progressive approximation 87 Ð plug-in 956 Ð node 313 PROJ 948, 951 Ð plug-in installer 954 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PROJ.4 948, 953, 958, 974 179 project 72 Q principal point of autocollimation Project Team (PT) 402 467 projection 363, 717 QGIS 952, 953, 955 Principle Component Analysis (PCA) Ð choice 334 Ð code 956 228 projective transformation 955 Qt GUI Builder 981 principle of encapsulation 5 property 517 Quadratic Discriminant Analysis principle of subsidiarity 690 Ð boundary 327 (QDA) 786 printing ink 524 Ð cadastre 409, 425, 665, 667 quadratic interpolation 512 1108 Subject Index
quadrilateral 269 Ð imaging geometry 231 rational polynomial coefficients Ð grid coverage 512 Ð measurement 230 model 255 quadtree 90, 283, 866 Ð observation 772 rationalSpline 303 Ðstorage 265 Ð overlay 771 ratios of polynomials 469 qualitative map 327 Ð point measurement 232 RDBMS 78 qualitative symbology 346 Ð remote sensing 233 RDF schema (RDF-S) 602, 603 quality 363, 374, 394, 536 Ð resolution cell 240 RDF tagging 601 Ð assurance 522, 774, 865 Ð shadow 237 reachability 313 Ðdata 671 radio-communication 522 real estate 895 Ð evaluation report 415 radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) Ð book 798 Ð management 522 405 Ð cadastre 667 Ð management system 406, 407 Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Ð property 666 Ðofdata 755 279, 526, 648, 649, 718, 726 Real-Aperture RADAR (RAR) Ð of experience 523 radiometric 235 Ð of position 481 Ð calibration 215 reality 594 Ð oriented production system 811 Ð color information 219 reallocation 706 Quality Control (QC) 625, 889 Ð correction 177 real-time 534, 768 quantitative data quality 380 Ð heterogeneity 177 Ðdisplay 771 quantitative map 328, 342 radiometry 529 Ð layer 895 quantitative quality information radionavigation 759 Ðmap 568 454 radius 504 Ð mobility 647 quantitative symbology 346 radome 831 Ð navigation service 482 quantity 522 random function 45 Ð navigation system 761 Ðofdata 755 random noise 56 Ð position and orientation 770 Quantum GIS 970, 975 Random Sample Consensus Ð positioning 247, 777 Ð architecture 955 (RANSAC) 258 Ð service 651 Quantum GIS (QGIS) 953 random variable 43, 45, 53, 55Ð57, Ðwebmap 572, 576 quasi-geoid 194, 196 59 Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) 248 ujc Index Subject Quattro DigiCAM-H/60 220 range 759, 764, 776 reasoning 135, 597 query 596, 892, 904, 940 Ð finder 471 receiver 245, 247, 845 Ð and retrieval tool 139 Ð query 164, 940 Ð electrooptical 241 Ð function 159, 550 Ð resolution 234, 235 Recognized Environmental Picture Ð language 126 Ð searching query 727 (REP) 825Ð827, 840 Ð optimization 962 Ðsensor 279 reconnaissance data 827 Ð processing, multistep 85 RaoÐBlackwellized particle filter recording of spectral characteristics Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical 287, 291 Ð dispersion 227 Tree (QUEST) 781 Rapid Diagnostics Test (RDT) 928 Ð filtering 227 Rapid Inquiry Facility tool (RIF) rectification method 269 R 925 rectified RAR (real-aperture RADAR) 235 Ðgrid 512 R 949, 967, 974, 975 ∗ raster 282, 489 Ð gridded coverage 520 R -tree 95 Ð based data storage 976 recursive Racal Decca 759 Ð cell 87 Ð Bayes filter 289, 290 RADAR image 768 Ð coordinate 101 Ð spatial filter 163 Ð interpretation 239 Ðdata 100, 106, 155, 360, 478, 776 redÐgreenÐblue (RGB) 218, 338, Ð speckle 237 Ð database 100 837 RADAR system Ð format 583, 953 Ð color cube 341 Ð flight track 236 ÐGIS 845 Ð model 340 Ð slant range 236 Ðimage 124 reduced latitude 199 radiance 176 Ð model 84 redundancy 21, 27, 261 radiation 227 Ð soil sampling 806 reference radiative transfer code 177 Ð technology 164 Ðdate 380 Radio Detection and Ranging Ð vector conversion algorithm 295 Ð document 374 (RADAR) 212, 230, 245, 253, rat information portal 924 Ð ellipsoid 186, 192, 193, 204, 251 767, 826 Rational Polynomial Coefficients Ðmap 326 Ð beam 236 (RPC) 470 Ð model 3 Subject Index 1109
Ð parcel 802 Registry Information Model (ebRIM) reporting 879 Ð vocabulary 437 621 reporting tool 127 reference discrete grid point coverage Registry Services and Protocols repository layer 138 520 (ebRS) 621 representation reference frame 20, 21, 25, 28, 35, RegML format 623 Ð geometric 282, 283 147, 245, 250 regression 136 Ð occupancy based 282 Ð modern 200 regressor matrix 55 Representational State Transfer Reference model for Open distributed regular binary region 87 (REST) 355 processing (RM-ODP) 422, 440, regularized Boolean operations 307 representativePoint 500 480, 597, 722 regularly spaced grid 265 Request for Comment (RFC) 540, reference system 360, 380, 395, regulatory approach 736 541 759, 778 regulatory compliance 904Ð906 resampling 102 Ð elevation 443 regulatory standards 400 rescue 278 Ð spatial 83 Reichsbodenschätzung 799 research 537 referenceable grid 512 relational algebra 73 Ð submarine 747 referencing imagery 398 relational calculus 73 reservation area 696 referencing system relational database 65, 67, 78, 126, reserve 901 Ð linear 83 130, 644 residence 707 referent 594 Ð model 80 residential vacancy 685 refinement step 86 Relational Database Management residual error 21, 22, 24 refinery 893 System (RDBMS) 942 resolution 87, 89, 97, 176, 331, refractions research 958 Relational Databases and Associated 836, 868 Region of Interest (ROI) 940 Management System (RDBMS) Resource Description Framework region query 85 976 (RDF) 602 regional center 695, 697 relational model 76 resource discovery 370 regional data infrastructure 535 relational representation 280, 282 resource identification 371 regional development program 696 relationship 8, 16, 67, 68, 76, 377, response 596 regional electronic chart coordinating 621, 845, 888, 891Ð893, 904 responsibility 463 centers (RENC) 774 Ð private sector 851 responsible party 380 Index Subject Regional Office for the Eastern Ð through spatial data 888 restaurant finder 555 Mediterranean (EMRO) 921 relative exterior orientation 245 restrict operation 73 regional plan 688 relative motion 767 retail 895, 899, 900 regional planning 576 relative orientation 252 retrieval function 158 regionalized variable 45, 46, 55Ð57 relative positioning technique 247 reusable web map 572 register 382, 437, 614, 617, 836 relative radiometric normalization reuse geographic datasets 452 Ðbasic 618 177 reverse geocoding 720 Ð concept 615 RELAX NG 118 Review Summary (RS) 413, 465, Ð implementation 621 reliability 374, 568 467 Ð maintenance 620 relief 243 revisit time 176 Ð manager 617, 623 relief portrayal 348 rgdal 975 Ðowner 616, 622 Remote Data Objects (RDO) 547 Rich client Internet Applications Ð schema 618 remote diagnostics 650 (RIA) 581 Ð structure 618 Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Rico JavaScript library 952 Ðuser 617, 623 646 ridership analysis 845 Ð versioning 618 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) 646 ridge 265 registration 473, 615, 619, 621 Remote Sensing (RS) 139, 175, Riemann hyperspace 465, 466 Ð authority 473 211, 230, 467, 529, 799, 809, 919 right 636 Ð of color bands 218 Ð with microwaves 230 right-hand rule 305 Ð process 618 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) right-of-way 905 Ð requirement 613 746 rights expression language 462, 463 Ðrole 616 remotely sensed data 183 rights model 462 registry 382, 617 render image 978 rights procurement 897 Ð hydrographic 778 rendering 956 rights-of-way 666 Ð manager 617 Ð service 722 rigid body 305 Ð service interface 473 renewable energy 541, 893, 902 rigorous model 467 1110 Subject Index
rigorous sensor model 254 Ð and logistics 929 Ð imagery 175, 261, 837, 900 ring 304 Ð service 718, 721 Ð imaging 219, 223 Ring Laser Gyro (RLG) 248 RTCA standard 207 Ð laser ranging 195 risk R-tree 93, 106, 728 Ð platform 467 Ðanalysis 900, 904 Ð data structure 95 Ð position 247 Ð assessment 904, 906 Ð index 962 Ðsensor 224 Ð determination 889 rubber sheeting 35 Ð technique 187 Ð management 889 Ruby 949, 975 satellite image 465, 571, 714 Ð zone 880 rule 136 Ð distortion 269 risk factor Ð for application schema 111, 474, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) 190 Ð mapping 930 778 Satellite pour l’Observation de la road 922 Ð for developing ontologies in the Terre (SPOT) 183 Ð construction 176 Web Ontology Language (OWL) Satellite-Based Augmentation Ð maintenance 845 424 System (SBAS) 245 Ðnetwork 482, 483, 595, 846, Ðpredictive 124 saturation 337, 339 850Ð852 Ðsystem 606 SCADA 895 Ð network matching 951 Rules Interchange Format (RIF) scalability 284 Ð safety improvement 918 606 scalable repository 126 Ðtrafficdata 526 rural area 923 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) roadmap 283, 285, 331 rural block 659 448, 547, 569, 942 roadway data collector 851 rural development 529 scalar physical field 129 robot scale 331, 334 Ð autonomy 278 S Ð indication 776 Ð localization and mapping 290 Scale-Invariant Feature Transform Ð mapping 291 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient (SIFT) 258 Ð mapping problem 279 Transportation Equity Act: scan mirror 228 Ð mobile 278, 292 a Legacy for Users scanner 242, 245 role 7, 15, 463 (SAFETEA-LU) 844 Ð elliptical 244 ujc Index Subject Ðname 10 safeguarding location privacy 736 Ð frame 244 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) safety 374 Ð full-waveform 242 636 Ð contour 762, 763, 765 Ð hyperspectral 228 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) Ðdata 844, 845 Ð whiskbroom 467 459 Ð regulation 889, 893 scanning 836 root node 91, 94 Ð related alarm 765 Ð airborne 244 Roskosmos 528 SAGA (System for Automated Ð pattern 243, 244 rotating mirror 243, 244 Geoscientific Analyses) GIS 970, ScanSAR 235, 236 rotation matrix 28 975 schema 614, 618 rough membership function 135 Sagnac effect 248 Ð for coverage geometry and rough set 123, 127Ð129, 135, 136 salient feature 257 functions 544 Ð model 128 salient point 257 Ð for moving features 480 route 281 salinity 744, 746, 750 Ðlevel 117 Ð documentation 761 sampling pattern 223 Ð register 621 Ð finder example 433 sampling time 221 school 922 Ð graph representation 282, 285 sampling unit 707 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Ð guidance 524 sanitation 912 Research (SCAR) 527 Ð monitoring 761 SAR processing 239 screen resolution 356 Ð monitoring function 768 SAR system scripting 568, 581 Ðplan 767, 768 Ðswathwidth 236 SDF 950 Ð planning 761, 777, 845 SAR/InSAR 467 sea current 744 Ð planning function 768 satellite 185, 207, 746 sea level rise 744 Ð request 482 Ð altimeter 243 seabed habitat 780 Ð transversal 481 Ð based remote sensing 150 seamline 273 routing 165, 480, 576, 715, 893, Ðclock 206 seaquake 744 894, 904 Ð geodesy 200, 204 search 712 Ð algorithm 891 Ð gravity observation 195 Ð service 714 Subject Index 1111
Ðtree 88, 89 Ð airborne 224 Ðbroker 365 Ð tree characteristics 80 Ð airborne imaging 216 Ð interface 385 searching algorithm 962 Ð array type 467 Ð metadata 367, 385, 386, 477 seascape 780 Ð characteristics 468 Ð ontology 424, 606 second moment 44, 45, 53, 56, 57, Ð electrooptical 216 Ð ontology registry 424 59 Ð frame 250 Ð provider 365, 385, 464, 635, 636 Ð stationarity 45 Ð hyperspectral 228 Ð requestor 365 Second Normal Form (2NF) 68Ð70 Ð in situ 556 Ð territory 890, 895, 908 section 659 Ð magnetic 249 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Secure Token Service (STS) 636 Ðmatrix 216 462, 631 security 523, 534, 542, 568, 633, Ð measurement 278 set 725, 734, 778 Ð model 287, 289, 380, 467, 468 Ð fuzzy 123, 127, 128 Ð classification 370 Ð model language 542 Ð of concepts 595 Ð constraints 374 Ðnetwork 570, 653, 893 Ð of registers 618 Ð framework 632 Ð networked 649 Ð theory 65, 72, 73, 491, 619 Ð frameworks for open system 632 Ðnetworks 522 set-based operator 72 Security Assertion Markup Language Ð node 277 seven-parameter similarity (SAML) 635 Ð node platform 275 transformation 201 sediment Ð noise 279 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Ð alkalinity 750 Ð orientation 245 (SARS) 927 Ð geology 750 Ð parameter 215 SGML (Standard Generalized Ð sampler 746 Ð passive imaging 227 Markup Language) 410 segmentation rule 133 Ð platform 809 shape 303, 335 segmented curve coverage 513 Ð position 251 shapefile 109, 115, 118, 852, 946 segmenting trajectory 729 Ð range 279 Ðconversion 115 seismic profile 867 Ð reference 467 Ð format 890 seismic survey 900 Ð replacement model 255 shell 306 selection 331 Ðsystem 557 shelter 922 self-calibration 213 Ð tactile 279 ship Index Subject self-description principle 420 Ð ultrasonic 279 Ð movement 767 self-healing grid 893 Ðweb 278, 479 Ð security 777 Self-Organizing Time-Division Sensor Alert Service (SAS) 883 short range communication 526 Multiple-Access (SOTDMA) 772 sensor calibration 213 shortest path 98, 99 self-squared method 134 Ð geometric 213 short-range communication 275 semantic 362 Sensor Model Language (SensorML) shutterless camera 221 Ð heterogeneity 594 556 shuttle laser altimeter (SLA) 243 Ð interoperability 596, 597 Sensor Observation Service (SOS) Shuttle RADAR Topography Mission Ð method 387 542, 556, 883, 952 (SRTM) 239 Ðnetwork 591 Sensor Planning Service Side-Looking RADAR (SLR) 231 Ð operators 424 (SPS) 556 sidereal time 197 Ð quality 152 Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) side-scan SONAR 472 Ð relationship 557 479, 542, 556, 883, 970 SIFT operator 258 Ð similarity 605 Sensorbased Landslide Early signal propagation time 247 Ð spatial data infrastructure 596 Warning System (SLEWS) 883 Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) 229 Semantic Web 159, 387, 590, 601 Sentilla 276 signifier 595 Ð language 608 separator 97 Silverlight 355 Ð rule-based system 606 sequence rule 514 similarity assessment 604 semantics 590 Sequential Gaussian Simulation similarity matrix 134 Ð of datasets 385 (SGS) 59 similarity transformation 200, 204, semiotic triangle 590 serial rule 124 295 semiotics 596 server simple approximation 87 semivariogram 45Ð48, 50 Ð application 974 simple feature 81, 476, 546 Ð experimental 51, 781 Ð layer 956 Ð specification 834 sender 845 service 361, 364, 537, 613, 621, Simple Features 945, 948, 958 sensor 467, 883, 888, 889, 891, 893 717 ÐforSQL 958, 959 Ð active 230, 245, 252 Ð architecture 545 Ð model 310 1112 Subject Index
Simple Features Access (SFA) 546, SoftSource 942 Ð context for solutions 888 553 software Ðdata 904, 905 simple kriging 53, 59 Ð agent 604 Ð data mining 123 Simple Object Access Protocol Ð based communication 534 Ð data task view 975 (SOAP) 633 Ð development toolchain 973 Ðdatum 188 Ð message 634 Ð licensing 968 ÐDMKD 141 simplicial complex 311 Ð platform 973 Ð domain 960 simplification 294, 331 Ð stack 973 Ð index structure 88 simplified spatial schema 313 Ð toolchain 973 Ð indexing 88, 91 simulation 43, 59, 128, 303, 622, soil 900, 903, 905 Ð information 755 833 Ðerosion 808 Ð intersection 227 Simultaneous Localization and Ð evaluation 798 Ðjoin 85, 961 Mapping (SLAM) 279 Ð heterogeneity 806 Ð knowledge 141 Singapore Land Authority 530 Ð information system 799, 807 Ð metadata 959 single logout protocol 635 Ð testing 813 Ð object 303 Single Point Positioning (SPP) 247 Soil and Water Assessment Tool ÐOLAP 141 single-beam echo sounder system (SWAT) 982 Ð ontology 609 472 solar Ð operator 959 single-hue progression 342 Ð angle 176 Ð pictogram 594 single-sign-on (SSO) 635 Ðenergy 888, 901 Ð planning 303, 686 single-valued vector map 313 Ðpower 901 Ð planning system 690 site occupancy index (GRZ) 703 Ðsystem 189, 197 Ð point pattern 127 siting 901 Ð time 196 Ð predicate 551 SitStat survey 923 Soldner 663 Ð processing 963 situational awareness 893, 896, 898 Sound Navigation and Ranging Ð reference system 106 six-parameter transformation 32 (SONAR) 467, 471 Ð referencing 374, 599 size of population 707 Ðsystem 746 Ð referencing by coordinates 543 sketch map 279 sounding datum 620 Ð regression 128 ujc Index Subject slant resolution 234 SourceForge 954, 982 Ð representation 278, 281, 380 slope model 169 South Carolina Community Ð resolution 176, 371, 380 Small Computer System Interface Assessment Network (SCAN) Ð schema 778 (SCSI) 525 924 Ð selection query 85 small GIS 431 Southern and Eastern African ÐSQL 960 small-scale topographic map 327 Mineral Center (SEAMIC) 882 Ð statistics 975 smart sp package 975 Ð unit 661 Ð city 653 space 538 Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Ð farming 735 Ð administration 126 126, 365, 371, 394, 411, 462, 526, Ðgrid 888, 891, 893, 898 Ðdata 522 569, 589, 597, 667, 813, 883, 963 Ð meter 888, 889, 893, 908 Ð driven linear quadtree 91 Spatial Data Interest Community Ð phone 357, 647, 718, 953 Ð filling curve 89, 96 (SDIC) 879 Smart Dust 275 Ð fixed ICRS 196 Spatial Data Mining and SMIL 574 Ð geodesy 185, 196 Knowledge Discovery (SDMKD) smoke 923 Ð time cube 732 125, 141 smoothing 294 Ð time prism 727 Spatial Data Transfer Standard snapshot 103 space index (GFZ) 703 (SDTS) 376, 853 snow plow problem 318 spacing visual variable 335 spatial database 80, 126, 141, 574, Sobel operator 257 spaghetti vector data 834 585, 727 social determinants of health 920 spanning tree problem 98 Ð data model 83 social machinery 912 SPARQL Protocol and RDF Ð designing 86 social networking 388 Query Language (SPARQL) 602, Ð extension 958 social service 918 603 Ðsystem 80, 105 Societal Benefit Area (SBA) 541 spatial Spatial DataBlade 105 Society of Automobile Engineers Ð accuracy 454 Spatial Decision Support System (SAE) 396 Ðanalysis 303, 888, 891Ð893, 898, (SDSS) 127, 139 socioeconomic condition 917 903, 905 Spatial Modeling Environment socio-economic data 183 Ð autocorrelation 127, 781, 785 (SME) 982 Subject Index 1113 spatial network SPSS answer tree 786 Standing Conference of Ministers Ð database 97 SQL Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI) Responsible for Spatial Planning Ð graph theory 319 546 (MKRO) 692 spatial query 84, 92, 97 SQL function standing water 921 Ðbasic 84, 88 Ð spatial analysis 959 startOfArc 504 Ð language 308 Ð spatial relationship 959 star-tracker 245 Ð processing 84, 94 SQL/MM (Structured Query State Bureau of Surveying and Spatial Reference System (SRS) Language/Multimedia) 410 Mapping of China 530 83, 544, 872 SQL/MM Spatial 81, 82, 106 state development plan 688 Spatial Reference System Identifier SQLite 976 state development program 696 (SRID) 959 stabilized mount 224 state estimation problem 288 SpatiaLite 950, 952 staggered array 223 State Geodetic Administration of (spatio)temporal operation 103 staggered line 223 Croatia 530 spatiotemporal staggered line arrangement 223 state of a feature 717 Ð basic query 103, 105 standalone report 459 state of an object 5 Ð data type 102 standard 355, 394, 397, 529, 631, statement of reasons 700 Ð database 102 633 static CP-DGPS 248 Ð database model 102 Ð and nomenclature 755 static datum 191 Ð domain 473 Ð de facto 397 static map 354, 917 Ð footprint 726 Ðdejure 397 static service 651 Ð index structure 104 Ð deviation 23, 24 static web map 571 Ð indexing 104 Ðdisplay 762 stationarity 44 Ðjoin 104 Ð for ontology 424 statistic district 707 Ð nearest-neighbor query 104 Ð implementation issues 413 statistical Ðnetwork 320 Ðprofile 421 Ð computing 974 SpatioTemporal Association Rule Standard Generalized Markup Ð development 536 (STAR) 731 Language (SGML) 526, 944 Ð method 522 specialization 12 Standard Positioning Service (SPS) statistics 19, 24, 43, 125, 127, 136, specific local register 620 247 536 Index Subject speckle 237 Standard-Based Data Exchange status Ð effect 236 Interface (NAS) 676 Ð de facto 667 spectral change pattern analysis 178 Standardisation Council of Canada status indication 766 spectral dimension 808 (SCC) 401 Steering Committee for Image spectral domain 176 standardization 652 Technology (SCIT) 522 spectral mixture analysis 180 Ð committee 399 Steiner tree 977 spectral resolution 176 Ð initiative 755 stereo angle 221 spectral-temporal change Ð of geomatics 399, 409 stereo camera 279 classification 178 Ð organization 400 stereotype 9, 11, 431 spectral-temporal combined analysis Ð terminology 409 still picture imaging 523 178 Standardization Agreement still projector 523 spectrometer 228 (STANAG) 528 stochastic moment 44 specular reflection 261 Ð STANAG 2019 825 stockpile location 931 speed 221 Ð STANAG 7074 834 stockpile shipments tracking 921 spherical model 48, 57 standardized XML schema 677 storage 522 spiral scanning 514 Standards Developing Organization Ðmedia 523 spline 267 (SDO) 409 Ð utilization 88, 91Ð94, 96 Ðcurve 491 Standards Developing Organizations stored queries 478 split 93, 96, 105 (SDO) 400 stored query function 551 Ð operation 94, 95 Standards Planning and storm 923 sports 725 Requirements Committee (SPARC) Storm Water Management Model Ð scene analysis 734 63 (SWMM5) 982 spot color 354 standards program 540 straight line connector 727 spot sounding 762, 764, 766, 770 Standards Working Group (SWG) strapdown INS 248, 250 spotlight mode 236 540 stratigraphic boundary 867 1114 Subject Index
stratigraphy 867 surveillance 278, 725, 734 syntopic image 217 stratum 865 Ðdata 827 system 534 stream power index 808 survey 777, 894, 929 Ð electrooptical 524 stream system 319 Ð accuracy 895 Ð geodetic 199 street layer 894 Ðsystem 897 Ð language 974 street network 895 surveying 661, 897, 899 system approach stroke 931 surveying application 201 Ð amodal symbol 591 structural heterogeneity 594 surveyor 531, 532 System Management Service (ITSS) structure layer 894 SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) 440 Structured Query Language (SQL) 410, 569, 943, 955 systematic exploration 281 73, 84, 479, 546, 976 Ð extensibility 583 Système International (SI) 197 Ð command 754 Ð filling and stroking 581 Ð Data Statement 73 Ð filter effects 581 T Ð Schema Statement 73 Ð interactivity 581 Ðserver 950 Ð mobile profile 569 table 66Ð68, 70, 72 Ð specification 959 Ð path geometry 959 Table Joining Service (TJS) 556 Ð statement 84 Ð scripting 581 Table of Contents (TOC) 347, 404 Ð style spatial query 277 Ð styling 581 tablet computer 568 Ð Transaction Statement 73 Ð text and fonts 580 tacheometer 208 structuring function 153, 155 swath tachometer 207 study group 522 Ð length 228 tactical grade 250 style Ð width 223 Tactical Ocean Data Ð Level 0 Ð layer descriptor 542 Swath (multibeam or (TOD0) 839 Ð sheet 943 interferometric) SONAR system Tactical Pilot Chart (TPC) 837 Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) 355, 472 Tactical Pilotage Chart (TPC) 839 548, 570, 572, 717 Swath Width (SW) 244 tactile sensor 279 styling 519 SWE (Sensor Web Enablement) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) Subcommittee (SC) 401 542 121 ujc Index Subject Subcommittee (SE) 522 Ð common data model 556 TAI (International Atomic Time) subject-predicate-object triple 602 sweep area 103 197 sublicensee 464 sweep representation 307 TanDEM-X 239 submarine 746 sweeping region 105 tangent 503 submitter 624 SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and task force ISO/TC 211 Ð ISO/IEC submitting company 718 Interface Generator) 975 JTC1 SC24 414 submitting organization 616 Swiss World Atlas Interactive 576 task force ISO/TC 211 Ð ISO/TC204 subpixel refinement 260 swisstopo 346, 347 414 subregion 286 sybase SQL anywhere 106 tasseled-cap transformation 179 subregister 618 symbol 519, 523, 861 taxation 663 substitute observation 33 symbolization catalogue 450 taxonomic relationship 8 subsumption 605 symbology 956 taxonomy 280, 591, 722 subsurface 865, 877 Symbology Encoding (SE) 355, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Ð layer 894 548, 555 Protocol/Internet Protocol) 647 subtractive color mixing 338, 339 symmetric difference 950 Technical Committee (TC) 401, suitability area 697 symmetricDifference 503 522, 539 super wide angle 216 symptom 913 Technical Committee 287 410 superclass 9 Synchronized Multimedia Technical Information Systems (FIS) superfluous attribute 136 Integration Language (SMIL) 670 superior coordinate reference system 519, 574 technical interoperability 380 204 synchronous imaging 217 Technical Report (TR) 413 Supervisory Control and Data syndromic surveillance 920 technology of mapping 913 Acquisition (SCADA) 893 syntactic heterogeneity 594 technology viewpoint 597, 722 surface 82, 505 synthetic antenna 235 Tele Atlas 714, 851 Ð generation 732 Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) telecom operator 712 Ð model 212, 239, 264 186 telecommunication development Ð modeling 265 Synthetic-Aperture RADAR (SAR) sector (ITU-D) 405 Ð patch 304 231, 235, 467, 471, 832 telecommunication provider 714 Subject Index 1115 telecommunication standardization test-site calibration 213 Time-Parameterized Minimum (ITU-T) 405 tetrachroid beam splitter 222 Bounding Rectangle (TP-MBR) telecommunication system 854, tetrahedral network 313 104 888 Texaco 528 Time-Parameterized R-Tree telematics 650, 653 thematic accuracy 382, 455 (TPR-tree) 104, 728 Ð service 650 thematic map 327 timeslice query 103 Ðsystem 811 thematic mapping module 584 TIN 265, 266, 304, 953 telephone network 394 Thematic Working Group (TWG) Ð coverage 513 teleport 650, 653 658 Ð structure 267 Ðtown 653 theory of data fields 127 tiny-footprint DBS 277 telescopic 524 thermal camera 212, 230 TinyOS 276 television imaging 833 thermal imaging camera 230 Tirol Atlas 569 telluroid 194 thermal radiation 230 title 351 temperature 509, 744, 746, 747 Thermopylae Sciences and Ð registration 657 Ð increase 744 Technology 530 TMote Sky 276 temporal thesaurus 436, 591 tobacco prevention and control 930 Ð accuracy 382 thick-client/thin-server 942 TOD0 database 839 Ð concept 599 Thiessen polygon 465, 927 toll collection 524 Ð CRS 445 Ð coverage 512 Tomcat 752 Ð data type 102 Ðnetwork 512 toolchain 976 Ð database 727 thin-client/fat-server 942 top decision 125 Ð predicate 551 thin-plate spline 955 top hierarchy 131 Ð primitive 102 Third Normal Form (3NF) 68, 70, TOPEX/Poseidon 242 Ð quality 455 71 topocentric coordinate system 207 Ð reference system 102 third-party application 957 topocentric system 200, 205 Ð schema 371 threat model 631, 636 Topo-Geo 84 Temps Dynamique Terrestre (TDT) three dimensional 240 Topographic Line Map (TLM) 837 197 three-dimensional 532, 860 topographic map 326 TEN (Tetrahedral Network) 313 Ð coverage 473 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) Index Subject terminology 400, 430, 434, 522 Ð data aggregation 755 808 Terminology Maintenance Group Ð dataset 442 topography 830 (TMG) 413, 414 Ð spaceÐtime aquarium 732 topological terminology repository 434 three-parameter transformation 33 Ðanalysis 164, 166 ternary relationship 76 tidal power station 744 Ð class model 106 terrain 349 tide gage 195 Ð complex 675 Ð model 170 tie point 225, 261 Ð data model 308 Ð modeling 807 TIFF for Image Technology Ðmap 282 Ð modification 982 (TIFF/IT) 397, 523 Ð model 84 Terrain Compensation Module Ðtag 398 Ðnetwork 313 (TCM) 810 TIGER/line file 852 Ð node 165 TerraSAR-X 239 tight coupling 972 Ð predicate 82, 308 TerraSIP 941 tile 868 Ð primitive 84, 675 terrestrial tiling 101 Ð primitives 314 Ð ecoregion 780 timber 536 Ð relation 309, 311 Ð essential climate variable 607 time 777 Ðrule 154 Ð frame 200 Ð constrained analysis 127 Ð solid 312, 314, 505 Ð measurement 293 Ð duration area 749 Ð space 308 Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Ð duration line 749 Ð structure 834 244, 250 Ð geography 727 Topologically Integrated Geographic territorial Ð of-flight measurement 279 Encoding and Referencing Ð segmentation 707 Ðseries 338 (TIGER) 851, 852, 946 Ð unit 707 Ð series analysis 183 topology 285, 308, 505, 661 tessellation 306 Ðsystem 196 Ð geometric 482 test Ð system, basic 196 Ðlevelof 835 Ðbasic 438 Ð varying information 777 Ð linear 154 testing laboratory 438 Ð window query 103, 105 Ð operation 948 1116 Subject Index
Topo-Net 84, 97 transformation 294, 444 true replacement model 380, 467, Total 528 Ð function 155 470 total station 448 transistor 227 true-motion mode 767 touch display 953 transit 759, 769 true-to-scale presentation 762 tour service 721 Ð planning 845 trust 462 tourism 859 transmission 890, 893, 897 tsunami 744, 876, 884 tourism GIS 414 Ð line 903 Ð warning system 278 Ð feature catalogue 417 Ð of natural gas 888 tuple 78 Ð portrayal catalogue 418 Ð pipeline 903 turn 483 toxic exposure 919 Ð routing 905 TV imaging 833 toxics 925 Ðsystem 905 two-dimensional (2-D) ToxMAP 924 Ðtower 894 Ðataset 442 traceability 816 transport 524, 536 Ð structure 154 tracing good 830 Ð layer 633 Ð vector data 957 tracking 281, 480, 481 Transport Information and Control Ð vector graphics 409 Ð and navigation 722 System (TICS) 524 typeface 343 Ð of movement 726 transportation 182, 725 types of knowledge 130 Ð service 714 Ð database 369 typification 331 track-related alarm 768 Ð database manager 851 typography 323 tractor 522 Ð infrastructure 684 Ð based sensor 808 Ðnetwork 900 U trade 536 Ð planning 844, 845, 851, 852 traffic 526, 923 Transportation Equity Act UBGI 651Ð653, 655 Ð cell 708 for the 21st Century Ð standardization 652 Ðdata 845, 846, 850, 853 (TEA-21) 843 ubiquitous Ð design aid 851 Transportation Information System Ð city 653Ð655, 854 Ð information service 555 (TIS) 844 Ð computing 643, 645, 647, 648, Ð management 845, 851 Transportation Research Board 850 652, 653, 655, 735 ujc Index Subject Ð management center 853 transversal Mercator projection ÐGIS 651, 652 Ð noise exposure 701 201 Ð mapping 357 Ð signal coordination 851 transverse Mercator defining Ð space 652 Ð telematics 523 parameter 203 Ð technology space 653, 654 Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) Transverse Mercator Projection Ubiquitous Geographic Information 765 (TMP) 202 (UBGI) 148, 643, 644, 854 train line 727 trapezoid 517 Ubiquitous Public Access (UPA) trajectory 103, 225, 245, 249, 250, travel directions 555 425, 426 264, 726, 727 traveling mode 483 UC Berkeley 276 Ðanalysis 183 traveling-salesman problem 99, uDig 981 Ð computation 215 166, 977 UDM 313 Ð determination 249 traveller information 526 UI (user interface) 574 Ð similarity 729 treatment 923 UK Defence Science and Technology Ð simplification 729 tree structure 165 Laboratory (DSTL) 540 transaction 136, 479 trend 45, 53, 55, 57, 135 UK Marine Bill 757 Ð function 550 trend-in equipment 892 UKSA (United Kingdom Space Ð operation 479 trend-line 168 Agency) 528 Ð time 442 trend-surface 168 UltraCam 219 Transducer Markup Language (TML) Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) ÐD 220 557 35, 168, 265, 465, 493, 749 ÐEagle 219, 220 transfer 375, 380 triangulation 266, 713 ÐX 220 Ð mechanism 777 trigger 481 Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) 832 Ð of geographic data 157 trilateration 713 ultrasonic sensor 279 Ðprotocol 110, 111 tropical storm forecasting 537 ultrasound 713 Ð service 110 true motion 767 ultrawide band 734 Ðsystem 522 Ð mode 767 UML class 6 transform 501 true orthophoto 271 Ð and package diagram 431 Subject Index 1117
Ð constraint 6 United Nations Economic unknown parameter 22, 23, 26, 28, Ðdiagram 6 Commission for Africa (UN ECA) 29 Ð feature 6 527 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Ð feature property 6 United Nations Economic 799, 830, 831 Ð semantic 6 Commission for Africa (UNECA) unwarranted variation 919 UML class diagram 434 882 update step 287 ÐsmallGIS 431 United Nations Economical updating 760 UML diagram-type 431 Commission for Europe, Statistical Ð service 774 UML elements for geographic Division (UNECE) 527 upper approximation 128 information 431 United Nations Environmental upper-level network 99 UML interface 6 Programme (UNEP) 969 urban 659 UML modeling tool 431 United Nations Geographic Ð conversion area 690 UML notation and usage 431 Information Working Group Ð data model 313 UML package 6 (UNGIWG) 527 Ð development 706 UML package diagram 434 United Nations Group of Experts on Ð development master plan 686, UML package-diagram 454 Geographical Names (UNGEGN) 690 UML profile 118 527 Ð district 707 UML relationships 431 United Nations Humanitarian Aid Ð infrastructure 684 UML specification 10 Operation 824 Ð model 839 UML use-case diagram 434 United Nations Spatial Data Ð planning 576, 683, 844 UMN (University of Minnesota) Infrastructure (UNSDI) 878 Ð planning tool 853 MapServer 568, 679, 939 United States Geological Survey Ð renewal 690 UN Atlas of the Ocean 759 (USGS) 538, 948 Ðsprawl 182 UN international year 880 United States National Spatial Data Urban Vector Map (UVMAP) 837 UN/FAO LCCS 487 Infrastructure (NSDI) 878 US Agency for International uncertain probability 128 universal kriging 53, 55Ð57 Development (USAID) 920 uncertainty 20, 31, 279, 282, 382 Universal Mobil US Army Corps of Engineers Ð handling 287 Telecommunication System (USACE) 773 Ð manage 286 (UMTS) 713 US Army Corps of Engineers Index Subject uncovering knowledge 125 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Construction Engineering Research undirected graph 317 Character Set (UCS) 602 Laboratory (CERL) 537 UNEP (United Nations Environment Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) US Army Corps of Engineers’ 716 Program) 528 834 US Army Geospatial Center (AGC) UNESCO 881 Universal Postal Union (UPU) 425, 540 UNICEF 921 527 US Bureau of Land Management Unicode standard 117 Universal Resource Locator (URL) (BLM) 968 Unified Modeling Language (UML) 713, 941 US Census Bureau 916 5, 111, 377, 430, 451, 601, 670, universal sensor model 255 US Centers for Disease Control and 672 Universal Time (UT) 196 Prevention (CDC) 920 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) US Department of Commerce 376 602 197, 519 US Department of Health and Human Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Universal Transverse Mercator Services (DHHS) 916 477, 547, 602 (UTM) 203, 785, 834 US Federal Aviation Administration Uniform Resource Name (URN) Universe of Discourse (UoD) 4, (FAA) 540 602 128, 129, 151, 364, 366, 383, 420, US Geological Survey (USGS) 540, UNIGIS 530 474 851, 968 union 72, 73, 82, 503, 950 university 913 US National Geospatial-Intelligence unit 520, 522 University Corporation for Agency (NGA) 195 Ð of measure 398 Atmospheric Research (UCAR) usability 396, 455 Ð weight 27 540 usage 380 United Nations (UN) 405, 429, 487, University of Maine 530 Ð of a chart 764 527, 535, 653, 969 University of Melbourne 530 use of data 755 United Nations Department of University of North Dakota (UND) use-case diagram 431 Peacekeeping Operations (UN 943 user agreement 462 DPKO) 821 Unix 716, 952, 953, 968 User Defined Type (UDT) 546 1118 Subject Index
user interface 139, 522, 526, 617, Vector Relational Format (VRF) visual indication 768 762, 854, 980 834 visualization 325, 659, 714, 868, user status 627 vector-oriented GIS 422 888, 893, 900, 909, 917, 940 user-defined datatype 7 vegetation type 895 VLBI 190 user-related updating of secondary vehicle 524 vocabulary 526, 596 database (NBA) 677 vehicle monitoring system 572 voice recognition 650 USGS 487, 528 vehicle-based scanning 244 voltage transmission 889 utility 887, 889, 891, 892, 895, 899, VehicleÐInfrastructure Integration volume 503 905 (VII) 855 voluntary 401 Ð construction 892 velocity 103, 245, 253 Voluntary Counseling and Testing Ð data model 895 velocity of camera movement 217 (VCT) 928 Ð model 894 verification and validation 396 Volunteered Geographic Information Ðnetwork 893 vernal equinox 189 (VGI) 387 Ð operator 898 vertical Voronoi polygons 512 UTM 187 Ð2-Dview 349 Vorsorgeplanungssystem (VPS) Ð coordinate 203, 204 Ð CRS 443 758 Ð northing and easting 208 Ðdatum 194, 619 voxel 307, 866 Ð polarization 233 VRML (Virtual-Reality Modeling V Vertical Dilution of Precision Language) 410 (VDOP) 952 vtlib 980 vaccination 918 Very-High Frequency (VHF) 832 Ðrate 920 Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry W vaccine 920 (VLBI) 189 validation veterinary health 920 W3C 569 Ðcross 43, 50, 51, 785 vexcel imaging 219 W3C XML schema language 120 valuation of plots 706 vibrating accelerometer 248 waste 876, 925 value 335, 520 vibratory gyro 248 waste disposal 903 Ð object 513 video 749 waste disposal plant 705 ujc Index Subject Variable Range Marker (VRM) Ð camera 228, 749 waste dump 744 762, 767 Ðplayer 712 Watch Officer 767 variance 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 41 Ð surveillance 725 Water Framework Directive (WFD) Ð function 44 view graph representation 282 757 Ð of unit weight 23 viewing geometry 236 water pumps in London 915 Ð propagation 38, 40 viewpoint 418, 722 water quality 182 variogram 43, 50, 54 viewshed analysis 169 Water Quality Analysis Simulation Ðanalysis 781 viewshed calculation 303 Program (WASP7) 982 Ð cloud 46, 51 vignette 918 water sampler 746 Ðcross 46 virtual wave 48 Vdraft 942 Ð camera 216 wavelength 239, 241, 242 vector 489, 759, 771, 977 ÐEarth 550, 577 wavelet-based image 554 Ð control 917 Ð globe 529, 575 waypoint 768, 770 Ðdata 155, 331, 452, 478, 765, 953 Ðimage 218 WCS 540, 943 Ð dataset 366 Ðmap 327 Ð specification 945 Ð direction 179 Ð reality 833 weather 777, 923 Ð format 175, 583 Ðworld 424 weather data 801 ÐGIS 845 Virtual Machine (VM) 975 Weather Information Exchange Ð graphics 124, 126 Virtual Terrain Project 980 Model (WXXM) 540 Ð layer 954 virtualization 833 weather prediction 537 Ð smart map 837 visible light 228 Web vector and raster 963 Visible/Near-Infrared (VNIR) 229 Ð mining 123, 140 Ð data visualization 957 Visions and Strategies around the Ð object 943 Vector Map (VMAP) 837 Baltic Sea (VASAB) 692 Ðserver 573, 943 Vector Markup Language (VML) visual Ð standard 577 583 Ð analytics 733 Ð supersites 365 Vector Product Format (VPF) 834, Ð hierarchy 352, 356 Web 2.0 355, 387, 942 839 Ðvariable 334 Web 2.0 mapping 355 Subject Index 1119
Web 2.0 service 356 Web service discovery 606 workflow 543, 889, 891, 897 Web 3.0 387 Web Service-Oriented Architecture Workflow/Task Service Web browser 569, 940 (SOA) 365 (ITWS) 440 Web browser SSO profile 635 Web-based workforce management 907 Web cartography 567, 584 Ð analytical application 140 Working Committee of the Surveying Web Computer Graphics Metafile ÐDSS 140 Authorities of the States of the (WebCGM) 547 Ð map, electronic 913 Federal Republic of Germany Web Coverage Processing Service Ð service 148, 917 (AdV, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der (WCPS) 557 WebEOC 923 Vermessungsverwaltungen der Web Coverage Service (WCS) 549, WebGIS technology 947 Länder) 670 552, 607, 829, 943, 945, 977 WebGL 569, 575 Working Draft (WD) 402 Web Feature Server (WFS) 950 Web-mining application 140 Working Group (WG) 402, 413, Web Feature Service (WFS) 478, weight matrix 133, 257 522, 541 548, 550, 607, 614, 677, 815, 829, weight of an observation 23 Ð on calibration and validation 528 864, 943, 950, 952, 957, 977 weighting of interests 683, 690 Ð on education, training, and capacity Web feature service gazetteer profile weighting process 684 building 528 543 Well-Known Binary (WKB) 82, 83, workstation 409 Web GI 644 951, 952, 956, 959 World Bank 920 Web GIS 567 Ð format 977 world coordinate 101, 544 Web map Well-Known Text (WKT) 82, 83, World Food Programme (WFP) 969 Ð animation 570 951, 952, 959 World Geodetic System (WGS) 191 Ð audio 570 West Nile virus 922 World Geodetic System 1984 Ð context 549 wetland restriction 889 (WGS84) 833, 838 Ð hyperlink 570 WGS (World Geodetic System) 1984 World Health Organization (WHO) Ð potential property 572 121, 187, 191, 196, 204, 205, 833 912 Ð static 571 Ð parameter 192 World Meteorological Organization Ðvideo 570 whiskbroom (WMO) 527 Web Map Server (WMS) 607, 717, Ð scanner 467 World Ocean Circulation Experiment 829, 864, 941, 943, 952, 955, 957, White Paper (WP) 541 (WOCE) 744 Index Subject 977 wide angle 216 World Wide Web 519, 567 Ð functions 944 Wide Area Augmentation System World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Map Server interface 477 (WAAS) 206, 245 400 Web Map Service (WMS) 149, 355, wide area communication 524 Worldwide Electronic Navigational 547, 568 widget 980 Chart Database (WEND) 774 Web Map Tiling Service (WMTS) Ð toolkit 981 Worldwide Interoperability 549, 952 Wi-Fi 647, 651 for Microwave Access Web mapping 567 Ð alliance 713 (Wimax) 713 Ð application 577 Ð hotspot 648 WorldWind 569 Ð client 584 WikiMapia 573 WSMO (Web Service Modeling Ð processing 567 Wikipedia 387, 388, 949 Ontology) 606 Web Mapping Server (WMS) 448 wind Ð component 606 Web Notification Service (WNS) Ðenergy 901 883 Ðfarm 780, 887, 889, 897 X Web of data 601 Ðpower 901 Web Ontology Language (OWL) windmill park 744 X.500 networking standard 634 118, 602, 604 window xganim 980 Web processing service 543 Ð management 410 XLink 119, 519, 626 Web Processing Service (WPS) Ð query 84, 93, 94 XMI 373 553, 572, 607, 978 Windows 952, 953 XML (Extended Markup Language) Web Processing Services (WPS) Windows Forms 981 955 883 wireless communication 725 Ð -based conversion 452 Web service 364, 365, 534, 606, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Ð -based encoding 118 645, 647, 883, 891, 893, 895 883 Ð digital signature 633 Ð common 552 WMS 950 Ð encryption 633 1120 Subject Index
Ð metadata interchange language XSL-FO (Extensible Stylesheet Z 373 Language-Formatting Objects) Ð schema 112, 115, 517, 717, 944 585 zero-dimensional 505 Ð security standards 633 zoning 896, 903 XML Maintenance Group (XML Y Ð boundary 895 MG) 413, 414 ZOO 978 XML Schema document (XSD) Yahoo 948 zoomed transformation 124 451 Ð Maps 550, 569, 952 z-order 91, 97 XMLHttpRequests 569 yellow page service 716 XQuery 479 yield mapping 807 ujc Index Subject