1 COMMON PROBLEM INVASIVE PLANTS IN KLOOFENDAL NATURE RESERVE Compiled by Karin Spottiswoode for the Friends of Kloofendal June 2014, updated July 2016 This list includes the major problematic invasive plants in Kloofendal. As there are so many, the lesser problematic invasive plants have not been included in this document. So far 64 problematic plant species in Kloofendal have been listed This is a “working document”. The contents will need to be updated from time to time. This document on invasive problem plants in Kloofendal is based on the list of declared alien & invasive species, published in the Alien and Invasive Species Regulations (AIS), National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (Act no 10 of 2004) as published in the Government Gazette, 1 August 2014 REFERENCES BROMILOW, C., 2010. Problem Plants and Alien Weeds of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. FABIAN, A. & GERMISHUIZEN,G. 1997.Wild flowers of Northern South Africa. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg KLEIN, H. & NESER, O. 2014. A field guide to the Invasive Alien Plants of the Magaliesberg. Pyramid Litho Printers, Pretoria. VAN WYK, B & MALAN, S.1998. Field guide to the wild flowers of the Highveld. Struik. Cape Town HENDERSON, L, 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants – a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Paarl Printers, Cape Town. http://www.invasives.org.za/
Advice on poisons can be obtained from Avoncod (2009 information) This manual is to be used as an aid for students learning to identify invasive problem plants in Gauteng & North West Province, the practical training based in Kloofendal Nature Reserve. Thanks to Jörgen Hammerström, alien invasive plant control portfolio, Friends of Kloofendal Committee, and his team for their dedicated work on Invasive Alien control over many years.
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LISTED INVASIVE PROBLEM PLANTS IN KLOOFENDAL RESERVE CREEPERS & CLIMBERS Picture Description Location of the weed Action – mainly based on Wendy Carsten’s successful weed control 2015 in Melville Koppies Recommended by Clive Bromilow – see reference above Recommended by Klein, H. & Neser, O. – see reference above Moth catcher Category 1b 39. Araujia serricifera Amphitheatre, path towards dam and amongst Dig and pull out. (Family: Asclepiadaceae) riverside vegetation Remove seed pod if White flowers. accessible.
Creeper with milky latex , white flowers & big seedpod Big seedpod
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Morning Glory - Ipomoea 179. Ipomoea purpera Plentiful near ex solar panel & pump, near Bag flowers, pull out (Family: Convolvulaceae) “Jaccuzi” plant
Extremely difficult to control. Is sensitive to hormone- type herbicides.
Bromilow 179. Ipomoea purpera 179. Ipomoea purpera Bromilow 178. Ipomoea indica
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Japanese or Hall’s 200. Lonicera japonica Northern side of wetland, Pulling out entire plant & honeysuckle, Japanse (Family: Caprifoleaceae) bordering gardens of back rootsystem. kanferfoelie neighbour to the reserve. Systemic herbicides Growing rampantly Category 3
Bromilow
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HERBS & SHRUBS 1. PLANTS WITH LOTS OF TROUBLESOME SEEDS
Scotch Thistle – Category 1b 94. Cirsium vulgare Found in wetland Slash before seeds (Family: Asteraceae) mature. Burn seeds
Seeds
Bromilow
Flower Bromilow Flowering plant
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Pompom Weed, Category 1 71. Campuloclinium macrocephalum Next to entrance, near Bag seeds & flowers & (Family: Asteraceae) Thomas’ cottage, on ridge pull out plants. No above path to dam slashing.
Bromilow
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2. POISONOUS INVADERS Jerusalem Cherry, Bosgifappel 340. Solanum pseudocapsicum Edges of amphitheatre, northern part, Dig out, bag the seeds. Big bushes to Category1b (Family: Solanaceae) along path to dam and yellow on map be cut below the ground level. Apply Small bush with bright orange round Round-up on cut stem. poisonous fruit
Older bush Reference: Google: Older bush Solanum pseudocapsicum pictures
Young bush
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Malpitte , Category 1b 118. Datura stramonium Wetland Post emergence herbicides (Family: Solanaceae) Bag seeds, pull out and dig out plants.
Bromilow
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3. TOUGH INVADERS Inkberry, Category 1b 271. Phytolacca octandra Found around Dassie Rock, Dig out the whole plant. (Family: Phytolaccaceae) wetland, upper ridge, little Bag berries & flowers. Fruit said to be poisonous and causing stream crossing – prolific No poison spray
skin irritations, even though in some areas baboons eat the fruit Red stem & autumn coloured leaves
Flower & fruit
Autumn & winter colour. Fruit turns from green to black
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Lantana, Category 1 186. Lantana camara Amongst rocks near Bag flowers & seeds. (Family: Verbeneaceae) Thomas’ cottage, higher up Dig out small plants. Big Can be toxic to cattle in reserve amongst rocks ones cut down and spray. No slashing!
Fruit
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Crofton weed, Mexican devil, Snake root - 21. Agaratina adenophora In Kloofendal. Abundant in Try to eradicate before Category 1b (Euphatorium adenophorum) Wilgespruit stream along flowering. Uproot plant (Family: Asteraceae) Christiaan de Wet Road by grabbing hold of base & pulling. If it does not Unpalatable to cattle, toxic to horses come out easily, cut of roots in soil from above, close to base & use tool to lever out. Roots left behind will not grow again, but stems will. Discard on dry rock away from stream far enough from stream so that plant cannot be swept back into stream.
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4. PRICKLY INVADERS Mexican Poppy, Category 1b 42. Argemone Mexicana Inlet of dam Bag seeds & flowers & (Family: Papaveraceae) Partially controlled (2016) pull out plants. No Poisonous! slashing.
Bromilow
Bromilow
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 13 Dense-thorned bitter apple 342. Solanum sisymbriifolium Pull out & dig out Category 1b (Family: Solanaceae) Herbicide (expensive), Very prickly weed biocontrol with minimal success so far
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Wild verbena, Blouwaterbossie 371. Verbena bonariensis* Wetland Bag seeds & flowers & Category 1b (Family: Verbenaceae) pull out plants. No slashing.
Control by cultivation and broadleaved weed herbicide
Van Wyk, J. Imaged list of Wild Flowers of Kloofendal Nature Reserve. 2015 Erect, robust, sparsely branched annual on floodplains, in Bromilow grassland, in disturbed areas. Stems crosscut square, rough like sandpaper Verbena brasiliensis* Bag seeds & flowers & (Family: Verbenaceae) pull out plants. No slashing.
Control by cultivation and broadleaved weed herbicide
Van Wyk, J. Imaged list of Wild Flowers of Kloofendal Nature Reserve. 2015
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 15 Lantana, Category 1 186. Lantana camara Amongst rocks near Bag flowers & seeds. (Family: Verbeneaceae) Thomas’ cottage, higher up Dig out small plants. Big Can be toxic to cattle in reserve amongst rocks ones cut down and spray. No slashing!
Fruit
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INVADERS Four O clock Category 1b 214. Mirabilis jalapa On top of ridge above the Dig out. Spray (Family: Nyctaginaceae) Rocky Ridge Trail before flowering. Spot spray on leaves
Can be removed physically or sprayed with a systemic herbicide
Bromilow Bromilow
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INVADERS IN AMPHITHEATRE AREA Canna, Indian shot – Category 1b 72. Canna indica In flower bed in amphitheatre Dig out & remove (Family: Cannaceae) area rhizomes.
Strong rhizomatous root, difficult to eradicate
Sword Fern - Category 3 228. Nephrolepis exaltata In flowerbedS in amphitheatre Hand pulling is (Family: Nephrolepidaceae) area possible but make sure all parts of the plant are removed
Bromilow
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SUCCULENTS Sweet prickly pear, boereturksvy 239. Opuntia ficus-indica Southern border of reserve, Chemical control Category 1b (Family: Cactaceae) adjacent to neighbouring possible with various Aggressive invader. Propagates easily from gardens, also on eastern herbicides leaf-pads or cladodes, even from small piece border of reserve Biological (cochineal lying on ground bug) control very successful See Bromilow, C. “Problem plants & alien weeds of South Africa.
Small leaf piece lying on ground can produce roots & flourish.
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 19 Queen of the night, Nagblom 85. Cereus jamacaru Southern border of reserve, (Family: Cactaceae) adjacent to neighbouring gardens
Bromilow
Bromilow
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Sisal 20. Agave sisalana Southern border of reserve, Also planted in garden in Category 2 (Family: Agavaceae) adjacent to neighbouring parking lot (2015). gardens A. Sisaliana can be controlled with the direct injection of concentrated MSMA into sisal bole.When plants have died and dried out, the area can be cleared by fire. Physical removal is almost restricted to the use of bulldozers (Bromilow, C.2010)
Bromilow
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American agave, garingboom 19. Agave Americana Still harvested in the Karoo Sap & spines Category 2 (Family: Agavaceae) for production of an alcoholic can irritate drink similar to Tequila skin
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FLAT GROWING HERBS Pink knotweed - Category 1b 268. Persicaria capitata (Family: Polygonaceae) Pull out Polygonum capitatum Streambed above dam
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Wandering Jew, Alien invasive weed. Category 1b 366. Tradescantia fluminensi Wetland, stream Foliage is easy to (Family: Commelinaceae) above dam, remove, but must be border of dam done repeatedly near birdhide
Bromilow
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Greater Periwinkle, 374. Vinca major In streambed above dam Pull out Category 1b (Family: Apocynaceae)
Bromilow
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GRASS Pampas Grass, Category 1b 97. Cortaderia jubata In mine –has been removed. In Cut off flowers (Family: Poaceae) wetland – removed but good before seeding, chance of regrowth burn them, and dig . out stumps Spray if regrowth
Bromilow No work has been done on invasive, problem and/ or alien grasses, except for Pampas grass
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WATER WEEDS Watercress, Sterkkos 226. Nasturtium officinale Not in Kloofendal yet, abundant in Remove by hand Category 2 (Rorippa nasturtium- Crocodile river in Walter Sisulu aquaticum) National Botanical Gardens – grows in water.
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TREES European elder, Category 1b 323. Sambucus nigra Wetland Cut down and (Family: Caprifoleaceae) remove
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 28 Pepper tree wattle, Category 1b 6. Acacia elata In riverbed, also on ridge on west Cut low & spray stump (Family: Fabaceae) side of reserve
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Black Wattle – Category 2 10. Acacia mearnsii All over the reserve in small Cut low & spray stump (Family: Fabaceae) infestations, including big trees
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Pearl Acacia, Vaal 13. Acacia podalyriifolia Top of reserve Cut low & spray mimosa – Category 1b (Family: Fabaceae) stump
Bromilow
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Black Wood, Category 2 11. Acacia melanoxylon Young leaves may be bipinnately Cut & poison stumps (Family: Fabaceae) compound. Adult leaves are Young leaves may be bipinately simple Spray Garlon poison mixed compound whereas adult leaves are Few biggish ones seen from paths with dieseline onto bark of simple. near dam wall, in between Protea tree Tends to become a forest. Trees become roupelliaes on hill side north of very tall the dam and other places.Small, youngish infestations all over the reserve, particularly on path under the power lines from Topaz gate north westerly direction
Creamy pompom flowers, with firm leaves sticking out in between
Leaves of this tree are usually bright green and may have shiny appearance from a distance.
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Bird flower 104. Crotalaria agatiflora Stream bed Cut down to 1 meter (Family: Fabaceae) above the dam above ground, debark & poison
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Yellow Bells, category 1b 358. Tecoma stans Streambed Remove (Family: Fabaceae) physically, take care to remove all seeds. Area inspected regularly to manage regrowth
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False Acacia, category 1b 305. Robinia pseudoacacia Low cut, insert horizontal (Family: Fabaceae) cuts in stump, spray poison. Follow up
http://www.invasives.org.z a/ Bromilow: “Physical removal requires care and persistence.”
Flowers
In older Robinia pseudoacacias the leaves are compound, thorns vicious even on stem. Infestation found on north eastern border of reserve, bordering on neighbouring garden(s) In young Robinia pseudoacacia the leaves are simple. Thorns already very vicious looking, coming out in pairs
Simple leaves & compound leaves on the same bush
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 35 Tipu tree, Tipoeboom 361. Tipuana tipu (T. speciosa) Eastern part of reserve Remove non-intended Category 3 (Family: Fabaceae) plants. Declared invader so should be removed if possible.
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 36 Syringa, Category 1b 211. Melia azedarach Wetland, Southern side Debark & spray (Family: Meliaceae) of reserve, near fence. Yellow, toxic berries Various places – next to Tree to be cut down below paths, in riverbed ground level Triclopyr mixed with Diesel oil painted onto the stem immediately after cutting
Young leaves are serrated Young leaves, serrated
Older leaves with slightly Flowers with pleasant, quite strong smell, yellow serrated or smooth margins fruit
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Weeping bottlebrush 69. Callistemon viminalis Category 3 in Gauteng (Family: Myrtaceae)
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Saligna gum, salignabloekom 138. Eucalyptus grandis On ridge southern part of reserve Debark from 1 meter down (Family: Myrtaceae) and western boundary to below ground. No poison
Cut trees should cut, stumps treated with suitable herbicide. Also soil, foliar, frill and aerial applications Seedlings sprayed or removed by hand, also susceptible to fire
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Australian crimson oak, Red 152. Grevillea banksia flowering silky oak (Family: Proteaceae) Category 1b
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Australian silky oak 153. Grevillea robusta Western top part of reserve, also Category 3 (Family: Proteaceae) south east part of reserve
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Common privet, Category 1b 192. Ligustrum ovalifolium North eastern side of Amphitheatre Bag fruit, cut down to 1 (Family: Oleaceae) area, wetland, stream bed – meter above ground, debark & poison
Cut, poison stump, follow up as seeds stay viable for many years
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 42 Pine trees 275. Pinus patula & hybrids, Western boundary Category 2 varieties & selections Debark from 1 meter down to below ground. No poison (Family: Pinaceae) Large plants can be ringbarked or felled and tebuthiuron is registered for application to the soil. Seedlings and sapplings can be uprooted when the soil is moist or treated with a herbicide Silverleaf Cotoneaster 99. Cotoneaster franchetii Next to path by dam wall and Bag fruit, cut & poison Category 1b (Family: Rosaceae) below dam wall Pull out young plants. No slashing.
fruit
flowers
Black cherry, Category 1b 291. Prunus serotina In reserve, next to northern gate (Family: Rosaceae) from amphitheatre into reserve Yellow fire thorn, geel brandoringbos 297. Paracantha angustifolia Next to path to dam Category 1b (Family: Rosaceae)
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Cestrum - Category 1b 88. Cestrum laevigatum Above little stream in forest Debark before cutting. Inkberry = bad name as Phytolacca octandra is (Family: Solanaceae) above dam. Lots near fence at Spray cut stump at also Inkberry, so we refer to this tree as Unripe berries and young shoots southern part of reserve. In ground level “Cestrum” forest along south-eastern very poisonous! part of Dassie Trail. Also in Herbicide is best method. Solar Panel forest – near Physical total removal of “Jacuzzi”. Also in main entire plant on account of stream bed above dam and in vigorous regrowth wetland
Smelly leaves
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Bug weed, Category 1b 339. Solanum mauritianum Northern part of Bag fruit & seed (Family: Solanaceae) amphitheatre, wetland Cut down to ground level, Very smelly leaves area, in the reserve debark adjacent to (coming With axe & spray from) private Pull out if plant is young residences.
NON LISTED INVASIVE PROBLEM PLANTS IN KLOOFENDAL RESERVE CREEPERS & CLIMBERS
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 45 Zimbabwe creeper Podranea ricasoliana The name Podranea is an anagram of Pull out, dig out Family: Boraginaceae Pandorea, a closely related Australian Podranea ricasoliana has glossy genus, in which Podranea was first foliage and large bunches of classified. Pandora means all-gifted. She fragrant lilac-pink, trumpet-shaped was the first woman of Greek mythology flowers. and was given the box that contained all man's ills. When she opened it, they all flew out. Creeper on northern side of wetland, bordering on gardens of neighbouring houses
Not a declared invasive weed, yet it is alien and very invasive, overrunning vegetation Red /Climbing Sorrel, Climbing dock, Rumex saggitatus/ Creeper near Thomas cottage & next to Bag seed & dig out Creeping dock, Rambling dock, Turkey Acetosa sagittata. path towards dam. Covers other plants. tubers
rhubarb, Arrowhead vine, Potato vine,. (Family: Polyganaceae) Foliar spray – 2% Status: Not declared invader, but Climbing dock is a low climbing or solution Round-up or it smothers native plants. scrambling herb which scrambles One shot (generic) – http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te- quickly over most plants to 3+ m not to use near water henui-group/weeds/climbing-dock.html high. It has a tuberous woody rootstock with extensive rhizomes.. Seeds are dispersed by the wind but R. saggitatus also spreads locally by creeping, rooting stems & extensive tubers. . Fat tuber & rhizomes
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Seeds
Virginia creeper, Victoria creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper is smothering the big Pull out, poison five-leaved ivy, or five-finger Family: Vitaceae indigenous Leucosidea sericea regrowth Not a declared invasive weed, yet it is Creeper On north eastern border of reserve, below wetland alien (native to USA). and very Parthenocissus from Greek invasive, overrunning indigenous meaning "virgin ivy" - vegetation inquefolia means " five-leaved. P. quinquefolia is a vigorous large deciduous climber. Leaves with five ovate leaflets, turning bright red and orange in autumn. Flowers Autumn inconspicuous; berries blue- it loses its leaves in black. winter
Flowers
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 47 HERBS & SHRUBS 1. PLANTS WITH LOTS OF TROUBLESOME SEEDS Forget-me-not Cynoglossum lanceolatum Wetland –. Indigenous, but Once burrs are there, Invasive problem weed- big problem in (Family: Boraginaceae) extremely invasive bag seeds & flowers KD! ID by Dr J. van Wyk from internet & pull out plants. No . slashing. Cut off flowers before seeds/ burs appear Foliar spray on leaves
Van Wyk, J Little blue flowers in summer, followed by horrible burs (=fruits & seed)
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Ronde klits – Burr weed Cyathula uncinulata In the wetland, below Bag seeds, dig out An indigenous perennial weed with burs (Family:Amaranthaceae) Dassie Rock, in the forest plants. that contaminate hair & wool of animals Spray No slashing. with consequent downgrading (Bromilow 1995) Very invasive bur in KD
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 49 Chaff flower, burweed grootklits, langklitskafblom Achyranthus aspera Next to path at north-eastern Pull out – easy. Put Perennial weed, unwanted plant (Bromilow 2010) (Family:Amaranthaceae) entrance into reserve, in seeds in bag wetland
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Cyathula cylindrical var. cylindrica Bag seeds, dig out plants. (Family:Amaranthaceae) Spray No slashing.
Van Wyk, J. Imaged list of Wild Flowers of Kloofendal Nature Reserve. 2015
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 51 Blackjacks Bidens pilosa Bag seeds & flowers & Invasive alien weed (Family: Asteraceae) pull out plants. No Yellow flowers, prickly seeds which cling slashing. onto socks & clothes. Troublesome weed – can host a fungus disease which can attack several crop plants
Flax-leaf fleabane Conyza bonariensis In grassland near Bag seeds & pull out. Invasive alien annual weed from America (Family: Asteraceae) Thomas’ cottage & No slashing with lots of seed in wetland
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PLENTIFUL INVADERS Khakibos Tagetes minuta Any disturbed area, Bag seeds & flowers & Invasive alien weed (Family: Asteraceae) usually together with pull out plants. No slashing. Black jacks. It has a distinctive, strong smell
Bromilow
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 54 Klein kakibos, Dwarf Schkuhria pinnata Open area, previously slashed, at entrance Pull out marigold (Family: Asteraceae) into wetland Herbicides Weed from South America – imported in fodder from South America for British soldiers. Taints milk of cattle who have eaten it.
Bromilow
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 55 Salvia tiliifolia Very common in disturbed areas. Low To be carefully (Family:Lamiaceae) growing forb. Leaf margings finely serrated. identified and Similar to Plectranthus hereroensis, which removed by has far more coarsely serrated leaf margins pulling out and grows as a higher forb
Van Wyk, J. Imaged list of Wild Flowers of Kloofendal Nature Reserve. 2015
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 56 Spotted Knotweed Polygonum lapathifolium/ Persicaria In the dam growing from edges inwards, in To remove Widespread naturalised lapathifolia wetland manually weed, originally from Europe (Family:Polygonaceae)
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 57 Cape Gooseberry, Physalis peruviana Pull out Invasive alien weed (Family: Solanaceae) from Peru (South America) Invasive creeper, which does not belong on Bromilow the Highveld – should not be in a nature reserve
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 58 Bankrupt bush, slangbos Seriphium plumosum/ Stoebe vulgaris Scattered throughout reserve. Was abundant Selective soil and Not listed in South Africa’s (Family: Asteraceae) in south-eastern part of the reserve. EPWP foliar spray can National Listed Invasive workers have recently physically removed be used during the many bushes there (September 2015) active growth Species. period (October Bromilow described Bankrupt to April).Salt can bush being a huge problem if also be sprinkled it invades arid and semi-arid at the base of grasslands as it is unpalatable each stem; it and reduces the carrying alters the salinity enough to inhibit capacity there growth. Thick infestations can be burned, regrowth sprayed and slashed. Follow-up treatments and the adoption of proper land management practices are critical factors for long-term control.
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 59 Zinnia – exotic annual weed Zinnia peruviana Along path in western lower part of reserve Pull out & bag (Family: Asteraceae) seeds Susceptible to conventional herbicides and cultivation during seedling stage.
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 60 Tropical Richardia, Alien Richardia braziliensis (Family: Amphitheatre lawn and paths leading (ii)Watering when needed invasive weed – can totally Rubiaceae) away from the amphitheatre (iii) Set lawnmower higher to allow replace grass over large areas as Creeper amongst the grass Pull out, dig out, use many “diggers” grass to retain its nutrients Different common names, e.g. Dave Kirkby: (i)Fertilise lawn to give (iv)Broadleaf herbicide is happening in KD grass strength to compete against amphitheatre lawn paper thorn, Khaki weed, weed creeping chafweed
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 61 Prostrate globe amaranth Gomphrena celosioides Kloofendal lawn Seedlings easy to Family: Amaranthaceae remove. Systemic Weak competitor, rarely requires chemical herbicide once well established control
Wonderlawn/ wonder Dichondra micrantha Kloofendal lawn Selective grasperk Family: Convolvulaceae herbicides for use on lawns/ thorough continuous cultivation – remove all rhizomes
Paperthorn/ khakiweed/ Alternanthera pungens Kloofendal lawn kakiedubbeltjie Family: Amaranthaceae
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 62 Red milkweed/ rooimelkkruid Euphorbia hirta Kloofendal lawn Easy to remove with cultivation & is susceptible to conventional herbicides
Carrotweed Guilleminea densa Kloofendal lawn Difficult to Family: Amaranthaceae remove by hand as it will regrow from roots left behind. Fertilise, then poison
Smooth creeping milkweed/ Euphorbia inaequilatera Kloofendal lawn Easy to remove gladde kruipmelkkruid Spreads to bare ground by cultivation susceptible to conventional herbicides
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 63 Plantago / buckhorn plantain/ Plantago lanceolate Kloofendal lawn Bag flowers, smalweëblaar (Family: Plantaginaceae) seeds. Dig out. Early stage can be sprayed
Florist’s gum, Penny gum Eucalyptus cinerea Western side of reserve amongst Eucalyptus As for E. grandis (Family: Myrtaceae) grandis, also on top part of reserve
NEMBA– ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES REGULATIONS (AIS) REGULATIONS
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016 64 published in the Government Gazette,1August 2014
SOUTH AFRICA’S NATIONAL LISTED INVASIVE SPECIES Category 1a: Invasive species which must be combatted and eradicated. Any form of trade or planting is strictly prohibited. Category 1b: Invasive species which must be controlled and wherever possible, removed and destroyed. Any form of trade or planting is strictly prohibited Category 2: invasive species, or species deemed to be potentially invasive, in that a permit is required to carry out a restricted activity. Category 2 species include commercially important species such as pine, wattle and gum trees. Plants in riparian areas are Cat. 1b. Category 3: Invasive species which may remain in prescribed areas or provinces. Further planting, propagation or trade, is however prohibited. Plants in a riparian area are Cat 1b
Copyright Karin Spottiswoode: A FroK initiative for training in identification & removal of invasive problem plants, April 2016