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Revenal of Ruoxetine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Male Rats James M

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Revenal of Ruoxetine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Male Rats James M Revenal of Ruoxetine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Male Rats James M. Cantor Department of Psychology McGil University, Montréal November. 1999 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy O James M. Cantor, 1999 Nationai Libaiy Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquins et Bibliographie SeMces SeMces bibliographiques 395 wa6ngbm Srreet 395. Ne W~pM Onaurp ON K1A ON4 -ON KIADNI Can;rda CaMda The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aliowhg the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichehilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract The effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhiiitor (SSRI). fluoxetine, were examined on appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors in the male rats. in a long-tenn dose response and tirne course study, male, Long-Evans rats received O. 1.0.5.0. or 10.0 mglkg fluoxetine hydrochlonde for 41 days and were tested for copulatory behavior every fourth day in biievel chambers. Animais demonstrated a rapid inhibition of appetitive behavior. no dianges in copulatory efnciency. and a progressive inhiiition of ejaculation. The greatest effects occurred at 10.0 mglkg ip. This pattern of sexuai inhibition was similar to the fluoxetine-induced sarual dysfunaions reported to occur in humans. Males then received an injection of the neuropeptide oxytocin (200 qg ip) or saline vehicle 60 minutes before additional sexual behavior testing occurred in a A-B-B-A design. Animals rmiving oxytocin demonstrated an increased number of ejaculations, equai to the frequency displayed at baseline. No increases were observed in appetitive behavior frequencies. in Studies 2 through 4. ritanserin (a 5-HTÎmc antagonia), yohimbiie (an al adrenoceptor antagonist), and mianserin (a mixed 5-mm= and a2 adrenoceptor antagonist) were tested for theû ability to reverse fluoxetine-induced sarual dysfunctions in male rats. In each of studies 2 through 4, decreases in appetitive sexual behavior and in ejaculations were reliably identified after 10 mgkg chronic fluoxetine treatment. Animals receiving ntansenn co-treatment (3.2 and 5.4 mgkg ip) demonstrated significant increases in the frequency of ejaculations and copulatory efficiency, but not appetitive behaviors. Animais receiving yohimbiie co-treatment demonstrated increased ejaculation frequency @ at the higher dose tested (4.0 mg/kg ip), but not the lower dose (2.0 mg/kg ip). Animais receiving mianserin CO-treatmentdemonstrated increased appetitive behavior at the lower dose tested (!.O mgkg ip). but not the higher (10.0 mgkg ip). Post-hoc analyses rwealed a suppression of ejacuiation ikequency by the high dose of mianserin to a level below that induced by fluoxetine alone. Taken together. these results validate the use of male rats to mode1 fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in humans and suggest that SSRIs may inhibit ejaculation by inhibition of the release of oxytocin It is suggested that facilitation of oxytocin release may underlie the efficacy of 5-HTmc and a2antagonists in rwening SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. The implications of these findings for treating sexual dysfunction in humans are discussed. Résume Cette recherche est consacrée aux effets de la fluoxétine. inhibiteur sélectifde la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS), sur I'appétit et le comportement sexuels de rats des. Dans le cadre diuie étude à long terme portant sur la dose-réponse et le temps d'absorption, on a administréà des rats desLong-Evans O, 1,s ou 10 mg par Ho de fluoxétine chlorhydrate pendant 41 jours et l'on a examiné leur comportement copulatoire tous les quatre jours dans des chambres à deux niveaux. Aucun changement dans I'eficacité copulatoire n'a été observé, mais une inhibition rapide de l'appétit sexuel et une inhibition progressive de l'éjaculation ont été notées. Les effets les plus marqués ont été observés avec la dose de 10 mgkg. L'inhibition sexuelle est comparable aux dysfonctions sexuelles induites par la fluoxétine signalées chez I'être humain. Les desont ensuite reçu une injection d'oxytocine (200 ng ip) ou une solution saline, 60 minutes avant le déroulement d'autres tests sur le comportement sexuel, selon la méthodologie A-B-B-A Les animaux à qui I'on avait injecté de I'oxytocine ont éjaculé plus fréquemment. selon une fréquence équivalente a celle enregistrée au départ. Aucune augmentation n'a été observée dans la fréquence des signes d'appétit sexuel. Dans les études 2 à 4, on a évalué l'aptitude de la ritansérine (antagoniste S-H&ARC),de la yohimbiie (antagoniste alpha 2 adrénergique) et de la miansérine (mélange d'antagonistes alpha 2 adrénergique et de 5-mm)à inverser les dysfonctions sexuelles induites par la fluoxétine chez les rats des. Dans chacune des études 2 à 4, une baisse de l'appétit sexuel et une diminution des éjaculations ont été observées après l'administration de 10 mgkg de fluoxétine. Chez les animaux à qui I'on avait administré de la ritansé~e(3.2 et 5.4 mgikg ip), on a observe une augmentation iv sensible de la euencedes éjaadations et de i'eficacité wpulatoire mais aucune augmentation de l'appétit sexuel. Chez les animaux à qui l'on avait admùllstré de la yohimbiie, la fréquencedes ijacuktions a augmenté a la dose la plus élevée (4 mgkg ip) mais pas à la dose infieure (2 mgkg ip). Chez les animaux CO-traitésà la miansérine. la dose la plus basse a provoque une augmentation de i'appétit sexuel (1 mgkg ip) mais pas la dose la plus élevée (10 mgikg ip). Les analyses postérieures ont révélé une suppression de la fréquence des éjaculations avec la dose la plus élevée de miansé~eà un niveau infirieur à la baisse induite par la fluoxétine seule. Considérés dans leur ensemble, ces résultats valident l'utilité des rats mâles pour modéliser les dysfonctions sexuelles induites par le fluoxétine chez les êtres humains et donnent à penser que les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine peuvent inhiber i'éjadation en inhibant l'émission d'oxytocine. L'efficacité des antagonistes 5-FmCet alpha 2 adrénergiquesà inverser les dysfonctions sexuelles induites par les ISRS s'expliquent peut-être par le fait qu'ils favorisent l'émission d'oxytocine. Une analyse de l'importance de ces résultats pour le traitement des dysfonctions sexuelles chez Ïêtre humain fait suite. Acknowledgments Mother Nature abhon a vacuum; her admûen wither in isolation 1 am gratetlll for ail the support, both professional and personal, 1 received throughout this project. Irv Biislong-term perspective and common sense provided invaluable guidance, keeping my feet squarely oc the ground. Kis flexibiity permined me far more independence to pursue my interests than most students ever enjoy. Jim Pfaus' sincere optimisrn and sense of wonder are contagious, keeping my eyes fixed squarely on the stars. His enthusiasm for new ideas pushed me further than 1 thought possible. The memben of the Binik and Pfaus labs served as extra families. Sophie Bergeron, Ken Mah, Eric Ochs, Elke Reissing, and especially Marta Meana, al1 provided countless hours of support, commiseration, and coffee. The people of the Pfaus lab- despite 1st minute injection schedule changes. emergency hormone manufacture. and scrambles for extra testing space-always lend an extra hand. My sincerest thanks go to Soraya Centeno, Carol Coopenmith, Julia Badih, Anik Jacques, Tod Kippin, and Mark Wilkins for making rooin for one more. The McGill Psychology Department does not know the debt it owes to Chantale Bousquet. Louise LeBrun, Giovanna LoCascio, Judy Young, and the rest of its support staff. To write merely that they are Our glue would be to forget the humor and tact they maintain in tolerating our panic anacks. 1 am no less grateful to the many fine teachen whom 1had the privilege to encounter dunng each stage of my education. Amy Sales, Margaret O'Connor, Jackie vi Liederman, Robert Piand Ray Blanchard al1 sérved as both teachen and role models. 1 hope only to give to future students what they have given me. My menton in the American Psychological Association. John Robinson and Janet Manhews, tau& me that remaining involved in the broader profession is not only important, but fiin The whole field is enriched by their boundless dedication and countiess working weekends away ffom home. Neil Pikington My partner. pillar, and leaning post. 1 continue to be amazed that he knows both how to push me to start projects 1 avoid and finish those over which 1 obsess. 1 can nwer express how grateful 1 am for the comfort and growth that come fiom his ability to see through me so easily. My parents, Henle and Stum Cantor, must wonder how they produced a child who wanted to be a scientist. In retrospect, 1believe it was inevitable. My mother showed me the wonden that the world has for those who take the time to look at it, and my father taught me to think critically about whatwer anybody told me. Everything else 1 ever leamed was commentary. 1 must have aiso won a lottery for the support of the rest of my family.
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