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Present and Future Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Đông EARTH SCIENCES CENTRE GÖTEBORG UNIVERSITY B446 2005 PRESENT AND FUTURE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN ĐÔNG NGạC COMMUNE, HANOI, VIETNAM. Sara Sandin Department of Physical Geography GÖTEBORG 2005 GÖTEBORGS UNIVERSITET Institutionen för geovetenskaper Naturgeografi Geovetarcentrum PRESENT AND FUTURE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN ĐÔNG NGạC COMMUNE, HANOI, VIETNAM. Sara Sandin ISSN 1400-3821 B446 Projektarbete Göteborg 2005 Postadress Besöksadress Telefo Telfax Earth Sciences Centre Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum 031-773 19 51 031-773 19 86 Göteborg University S-405 30 Göteborg Guldhedsgatan 5A S-405 30 Göteborg SWEDEN Summary Sandin, S. (2005) Present and future methane emissions from rice fields in Đông Ng ạc commune, Hanoi, Vietnam. Göteborg University, Department of Physical Geography, 41 pp. Since the turn of the last century greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, have increased due to extensive farming. Vietnam in South East Asia is the world’s biggest exporter of rice. Vietnam expands its agricultural land to meet the needs of the global market and an increasing population. As the rice growing areas expand the emissions of methane increase. There is a need to investigate how high the emissions are from Vietnamese paddy fields in order to establish its contribution to the global greenhouse gas budget. The objectives of this project are to measure methane emissions from three paddy fields in the outskirts of Hanoi in Đông Ng ạc commune in Northern Vietnam. The measurements were done during a short period, but estimations in methane emission were made for a whole rice cycle. The methane emissions were measured in situ and in laboratory. The highest methane emission was emitted from rice field with a high water level; 15 cm, and the least methane was emitted from the paddy field with intermittent irrigation. The 2 methane emission were 228 mg CH 4 /m and day from the field with high water level, 167 mg CH 4 2 2 /m and day from the field with medium water level (10 cm) and 88 mg CH 4 /m and day from the field with intermittent irrigation. The emission of methane could be reduced in many ways. Better water management, a suitable selection of rice cultivars and fertilizer are some of the suggestions made in this report. Sammanfattning Sandin, S. (2005) Nutida och framtida metanemissioner från risfält i Đông Ng ạc-kommunen, Hanoi, Vietnam. Göteborgs Universitet, Naturgeografiska institutionen, 41 s. Sedan 1900-talets början har växthusgaser såsom metan och kväveoxid ökat på grund av ökat jordbruk. Vietnam i sydöstra Asien är världens största exportör av ris. Vietnam ökar sina jordbruksområden för att möta världsmarknaden och en ökande population. Då områden beväxta med ris ökar, ökar även metanutsläppen. Det finns ett behov att undersöka hur höga utsläppen är från vietnamesiska risfält för att befästa dess bidrag till den globala budgeten av växthusgaser. Syftet med detta projekt är att mäta metanutsläpp från tre risfält i utkanten av Hanoi, i Đông Ng ạc- kommunen i norra Vietnam. Mätningarna gjordes under en kort period, men uppskattningar i metanutsläpp är gjorda för en hel riscykel. Metanutsläppen mättes på plats och i laboratorium. De högsta metanutsläppen kom från risfältet med hög vattennivå; 15 cm, och minst metan släpptes ut 2 från risfältet med periodisk bevattning. Metanutsläppen var 228 mg CH 4 /m och dag från fältet 2 med hög vattennivå, 167 mg CH 4 /m och dag från fältet med mellanvattennivå (10 cm) och 88 mg 2 CH 4 /m och dag från fältet med periodisk bevattning. Metanutsläppen kan minskas på många sätt. Bättre bevattningsskötsel, mer passande val av rissort och gödningsmedel är några av förslagen i denna rapport. Keywords: Paddy field, rice, methane emission, Vietnam. i Preface This project is part of a 20 point course at the department of Physical Geography at Göteborg University. This study was made possible by the funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). I would like to thank my supervisors professor Deliang Chen and Ph D student Elisabeth Simelton at the department of Physical Geography at Göteborg University for their valuable input, support and enthusiasm during the development of this paper. I would also like to thank my supervisor in Vietnam, Msc Tran Duc Toan at the National Institute of Soils and Fertilizers for support and help during my stay in Hanoi. Many thanks to Mr Phoung for his help with many diverse things, from organizing measurements to helpful tips. I am also grateful to my best friend Martin Andersson for useful (healthy) criticism, Mum for the English corrections and Dad for help with scanning. I am also grateful to all who wrote contributions to my travel diary on the internet and kept my spirits up when needed and made me even happier during my stay in Vietnam. ii Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Methane sources....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The growth of rice .................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Increasing demand for rice....................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Rice production in Vietnam ..................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Presentation of problem ........................................................................................................... 2 1.6 Objectives................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Emissions from paddy fields ....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Emission of methane from rice paddies ................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Factors affecting the emission of methane........................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Mitigation options for methane emission........................................................................ 10 2.3 Emission of nitrous oxide from rice paddies.......................................................................... 11 3. Study area - Vietnam ................................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Morphology............................................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Land use ................................................................................................................................. 12 3.4 Greenhouse gas emission ....................................................................................................... 13 3.5 Rice paddies ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.6 Hanoi province ....................................................................................................................... 13 3.6.1 Soil characteristics of Hanoi province ............................................................................ 13 3.6.2 Đông Ng ạc commune...................................................................................................... 14 4. Methods....................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 In situ measurements.............................................................................................................. 15 4.1.1 Temperature and methane ............................................................................................... 15 4.1.2 Rice variety, water and fertilizer management................................................................ 17 4.1.3 Mapping and GPS ........................................................................................................... 17 4.1.4 Interviews ........................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Laboratory measurements ...................................................................................................... 17 4.2.1 Air samples...................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Soil samples..................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Modelling methane emissions................................................................................................ 18 4.3.1 The seasonal variations of methane ................................................................................ 18 4.3.2 The future methane emission .......................................................................................... 18 4.4 The measurement fields ......................................................................................................... 20 5. Results ........................................................................................................................................
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