Jktlfkku Osq Nqxz] Egy Rfkk Gosfy;Ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis
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jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka FORTS, PALACES AND HAVELIS OF RAJASTHAN Hkkjr osQ if'peh {ks=k esa fLFkr jktLFkku izkar dh HkkSxksfyd fofHkUurk ogka dh Rajasthan, situated in the western region of India has a diversity laLÑfr esa Hkh >ydrh gSA HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa us ogka dh laLÑfr dks izHkkfor of geophysical features which add to the richness and variety of dj viuh Hkkafr le`¼ ,oa ukuk :iksa okyh cuk;k gSA ;gka vjkoyh ioZrekyk] its cultural expressions. It has the Aravalli range of mountains, ouksa ls vkPNkfnr ?kkfV;ka] >hysa] oU; tho] vHk;kj.; rFkk jsfxLrku ,oa jsr forested valleys, lakes, wild life sanctuaries and the desert sand- osQ Vhys feyrs gSaA Hkkjr osQ mÙkj iwoZ esa gksus osQ dkj.k bldh lhek,a iatkc dunes. Pakistan and Punjab and its history dates back to ancient rFkk ikfdLrku dks Nwrh gSa] ogha bldk bfrgkl izkphu dky rd iSQyk gqvk gSA times. Kalibangan, an Indus civilization site in northern Bikaner, was an important walled city of the Harappan period. Above all, mÙkjh chdkusj esa ¯lèkqdkyhu lH;rk osQ vo'ks"k dkyhcaxu esa izkIr gq, gSaA oSls Rajasthan (which means the ‘Land of Kings’) is the cradle of ns[kk tk, rks pkjnhokjh esa f?kjk ;g 'kgj gM+Iikdkyhu gS vkSj bu lcls Åij distinctive Rajput culture and traditions. jktLFkku dk vFkZ gSμ jktkvksa dk LFkkuA ;ksa rks jktiwr laLÑfr ,oa ijaijkvksa From the seventh century A.D. to nineteenth century A.D., the dk osaQnz jgk gSA history of Rajasthan witnessed the rise and fall of the Rajputs. The yxHkx lkroha 'krkCnh ls ysdj mUuhloha 'krkCnh rd dk jktLFkku dk bfrgkl word ‘Rajput’ is derived from the term ‘Rajaputra’ which means jktiwrksa osQ mRFkku ,oa iru dk lk{kh jgk gSA jktiwr dk vFkZ gS] jktk dk iq=kA ‘sons of kings’. They trace their descent from the lineage of the ;s viuk mn~Hko lw;Z ,oa panz ls ekurs gSa vkSj ;ks¼k tkfr {kf=k; ls lacaèk j[krs sun and the moon and belong to kshatriya–the warrior caste. The Rathors of Bikaner and Jodhpur, Gahlots and Sisodias of Udaipur gSaA chdkusj vkSj tksèkiqj osQ jkBkSj] mn;iqj osQ xgyksr ,oa fllksfn;k rFkk t;iqj and the Kachhawahas of Jaipur are Suryavanshis, clans claiming osQ dNokgk Lo;a dks lw;Zoa'kh rFkk Hkxoku jke dk oa'kt ekurs gSa] tcfd descent from Lord Rama. The Bhattis of Jaisalmer claimed to be tSlyesj osQ Hkêðh vius dks panzoa'kh ekurs gSaA buosQ vykok ;g Hkh dgk tkrk Chandravanshis, of lunar descent. It is said that the Chauhans, gS fd pkSgku] lksyadh] ijekj rFkk nsojl tkfr osQ yksx vkcw ioZr osQ ifo=k Solankis, Paramaras and the Deoras emerged from the sacred vfXuoaqQM ls mRiUu gq, FksA fi repit or Agnikunda on the summit of the holy Mount Abu. orZeku jktLFkku osQ foxr esa vusd jkT; Fks] ysfdu muesa ls esokM+ (fprkSM+x<+ Although there were a number of states in the present day rFkk mn;iqj)] vkesj (t;iqj) rFkk ekjokM+ (tksèkiqj] tSlyesj vkSj Rajasthan, the three most prominent were Mewar (Chittorgarh chdkusj) ;s rhu eq[; FksA bfrgkl esa le;≤ ij jktiwrksa osQ x<+ksaμ tSls fd and Udaipur). Amber (Jaipur) and Marwar (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer fpÙkkSM] esokM+] j.kFkaHkkSj] ekjokM+ rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij eqfLye vkØe.k djrs jgs and Bikaner). Time and again, Rajput strongholds such as Chittor, FksA egewn xtuoh us bZ-i- X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa rFkk eksgEen xksjh us bZ-i- ckjgoha Mewar, Ranthambor, Marwar and many others were attacked by Muslim armies. Mahmud Ghazni in the eleventh century A.D. and 'krkCnh osQ var esa jktiwrkus ij vkØe.k fd, FksA ml osQ i'pkr~ oqQrqc&mn~&nhu Mohammad Ghori at the end of the twelfth century A.D. attacked the ,scd us vtesj ij viuk vkfèkiR; tek fy;k FkkA state of Rajputana followed by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak who beseiged bZ-i- pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa vykmíhu f[kyth us j.kFkaHkkSj rFkk fpÙkkSM+ osQ fdyksa ij Ajmer. Alaud-Din-Khalji in fourteenth century A.D. captured the vfèkdkj tek fy;k FkkA eqxy ckn'kkg ckcj rFkk fllksfn;k izeq[k jk.kk lkaxk osQ Fort of Ranthambor and Chittor. In sixteenth century A.D., the chp bZ-i- lksygoha 'krkCnh esa [kkuok esa ?keklku ;q¼ gqvk Fkk] ftldh ifj.kfr battle of Khanwa was fought between the Mughal Emperor, Babur jktiwrksa dh ijkt; esa gqbZ FkhA blosQ oqQN gh le; i'pkr~ ckcj osQ iksrs vdcj and Sisodia chief, Rana Sanga, which ended in a Rajput defeat. Shortly after, Babur’s grandson, Akbar established supremacy us ekjokM+ rFkk esokM+ ij fot; izkIr dh rFkk dNokgk oa'k dh ,d jktoqQekjh over both Marwar and Mewar and married a Rajput princess of ls fudkg dj fy;k Fkk] ftlus ckn esa vkesj {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;kA the Kachhawaha clan, which ruled over Amber region. esokM+ Mewar xqtjkr ls xgyksr oa'k osQ yksx tc jktLFkku osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ fgLls The Gahlots, later known as the Sisodias, migrated from Gujarat esokM+ esa vkdj cl x, Fks rks os fllksfn;k dgykus yxs FksA muls lacafèkr and occupied Mewar, which lies in the south-east of Rajasthan. izkphure f'kykys[k bZ-i- 646 dk gSA esokM+ dh izkphu uxjh fpÙkkSM+x<+ esa rsjg Their earliest inscription in Rajputana is dated 646 A.D. Chittorgarh, the ancient capital of Mewar, has a magnifi cent fort fdyksehVj ifj{ks=k esa ,d HkO; fdyk gS] ftldh lhekvksa esa u osQoy vusd egy with thirteen kilometres of battlements which encloses not only gSa] cfYd >hysa&>jus Hkh gSa] tks vla[; yksxksa dks ikuh eqgS;k djkrs gSaA iUnzgoh palaces but also lakes and reservoirs that can support thousands 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa djhc 35 o"kks± rd fpÙkkSM+x<+ ij 'kklu djus okys jk.kk of inhabitants. Kumbha, who ruled Chittorgarh for thirty-fi ve years oqaQHkk us ;gka LFkkiR;dyk osQ Js"B] uewus] tSls fd nf{k.kh mn;iqj esa oqaQHkyx<+ from mid-fi fteenth century A.D. onwards was responsible for several architectural achievements, such as– Fort Kumbhalgarh in dk fdyk] ekÅaV vkcw esa vpyx<+ fdyk] fpÙkksM+x<+ fLFkr t; LraHk fu£er southern Udaipur, Fort Achalgarh in Mount Abu, the Victory Tower djok, Fks rFkk lkFk gh fpÙkksM+x<+ osQ fdys esa Hkh uohuhdj.k djok;k FkkA at Chittorgarh, and for the innovations and additions to the Fort at esokM+ dh jktèkkuh mn;iqj esa LFkkukarfjr fd, tkus ls iwoZ eqfLyeksa us rhu ckj Chittorgarh. fpÙkkSM+x<+ ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkA lu~ 1303 esa fnYyh osQ ckn'kkg vykmíhu Chittorgarh was invaded three times by the Muslims before the capital of Mewar was shifted to Udaipur. In 1303 A.D. Alaud-Din- f[kyth us izfl¼ laqnjh rFkk Hkhe ¯lg dh iRuh jkuh in~feuh ls fookg osQ mís'; Khalji, Sultan of Delhi, laid seige to Chittorgarh in an attempt to ls fpÙkkSM+x<+ dks ?ksj fy;k FkkA marry the famous beauty, Rani Padmini, the wife of Bhim Singh. xqtjkr osQ cgknqj'kkg us Hkh lu~ 1533 esa fpÙkkSM+x<+ osQ foØethr ij Bahadur Shah of Gujarat attacked Vikramjeet of Chittorgarh in vkØe.k fd;k Fkk rFkk tc foØethr dh lsuk gkjus yxh Fkh rks cwanh dh 1533 A.D. In face of defeat, Rani Karnavati, a Bundi princess jktoqQekjh jkuh d.kZorh us 'ks"k fL=k;kas ,oa cPpksa osQ lkFk tkSgj fd;k FkkA exj led the Jauhar in which many women and children sacrifi ced their lives. However, her own child, Udai Singh was smuggled jkuh d.kZorh dk yM+dk oqaQoj mn;¯lg fdlh izdkj cp x;k Fkk] tks ckn esa out, and he lived to inherit the throne of Chittorgarh. In 1567, fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh cukA lu~ 1567 esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj us fpÙkkSM+x<+ A.D., the Mughal Emperor, Akbar beseiged Chittorgarh but dks ?ksj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu jktk mn;¯lg fdlh izdkj cp fudyk rFkk mlus Udai Singh managed to escape and founded Udaipur, the new mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA ;ksa] rks esokM+ osQ 'kkldksa us ges'kk eqfLye vkØe. capital of Mewar. The rulers of Mewar were known for their kdkfj;ksa ls yksgk fy;k] exj l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa vkilh lqyg osQ dkj.k geyksa resistance to the Muslim invaders. However, compromise with dk [krjk dkiQh de gks x;k Fkk] ftlls bl 'kkafr dky esa bl {ks=k esa lkaLÑfrd the Mughals in the seventeenth century A.D. reduced the threat of invasion and enabled them to devote more time for cultural xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok feykA pursuits. mn;iqj esa vusd lqanj Hkou gSa] tks ogka osQ 'kkldksa osQ lkSan;Z izse dks n'kkZrs The city of Udaipur has several beautiful buildings that speak gSaA flVh iSyslμvFkkZr~] uxj&egy eqxyksa dh ltkoV dyk rFkk jktiwrksa dh of the aesthetic taste of its rulers. The City Palace is a blend of lSfud okLrqdyk osQ fefJr :i dk ,d laqnj mnkgj.k gSA fiNksyk >hy osQ Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture. It is a fdukjs ij cuk ;g ,d fo'kky Hkou gSA bldh ckgjh nhokjksa jsrhys iRFkj dh massive edifi ce built on the shores of Lake Pichola. The walls iryh ijrksa@LysVksa ls cuh gSa rFkk mu ij mPpdksfV dk 'osr jax fd;k x;k gSA on the outside are built of thin slates of sandstone and covered vkarfjd Hkkx esa fnokjksa dks laxejej ls cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mu ij tM+kÅ dk;Z with the fi nest possible white plaster work. In the interiors, marble has been used for the walls. They are profusely decorated with ,oa 'kkgh ifjokj osQ thou ls lacafèkr fofHkUu n`';ksa] mRloksa vkSj lekjksgksa dks glasswork, inlay work, paintings depicting celebration of festivals, fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA processions and scenes showing the life in the royal household. blh izdkj fiNksyk >hy osQ eè; esa tx fuokl Hkh gSA bldk fuekZ.k 'kkgh ifjokj Jag Niwas or the Lake Palace of Udaipur is a small island of cool osQ x£e;ksa esa jgus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA orZeku esa bls gksVy esa ifjo£rr dj marble set amidst Lake Pichola. It was a summer resort for the fn;k x;k gSA members of the royal household which has now been transformed into a Hotel. txeafnj eaMiksa rFkk egyksa dk ,d lewg gS] tks ,slk yxrk gS] ekuks >hy esa Jag Mandir is cluster of pavilions and palaces which seems to rSj jgk gksA eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka us tc vius firk tgkaxhj osQ fo#¼ fonzksg be fl oating on the surface of the lake. It was in Jag Mandir that fd;k Fkk rks mlus blh txeafnj esa 'kj.k yh FkhA Emperor Shahjahan sought refuge when he rebelled against his father, Jahangir. vkesj Amber ckjgoha rFkk rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa dNokgk jktiwr vkesj esa jgus yxs FksA t;¯lg The Kachhawahas established themselves in Amber around the f}rh; X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa vkesj dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh cuk FkkA lu~ 1727 esa mlus twelfth and thirteenth century A.D. Jai Singh II succeeded his father viuh jktèkkuh dks vkesj ls LFkkukarfjr dj t;iqj esa LFkkfir dh Fkh] tks fd as ruler of Amber at the age of eleven. He shifted the capital from Amber to the plains, where he built a new city, Jaipur, in 1727 A.D., xqykch 'kgj osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA t;iqj fLFkr fdys] egy ifjlj] osèk'kkyk which is popularly known as the ‘Pink City’. The principal building rFkk vU; Hkouksa dks cukus esa t;iqj osQ lehi feyus okys Hkwjs iRFkj rFkk iyLrj material used for the fortress, palace complex, observatory and dk bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA rRi'pkr~ 'kgj dks xqykch vkHkk iznku djus osQ fy, other buildings is rubble and plaster along with the local grey stone found near Jaipur. A rusty pink paint rather than cream has been xgjs xqykch jax ls jaxk x;kA used over the plaster which gives a pink hue to the buildings. t;¯lg f}rh; ,d [kxksy 'kkL=kh rFkk xf.krK FkkA mlus rRdkyhu okLrqdyk Jai Singh II, an astronomer and a mathematician, planned the city dh 'kSyh lkSan;Z'kkL=k osQ fu;eksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj t;iqj dh ;kstuk dh of Jaipur keeping in mind the aesthetic norms and conforming to the architectural style of the period. A strong wall encircles the FkhA t;iqj osQ pkjksa rjiQ ,d etcwr lhek&nhokj gS rFkk jktegy ifjlj esa city in the heart of which is the City Palace. Within the palace osèk'kkykμtarj&earj gSA ;g jktk t;¯lg }kjk fu£er ikap osèk'kkykvksa esa ls ,d complex there is an observatory–the Jantar Mantar. It is one of gSA vU; osèk'kkyk,a fnYyh] eFkqjk] mTtSu rFkk okjk.klh esa gSaA egy dh nhokjksa osQ the fi ve observatories built by Jai Singh II. The others are in Delhi, lehi gh fijkfeM osQ vkdkj osQ vxzHkkx okyk ikap eaftyk gok egy gSA blosQ Varanasi, Mathura and Ujjain. Adjacent to the palace walls is the Hawa Mahal, a pyramidal facade of fi ve storeys. It allows free >jks[kksa ls vkrh gok bls 'khry j[krh gSA blosQ NksVs&NksVs d{kksa esa f[kM+fd;ka gSaA movement of air which keeps the building cool. It is made up of 'kkgh ifjokj dh efgyk,a buls ckgj dh xfrfofèk;ka ns[kk djrh Fkha] exj ckgj small compartments, each with a window through which the women osQ yksx mUgsa ugha ns[k ikrs FksA of the royal household could watch processions in the public street seated in the airy jharokhas without being seen themselves. ekjokM+ Marwar jktLFkku osQ if'peh Hkkx esa Fkkj dk izfl¼ jsfxLrku gSA bls ekjokM+ dgrs On the western border of Rajasthan lies the formidable expanse of gSaA bl {ks=k esa rhu izeq[k uxj gSaA tksèkiqj rFkk chdkusj esa jkBkSj oa'k dh the Thar desert formerly known as Marwar. This region has three izèkkurk gS rFkk tSlyesj esa HkkfV;ksa dhA bu rhuksa uxjksa dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr us important cities, Jodhpur and Bikaner dominated by the Rathor ;gka dh okLrqdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkouksa dks goknkj cukus clan and Jaisalmer by the Bhattis. The location of these cities has infl uenced their architectural styles. Jali screens have been osQ fy, nhokjksa esa tkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks=k dh extensively used as panels in large areas of the walls to make okLrqdyk dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk mHkjs gq, NTts Hkh gSa] tks v¼Zo`Ùkkdkj gksrs gq, the building airy. Another prominent feature of architecture in this ckydWuh dks vks<+rs gSaA Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k esa bl {ks=k esa jsrhys iRFkj dk cgqrk;r region is the protruding chajjas carved almost to a semicircle ls bLrseky gqvk gS] D;ksafd ,sls iRFkj ij mRdh.kZu dk;Z lgtrk ls fd;k tk to cover projecting balconies. Sandstone is the basic building material used for construction in this region. It is easy to work on, ldrk gSA making it conducive for decorative carving. tksèkiqj osQ laLFkkid jko tksèkk us esgjkux<+ dk fdyk cuok;k FkkA ;g fdyk Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur, built the Mehrangarh Fort bruk Å¡pk gS fd blls 'kgj dh lhek dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh fdys esa eksrh which is so high that one can see the boundaries of the city. It egy rFkk iwQy egy tSls izpqj :i ls vyaÑr vusd egy gSaA bu egyksa dh houses some of the most intricately adorned palaces–the Moti nhokjsa rFkk f[kM+fd;ka eghu :i ls mRdh.kZ gSaA Mahal and the Phool Mahal–with exquisitely carved panels and latticed windows. jko tksèkk osQ NBs iq=k chdk us lu~ 1485 esa chdkusj clk;k FkkA bldk ,d Rao Jodha’s sixth son, Bika, found the city of Bikaner in 1485 egRoiw.kZ vkd"kZ.k twukx<+ dk fdyk gS] ftls eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj osQ ,d A.D. Its outstanding attraction is the Junagarh Fort, build by Rai lsukifr jk;¯lg us fu£er djok;k FkkA blosQ pkjksa rjiQ [kkbZ gS rFkk bl fdys Singh, a general at the Court of Akbar, the Mughal Emperor. It esa dbZ egy gSa] tks fd gLr rf{kr izfrekvksa] LraHkksa rFkk eghu tkyhnkj dk;ks± is encircled by a moat and contains palaces that are beautifully embellished by hand carved friezes, pillars and delicate Jali ls lq'kksfHkr gSaA screens. ekjokM+ osQ rhuksa uxjksa esa lcls izkphu tSlyesj 'kgj dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh Jaisalmer, one of the oldest of the three cities of Marwar, was esa Hkêðh oa'k osQ jkoy tSly us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA ;g 'kgj vizQhdk ,oa founded by Rawal Jaisal of the Bhatti dynasty in the twelfth century if'peh ,f'k;k ls Hkkjr esa fnYyh rFkk vkxjk rd vkus okys O;kikfjd ekxZ A.D. It is situated directly on the ancient caravan routes that came ij fLFkr gSA tc O;kikjh le`¼ gq, rks mUgksaus ;gka ij gosfy;ka cuk yhaA from Africa and West Asia to Delhi and Agra. The merchants prospered on trade and built a number of havelis. ‘Haveli’ is a gosyh esa izk;% pkj&ikap ifjokj jgrs gSaA gosyh esa lcls fupys Hkkx dk courtyard building in which four or fi ve families live together. mi;ksx O;kikfj;ksa ls esy eqykdkr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk Åijh Sometimes the ground fl oor was used for meetings with traders or eaftyksa ij ifjokj jgrs FksA bl izdkj dh dbZ gosfy;ksa dks feyk dj ,d for commercial purposes and the upper fl oors as residence for the eksgYyk curk Fkk] ftlesa izk;% ,d gh laiznk; ,oa O;olk; osQ yksx jgrs families. Several havelis formed a mohalla, all of whose residents FksA blosQ Js"Bre mnkgj.k iVoksa dh gosyh] lyhe ¯lg dh gosyh rFkk were of the same caste and followed a similar occupation. The classical example of havelis are the Patwaon ki Haveli, Salim ukFkwey dh gosyh gSaA Singh ki Haveli and Nathumal’s Haveli. tSlyesj osQ fdys esa 99 cqtZ gSaA fdys dh fo'kky nhokjksa dks osQoy iRFkj osQ Jaisalmer’s Fort has ninety-nine bastions. The massive walls of VqdM+ksa ls cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa lhesaV vkfn dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA the fort have been built stone block without using any cementing material. Hkjriqj ,oa Mhx Bharatpur and Deeg Hkjriqj jktiwrkuk lkezkT; u gksdj tkV izèkku FkkA lu~ 1722 esa vkesj osQ jktk Bharatpur was not a Rajput kingdom, but one dominated by the t;¯lg f}rh; us tkV fonzksg pqjequ nckus osQ iqjLdkj Lo:i tkV cnu ¯lg dks Jats. In 1772 A.D. a Jat called Badan Singh was crowned king of Mhx dk jktk ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA Mhx rFkk Hkjriqj osQ nksuksa fdyksa dk fuekZ.k cnu Deeg by Jai Singh II of Amber as a reward for suppressing the ¯lg us djok;k Fkk rFkk cnu¯lg osQ iq=k lwjtey us Mhx esa egyksa dk fuekZ.k Jat rebel, Churamun. The Forts at both Deeg and Bharatpur were built by Badan Singh, and it was Suraj Mal, Badan Singh’s son, djok;k FkkA ;s egy cM+s eqxy&m|kuksa osQ chp ihys jsrhys iRFkj rFkk lisQn who built the palaces at Deeg. The palaces are built of pale cream laxejej ls cuk, x, FksA oqQN fo}ku bu egyksa dh lqanjrk rFkk ,d:irk dks sandstone and white marble and are set in large formal Mughal ns[krs gq,] budh rqyuk izfl¼ rktegy ls djrs gSaA gardens. They are ranked by some scholars as next to Taj Mahal in beauty and symmetry. vBkjgoha 'krkCnh vusd jktiwr lkezkT;ksa osQ iru dh lk{kh gSA ;|fi bl The eighteenth century A.D. saw the decline of various Rajput dky esa Hkou fuekZ.k gksrk jgk] exj mlesa dksbZ 'kSyhxr fodkl n`f"Vxkspj kingdoms. Though building continued but there was little stylistic ugha gqvkA mÙkjkfèkdkj osQ elys osQ >xM+ksa osQ dkj.k ;s lkezkT; detksj development. Quarrels over succession made these States cus rFkk blh dkj.k ejkBksa vkSj eqfLyeksa osQ vkØe.k osQ osaQnz HkhA blh chp vulnerable to attack by the Marathas and Muslims. Meanwhile, vaxzst Hkh Hkkjr esa vius izHkqRo dks c<+k jgs FksA lu~ 1817 ls 1823 osQ the British were expanding their dominion in India. Between 1817 eè; vusd jktiwr jkT;ksa] tSls fd t;iqj] mn;iqj] tSlyesj] chdkusj] cwanh] and 1823 A.D. several Rajput states, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Bundi, Kota, Sirohi and Kishangarh signed treaties with dksVk] fljksgh rFkk fd'kux<+ us vaxzstksa osQ lkFk lafèk;ka dhA lu~ 1947 esa the British. In 1947 A.D. when India became independent from tc Hkkjr vaxzstkas osQ izHkqRo ls Lora=k gqvk rks lHkh jkT; Hkkjrh; egkla?k British rule, the rulers of the Princely States joined the Indian esa 'kkfey gks x,A Union. fo|k£Fk;ksa ,oa vè;kidksa osQ fy, jpukRed xfrfofèk;ka Creative activities for school students and teachers
bl iSosQt esa fn, x, 24 jaxhu fp=kksa dks vki d{kk ;k LowQy osQ fdlh The 24 pictures provided in this package can be displayed in the egRoiw.kZ LFkku ij iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA bu fp=kksa dks vki xRrs ij yxk dj classroom or any prominent place in the school. The pictures budk 'kh"kZd rFkk fp=k osQ ihNs fn;k x;k eq[; fooj.k uhps LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa Hkh may be stuck on cardboard with the title and description in fy[k ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; dyk osQ 'kS{kf.kd egRo dks mtkxj djus osQ fy, vki regional languages. It can also be studied indepth with activities bu fp=kksa dh xgjkbZ esa tkdj mu fo"k;ksa osQ lkFk vè;;u dj ldrs gSa] tks buls that bring out the educational value of Indian art. The teachers lacafèkr gksaA vè;kidx.k Hkh uhps lq>kbZ xbZ xfrfofèk;ksa esa Nk=kksa dks lfEefyr can work with a few pictures at a time ensuring ‘students’ dj fp=kksa ij dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA blls Nk=kksa dh Kku o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk mudk enjoyment in learning by involving them in some activities suggested below : euksjatu Hkh gksxkA In a large outline map of India, mark the sites of various forts, ckgjh js[kkvksa okys Hkkjr osQ cM+s vkdkj osQ ekufp=k dks ysa rFkk mlesa ns'k osQ palaces and havelis of our country. Find out the location of the fofHkUu nqxks±] egyksa rFkk gosfy;ksa osQ LFkkuksa dks vafdr djsaA forts and palaces and havelis given in this package. ns'k osQ nqxks± rFkk egyksa dk vè;;u dj mudk fuekZ.k djokus okys jktkvksa osQ Make a study of the forts and palaces in India and collect information ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr djsaA bu Lekjdksa osQ fuekZ.k dky rFkk mís'; dk Hkh of the kings, emperors who built these forts and palaces. Find out irk yxk,aA bUgha ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh ,df=kr the dates of these monuments and the purpose for which they djsaA were used. Collect the following information : μ Hkou osQ {ks=k fo'ks"k dh tyok;qA — Climate of the location of the building. μ izÑfr] unh] isM+&ikSèks rFkk i{kh — Natural surroundings, rivers, mountain range and the fl ora and fauna. μ bu fdyksa dks cukus okys rFkk muesa jgus okys yksx rFkk mudk O;olk; — People, who built and lived in these forts, their occupation, vkfnA etc. μ ml dky dk laxhr] u`R;] ukVd] f'kYi dyk vkfnA — Music, dance, drama, craft, etc. of the period. μ {ks=k fo'ks"k osQ nsoh&nsork] ikSjkf.kd dFkk,a] R;kSgkj jhfr&fjoktA — Customs, festivals celebrated in the region and the myths iSosQt esa fn, x, Lekjdksa osQ fp=kksa dks ns[k dj buosQ js[kk&fp=k cuk,aA associated. eè;dky osQ ;kf=k;ksa@bfrgkldkjksa@dykdkjksa us bu iSosQtksa esa n”kZ Hkouksa ,oa Make a sketch/rough outline of the monuments from the pictures provided in the cultural package. Lekjdksa dks ns[kk rFkk os yksx buls lacafèkr o`Ùkkarksa rFkk laLej.kksa dks fy[k dj NksM+ x, gSaA bu o`Ùkkrksa ,oa laLej.kksa dks ,df=kr dj muesa o£.kr bu LFkkuksa dk The forts, palaces and havelis mentioned in this package were 'kSyhxr o.kZu rFkk LFkkuksa osQ uke osQ mPpkj.k dks lef>,A visited by a number of travellers/historians/artists in the medieval period of Indian history and these people have left a vivid and fofHkUu nqxks± dh èkjkryh; ;kstuk dk vè;;u dj mudh LFkkiR; dyk esa interesting account of these monuments including the drawings/ lekurk,a [kksft,A vius ?kj] LowQy ;k dkWyst dk fp=k rS;kj cuk dj mlesa sketches. Collect such travelogues/memoirs/sketches. Notice f[kM+fd;ksa rFkk njoktksa dh okLrqdyk osQ fooj.k dks Hkh n'kkZ,aA interesting details in these travelogues such as the style of description, pronunciation of places and the surrounding areas of èkkfeZd Lo:i dks le>uk monuments of that period. lHkh èkeks± dk ,d gh mís'; gksrk gS fd yksx csgrj ,oa laiw.kZ thou ft,¡A bu Collect and study the various ground plans of different forts and lHkh èkeks± dk ckg~; :i] tSls fd vuq"Bku rFkk izFkk,¡] izk;% ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd] fi nd out the similarities. Similar studies of ground plans can also jktuSfrd vkSj ;gka rd fd HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls ,d&nwljs ls fHkUurk j[krk gSA be made of your school, home or college showing windows, doors dbZ èkkfeZd jhfr&fjokt ,oa lekjksg okf"kZd Ñf"k ls tqM+s gksrs gSa rFkk os thou and other architectural details. osQ vkuan dks O;Dr djrs gSaA izk;% gj dky osQ èkkfeZd fo'oklksa us vius ;qx Understanding Religious Concepts osQ okLrqdkjksa] ew£rdkjksa ,oa fp=kdkjksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA blh dkj.k dkjhxjksa All religions aim at helping us to lead better and richer lives. The us ml èkeZ ls lacafèkr fo'ks"k izrhdksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, lqanj Lekjdksa dh outward manifestations of religion such as rituals, customs differ jpuk dh gSA from one another for historical, economic, political and even geo- physical reasons. Many religious rituals and ceremonies are linked vè;kidx.k vius Nk=kksa dks Hkkjr osQ yksxksa ,oa muosQ fofHkUu èkeks± dk vè;;u with the annual agricultural cycle and celebrations of life. Religious djus dks dgsaA lkFk gh muls fganw] ckS¼] bZlkbZ] bLyke] tSu rFkk fl[k vkfn gj beliefs have infl uenced the architects, sculptors and painters of the èkeZ osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVkus osQ fy, Hkh dgsaA by-gone era to create beautiful monuments using specifi c symbols and motifs pertaining to each religion. okLrqdyk ij miyCèk izkphu xzaFkksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ nqxks± dk mYys[k feyrk gSA Invite your students to study the religions and people of India and nqxZ vFkok fdyk lHkh fn'kkvksa ls lqn`<+ ,oa vkjf{kr Hkou dks dgrs gSa] ftlosQ collect information on each religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, nk;js esa dHkh&dHkh lEiw.kZ 'kgj clk gksrk gSA bu xzaFkksa esa ioZrh;] Hkw] ty vFkok Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and others. }hih; nqxks± osQ lkFk oU; ,oa e# nqxks± vkfn dk mYys[k vkrk gSA Ancient texts on architecture describe a variety of forts. Durg or fort is a fortifi ed building which many times encompasses whole vius vapy osQ fofHkUu nqxks± dk vius Nk=kksa gsrq ,d 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k vk;ksftr cities within its walls. In these texts, there is mention of land, hill, fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok mUgsa {ks=k fo'ks"k dh okLrqdyk osQ bfrgkl rFkk fofHkUu water or island and also forest and desert forts. izdkj osQ nqxks± osQ vè;;u gsrq dgsaA Students can be taken on educational tours to nearby forts or ns'k osQ fofHkUu nqxks± rFkk egyksa osQ ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij dk;Z&;kstuk cuk,aA asked to study the history of architecture of a specifi c region. nqxks± rFkk egyksa dh LFkkiR; dyk ls lacafèkr rduhdh 'kCnksa dh iqfLrdk cuk,¡ Conduct a Project on the historical development of forts and palaces in our country. rFkk mlesa mudk vFkZ Hkh fy[ksa] tSlsfd cqtZ] ijdksVk] mRFkkiu] eqaMsj vkfnA Make a booklet of the terms associated with the architecture ns'k osQ fofHkUu nqxks± ,oa egyksa osQ ukedj.k osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr dj of forts and palaces with their meaning. Some terms like turret mlosQ fo"k; esa dgkuh fy[ksaA design, elevation, battlement, rampart, parapet, etc. can be dYiuk djsa fd vki eè;dky osQ nkSjku fdys esa jgrs FksA ,slh fLFkfr esa included. tu&lkèkkj.k] 'kkld rFkk okLrqdkj osQ :i esa vius thou osQ ckjs esa fy[ksaA Find out all that you can know about the names of different forts and palaces of our country and write a story how these were fdlh nqxZ ;k egy fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr ?kVuk dks ml le; fo'ks"k osQ laxhr osQ named. ekè;e ls ukVdh; :i iznku djsaA Imagine you lived in the fort in the medieval times and describe fofHkUu nqxks±] egyksa rFkk gosfy;ksa dks n'kkZus okyh ,d iqfLrdk rS;kj djsa] ftlesa your life as an architect, emperor, common man. muls lacafèkr lHkh egRoiw.kZ o.kZu gksA bl dk;Z osQ fy, vki iSosQt esa fn, x, Dramatise the events involved in the construction of the fort or a fp=kksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA palace and enrich with music of the period. izkphu iqLrdksa esa ls nqxks± ,oa egyksa osQ ckjs esa lanHkZ&lkexzh rFkk lwfDr;ksa dk Make a scrap book displaying different forts, palaces and havelis laxzg djsaA with important descriptions. You may choose pictures from this package also. fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh LFkkiR; dyk ls lacafèkr vuq"Bkuksa osQ lanHkZ rFkk fp=k laxzghr Collect references/quotations from ancient books on forts and djsaA palaces. ns'k esa lqanj nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka cuokus okys jktkvksa ,oa oa'kksa osQ ckjs esa Collect pictures and references of the rituals connected with the dgkfu;ka fy[ksaA architecture in different regions. vius ns'k osQ fofHkUu fdyksa dk vè;;u dj mUgsa uhps nh tk jgh Jsf.k;ksa osQ Write stories of important dynasties, emperors who built beautiful forts, palaces and havelis in our country. vuqlkj lwphc¼ djsa % Conduct a study of various forts in our country and categorize vÑf=ke nqxZ these monuments as per the following : }hih; nqxZ Natural Fort e# nqxZ Island Fort ioZrh; nqxZ Desert Fort likV Hkwfe okys nqxZA Mountain Fort Land Fort CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES AND TRAINING 15-A, Sector-7, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 075 Phone : 47151000 (100 Lines) Fax : 91-11-25088637 email : [email protected], website : www.ccrtindia.gov.in
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
1- vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku vjkoyh ioZrekyk esa t;iqj ls 11 fd- eh- nwj dNokgk jktiwrksa dh izkphu jktèkkuh vkesj fLFkr gSA ckn'kkg vdcj osQ jktiwr lsukifr jktk eku ¯lg osQ le; esa bl fdysuqek egy dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA bls ,d [kM+h pV~Vku ij vk;rkdkj :i esa fu£er fd;k x;k FkkA lehi dh NksVh >hy esa bldk rFkk bldh ehukjksa dk izfr¯cc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ yacs xs:, lqugjs ijdksVs dks likZdkj :i esa pV~Vku osQ Åij rFkk ml dky dh LFkkiR; dyk osQ fooj.k osQ lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] vusd egy] eaMi rFkk txr f'kjksef.k ,oa f'kyk nsoh tSls iz[;kr eafnj Hkh gSA bl fdys dk x.ks'k iksy uked izos'k }kj (vkarfjd fp=k esa n£'kr) t;¯lg izFke }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g nhoku&,&vke vkSj nhoku&,&[kkl osQ chp fLFkr gSA blosQ }kjk vke turk fdys osQ futh d{kksa esa izos'k djrh gSA izos'k }kj dh Åijh nh?kkZ esa tkyh ;qDr f[kM+fd;ka cukbZ xbZ Fkha] rkfd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka muesa ls ckgj osQ fØ;k&dyki ns[ksa] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k ik,A
1. Amber Fort, Jaipur, Rajasthan Amber, the ancient capital of the Kachhawaha Rajputs lies in the rocky Aravalli hills, 11 kms north of Jaipur. Much of what remains of the fortress-palace today was constructed during the reign of Raja Man Singh, the Rajput commmander of Akbar’s army. It is built on a steep cliff; rectangular in concept, its towers and white walls are refl ected in a small lake. It’s long russet gold ramparts adhere to the architectural style of the period. This fort comprises the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas, several palaces, courtyards and the famous Jagat Shiromani and Shila Devi temples. The entrance gate of the Amber Palace known as Ganesh Pol (inset) was added by Jai Singh I. Ganesh Pol is situated between the Diwan-i-Am (Public Court) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Private Court). This gate serves as the entrance for the public to the private courts of the palace. The gallery above the Ganesh Pol with lattice work windows was constructed so as to allow the women in the family to watch the activities in the street without being seen from outside.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
2- 'kh'k egy] vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku vkesj osQ fdys dk iwohZ e.Mi nks eaftyk gS rFkk bldh ,d eafty t; eafnj osQ uhps gS rFkk nwljh tl eafnj osQ ÅijA t; eafnj esa gh 'kh'k egy μ vFkkZr~] 'kh'kksa dk egy rFkk nhoku&,&[kkl fLFkr gSA ;g fp=k 'kh'k egy dk gS rFkk bldh nhokjksa rFkk Nr ij NksVs&NksVs vory 'kh'kksa dks fof'k"V :i esa tM+k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA laè;k osQ èkqaèkyosQ esa tc ogka fpjkx tyk, tkrs Fks] rks lkjk 'kh'k egy ,sls ped mBrk Fkk] tSls txexkrs flrkjksa ls pedrk vkleku gksA Hkouksa dks lkSUn;Z iznku djus osQ fy, 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh vke jktiwr 'kSyh gS] ysfdu bl Hkou esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ le; osQ lkSUn;Zdyk osQ uewus tSlsμ esgjkcuqek LFkkiR;dyk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
2. Sheesh Mahal, Amber Fort, Jaipur, Rajasthan The eastern pavilion of the Amber palace is built in two storeys, one below the Jai mandir and the other above the Jas mandir. The Jai mandir has the Diwan-i-Khas and the Sheesh Mahal, ‘The Hall of Mirrors’. The picture shows the interior of the Sheesh Mahal. The plaster of the wall and ceiling is embedded with tiny concave mirrors forming a variety of designs. When this palace was occupied, lamps were lit after dark, the refl ected light in the mirrors of the Sheesh Mahal created an illusion of a multitude of stars in the sky. Glass mosaic is a common Rajput technique used as decoration in buildings. The particular patterns used here, especially the web of tiny arch-shaped indents, follow the Shahjahani adaptation of this decorative art.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
3- flVh iSysl] panzegy] t;iqj] jktLFkku jktLFkku dk izfl¼ xqykch 'kgj t;iqj vkxjk ls 241 fdyksehVj nwj gS rFkk bls vkesj osQ egkjktk lokbZ t;¯lg us clk;k FkkA uxj osQ eè; esa fLFkr ;g egy lhek nhokj ls f?kjk gSA bl egy dk lokZfèkd izkphu Hkou rFkk eè; ifjlj panzegy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k lu~ 1724&34 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blh osQ èkjkry Lrj ij mÙkj dh rjiQ izhre fuokl uked ,d pkSM+k cjkenk gS rFkk ;gha ls laxejej dh cuh ,d ugj cxhps rd tkrh gSA panz egy osQ èkjkryh; Lrj dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx vke yksxksa osQ d{k us ?ksjk gqvk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g d{k NksVk lk ;k fuEu ifjLraHk okyk d{k gS] ftldh esgjkc uqdhyh gSA panzegy osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ esa nhoku&,&vke gSA orZeku esa bls vkVZ xSyjh osQ :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kkgh tukuk] panz egy osQ if'pe esa fLFkr ,d fo'kky Hkou gSA ckny egy rFkk xks¯on nso eafnj Hkou osQ nks eq[; eaMi gSaA panz egy osQ lehi gh izfl¼ osèk'kkyk tarj&earj (vkarfjd fp=k) Hkh gSA ;g t;¯lg f}rh; }kjk 18oha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa cuokbZ xbZ ikapksa osèk'kkykvksa esa lcls cM+h gSA vU; osèk'kkyk,a fnYyh] eFkqjk] mTtSu rFkk okjk.klh esa gSA
3. City Palace, Chandra Mahal, Jaipur, Rajasthan Jaipur, the Pink city of Rajasthan which is 241 kms. from Agra was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber. The City Palace situated in the centre of the city is surrounded by a boundary wall. the earliest building and the centre of the complex is the Chandra Mahal which was constructed in 1724- 34 A.D. The picture shows a seven-tiered, pyramidal structure of the Chandra Mahal. On the ground fl oor, on the north side, is the broad verandah called the Pritam Niwas, from which a marble channel runs into the formal garden.In the main portion of the ground fl oor of the Chandra Mahal is situated the “Hall of audience”. This is a small and rather low peristyle hall with the familiar cusped arches. To the south-east of the Chandra Mahal is the building known as Diwan-i-Am (at present this is serving as an art gallery). The royal women apartments (zenana) lies in the west of Chandra Mahal, which is a vast building. The two principal pavilions of the palace are the Badal Mahal and the Govind Deo temple. Close to the Chandra Mahal is the famous Jantar Mantar constructed in 1718-34 A.D., (inset picture) the largest of the fi ve observatories built by Jai Singh II in the early eighteenth century A.D., the others are at Delhi, Mathura, Ujjain and Varanasi.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
4- t;x<+ dk fdyk] t;iqj jktLFkku t;x<+ osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k t;¯lg us lu~ 1600 esa djok;k FkkA fdys osQ uhps osQ eSnkuh bykosQ rFkk t;iqj dk laqnj n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fdyk okLro esa dNokgk 'kkldksa osQ izfl¼ [ktkus dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.k bl fdys dh ;kstuk bl izdkj cukbZ xbZ Fkh fd ;g lqjf{kr jgs rFkk nq'eu vanj u vk losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa ifg;ksa okyh fo'o dh fo'kkyre rksikssa esa ls ,d rksi ^t;oku* tks t;x<+ fdys osQ gfFk;kj dkj[kkus esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh] dk n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
4. Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur, Rajasthan The imposing Jaigarh Fort was built in 1600 A.D. by Raja Man Singh. It offers a beautiful view of the plans and the city of Jaipur. This fort housed the famous treasures of the Kachhawaha rulers in deep vaults. The fort was designed in a manner that no enemy could enter as it was well protected from all sides. In the (inset) picture you can see Jaiwaan, one of the largest cannon on wheels in the world, made in the foundry of Jaigarh.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
5- ty egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku t;iqj dh uxj nhokj ls ckgj vusd egyksa osQ Hkou gSA nf{k.k iwoZ esa vkxjk&ekxZ ij fllksfn;k jkuh egy gSA bl egy dk fuekZ.k lokbZ t;flag dh iRuh osQ fy, djok;k x;k Fkk (fp=k esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha gS)A blh izdkj mÙkj&iwoZ esa vkesj rd vusd Hkouksa dh drkj Hkh gSA blesa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ty egy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k euksjatu osQ fy, ,d Ñf=ke >hy eku lkxj osQ chp fd;k x;k FkkA
5. Jal Mahal, Jaipur, Rajasthan Outside the Jaipur city walls are various other palace buildings. To the south-east on the Agra road is the Sisodia Rani Mahal, built for the wife of Sawai Jai Singh (not seen in the picture). To the north-east, numerous buildings line the road to Amber, of which the most important is the Jal Mahal, a pleasure palace built in the middle of Man Sagar, the artifi cial lake.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
6- gok egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku gok egy] t;iqj 'kgj dh ,d eq[; igpku gS rFkk egkjktk lokbZ izrki flag us lu~ 1799 esa bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA ;g ikap eaftyk Hkou jktiwr okLrqdyk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA bldh v¼Z v"Vdks.kh; xqykch jsrhys iRFkj ls cuh f[kM+fd;ka ns[krs gh curh gSa] tks fd eèkqeD[kh osQ NÙks osQ fM”kkbu dk vkHkkl nsrh gSaA bldh igyh nks eaftysa vius esa ry?kj rFkk izkax.k dks lesVs gSa rFkk 'ks"k rhuksa eaftyksa esa osQoy xfy;kjs vkSj NTts gSaA gok egy dk ckg~; :i fdlh eafnj osQ f'k[kj dk vkHkkl nsrk gSA okLro esa gok egy dk fuekZ.k blfy, fd;k x;k Fkk fd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka blosQ 953 vkyksa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa ls jkg pyrh 'kksHkk;k=kkvksa dks ns[k losaQ] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa gok egy dk i`"B Hkkx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
6. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur, Rajasthan Hawa Mahal or Palace of the Winds is one of Jaipur’s major landmarks. It was built in 1799 A.D. by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. This fi ve storey building is a unique example of Rajput architecture with its pink coloured semi octagonal and delicate honeycombed sandstone windows. The fi rst two storeys of the Hawa Mahal enclose basement and courtyards, but the three storeys above consist only of passages and balconies. The exterior of the Hawa Mahal gives the look of a Shikhara of a temple. It was originally built to enable the royal ladies, seated in its 953 niches and windows to look down on processions in the main street below without being seen by the common people. In the inset picture you can see the back view of the Hawa Mahal.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
7- esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku tksèkiqj dh LFkkiuk jko tksèkk us lu~ 1459 esa dh FkhA ;g 235 eh- maQps jsrhys iRFkj dh pV~Vkuksa ij fLFkr gS rFkk t;iqj ls bldh nwjh 386 fdyksehVj gSA ;g fdyk esgjkux<+ osQ uke ls izfl¼ gS] tks fd eSnkuh {ks=k ls 122 ehVj mQij fLFkr gSA ;g ,d maQph nhokj ls f?kjk gS rFkk blosQ vusd ijdksVs gSaA bldh iwohZ ehukj rFkk ijdksVs dkiQh l`n`<+ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA oSls rks blosQ lkr njokts gSa] exj pkSFkk njoktk u"V gks pqdk gSA nks cqtks± osQ eè; esa fLFkr izFke njoktk iQrsgiqj iksy ij eqM+k x<+xt gSA xksiky xsV] HkkSjksa xsV] nksèkdkaxM+k xsV HkO; esgjkcksa ls vyaÑr gSA blosQ NBsa izos'k }kj yksg iksy ij lrh gqbZ ianzg jkfu;ksa osQ gkFkksa dh Nki ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh yksg iksy ls jkLrk vafre ckj eqM+dj mÙkjh dksus dk pDdj yxkrk fdys esa pyk tkrk gSA lkrosa izos'k }kj lwjt iksy osQ iwohZ jkLrs dh vxy cxy ls nks jkLrs njckj esa tkrs gSaA bu izos'k }kjksa osQ vfrfjDr fdys esa eksrh egy] 'kkgh fL=k;ksa dk fuokl&LFkku iwQy egy] lyhe dksV] eqjyh euksgj th eafnj] dkydk eafnj] pkeqaMk eafnj] pkeqaMk dh unh rFkk jkuh rkykc vkSj xqykc lkxj uked nks NksVs rkykc nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA fdys dh pksVh rhu {ks=kksa esa foHkDr gS & mÙkj if'pe dk egy] pV~Vku osQ nf{k.k fdukjs okyk vR;ar fdyscan {ks=k rFkk egy osQ iwoZ rd iSQyh yach&pkSM+h NrA fp=k osQ vfxze Hkkx esa vki tloar FkM+ dks ns[k ldrs gSaA
7. Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, Rajasthan Jodhpur is situated at a height of 235 m on a range of sandstone hills about 386 kms away from Jaipur. It was founded by Rao Jodha in 1459 A.D. This Fort, popularly known as Mehrangarh, is 122 m above the plains and is enclosed by a high wall with bastions. Its eastern towers and bastions are the strongest. The Fort is guarded by seven gates of which the fourth gate has been destroyed. The fi rst gate, Fateh Pol is between twin bastions and has a curved barbican, its lintel is supported on corbels. Gopal gate, Bhairon gate and Dodhkangra gates have elegant arches. The sixth gate, Loha Pol has the hand prints of fi fteen royal satis, wives of the Maharaja. this Loha Pol controls the fi nal turn of the path of the fort round the northern end. The seventh gate, Suraj Pol leads sideways from the eastern passage into the durbar court. The Fort contains Moti Mahal, Phool Mahal, the royal ladies apartments (zenana), Salim Kot, Murli Manoharji temple, Kalka temple, Chamunda temple, Chamunda-ki-Nandi and the two small tanks namely the Rani Talao and the Gulab Sagar to the south. The Fort summit is divided into three areas, the palace of the north-west, the strongly fortifi ed area to the south edge of the cliff and a long wide terrace to the east of the palace. In front of the Mehrangarh Fort in the picture you can see the Jaswant Thada.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
8- vxzHkkx] tukuk egy] esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku esgjkux<+ fdys ds x<+ egy osQ nks frgkbZ Hkkx esa foLr`r tukuk dk fuekZ.k egkjktk tloar flag us lu~ 1670 esa djok;k FkkA blh tukuk dk ,d eq[; izkax.k eksrh egy pkSd gSA bls eksrh foykl osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tukuk esa tkyh okys vla[; >jks[ks gSa] ftu ij oozQkdkj NTts gSaA ;g laiw.kZ tukuk jsrhys iRFkj dks rf{kr dj cuk;k x;k gS rFkk bl ij lisQn jax fd;k x;k gSA tukuk osQ >jks[ks esa yxh tkfy;ksa dh izpqj ek=kk egy osQ vxzHkkx dks yVdrh Mksfj;ksa dk :i lk iznku djrh gSA rksjf.kdk rFkk nhokjxhj osQ chp ,d ladjh nhèkkZ] tksfd izR;sd dejs osQ vkxs ls xqtjrh gS] bl tukus dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA
8. Facade, Zenana Mahal, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, Rajasthan The Garh palace of Mehrangarh Fort, of which about two third is a zenana, was constructed during 1670 A.D. by Maharaja Jaswant Singh. A major court of the zenana is Moti Mahal chowk otherwise known as Moti Vilas. This zenana contains numerous jharokhas (small, projecting balcony) decorated with jali work screens and capped by curved roofs. The whole structure is carved from sandstone and painted white. The profusion of jalis creates an illusion of delicate lace work. The narrow gallery between the arcade and the bracket of the stone supporting the facade - a narrow strip along the edge of each room - is a unique feature peculiar to the Jodhpur zenana.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
9- tloar FkM+] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku tloar FkM+ okLro esa 'kkgh Nrfj;ksa dk lewg gS] tks lu~ 1899 esa egkjktk tloar flag f}rh; dh Le`fr esa fufeZr gqbZ FkhA ;gha ij ,d d{k esa tksèkiqj osQ 'kkldksa osQ rSy fp=k Hkh gSaA ;s 'kkgh Nrfj;ka okLro esa fnoaxr 'kkldksa dh Lekjd gS] tks mudh Le`fr esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA
9. Jaswant Thada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan Jaswant Thada, a cluster of royal cenotaphs of royal chhatries was built in 1899 A.D. in the memory of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II. The cenotaphs of the Jaswant Thada also has portraits of the rulers of Jodhpur. Royal chhatries were built to commemorate the place where royalty had been cremated and also served as a memorial to them.
lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan
10- flVh iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk egkjktk mn;flag us dh Fkh rFkk ;g tksèkiqj ls 250 fdyksehVj nwj gSA egkjktkvksa dk ;g fdyk fiNksyk >hy osQ fdukjs ij fLFkr gSA egy dk iwjk ifjlj HkO; gS rFkk ;g xzsukbV vkSj laxejej ls cuk;k x;k gSA blosQ nksuksa dksuksa esa v"Vdks.kh; xqacnksa okyh ehukjsa gSaA blosQ ckg~; Hkkx ij 'osr jax gSaA oSls ;g fdyk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA cM+h iksy ls gksdj blesa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gha 'kkgh uxkM+s Hkh j[ks gSaA rksj.k iksy osQ lkFk&lkFk lwjt iksy Hkh gSA rksj.k iksy esa ls gksdj xqtjus okyk jkLrk ,d cM+s pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA bl pkSd osQ nksuksa rjiQ NksVs&NksVs pkSd gSa] ftuls gksdj tukuk rFkk enkZuk esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA bl egy esa vusd y?kq vkdkj osQ egy Hkh gSaA 'kh'k egy esa 'kh'ks dk tM+kmQ dk;Z gS] rks Ñ".k foykl egy esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks n'kkZus okys y?kq fp=kA phu rFkk gkySaM dh uhyh ,oa 'osr VkbYl okyk phuh dk fp=k egy bl jktegy dk eè; Hkkx gSA ekf.kd egy ekf.kD; o phuh feV~Vh rFkk eksrh egy 'kh'ks osQ dk;Z osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA Hkhe foykl egy esa jkèkk Ñ".k ls lacafèkr dgkfu;ksa osQ n`'; nhokjksa ij fpf=kr gSa rks izhre foykl egy osQ eksj pkSd dh nhokjksa ij cgqr eghu :i esa eksj fpf=kr gSA cM+s egy osQ gjs&Hkjs cxhps rFkk iQOokjs ,oa tukuk egy vkd"kZd vkSj lqanj 10. City Palace, Udaipur, Rajasthan Udaipur, the beautiful city of lakes is situated about 259 kms from Jodhpur and was founded by Maharana Udai Singh. The City Palace of the Maharanas, which stands along the banks of the Pichola lake, is an impressive complex of buildings in granite and marble fl anked by octagonal corner towers surmounted by cupolas. The exterior is plastered in white colour. The palace faces the east. The entrance is through the Badi Pol, which contains the royal drums. The Suraj Pol is in line with Toran Pol, the main gate of the palace building. The Toran Pol, which one could enter mounted on horseback leads into a large chowk, fl anked by two smaller palaces. The Sheesh Mahal is decorated with inlay mirror work and the Krishna Vilas with episodes from stories painted in the miniature style. Blue and white Chinese and Dutch tiles are used in Chini-Ki-Chitra Mahal which is the central pavilion of the palace. The Manak Mahal has glass and porcelain and the Moti Mahal is famous for its mirror work. The scenes from the Radha- Krishna stories are painted on the walls of the Bhim Vilas, and the intricately crafted peacocks in fi ne mosaic relief on the walls of Mor chowk of Pritam Vilas. The Zenana Mahal, gardens and fountains of Bada Mahal are beautifully constructed. The Udaipur City Palace is a blend of Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 11- ysd iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 14oha 'krkCnh esa fiNksyk >hy cukbZ xbZ FkhA gjh&Hkjh igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjh bl >hy osQ vusd ?kkV rFkk vklikl ckx&cxhps gSa rFkk ;g mn;iqj 'kgj osQ lkSan;Z dks LofxZd cukrs gSaA 'osr laxejej ls fufeZr tx fuokl 'kkgh ifjokj osQ xfeZ;ksa esa jgus dk egy FkkA bl egy osQ NTts rFkk f[kM+fd;ka >hy dh rjiQ [kqyrs gSaA bl goknkj ifjlj dk iQ'kZ laxejej dk gS] rks LraHk xzsukbV iRFkj ls fufeZrA blosQ ckx cxhps o iQOokjs lqO;ofLFkr gS rFkk dejs vPNh izdkj ls vyaÑrA blosQ lTtu fuokl esa dey osQ iwQyksa osQ eè; u`R; djrh u`R;kaxukvksa dks n'kkZus okys vusd fHkfÙkfp=k gSaA buosQ vykok blosQ izkax.k esa oqQeqfnuh dk rkykc Hkh gSA tx fuokl dks vc gksVy dk :i ns fn;k x;k gS rFkk ;g ysd iSysl gksVy osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 11. Lake Palace, Udaipur, Rajasthan Lake Pichola was formed in the fourteenth century A.D. Fringed with green hills and studded with ghats and gardens, the lake provides an ethereal beauty to Udaipur. Lake palace also known as Jag Niwas is built from white marble and was the summer palace of the former royal family. Its balconies and windows overlook the lake. This airy complex has marble fl oors and granite columns. The gardens and fountains are well laid and the rooms are beautifully decorated. The Sajjan Niwas or Lotus suite of the palace contains murals which depict girls dancing among lotus leaves. In the courtyard there is a lily pond. Jag Niwas has now been converted to a hotel and is called the Lake Palace Hotel. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 12- tx eafnj] mn;iqj] jktLFkku mn;iqj esa fLFkr ;g izfl¼ tx eafnj fiNksyk >hy osQ nf{k.kh }hi ij lu~ 1551 esa fufeZr gqvk Fkk rFkk bldk xqacnkdkj eaMi] vFkkZr~ xqy egy bldh ,d fof'k"V igpku gSA ftls d.kZ flag us cuok;k FkkA ;g izkar esa fLFkr eqxy LFkkiR;dyk 'kSyh esa fufeZr oqQN Hkouksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kgtknk [kqjZe] tks ckn esa ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka osQ uke ls izfl¼ gqvk Fkk] lu~ 1623 esa ;gka jgk djrk Fkk] tc mlus vius firk tgkaxhj osQ f[kykiQ fonzksg fd;k FkkA 12. Jag Mandir, Udaipur, Rajasthan The Jag Mandir, which is on the southern island of the Pichola lake was built in 1551 A.D. The domed pavilion or Gul Mahal, which is its greatest landmark, was commenced by Karan Singh. It is one of the few examples of Mughal style of architecture in the state. It is said, that in 1623 A.D. Prince Khurram the future Emperor Shahjahan, lived here when he revolted against his father, Jahangir. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 13- oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkku egkj.kk oaqQHkk }kjk cuok;k x;k oaqQHkyx<+ dk ;g fdyk ,d HkO; igkM+h fdyk gSA mn;iqj ls yxHkx 90 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr ;g fdyk leqnz ry ls 1087 ehVj dh maQpkbZ ij fLFkr gSA rsjg f'k[kjksa ls f?kjk gqvk ;g fdyk bl igkM+h dh lcls m¡Qph pksVh ij fLFkr gSA esokM+ esa fprkSM+x<+ dk fdyk rFkk oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA bldh pkjnhokjh dkiQh pkSM+h gS rFkk rksi[kkuk vR;ar lqlfTtrA blesa lSfudksa ,oa vke yksxksa osQ jgus dk i;kZIr LFkku Hkh FkkA bls cukus esa yxHkx 15 o"kZ dk le; yxk FkkA xgjs njsZ rFkk ?kus taxy osQ chp ls xqtj dj gh bl rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA bl fdys osQ lkr fo'kkydk; njokts] vius vki esa ,d nwljs dks lesVs gq, lkr ijdksVs rFkk o`Ùkkdkj cqtZ ,oa fuxjkuh osQ fy, cuh ehukjsa lHkh vkil esa feydj bls vHks| cukrs gSaA vusd njoktksa osQ vykok blesa oaqQHk';ke] uhyoaQB rFkk oqQcsj vkfn osQ eafnj Hkh gSaA bl fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k ?ksjs gSaA vkarfjd ijdksVs dh lrg dkiQh maQph gS] ftu ij jk.kkvksa dk ckny egy lq'kksfHkr gSA bl fdys osQ vusd dejs mUuhloh 'krkCnh esa jaxs x, gSaA 13. Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh is a spectacular hill fort built by Maharana Kumbha, at a height of 1087 m above sea level and is about 90 kms from Udaipur. It lies on the top most ridge of the hill, surrounded by thirteen other peaks. The Chittorgarh Fort and the Kumbhalgarh Fort are the two most important forts of Mewar. The Kumbhalgarh Fort has four wide walls, and it was well equipped with batteries, and suffi cient accommodation for the troops and the public. It took fi fteen years to complete the fort. The approach is impressive across deep ravines and through thick jungles. Seven massive gates guard the approaches, while seven ramparts, one within the other reinforced by rounded bastions and huge watchtowers, render the fort impregnable. Besides many gates, it has several temples like Kumbashyam, Nikhanth and Kuber within the fort. The outer wall embraces an area of several square miles. The tiers of inner ramparts rise to the summit, which are crowned by the Badal Mahal of the Ranas. The palace has several sets of rooms furnished in pastel colours in the nineteenth century A.D. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 14- izkphj] oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkku oaqQHkyx<+ osQ fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k lesVs gSaA bldh HkO;rk dh rqyuk phu dh egku~ nhokj dh HkO;rk ls dh tk ldrh gSA 14. Ramparts, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan The outer wall of the Kumbhalgarh Fort embraces an area of several square miles. This wall is comparable to the grandeur of the Great Wall of China. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 15- vyoj dk egy] vyoj] jktLFkku vyoj 'kgj osQ egy dk fuekZ.k jktk c[rkoj flag us lu~ 1793 esa djok;k Fkk rFkk blesa fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa fofHkUu Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k FkkA egy osQ vxzHkkx esa ,d vyaÑr rkykc gSA blosQ vkarfjd Hkkx dh ,d fo'ks"krk 'kh'k egy gS] ftlesa 'kh'kksa esa can jktiwr 'kSyh esa y?kq fp=k cuk, x, gSaA bUgha 'kh'kksa osQ dejs osQ lehi 'kkgh iqLrdky; rFkk 'kkL=kkxkj Hkh gSaA 'kkgh iqLrdky; esa izkphu ikaMqfyfi;ka gSa] ftuesa lu~ 1848 dh laqnj fpf=kr xqfyLrka dh ikaMqfyfi Hkh gSA 'kkL=kkxkj esa jRu tfM+r vL=kksa&'kL=kksa dk laxzg gSA ;g egy jktiwr rFkk eqxy LFkkiR; dyk osQ lafeJ.k dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA 15. Alwar Palace, Alwar, Rajasthan The building of the Alwar City Palace was commenced in 1793 A.D. by Raja Bakhtawar Singh. It consists of a varied group of buildings of different styles of architecture. In front of the palace there is a large ornamental tank. The interior of the palace is notable for the Sheesh Mahal which is dotted with Rajput miniature paintings sealed under glass. Near the Sheesh Mahal is the armoury and the royal library, which contains a fi ne collection of oriental manuscripts including a copy of a beautifully illustrated Gulistan manuscript of 1848 A.D. It also has a rich collection of bejewelled sabres, swords and weapons. The Palace is a delicate rendering of the style which emerged out of the blend of Rajput and Mughal style of architecture. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 16- t; LraHk] fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk fdyk] fprkSM+x<+] jktLFkku esokM+ osQ 'kfDr'kkyh jktkvksa esa ls ,d jk.kk oqaQHkk }kjk fufeZr ;g t; LraHk ,d izdkj ls 15oha 'krkCnh dh tSu okLrqdyk dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA bl LraHk dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1440 esa ekyok osQ egewn f[kyth ij izkIr dh xbZ fot; osQ miy{; esa djok;k x;k Fkk rFkk okLrqdkj tSr us bldk fMtkbZu rS;kj fd;k Fkk bls ,d pV~Vku ij pwus iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g ukS eaftyh gS rFkk èkjkry ls bldh oqQy maQpkbZ 37-2 ehVj gSA LraHk osQ izR;sd Lrj ij fdlh u fdlh eafnj ls tqM+k eaMi] NTtsnkj f[kM+fd;ka gSa rFkk fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa dks izpqj :i ls mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA ukSoh eafty ij ,d frtksjh gS] ftl ij Hkxoku Ñ".k dks xksfi;ksa osQ lkFk jkl djrs n'kkZ;k x;k gSA 16. Victory Tower, Chittorgarh Fort, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan Victory Tower or Jaya Stambh is a masterpiece of fi fteenth century revivalist Jain architecture, built by Rana Kumbha, one of the most powerful Kings of Mewar. It was designed by an architect called Jaita to commemorate the victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa in 1440 A.D. The tower was mainly built by compact limestone and the quartz rock on which it stands. It has nine storeys rising to 37.2 m above the ground level. In each tier of this tower, there is a mandapa associated with a temple, enriched with balconied windows and is carved profusely with the gods of the Hindu pantheon. The ninth storey has a vault with a sculptured representation of Lord Krishna surrounded by dancing gopis. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 17- Mhx dk egy] Mhx] jktLFkku cnu flag }kjk LFkkfir tkV lkezkT; dh jktèkkuh Mhx Fkh] tks fd Hkjriqj ls yxHkx 32 fdyksehVj nwj gSA fdyk rFkk jkljax osQ vU; egy bl {ks=k dh rRdkyhu LFkkiR;dyk dh n`f"V ls egRowi.kZ gSA Mhx fLFkr cnu flag dk ;g fdyk iqjkuk egy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk lery Hkwfe ij fufeZr gSA vR;ar lqn`<+ ;g fdyk ns[kus esa bdgjk l?ku Hkou yxrk gSA fdys osQ vanj vusd d{k rFkk nks [kqys pkSd gSa] ysfdu buosQ ckotwn ;g ns[kus esa vk;rkdkj yxrk gSA orZeku esa blosQ vkarfjd d{kksa esa ljdkjh dk;kZy; dk;Z dj jgs gSaA bu d{kksa dk mQijh Hkkx ltkoVh gS rFkk ml ij xqacnsa ,oa maQph xSyjh gSA fdys dk eq[; izos'k flag iksy }kj gSA ;g fo'kkydk; njoktk esgjkcnkj gS rFkk 'ksjksa vkfn dh mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa ls vyaÑr gSA lwjt njoktk] uaxk njoktk rFkk xksiky lkxj vkSj :i lkxj uked nks rkykc bl fdys dh okLrqdyk osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ vU; osaQnz gSaA izLrqr fp=k esa xksiky lkxj esa egy osQ izfrfcac dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 17. Deeg Palace, Deeg, Rajasthan Deeg was the capital of the Jat Kingdom founded by Badan Singh. It is situated about 32 kms from Bharatpur. The fortress and the pleasure palaces of Deeg are of major architectural importance of that period. Badan Singh’s palace at Deeg, also known as Purana Mahal, is a single continuous mass of building built on a plain with little fortifi cation. Inside the palace there are apartments, now used for Government offi ces, with two open chowks, however the building is a rectangular block. It’s upper portion consists of a number of domes and galleries. The main entrance of the palace is via the Singh Pol. This gate has a huge archway ornately carved with lions. some other architectural features of the palace are the Suraj Gate, the Nanga Gate and the two water tanks the Gopal Sagar and the Rup Sagar. In the picture the refl ection of the palace can be seen in the Gopal Sagar. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 18- cwanh dk fdyk] cwanh] jktLFkku cwanh nf{k.k&iwohZ jktLFkku esa fLFkr gS rFkk lu~ 1342 esa jko nsogj us ;gka ,d fdyk cuok;k FkkA vkerkSj ij bl fdys dks rkjkx<+ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vkdkj esa ;g pkSdksj gS rFkk dksuksa esa fo'kky cqtZ fLFkr gSaA bldh if'peh nhokj osQ eè; esa ,d lqanj izos'k}kj gS rFkk iwohZ nhokj osQ eè; osQ ijdksVs eks[ksnkj gSa] rFkk mQijh eqaMsj dkiQh m¡Qph gSA fdys osQ if'pe osQ eq[; njokts osQ nksuksa rjiQ v"Vdks.kh; ehukjsa gSa rFkk lqj{kk osQ fy, n`<+ x<+xtA eq[; }kj ij j{kdksa osQ lqn`<+ dejs gSaA fdys esa iRFkjksa ls cuh fo'kkydk; HkhecqtZ nwj ls gh ns[kh tk ldrh gS rFkk mlesa 16oha 'krh dh izfl¼ rksi xHkZxate~ j[kh gqbZ Fkh] tks fd vc [kks pqdh gSA rkjkx<+ osQ jkuh egy dh nhokjsa eghu y?kq fp=kksa ls lqlfTtr gSa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa jaxhu 'kh'ksa lq'kksfHkr gSaA lehi osQ fo'kky rkykc esa jkuh egy dk izfrfcac ns[kk tk ldrk gSA cwanh osQ gj fdys esa vusd tyk'k; gSA loh.kZ&èkk dk oaqQM Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gSA lu~ 1654 esa cuk ;g tyk'k; xgjk pkSjl vkSj ik;nku okyk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g f=kvk;keh T;kferh; okLrqdyk dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA 18. Bundi Fort, Bundi, Rajasthan Bundi is situated in south-east Rajasthan. Bundi Fort was constructed by Rao Deva Hara in 1342 A.D. This fort is popularly known as Taragarh Fort. It is square in plan with large corner bastions. In the middle of the west wall there is a fi ne gateway and in the middle of the east wall, a postern. The ramparts are crenellated, with high parapets. The main gate, to the west is fl anked by octagonal towers protected by a strong barbican. The main entrance has vaulted guard rooms. the fort is dominated by a huge masonry tower, the Bhim Burj, which was used to house one of the most famous cannons of this region, the sixteenth century Garbh-Ganjam (now lost). The Rani Mahal at Taragarh, stands refl ected in a large tank, with delicate fading miniatures on walls and coloured glasses in windows. Bundi Fort contains many water tanks, one among them is the Sabirna-Dha-Ka-Kund. It is a deep, square stepped water tank, built in 1654 A.D. It is a fi ne example of three dimensional geometrical architecture. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 19- twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku lu~ 1488 esa jko tksèkk osQ iq=k chdk }kjk chdkusj LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA chdkusj 'kgj rd igqapus dk ekxZ 'kkunkj gS vkSj ;g ,d Åaph mBh gqbZ Hkwfe ij fLFkr gSA blosQ pkjksa rjiQ 5&6 fdyksehVj pkSM+h iRFkj dh ,d eks[ksnkj nhokj gSA blosQ ikap eq[;}kj ,oe~ rhu Hkwfexr xfy;kjs gSa rFkk bldh nhokjksa dh maQpkbZ 4-6 eh- ls 9-2 eh- ds chp gSA lu~ 1588 ls 1593 osQ nkSjku jktk jk; flag us bl fdys dks cuok;k FkkA blosQ lEeq[k ,d lkoZtfud eSnku gSA bldh ckgjh nhokjksa dh ifjfèk yxHkx 990 ehVj gSA ;g fdyk jktkvksa rFkk jkt izeq[kksa }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu lSarhl egyksa rFkk e.Miksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA bl fdys dk eq[; izos'k lwjtiksy ls gksdj gSA bl izos'k }kj osQ lEeq[k iRFkj ls cus gkfFk;ksa ij lokj t;ey rFkk iÙkk uked nks egku ;ks¼kvksa dh ewfrZ;ka gSaA pkSd dh foijhr fn'kk esa jktk d.kZ flag }kjk fufeZr d.kZ egy (nhoku&,&vke) gSA Nr dks lgkjk nsus osQ fy, LraHkksa ij ?kqekonkj egjkcsa gSaA d.kZ egy osQ mQij 'kkgh vkokl d{k&xt eafnj gSA bl xt eafnj dh Nr ij N=k fuokl osQ mQij y?kq eaMi gSA d.kZ egy ls gksdj Mwaxj&fuokl rd tk;k tk ldrk gSA Mwaxj fuokl dh nhokjsa fpf=kr gSa rFkk mlesa lisQn laxejej dk cuk ,d rkykc gS] ftlesa gksyh osQ mRlo ij jax fefJr ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA fdys dk izkphure d{k yky fuokl gSA bldh gj nhokj fo'ks"k 'kSyh esa leku :i ls iq"i fp=kksa ls vyaÑr gSA nf{k.k esa pkSd osQ rjiQ osQ NTtksa esa tkfy;ka yxh gSaA iwQy egy osQ lkFk cus panz egy rFkk xt eafnj dh nhokjsa lqanj :i ls fpf=kr gS] rFkk budk fuekZ.k xt flag us djok;k FkkA iwQy egy esa iwQyksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk muesa 'kh'ks dk eghu tM+kmQ dk;Z Hkh gqvk gSA vuwi egy esa yky jsrhys iRFkjksa vkSj 'kh'ks osQ tM+kmQ dk;Z okyk jkt fryd d{k gSA lqUnj xaxk fuokl (lHkk d{k) 19oha 'krkCnh esa tksM+k x;k FkkA 19. Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, Rajasthan Bikaner was founded by Bika, son of Rao Jodha in 1488 A.D. The approach to the city of Bikaner is magnifi cent and it is situated on a raised ground. It is encircled by a 5.6 km. long crenellated stone wall. There are fi ve gates and three underground passages, the walls varying in height between 4.6 and 9.2 m. Junagarh Fort was built by Raja Raj Singh, between 1588 and 1593 A.D. This fort is situated in front of the public park. Its outer walls are approx. 990 m in circumference. The fort is known for its range of thirty-seven palaces and pavilions built by chieftains and kings. Junagarh Fort’s main entrance is through the Suraj Pol. In front of this gateway, sculptures of two great warriors, Jaimal and Patta are mounted on painted stone elephants. Karan Mahal (Diwan-i-Am) built by Raja Karan Singh, is on the opposite side of the chowk. The ceiling is supported by a continuous arcade of cusped arches over balustrade and fl uted columns. Above the Karan Mahal is Gaj Mandir, a suite of royal apartments on the roof of which is Chatra Niwas, a small pavilion. Karan Mahal leads to Dungar Niwas which has painted walls and a white marble tank. This was fi lled with coloured water during the festival of Holi. The oldest apartment of the fort is Lal Niwas. The walls are richly painted with stylized symmetrical, fl oral motifs. The balconies overlooking the chowk, to the south, are fi tted with jalis. The walls of Chandra Mahal built together with the Phool Mahal and Gaj Mandir by Gaj Singh are beautifully painted. The Phool Mahal is decorated with motifs of fl owers and delicately inlaid mirror work. Anup Mahal contains the coronation hall better known as the Raj Tilak Hall, which is decorated with red sandstone and glass inlay work. The lovely Ganga Niwas (audience hall) was added in the nineteenth century A.D. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 20- vuwi egy] twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku lu~ 1669 ls 1698 osQ chp fufeZr bl vuwi egy dks ckn esa egkjktk xt flag }kjk ltk;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d HkO; Hkou gS rFkk yky ,oa lqugjs jax okyk jkt fryd d{k vR;ar foy{k.k gSA bl d{k esa jaxksa }kjk vyaÑr yk[k dk dk;Z rFkk vikjn'khZ nwfèk;k 'kh'kksa dk tM+kmQ dk;Z gSA ,d vU; dejs esa vuwBs >wys fgaMksy dk ,d nqyZHk mnkgj.k Hkh ifjyf{kr gSA ,d izdkj ls ns[kk tk, rks vuwi egy oSHko] vyaÑr jktiwr LFkkiR; dyk osQ pjeksRd"kZ dk lqanj mnkgj.k gSA 20. Anup Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, Rajasthan Anup Mahal was built between 1669 and 1698 A.D. and was decorated later by Maharaja Gaj Singh. It is an exquisite building with a stunning coronation hall in red and gold. The Raj Tilak Hall, as it is known, is enriched with ornamental lacquer work and opaque glass inlay work. One anti-chamber is vivid acquamarine blue inlaid with gilt. Another room contains the famous hindola or swing, a rare specimen. The Anup Mahal is the epitome of the splendour and decorative art of Rajput architecture and is the fabulous treasure-house of a desert prince. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 21- dksVk egy] dksVk] jktLFkku pacy unh osQ nkfgus fdukjs ij lu~ 1579 esa dksVk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh rFkk og cwanh ls 39 fdyksehVj nwj gSA dksVk egy lu~ 1625 osQ vklikl cw¡nh osQ jko jru flag osQ iq=k ekèko flag }kjk fufeZr gqvk FkkA 18oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼ esa Hkhe egy uked fo'kkydk; njckj d{k dh nhokjksa ij jktiwr 'kSyh osQ y?kqfp=kksa }kjk dksVk osQ bfrgkl vkSj mlls lacafèkr nardFkkvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blesa gkFkh nkar rFkk vkcuwl dk laqnj tM+kmQ dk;Z ,oa lrg ij izpqj :i ls vyadj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gkFkh njokts osQ nksuksa rjiQ 'kkgh fookg osQ tqywl] gkfFk;ksa osQ fp=k gSaA bu gkfFk;ksa dh lwaM+ eè; dh esgjkc ij fot;&fuukn rFkk Lokxr dh eqnzk esa fpf=kr gSaA bl egy dk ckg~;&Hkkx lqn`<+ fdyscanh rFkk iRFkjksa ij eghu ltkoVh dk;Z dk feyktqyk :i gSA ckn esa lu~ 1723 ls 1756 osQ chp Hkhrjh izkax.k osQ if'peh Hkkx esa v[kkM+s dk egy cuok;k x;k FkkA ysfdu iqu% lu~ 1888 ls 1940 osQ eè; bls iqufuZfeZr dj vkSj cM+k cuk;k x;k FkkA izos'k }kj osQ cxy esa gh lu~ 1864 esa gok egy Hkh fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk] tks fd t;iqj fLFkr fo'o izfl¼ gok egy osQ vxzHkkx dh okLrqdyk dh izfrfyfi gSA 21. Kota Palace, Kota, Rajasthan Kota was founded in 1579 A.D., and is 39 kms. from Bundi. It lies on the east bank of the Chambal river. The Kota palace was built around 1625 A.D. by Madho Singh, son of Rao Ratan Singh of Bundi. There is a large Durbar Hall, the Bhim Mahal constructed in the early eighteenth century A.D., which is covered with Rajput miniatures depicting the history and legends of Kota. It has some fi ne ivory and ebony inlay work and a profusion of surface ornamentation. The Elephant Gate is fl anked by murals showing a royal wedding procession and bracketed elephants, whose trunks are raised in a gesture of salutation over the central arch. The exterior of the palace is a mixture of robust fortifi cation and delicate ornamental stone work. The Akhade ka Mahal was added to the west of the inner court between 1723 and 1756 A.D. and was later enlarged and reconstructed between 1888 and 1940 A.D. The prominent Hawa Mahal, added next to the entrance to the fort in 1864 A.D. is a copy of the famous facade at Jaipur. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 22- tSlyesj dk fdyk] tSlyesj] jktLFkku tSlyesj dh LFkkiuk HkkVh tkfr osQ izeq[k jkoy tSly us lu~ 1156 esa dh Fkh rFkk ;g Fkkj osQ jsfxLrku esa tksèkiqj ls 287 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA ;g fdyk 76 ehVj m¡Qph f=koqQVk igkM+h ij fLFkr gS rFkk 9-1 ehVj maQph esgjkcnkj nhokj ls f?kjk gSA blh lqj{kk dks vkSj etcwr djus osQ fy, 99 cqtZ gS] ftu ij canwosaQ j[kh tkrh FkhaA fdys esa fLFkr oqQ,¡ ikuh osQ fu;fer lzksr FksA fdys osQ lcls m¡Qps Hkkx] ftlosQ nksuksa vksj [kqyk pkSdksj {ks=k gS] ftls ^pkSgV* dgrs gSa] osQ lehi x<+ egy fLFkr gSA bls twuk egy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA iRFkjksa ls fufeZr lHkh f[kM+fd;k¡ tkyhnkj gSa tks fd rRdkyhu jktLFkkuh LFkkiR;dyk dh fof'k"Vrk FkhA lu~ 1577 ls lu~ 1623 osQ eè; lwjt iksy] x.ks'k iksy rFkk gok iksy bl fdys esa vkSj fufeZr fd, x, FksA lwjt iksy lw;Z osQ cM+s xksykdkj fpg~u ls vyaÑr gSA blosQ nkfguh rjiQ Nrjh ;qDr m¡Qph rkft;k ehukj gS rFkk blosQ NTts eghu :i ls rf{kr gSaA bldh vyaÑr dh xbZ ikap eaftysa rFkk caxkyh 'kSyh dh 22. Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Jaisalmer was founded by Bhatti Chief Rawal Jaisal in 1156 A.D. It is situated in the Thar desert, about 287 kms from Jodhpur. The fort stands on Trikuta hill, 76 m high and is enclosed by an imposing crenellated sandstone wall 9.1 m high. It is reinforced with ninety-nine bastions which were used as gun platforms. Wells within the fort provided a regular source of water. The Garh palace stands at the highest point within the fort bordering two sides of an open square known as the chauhata. This is also called the Juna Mahal. All the windows have jali screens made of stone, typical of all Rajasthan buildings of the period. Between 1577 and 1623 A.D. the Suraj Pol, Ganesh Pol and Hawa Pol were erected. The Suraj Pol is decorated with a large rounded ornate Sun. To its right is a large tower crowned by a kiosk with delicate carved balconies called Tazia Tower, which has fi ve storeys of ornately carved details with drooping Bengali style roofs. Beyond a spiked entrance gate, on a sharp turn in the path is the Ganesh Pol, which leads to Rang Pol. The outer defences are reinforced by a second rampart, which runs parallel to and higher than the fi rst. Rang Mahal, situated above Hawa Pol, is decorated with murals. Sarvotam Vilas, a most distinguished building is decorated with blue tiles and glass mosaics. Adjacent is the Gaj Vilas, built in 1884 A.D. It stands on a high plinth, its eastern elevation facing the Square or chauhata. Also within the four walls is an interesting group of Jain temples, dating from the twelfth to fi fteenth century A.D. The oldest is the Parshawanath temple. They are all impressive and add another dimension to the secular buildings of the city. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 23- lyhe flag dh gosyh] tSlyesj] jktLFkku lyhe flag dh gosyh dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1815 esa ,d ,sls LFkku ij gqvk Fkk] tgka igys 17oha 'krkCnh osQ ,d Hkou osQ HkXuko'ks"k FksA bl gosyh dh Nr [kwclwjr esgjkcnkj gS rFkk lkFk gh izpqj :i ls mRdh.kZ nhokjxhj osQ :i esa eksj gSaA blosQ izos'k }kj ij j{kd osQ :i esa iRFkj fufeZr ,d cM+k gkFkh fLFkr gS (fp=k esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha gS)A Hkou osQ mQijh Hkkx dk :i ty;ku lk gS] blh dkj.k bls tgkt egy dgk tkrk FkkA mQij dh nks eaftyksa dks ozQe'k% oaQpu egy rFkk jaxegy dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh rFkk jaxksa ls vyaÑr fd;k x;k Fkk] exj ;s vkt ugha gSaA ;g gosyh izHkko'kkyh eksgrk ifjokj ls lacafèkr FkhA vkt Hkh bldk vkoklh; mi;ksx gksrk gSA 23. Salim Singh Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Salim Singh Ki Haveli was built in 1815 A.D. It was built on an earlier structure which was constructed in the late seventeenth century A.D. The Haveli has a beautiful arched roof and exquisitely carved details with brackets in the form of peacocks. The entrance is guarded by a large stone elephant, (not seen in the picture). The upper portion of the house has been compared to a ship’s prow and, is often called Jahaz Mahal. The top two storeys, the Kanchan Mahal and Ranga Mahal were once adorned with glass mosaics and bright colours which no longer exist. This Haveli belonged to the infl uential Mohta family and is still used for residential purposes. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan 24- ukFkwey dh gosyh] tSlyesj] jktLFkku ukFkwey dh ;g gosyh nhoku egkjkoy ckjhlky osQ fy, 1885 esa cukbZ xbZ FkhA bl gosyh osQ izos'k }kj osQ nksuksa rjiQ iRFkj fufeZr gkFkh gSa rFkk vxzHkkx esa lSfud] v'o] gkFkh] iwQy rFkk i{kh mRdh.kZ gSaA bldh fMtkbu ,oa jpuk nks dkjhxjksa&gFkh vkSj ywyw us dh FkhA ,d us nkfguh rjiQ mRdh.kZ djus dk dk;Z fd;k rks nwljs us ckb± rjiQ] fiQj Hkh nksuksa osQ dk;ks± esa iw.kZ lkaetL; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,d vlkèkkj.k ckr ;g gS fd ?kj pV~Vku dk cuk gS] elkysnkj iRFkjksa ls ughaA igyh eafty osQ eq[; dejs osQ lkeus dh lewph nhokj dks dkV dj d{k cuk;k x;k gSA vkarfjd nhokjksa ij lqanj y?kqfp=k fpf=kr gSaA 24. Nathumal’s Haveli, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Nathumal’s Haveli was built for the Diwan Maharawal Bari Sal in 1885 A.D. The entrance is fl anked by stone elephants and the entire facade is carved with a riot of ornamental details – soldiers, horses, elephants, fl owers and birds. The building was designed and built by two craftsmen-architects Hathi and Lulu. One carved on the left side, the other the right, but the overall impact is one of complete harmony. Extraordinarily, the house is built of rock and not dressed stone. In the main room at the fi rst-fl oor level, the entire front wall is a huge, single rock carved into a bay. The inner walls are painted with beautiful miniatures. lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training gSA ;g fdyk okLro esa dNokgk 'kkldksa osQ izfl¼ [ktkus dks lqjf{kr 9- tloar FkM+] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka j[kus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.k bl fdys dh ;kstuk bl izdkj tloar FkM+ okLro esa 'kkgh Nrfj;ksa dk lewg gS] tks lu~ 1899 esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh fd ;g lqjf{kr jgs rFkk nq'eu vanj u vk losQA vkarfjd egkjktk tloar flag f}rh; dh Le`fr esa fufeZr gqbZ FkhA ;gha ij ,d fp=k esa ifg;ksa okyh fo'o dh fo'kkyre rksikssa esa ls ,d rksi ^t;oku* d{k esa tksèkiqj osQ 'kkldksa osQ rSy fp=k Hkh gSaA ;s 'kkgh Nrfj;ka okLro esa 1- vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku tks t;x<+ fdys osQ gfFk;kj dkj[kkus esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh] dk n`'; ns[kk fnoaxr 'kkldksa dh Lekjd gS] tks mudh Le`fr esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA tk ldrk gSA vjkoyh ioZrekyk esa t;iqj ls 11 fd- eh- nwj dNokgk jktiwrksa dh 10- flVh iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku izkphu jktèkkuh vkesj fLFkr gSA ckn'kkg vdcj osQ jktiwr lsukifr jktk 5- ty egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk egkjktk mn;flag us dh Fkh rFkk ;g tksèkiqj ls 250 eku ¯lg osQ le; esa bl fdysuqek egy dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA bls ,d t;iqj dh uxj nhokj ls ckgj vusd egyksa osQ Hkou gSA nf{k.k iwoZ fdyksehVj nwj gSA egkjktkvksa dk ;g fdyk fiNksyk >hy osQ fdukjs ij [kM+h pV~Vku ij vk;rkdkj :i esa fu£er fd;k x;k FkkA lehi dh NksVh esa vkxjk&ekxZ ij fllksfn;k jkuh egy gSA bl egy dk fuekZ.k lokbZ fLFkr gSA egy dk iwjk ifjlj HkO; gS rFkk ;g xzsukbV vkSj laxejej ls >hy esa bldk rFkk bldh ehukjksa dk izfr¯cc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ t;flag dh iRuh osQ fy, djok;k x;k Fkk (fp=k esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha cuk;k x;k gSA blosQ nksuksa dksuksa esa v"Vdks.kh; xqacnksa okyh ehukjsa gSaA yacs xs:, lqugjs ijdksVs dks likZdkj :i esa pV~Vku osQ Åij rFkk ml gS)A blh izdkj mÙkj&iwoZ esa vkesj rd vusd Hkouksa dh drkj Hkh gSA blosQ ckg~; Hkkx ij 'osr jax gSaA oSls ;g fdyk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA cM+h dky dh LFkkiR; dyk osQ fooj.k osQ lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ty egy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k euksjatu osQ fy, iksy ls gksdj blesa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gha 'kkgh uxkM+s Hkh j[ks blesa nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] vusd egy] eaMi rFkk txr ,d Ñf=ke >hy eku lkxj osQ chp fd;k x;k FkkA gSaA rksj.k iksy osQ lkFk&lkFk lwjt iksy Hkh gSA rksj.k iksy esa ls gksdj f'kjksef.k ,oa f'kyk nsoh tSls iz[;kr eafnj Hkh gSA 6- gok egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku xqtjus okyk jkLrk ,d cM+s pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA bl pkSd osQ nksuksa rjiQ NksVs&NksVs pkSd gSa] ftuls gksdj tukuk rFkk enkZuk esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA bl fdys dk x.ks'k iksy uked izos'k }kj (vkarfjd fp=k esa n£'kr) gok egy] t;iqj 'kgj dh ,d eq[; igpku gS rFkk egkjktk lokbZ izrki bl egy esa vusd y?kq vkdkj osQ egy Hkh gSaA 'kh'k egy esa 'kh'ks dk t;¯lg izFke }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g nhoku&,&vke vkSj flag us lu~ 1799 esa bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA ;g ikap eaftyk Hkou tM+kmQ dk;Z gS] rks Ñ".k foykl egy esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks n'kkZus okys nhoku&,&[kkl osQ chp fLFkr gSA blosQ }kjk vke turk fdys osQ jktiwr okLrqdyk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA bldh v¼Z v"Vdks.kh; xqykch y?kq fp=kA phu rFkk gkySaM dh uhyh ,oa 'osr VkbYl okyk phuh dk futh d{kksa esa izos'k djrh gSA izos'k }kj dh Åijh nh?kkZ esa tkyh ;qDr jsrhys iRFkj ls cuh f[kM+fd;ka ns[krs gh curh gSa] tks fd eèkqeD[kh osQ fp=k egy bl jktegy dk eè; Hkkx gSA ekf.kd egy ekf.kD; o phuh f[kM+fd;ka cukbZ xbZ Fkha] rkfd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka muesa ls ckgj osQ NÙks osQ fM”kkbu dk vkHkkl nsrh gSaA bldh igyh nks eaftysa vius esa feV~Vh rFkk eksrh egy 'kh'ks osQ dk;Z osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA Hkhe foykl fØ;k&dyki ns[ksa] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k ik,A ry?kj rFkk izkax.k dks lesVs gSa rFkk 'ks"k rhuksa eaftyksa esa osQoy xfy;kjs egy esa jkèkk Ñ".k ls lacafèkr dgkfu;ksa osQ n`'; nhokjksa ij fpf=kr gSa vkSj NTts gSaA gok egy dk ckg~; :i fdlh eafnj osQ f'k[kj dk vkHkkl Hkouksa dks lkSUn;Z iznku djus osQ fy, 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh vke jktiwr rks izhre foykl egy osQ eksj pkSd dh nhokjksa ij cgqr eghu :i esa nsrk gSA okLro esa gok egy dk fuekZ.k blfy, fd;k x;k Fkk fd 'kkgh 'kSyh gS] ysfdu bl Hkou esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ le; osQ lkSUn;Zdyk osQ uewus eksj fpf=kr gSA cM+s egy osQ gjs&Hkjs cxhps rFkk iQOokjs ,oa tukuk egy ifjokj dh fL=k;ka blosQ 953 vkyksa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa ls jkg pyrh tSlsμ esgjkcuqek LFkkiR;dyk dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vkd"kZd vkSj lqanj