DOCSLIB.ORG

Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment PATIENT EDUCATION patienteducation.osumc.edu Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment Cancer starts in your cells. Cells are the building blocks of your tissues. Tissues make up the organs of your body. Normal, healthy cells grow and divide to form new cells as your body needs them. When normal cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. This can happen when new cells form when your body does not need them, and old or damaged cells do not die like they should. The build-up of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue, called a growth or tumor. Lung cancer can develop after many years of exposure to cancer-causing agents called carcinogens. The leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. Other strong risk factors are: • Second-hand smoke • Radon • Asbestos • Chemicals • Radiation • Genetics • Diet Lung Tumors that are Cancer (Malignant): • May be a threat to life • May grow back after being removed • Can invade nearby tissues and organs • Can spread to other parts of your body (metastasis) This handout is for informational purposes only. Talk with your doctor or health care team if you have any questions about your care. © February 19, 2021. The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute. Symptoms of Lung Cancer • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) • Malaise (feeling of discomfort, illness or lack of well-being) • Weight loss • Dyspnea (hard to breathe or short of breath) • Hoarseness • Cough • Chest pain or ongoing pain in the area where the tumor is located • Symptoms that do not go away Diagnosis If you have a symptom that may be a sign of lung cancer, your doctor will need to find out if the problem is from cancer or something else. Your doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. Your doctor also may order blood tests, and one or more of the following tests: • Physical exam - Your doctor will check your general health, listen to how you breathe and check your lungs for fluid. Your doctor may also check for swollen lymph nodes and a swollen liver. • Chest x-ray - X-ray pictures taken of your chest to look for tumors or abnormal fluid. • CT scan - Your doctor may order a CT scan to take pictures of tissue inside your chest. During this test, the CT scanner rotates around you as you lie on a table. The table passes through the center of the scanner. The pictures may show a tumor, abnormal fluid or swollen lymph nodes. Finding Lung Cancer Cells The only way to know if lung cancer cells are present is for a pathologist to check samples of fluid, cells or tissue. A pathologist studies the sample under a microscope and performs other tests to check for cancer cells. Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment There are many ways to collect samples. Your doctor may order one or more of the following tests to collect samples: • Thoracentesis - Your doctor uses a long needle to remove fluid (pleural fluid) from the lung sac in your chest. The lab checks the fluid for cancer cells. • Bronchoscopy - Your doctor inserts a thin, lighted tube (bronchoscope) through your nose or mouth into your lung. This test lets your doctor see your lungs and air passages. Your doctor may take a sample of cells with a needle, brush, or other tool. Your doctor may also wash the area with water to collect cells in the water. • Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) - Your doctor inserts a scope and uses an ultrasound to help check for lung cancer and to see if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. • Fine-needle biopsy - Your doctor uses a thin needle to remove tissue or fluid from your lung or lymph node(s). Your doctor may use a CT scan or other x-ray to guide the needle to a lung tumor or lymph node. • Thoracoscopy - Your surgeon makes several small incisions in your chest and back and uses a thin tube with a light to look at your lungs and nearby tissues. If an abnormal area is seen, a biopsy may be done to check for cancer cells. • Thoracotomy - Your surgeon makes a long incision in your chest to remove lymph nodes and other tissues. • Mediastinoscopy - Your surgeon makes an incision at the top of your breastbone and uses a thin, lighted tube to see inside your chest. Your surgeon may take samples of tissue and lymph nodes. Staging To plan your treatment, your doctor needs to know the type of lung cancer and the amount (stage) of the disease present. Staging is done to find out whether the cancer has spread, and if so, to what parts of your body. Lung cancer spreads most often to the lymph nodes, brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. It can also spread within your lung or to your other lung that did not have cancer in the past. Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment When cancer spreads from the first place it was found to another part of your body, the new tumor has the same kind of cancer cells and the same name as the original cancer. For example, if lung cancer spreads to the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are actually lung cancer cells. The disease is metastatic lung cancer, not liver cancer. For that reason, it is treated as lung cancer, not liver cancer. To stage your disease, your doctor may order blood tests, and you may have one or more of the following tests: • CT scan - A CT scan is used to see if the cancer has spread to your lung, liver, adrenal glands, brain or other organs. Contrast medicine will be used to help these areas show up more clearly. You will be given contrast medicine by mouth or by injection into your arm or hand. • MRI - The MRI uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer. It shows detailed pictures of your brain, bones and other tissues on a computer screen. • PET scan - A PET scan can be used to find cancer that has spread. This test takes pictures of how your body uses a small amount of radioactive material called a tracer. The tracer is put into your blood through an IV placed in your hand or arm. The tracer goes to areas in your body that have a lot of cell activity. Cancer cells have more activity than normal cells, so areas with cancer will look brighter on the scan. Types of Lung Cancer There are 2 major types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). These types of lung cancers are named for how the cancer cells look under a microscope (non-small or small), and are treated differently. • Only a low number of lung cancers are small cell lung cancers. This type of cancer tends to spread quickly. • Most lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancers. This type of cancer spreads slower than a small cell lung cancer. • A low number of non-small cell lung cancers are found in non-smokers, most often in women and younger people. Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment Types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) • Adenocarcinoma starts in cells that line the alveoli (air sacs) and make mucus. It is often caused by tobacco smoking, but can also be found in nonsmokers, women and younger people. • Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the thin, flat cells in the lungs, most often caused by tobacco smoking. It also is called epidermoid carcinoma. • Large cell carcinoma starts in certain types of large cells in the lungs. • Bronchoalvelar cancer starts in the outer region of the lung in glands that make mucus. Stages of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Staging of NSCLC is based on the size of the lung tumor and if the cancer cells have spread to your lymph nodes or other tissues or organs. It may be hard to understand the stages of NSCLC. Below is a general description of each stage. Talk to your doctor for more information about each stage. • Stage I – cancer is only located in one area of your lung and has not spread to any of your lymph nodes. • Stage II – cancer is located in your lung and nearby lymph nodes. • Stage III – cancer is located in your lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of your chest. This stage has 2 subtypes: ⊲ Stage IIIA – cancer has spread only to the lymph nodes on the same side of your chest where the cancer started. ⊲ Stage IIIB – cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of your chest from where the cancer started, or is above your collarbone. • Stage IV – cancer has spread to both of your lungs, to the fluid around your lungs or to another part of your body, such as your liver or other organs. This is also called metastatic disease. Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) There are 2 stages of SCLC: • Limited stage - cancer is found in an area of the lung that can be treated within a radiation field. • Extensive stage - cancer is found in more than one area of the lung or outside the lung in other organs. Treatment for Lung Cancer Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment options for NSCLC lung cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or a combination of these treatments. The treatment choices are different for each stage of cancer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Squamous Cell Lung Cancer Foreword
    TYPES OF LUNG CANCER UPDATED FEBRUARY 2016 What you need to know about... squamous cell lung cancer foreword About LUNGevity LUNGevity is the largest national lung cancer-focused nonprofit, changing outcomes for people with lung cancer through research, education, and support. About the LUNGevity PATIENT EDUCATION SERIES LUNGevity has developed a comprehensive series of materials for patients/survivors and their caregivers, focused on understanding how lung cancer develops, how it can be diagnosed, and treatment options. Whether you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with lung cancer, or you are concerned about your lung cancer risk, we have resources to help you. The medical experts and lung cancer survivors who provided their valuable expertise and experience in developing these materials all share the belief that well-informed patients make their own best advocates. In addition to this and other brochures in the LUNGevity patient education series, information and resources can be found on LUNGevity’s website at www.LUNGevity.org, under “About Lung Cancer” and “Support & Survivorship.” This patient education booklet was produced through charitable donations from: table of contents 01 Understanding Squamous Cell Lung Cancer ......................................2 What is squamous cell lung cancer? .............................................................................. 2 Diagnosis of squamous cell lung cancer ....................................................................... 3 How is squamous cell lung cancer diagnosed?
    [Show full text]
  • RADIATION THERAPY for LUNG CANCER
    FACTS ABOUT QUITTING HELPFUL WEB SITES ON LUNG CANCER SMOKING LUNG CANCER According to the American Cancer Society, in The health benefi ts begin immediately after American Cancer Society 2006 nearly 175,000 Americans will learn they quitting smoking. www.cancer.org have lung cancer. This accounts for about 12 Quitting smoking makes treatment more effective for percent of cancer diagnoses. people with lung cancer. It also reduces the risks of American Lung Association Lung cancer is the second most common cancer infections, improves breathing and reduces the risks www.lungusa.org found in both men and women. associated with surgery. Focus on Lung Cancer Talk to your doctor or visit www.lungcancer.org www.smokefree.gov to learn how to quit. Lung Cancer Alliance RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG CANCER www.lungcanceralliance.org Smoking greatly increases your chances of LEARNING ABOUT Lung Cancer Online developing lung cancer. Smoking leads to 85 CLINICAL TRIALS www.lungcanceronline.org percent to 90 percent of all lung cancers. The radiation oncology team is always looking for new Other risk factors include exposure to second- ways to treat and cure cancer through studies called hand smoke, radon, asbestos, air pollution and clinical trials. Today’s lung cancer radiation therapy treat- tuberculosis. ments are the result of clinical trials completed in the past ABOUT proving that radiation therapy kills cancer cells and is safe ASTRO long term. For more information on clinical trials, ask your The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and doctor or visit: Oncology is the largest radiation oncology society in the RADIATION THERAPY for SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF world with more than 8,500 members who specialize in LUNG CANCER National Cancer Institute treating cancer with radiation therapies.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell)
    Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell) What is cancer? The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues is what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Treating Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Treating Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer If you've been diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It's important to weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. How is non-small cell lung cancer treated? Treatments for NSCLC can include: ● Surgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Radiation Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Targeted Drug Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ● Palliative Procedures for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Common treatment approaches The treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are based mainly on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors, such as a person’s overall health and lung function, as well as certain traits of the cancer itself, are also important. In many cases, more than one of type of treatment is used. ● Treatment Choices for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, by Stage Who treats non-small cell lung cancer? You may have different types of doctors on your treatment team, depending on the 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 stage of your cancer and your treatment options. These doctors could include: ● A thoracic surgeon: a doctor who treats diseases of the lungs and chest with surgery ● A radiation oncologist: a doctor who treats cancer with radiation therapy ● A medical oncologist: a doctor who treats cancer with medicines such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy ● A pulmonologist: a doctor who specializes in medical treatment of diseases of the lungs Many other specialists may be involved in your care as well, including nurse practitioners, nurses, psychologists, social workers, rehabilitation specialists, and other health professionals.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemoptysis, Cough, and Pulmonary Lesions
    13 Hemoptysis, Cough, and Pulmonary Lesions John E. Langenfeld Objectives Hemoptysis 1. To know how to assess whether a patient has life- threatening hemoptysis. 2. To list the differential diagnosis of a patient with hemoptysis. 3. To discuss the initial stabilization of a patient pre- senting with hemoptysis. 4. To know the different diagnostic modalities avail- able in the assessment of pulmonary bleeding. 5. To understand the risk and benefits of surgery versus pulmonary embolization in the treatment of hemoptysis. Pulmonary Nodule 1. To discuss the differential diagnosis of nodules presenting in the lung and mediastinum. 2. To describe the common risk factors for lung cancer and the presenting symptoms. 3. To know the algorithm for the evaluation of a patient with a lung nodule. 4. To be able to discuss the prognosis of patients with different stages of lung cancer and how sur- gical and medical therapies affect on survival. 5. To understand which patients do not benefit from a surgical resection. 6. To know how to evaluate a patient’s risk when considering a pulmonary resection. 7. To discuss the surgical management of metastatic tumors to the lung. 233 234 J.E. Langenfeld Cases Case 1 A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency room with the complaint of hemoptysis. What is the initial workup of this patient and how should he be treated? Case 2 A 62-year-old man is referred to you because a routine chest x-ray demonstrated a 1.2-cm asymptomatic nodule in the right upper lobe. How should this patient be evaluated? Hemoptysis Hemoptysis most often is caused by bronchogenic carcinomas and inflammatory diseases of the lung.
    [Show full text]
  • Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Lung in a 63-Year-Old Man with Left
    Letters Case Letter Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the lung in a 63-year-old man with left flank pain Vinay Minocha, MD, and Fauzia Rana, MD Department of Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine iffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) metabolic panel, and hepatic function tests were of the lung is a rare entity, and although unremarkable. A chest radiograph showed a Dthe prognosis is favorable, its biological wedge-shaped opacity within the left lung base features, clinical presentation, prognostic markers, and a subsequent computed tomography (CT) and treatment have not been well defined.1,2 It is scan of the chest confirmed the presence of a soft the second most common primary pulmonary tissue mass of 8 ϫ 4 ϫ 5 cm that abutted the left lymphoma (PPL) after mucosa-associated lym- pleura (Figure 1). A CT-guided core biopsy was phoid tissue (MALT). PPL itself is very rare; it done on the following day. represents 3%-4% of extranodal non-Hodgkin The flow cytometry and cytomorphology of the lymphoma, Ͻ 1% of NHL, and 0.5%-1.0% of tissue sample was consistent with a diagnosis of primary pulmonary malignancies.2,3 A review of DLBCL (Figure 2). Flow cytometric analysis of the literature indicates a lack of data on pulmonary the lung mass tissue revealed a large lymphoid DLBCL. The objective of this case report is to population which was positive for HLA-DR, highlight areas in which further research may be CD19, CD20, CD38, CD10 and lambda light pursued to better understand this disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
    NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Version 3.2020 — February 11, 2020 NCCN.org NCCN Guidelines for Patients® Continue Version 3.2020, 02/11/20 © 2020 National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. NCCN Guidelines Index NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2020 Table of Contents Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Discussion *David S. Ettinger, MD/Chair † Michael Dobelbower, MD, PhD § Gregory A. Otterson, MD † The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital Scott Gettinger, MD † Þ and Solove Research Institute *Douglas E. Wood, MD/Vice Chair ¶ Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Ramaswamy Govindan, MD † Sandip P. Patel, MD ‡ † Þ Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Dara L. Aisner, MD, PhD ≠ Jewish Hospital and Washington Gregory J. Riely, MD, PhD † Þ University of Colorado Cancer Center University School of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Wallace Akerley, MD † Matthew A. Gubens, MD, MS † Steven E. Schild, MD § Huntsman Cancer Institute UCSF Helen Diller Family Mayo Clinic Cancer Center at the University of Utah Comprehensive Cancer Center Theresa A. Shapiro, MD, PhD ¥ Þ Jessica R. Bauman, MD ‡ † Mark Hennon, MD ¶ The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Fox Chase Cancer Center Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Ankit Bharat, MD ¶ Leora Horn, MD, MSc † Aditi P.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Cancer in Dogs and Cats
    RADIATION ONCOLOGY Lung Cancer in Dogs and Cats Does my pet have lung cancer? • Compared to people, primary lung cancer is very uncommon in dogs. It is even less common in cats. • Most primary lung tumors are a type of cancer called carcinoma. There are various types of carcinoma. Some may have a worse prognosis than others. • Common symptoms include difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance, or non-productive cough. • However, some dogs only experience weight loss (despite a good appetite) and/or lack of energy. Other dogs have no symptoms at all. • Diagnosis of lung cancer usually starts with a chest X-ray. • Your veterinarian may recommend an “FNA and cytology” or a biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis, and determine exactly what kind of lung cancer is present. • They may also recommend labwork and an abdominal ultrasound to be sure that it is a primary lung tumor, rather than a metastatic cancer that has spread to the lungs from another location in the body. Metastatic lung cancer is usually associated with a worse prognosis, and fewer treatment options than primary lung cancer. It is also much more common than primary lung tumors in pets, so it is important to be as certain as possible about the diagnosis! What is the prognosis, and what are the treatment options? • The prognosis for primary lung cancer varies, and can be very difficult to predict for an individual dog. This section provides some general information about average prognoses. • The best prognosis is seen in dogs with solitary lesions that are less than 2 inches in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Carcinoid Tumor Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Lung Carcinoid Tumor Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis Catching cancer early often allows for more treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but that is not always the case. ● Can Lung Carcinoid Tumors Be Found Early? ● Signs and Symptoms of Lung Carcinoid Tumors ● Tests for Lung Carcinoid Tumors ● Understanding Your Pathology Report Stages of Lung Carcinoid Tumors After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of cancer in the body and anticipated response to treatment. ● Lung Carcinoid Tumor Stages Outlook (Prognosis) Doctors often use survival rates as a standard way of discussing a person's outlook (prognosis). These numbers can’t tell you how long you will live, but they might help you better understand your prognosis. Some people want to know the survival statistics for people in similar situations, while others might not find the numbers helpful, or might even not want to know them. ● Survival Rates for Lung Carcinoid Tumors 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Questions to Ask About Lung Carcinoid Tumors Here are some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options. ● Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Lung Carcinoid Tumors Can Lung Carcinoid Tumors Be Found Early? Screening is the use of tests or exams to find a disease in people who don’t have symptoms. Lung carcinoid tumors are not common, and there are no widely recommended screening tests for these tumors in most people.
    [Show full text]
  • Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5110 Primary Pulmonary Involvement in Mucosa- associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Khushali Jhaveri 1 , Derek J. Dimas 2 , Abhay Vakil 3 , Salim Surani 4 1. Internal Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, USA 2. Internal Medicine, Christus Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA 3. Internal Medicine, University of North Texas, Denton, USA 4. Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, USA Corresponding author: Abhay Vakil, [email protected] Abstract Pulmonary nodules have a broad differential diagnosis with primary lung cancer, lung metastases, benign tumors, carcinoid tumors, and infectious granulomas as their common cause. While relatively rare, pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders such as primary pulmonary lymphomas, primary pulmonary plasmacytomas, secondary lymphomas involving the lung, multiple myeloma involving the lung, leukemias involving the lung should be considered in these patients presenting with lung nodules. Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is an extremely rare lung tumor accounting for 0.4% of all lymphomas. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma accounts for about 70%-90% of all primary pulmonary lymphomas, constituting less than 0.5% of all the lung neoplasms. Though it usually remains localized, it is a clonal B-cell neoplasm with a potential for systematic spread and transformation to an aggressive B-cell lymphoma. We hereby discuss the case of a 66-year-old woman with primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Categories: Internal Medicine, Oncology, Pulmonology Keywords: pulmonary nodule, lung cancer, lymphoma, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, malt lymphoma Introduction Pulmonary nodules commonly seen on imaging have a broad differential diagnosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Adenocarcinoma Foreword
    TYPES OF LUNG CANCER What you need to know about... lung adenocarcinoma foreword About LUNGevity LUNGevity is the largest national lung cancer-focused nonprofit, changing outcomes for people with lung cancer through research, education, and support. About the LUNGevity PATIENT EDUCATION SERIES LUNGevity has developed a comprehensive series of materials for patients/survivors and their caregivers, focused on understanding how lung cancer develops, how it can be diagnosed, and treatment options. Whether you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with lung cancer, or you are concerned about your lung cancer risk, we have resources to help you. The medical experts and lung cancer survivors who provided their valuable expertise and experience in developing these materials all share the belief that well-informed patients make their own best advocates. In addition to this and other brochures in the LUNGevity patient education series, information and resources can be found on LUNGevity’s website at www.LUNGevity.org, under “About Lung Cancer” and “Support & Survivorship.” This patient education booklet was produced through a charitable donation from: table of contents 01 Understanding Lung Adenocarcinoma ................................................2 What is lung adenocarcinoma? ........................................................................................ 2 Diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma ................................................................................. 3 How is lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed? ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule1 REVIEW for RESIDENTS Ⅲ
    Note: This copy is for your personal non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues or clients, contact us at www.rsna.org/rsnarights. The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule1 REVIEW FOR RESIDENTS Ⅲ Helen T. Winer-Muram, MD The imaging evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule is complex. Management decisions are based on clinical his- tory, size and appearance of the nodule, and feasibility of obtaining a tissue diagnosis. The most reliable imaging features are those that are indicative of benignancy, such as a benign pattern of calcification and periodic follow-up REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY with computed tomography for 2 years showing no growth. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and core biopsy are important procedures that may obviate surgery if there is a specific benign diagnosis from the procedure. In using the various imaging and diagnostic modalities described in this review, one should strive to not only identify small malig- nant tumors—where resection results in high survival rates—but also spare patients with benign disease from undergoing unnecessary surgery. ௠ RSNA, 2006 1 From the Department of Radiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind. Received February 28, 2005; revision requested April 22; revision received April 28; accepted June 13; final version accepted August 11; final review and update by the author October 31. Address corre- spondence to the author, 11224 Clarkston Rd, Zionsville, IN 46077 (e-mail: [email protected]). ஽ RSNA, 2006 34 Radiology: Volume 239: Number 1—April 2006 REVIEW FOR RESIDENTS: The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Winer-Muram solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) aging features, the radiologist often and 80 years of age (18).
    [Show full text]