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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Marty J. Gardner - Interdisciplinary Team Leader Peri R. Suenram - Planning Staff Officer Janet Bean-Dochnahl - Assistant Interdisciplinary Team Leader Art Rohrbacher - Wildlife Program Manager Jim Brammer - Fisheries Program Manager Bryce Bohn - South Zone Hydrologist Dave Ruppert - Soil Scientist Robert Wooley - Ecologist Tammy J Clark - Fire Management Officer Anita DeZort - Recreation Planner Liz Novak - Landscape Architect Jonathan Klein - Recreation Technician Grant Godbolt - Rangeland Management Specialist Daniel G. Avery - Forest Geologist Craig Simonsen - Transportation Planner Gary E. Howard - Lands Program Manager Mike Ryan - Supervisory Archaeologist Mark Sant - South Zone Archaeologist James T O’Neil - GIS Coordinator and Data Analyst Charlotte Corbett - GIS Technician Leaf Magnuson - Writer/Editor

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DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION

Federal Agencies U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library National Park Service Natural Resource Conservation Service National Marine Fisheries US Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Forest Service USDA Office of Civil Rights U.S. Department of Interior Office of Environmental Affairs U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Land Management Environmental Protection Agency Washington Office Denver Office-Region VIII Montana State Office

American Indian Tribes Blackfeet Tribe Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes Nez Perce Tribe Shoshone-Bannock Tribe

Montana State Government Max Baucus US Senate Jon Tester US Senate Denny Rehberg, US Representative Governor’s Clearing House Montana Department Environmental Quality Montana Department of Natural Resources Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks

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Idaho State Government Mike Simpson, US Representative Senator Bart M. Davis, State Senator Lenore Hardy-Barrett, State Senator Joan E Wood, State Representative

Universities The University of Montana The University of Montana Western Montana State University

County Governments Anaconda-Deerlodge County Commission Beaverhead County Commission Butte-Silverbow County Commission Granite County Commission Jefferson County Commission Madison County Commission Powell County Commission

Cooperating Agencies USDI Bureau of Land Management Beaverhead and Madison Counties Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks

Libraries Anaconda Public Library Butte Public Library Dillon Public Library Drummond Public Library Ennis Public Library Sheridan Public Library Twin Bridges Public Library Whitehall Public Library

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Individuals, Businesses and Organizations Over 1472 interested or affected individuals, businesses and organizations received a notice regarding the Final Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed Forest Plan availablilty.

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LITERATURE CITED Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ecology of the Pacific Northwest. Island Press: Covelo, CA. 493 pp. American Farmland Trust. 2002. “Strategic Ranchland in the Rocky Mountain West.” Rocky Mountain Projects. [Online Serial] httpwww.farmland.org/rocky_mountain/strategic_ranchlands1.htm Amor, A. 2004. “World Resource Institute Report” News Release, http://forests.wri.org/newsrelease_text.cfm?NewsReleaseID=58 Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service. 2002a. Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahps/brucellosis/cattle.htm Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service 2002b. Chronic Wasting Disease Factsheet. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, Co. http://www.dnr.state.co.us/wildlife/hunt/HunterEducation/chronic.htm. Arno, S.F, and G.E. Gruell. 1986. Douglas-fir encroachment into Mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 39(3): 272-276. Arno, S.F. and R.J. Hoff. 1989. Silvics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). USDA, Forest Service, GTR-INT-253. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 11 pp. Arno, S.F., J.H. Scott, and M.G. Hartwell. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. USDA, Forest Service, INT-RP-481. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden UT. 27 pp. Ayers, M.P. and M.J. Lombardo. 2000. Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens. The. Science of the Total Environment. 262: 263- 286. Baker, W.L. and D. Ehle. 2001. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forestry. 31: 1205-1226. Barrett, S.W. 1997. Historical Fire Regimes on the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Montana, Beaverhead Portion. Unpublished Final Report, Contract No. 43-0356-6-0107. 37 p. Beschta, R.L. 2003. Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications. 12(5): 1295-1309. Bosworth, D. 2003 “Managing the National Forest System: Great Issues and Great Diversions.” Speech to the Commonweatlh Club, San Francisco, CA. April 22, 2003. Brown, K., A.J. Hansen, R.E. Keane, and L. J. Graumlich. 2006. Complex interactions shaping aspen dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Landscape Ecology. 21: 933- 951. Bowersox, A.L. 1998. Effects of fine sediment accumulation on egg-to-fry survival of cutthroat trout inhabiting a highly sedimented headwater stream. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish and Wildlife Management, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. January, 1998. 75 pp. Box, S.E., A.A. Bookstrom, M.L. Zientek, P.D. Derkey, R.P. Ashley, J.E. Elliot, and S.G. Peters. 1996. Assessment of undiscovered mineral resources in the Pacific Northwest: a

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contribution to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Open-File Report OF 95-682, preliminary report. USDI, Geological Survey, Spokane, WA. 432 pp. Bump, K.R. 1995. Reclamation progress at a SW Montana drillsite – 1986-1995. In R.M. Graves and S.J. Thompson eds., Proceedings 1995 Rocky Mountain symposium on environmental issues in oil and gas operations: practical solutions for the ‘90s. Colorado School of Mines and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Golden, CO, USA. October 16-18, 1995. Burton, T. 2000. Effects of uncharacteristically large and intense wildfires on native fish: 14 years of observations – Boise National Forest. Tim Burton, Forest Fisheries Biologist, Boise National Forest Monitoring Report, October 2000. 46 pp. Bush, R., D. Berglund, A. Leach, R. Lundberg, and A, Zack. 2007. Estimates of old growth for the Northern Region and National Forests. Region 1 Vegetation, Classification, Inventory, and Analysis Report #07-06 v1.2. USDA Forest Service, Region One, Missoula, MT. Campbell, R., D.J. Smith, A. Arsenault. 2005. Dendroentomological and forest management implications in the Interior Douglas-fir zone of British Columbia, Canada. Dendrochronologia. 22: 135-140. Carr, J., and P.K. Link. 1999. Neoproterozoic Conglomerate and Breccia in the Formation of Leaton Gulch, Grouse Peak, Northern Lost River Range, Idaho: Relation to Beaverhead Impact Structure. In S.S. Hughes and G.D. Thackray eds., Guidebook to the Geology of Eastern Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History: Pocatello, ID. pgs. 21-29. Center for the Study of Rural America. 2006. Regional asset indicators: human amenities. Prepared by Center for the Study of Rural America, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, MO. May 16, 2006. 3 pp. Chew, Moeller, Stalling, Bella, and Ahl. 2002. Draft: User Guide for SIMPPLLE Version 2.2, USDA Forest Service Region One. USDA, Forest Service, GTR-RMRS-xxx. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 39+ pp. Christensen, A.G., L.J. Lyon, and J.W. Unsworth. 1993. Elk management in the Northern Region: Consideration in forest plan updates or revisions. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, GTR- INT-303. Ogden, UT. 10 pp. Cicaitoga 2006. Personal Communication re: snowmobile data. August 30, 2006. Cleland, D.T., P.E. Avers, W.H. McNab, M.E. Jensen, R.G. Bailey, T. King, and W.E Russell. 1997. National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units. In M.S. Boyce and A. Haney ed., Ecosystem Management Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT. pp. 181-200. Connelly, J.W, M.A. Schroeder, A.R. Sands, and C.E. Braun. 2000. Guidelines to manage sage grouse and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 28(4): 967-985. Conneley, J.W., S.T. Knick, M.A. Shroeder, and S.J. Stiver. 2004. Conservation assessment of greater sage-grouse and sagebrush habitats. Unpublished report prepared by Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Cheyenne, WY. June, 2004. 610 pp. Cook, J. 2005. Idaho all snowmobile registration designation statistics 2001-2005. Prepared by Jeff Cook, Outdoor Recreation Analyst for IDPR Recreation Registration Information System. August 1, 2005. 1 p.

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Cordell, K., G. Green, C. Betz, M. Fly, B. Stephens, G. Super, F. Thompson. 2004. Recreation statistice update: Trends in Activity Participation Since Fall 1999 USDA, Forest Service. Update Report Number 2. Southern Research Station, Ashville, NC. 5 pp. Corn, P.S. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on boreal toads in Colorado. Ecological Applications. 8: 18-26. Corn, P. S. and R.B. Bury. 1989. Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitat and stream amphibians. Forest Ecology and Management. 29: 39-57. Daugherty, C.H. and A.L. Sheldon. 1982. Age-determination, growth, and life history of a Montana population of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei). Herpetologica. 38(4): 461-468. DeMaynadier, P.G. and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1995. The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: a review of the North American literature. Environmental Review. 3: 230-261. DeMaynadier, P.G. and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology. 12: 340-352. Dodd, C.K., Jr. and B.S. Cade. 1997. Movement patterns and the conservation of Amphibians breeding in small, temporary wetlands. Conservation Biology 12(2):331-339 Dubay, S., H. Schwantije, J. deVos, and T. McKinney. 2003. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) diseases: a brief literature review and risk assessment for translocation. Unpublished Report, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix AZ. 16 pp. Duffield, Dr. J., and C.Neher. 2006. Regional Economic Impact Analysis for Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway Winter Use Draft Environmental Impact Statement. University of Montana, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Missoula, MT. Review Draft, August 1, 2006. 111 pp. Elliott, C.G. Holladay, W.R. Barchet, H.F. Fotte, and W.F. Sandusky. 1986. Chapter 3: Regional Summaries. In Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States. US Department of Energy, DE86004442. Richland, WA. 28 pp. (pg 50). Fahrig, L. 2001. How much habitat is enough? Biological Conservation. 100(1): 65-74. Fahrig, L. 2002. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: a synthesis. Ecological Applications. 12(2): 346-353. Fargione, J., C.S. Brown, and D. Tilman. 2003. Invading species have a tough time cracking diverse neighborhood. Innovations Report. University of Minnesota website (http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-19644.html). March 7, 2003. 3 pp. Ferguson, S.A. and M.L. Rorig. 2003. Regional pollution potential in the Northwestern United States. USDA, Forest Service, PNW-GTR-590. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 32 pp. Flather, C.H., and M.Bevers. 2002. Patchy reaction-diffusion and population abundance: the relative importance of habitat amount and arrangement. The American Naturalist. 159(1): 40-56. Foster, D. R., D. A. Orwig, and J. S. McLachlan. 1996. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests. Tree. (11)10: 419-424.

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Furniss, M.M. and R. Renkin. 2003. Forest entomology in Yellowstone National Park, 1923- 1957: a time of discovery and learning to let live. American Entomologist. (49)4: 198-209. Furniss, R. L. and M. M. Carolin. 1977. Western Forest Insects. USDA Forest Service, Misc. Pub. No. 1339. pgs. 355-359. Gallant, A.L., A.J. Hansen, J.J. Councilman, D.K. Monte, and D.W. Betz. 2003 Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856 – 1996. Ecological Applications. 13(2): 385-403. Gerdes, Steve. 2005. Personal communication regarding tagged bull trout migration research by Swanburg in Rock Creek. USDA Forest Service, Fisheries Biologist, Phillipsburg, MT. May 3, 2005. Gibson, K. 2005. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection, Missoula, MT. 46 pp. Gibson, K., and L. Aquino. 2006. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection, Missoula, MT. 52pp. Green, P., J. Joy, D. Sirucek, W. Hann, A. Zack, and B. Naumann. 1992. Old-growth forest types of the Northern Region. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, R-1 SES 4/92. Missoula, MT. 61 pp. Gresswell, R.E. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 128(2): 193-221. Gruell, G.E. 1983. Fire and vegetative trends in the Northern Rockies: interpretations from 1871-1982 photographs. USDA, Forest Service, GTR-INT-158. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 114 pp. Hahn, W.J., and D.J. Strohm. 2003. Fire regime condition class and associated data for fire and fuels planning: methods and applications. Pgs. 397-443. In Omi, P.N., L.A. Joyce, tech. eds. Conference proceedings: Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-29. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 2002 16-18 April 475 pp. Hammer, B. 2000. Air Resources Analysis of the Management Situation. Draft report for use in forest plan revisions on the Western Montana Planning Zone. Missoula, MT. February 16, 2000. 2 pp. Hansen, K., W. Wyckoff, and J. Banfield. 1995 Shifting forests: historical grazing and forest invasion in southwestern Montana. Forest & Conservation History. 39: 66-75. Harry, L. 2003. RE: White pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle in white bark pine [Internet]. Message about observations of mortality in the Gravellys and the rest of the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, sent on Aug 7, 2004. Hart, M. 2001. Predicted distributions of terrestrial vertebrate species in idaho and montana: acres and percent distribution by land stewardship. Technical report prepared for USDA Forest Service, Northern Region by the University of Montana, Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab. December 10, 2001. 443 pp.

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Haufler, J.B. C.A. Mehl, and G.J. Roloff. 1996. Using a coarse-filter approach with species assessment for ecosystem management. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 24(2): 200-208. Heinemeyer, K. S, B.C. Aber, and D.F. Doak. 2001. Aerial surveys for wolverine presence and potential winter recreation impacts to predicted wolverine denning habitats in the southwestern Yellowstone Ecosystem. Unpublished Report, Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 22 pp. Hessburg, P.F. and J. K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000. Forest Ecology and Management. 178: 23-59. Heyerdahl, E.H., R.F. Miller, and R.A. Parsons. 2006. Fire history and Douglas-fir establishment in a savanna and sagebrush-grassland mosaic, southwestern Montana, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 230: 107-118. Hodkinson, D.J. and K. Thompson. 1997. Plant dispersal: the role of man. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 34(6): 1484-1496. Hunter, M. L., G.L. Jacobson, Jr., and T. Webb, III. 1988. Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity. Conservation Biology. 2(4): 375-385. Interagency Conservation Strategy Team. 2003. Final conservation strategy for the grizzly bear in the Yelloweston Ecosystem. USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service; USDA, Forest Service;USDI, Geological Survey; USDI, National Park Service; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; and Idaho Department of Fish and Game. March, 2003. 87 pp. Interagency Conservation Strategy Team. 2004. Public lands wildlife linkage report. USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service; USDA, Forest Service;USDI, Geological Survey; USDI, National Park Service; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; and Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 35 pp. International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association. 2004. Snowmobiling growing in importance as a job generator. Editorial. Haslett, Michigan. http://www.snowmobile.org/pr_jobgenerator.asp. August 27, 2004. 2 pp. Kaya, C.M. 1990. Status report on fluvial arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in Montana. Prepared for Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT by Montana State University, Biology Department, Bozeman, MT. September, 1990. 101 pp. Keane, . E., and S.F. Arno. 1993. Rapid decline of whitebark pine in Western Montana: evidence from 20-year remeasurements. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(2): 44-48. Keegan, C.E, K.M. Gebert, A.L. Chase, T.A. Morgan, S.E. Bodmer, and D.D. Van Hooser. 2001. Montana’s forest products industry: a descriptive analysis, 1969-2000. Prepared for the USDA, Forest Service by the University of Montana, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. Missoula, MT. September, 2001. 67 pp. Keegan, C.E. T.A. Morgan, and T.P. Spoelma. 2004. Capacity and capability of mills in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest timber-processing area. Prepared for the USDA, Forest Service, Region One and Inventory and Monitoring Institute by the University of Montana, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. Missoula, MT. January 30, 2004. 6 pp. Keller, A. 2006 . RE: Snowmobile use and management opportunities in the Mt Jefferson/Hellroaring drainage. Personal communication April 6, 2006.

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Koehler, G.M. 1990. Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hares in north central Washington. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68: 845-851 Lesica, P. 1996. Using fire history models to estimate proportions of old growth forest in northwest Montana, USA. Biological Conservation. 77,: 33-39. Lesica, P. and S.V. Cooper. 1997. Presettlement vegetation of southern Beaverhead County, Montana. Prepared for USDI, Bureau of Land Management, State Office and USDSA, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest by Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 35 pp. Liknes, G.A., and P.J. Graham. 1988. Westslope cutthroat trout in Montana: life history, status, and management. American Fisheries Society Symposium. 4: 53-60. Loomis, J.B. and R. Richardson. 2001. Economic values of the US Wilderness System: research evidence to date and questions for the future. International Journal of Wilderness. 7(1): 31-34. Losensky, J.B. 1993. Historical vegetation in Region One by climatic section. Draft Report, Revision Three. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. September 14, 1993. 36 pp. Losensky, J.B. 2002. An assessment of vegetation and fire history for the Trail Creek corridor and Lemhi Pass. Prepared for the USDA, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest by Ecological Services. April, 2002. 77 pp. Mac, M. J., P.A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P.D. Doran. 1998. Grasslands. In Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources - Volume 2. USDI, Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Pgs. 438-472 MacCleery, D. 1993. Understanding the role the human dimension has played in shaping America’s forest and grassland landscapes: is there and archaeologist in the house?. Forests and People. 24: 13 pp. Magee, J.P. 1993. A basin approach to characterizing spawning and fry rearing habitats for westslope cutthroat in a sediment-rich basin, Montana. M.S. Thesis. Department of Fish and Wildlife Management, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. December, 1993. 88 pp. Maxell, B.A. 2000. Management of Montana’s amphibians: a review of risk factors to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history and status and conservation of individual species. Prepared by University of Montana, Wildlife Biology Program, Missoula, MT for the USDA, Forest Service, Region One, Missoula, MT. 163 pp. Maxell, B.A. 2004. Report on amphibian and aquatic reptile inventories conduced on and around the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest 2001-2003. Report prepared by Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and Wildlife Biology Program,University of Montana, Missoula, MT for Region 1 Officer of the US Forest Service, Montana State Officer of the Bureau of Land Management, and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks.. 260pp. McGregor M.D. and D.M. Cole. 1985. Integrating management strategies for the mountain pine beetle with multiple-resource management of lodgepole pine forests. USDA, Forest Service. GTR-INT-174. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 68 pp.

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