Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

CHAPTER 8.0: PROPOSED MITIGATION AND ABATEMENT MEASURES

8.1 Introduction

The environmental impacts during the full operational phase such as leachate contamination of the rivers, air and noise pollution generated by increased traffic and biological impacts are identified in this section where the mitigation measures are recommended for each impact.

8.2 Site Investigation Stage

Activities inherent in the pre-construction phase are rather localized and are not expected to generate any significant detrimental impacts. Reconnaissance study of the entire Project Site is necessary so as to determine the suitability of the existing terrain at the Project Site and feasibility of the existing landuse with respect to the proposed landfill. The activities anticipated during the investigation stage are the site surveying, engineering and soil investigations and activities related to the present environmental assessment.

Any disturbances to the environment is confined within the designated surveying sites only, whose locations are established by the respective land surveyors in order to ascertain the existing conditions of the site. If any, beneficial impacts are created through employment opportunities for those that are involved in the surveying works, associated labourers and analytical laboratories.

8.3 Project Development Stage

The main activities identified to generate effects on the environment during site preparation stage are platform development, establishment of temporary access routes, site clearing which involves felling and removal of existing vegetation (oil palm) and internal trimming of slopes for the infrastructure works. The proposed mitigations generated from the impacts discussed in Chapter 8 are given in the following subsections. There is no new access road

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to be constructed since the Proposed Project is the expansion of the existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

8.3.1 Access Route within Project Site

No specific mitigation measures are required. The established access routes however need to be maintained in good travelling condition to adequately cater for the volume of heavy vehicular movements and thus reduce risks of accidents. Preferably these access routes would follow the established road network by MDKS and thus incur the least disturbance and change unto the existing physical and social receptors.

Good on-site practices such as:  Establishment of tarred road or at least compacted crusher run roads which can minimize dust dispersion;  Fully utilize the existing wash through/washing bay at the entrance/exit gateway of the existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill to cleanse heavy vehicles’ tires and subsequently prevent the public roads from being adversely affected. Preferably, the wash trough to be equipped with water jet in order to ensure better dirt removal;  Constant wetting of work tracks and cleaning by lorry sprinklers to minimize dust dispersion;

8.3.2 Site Clearing and Biomass Disposal

Site-clearing activities are recommended to be carried out in stages to allow migration of the existing fauna (i.e., small mammals and common birds) from the Project Site to the adjacent areas. Site clearing for this development will be carried out in four (4) phases (Phase 7 to Phase 10) whilst each phase will subdivided into many small landfill cells, i.e., Landfill cell 1 to cell 3 in Phases 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Apart from this, the site clearing activities shall inevitably lead to habitat loss whilst increase turbidity of Sg. Sembilang (the main receiving end of discharge from the Project Site). The sedimentation problems of the existing water bodies (i.e., rivers) are temporary and will be minimized by implementation of best management practice on-site (i.e., turfing, temporary earth drains, check dams, sediment pond/detention pond). The commencement of platform development must be immediate after the land clearing.

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The biomass generated from the site clearing and platform developments activities consist mainly of oil palms and small woody plants. The tree stumps should be grubbed in stages to minimize soil disturbance and the branches should be shredded and transported to the designated area for decomposing, i.e., existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill and landfill cell in the proposed expansion site.

The undergrowth and small woody plants such as branches and fronds of the oil palms can be mulched on site especially the slope within the site away from receiving waterways as temporary mulching material to reduce soil erosion. All mulched vegetation need to be periodically disturbed to speed up the decomposing process. Existing vegetation at places with no interference with construction such as open areas and buffer zones should be retained.

Proper disposal methods for the cleared vegetation are very important to avoid adverse impact from this excessive biomass. The summary of the Biomass Disposal Plan is as shown in Figure 8.1. Undoubtedly, the site clearing and platform developments period are the critical period when erosion and siltation are imminent impacts. Thus, sediment basin must be sited at the down-gradient point of the working site to prohibit siltation and sedimentation of the receiving waterways. The design specification of the sediment basin must be in accordance to “Urban Stormwater Manual for Malaysia, 2nd Edition or MSMA 2 (2012) published by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) Malaysia”. The water to be discharged from the sediment basin outlet should not contain more than 50 mg/L of silt, the limit set by DOE.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.1: Biomass Disposal Plan

Biomass Material

Undergrowth, Shrubs and Mature and Old Plantings oil palm fronds (Oil Palm)

Mulching Method Oil Palm and its branches is to be shredded

Grounded Into Fibrous Material Disposed off to Existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill and landfill cells at the proposed expansion site Left to mulch for erosion control

Note: Open burning and disposal into the receiving waterbody is strictly prohibited; Designated disposal area will be placed away from any waterbody

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8.3.3 Groundwater

A proper drainage and line system should be designed in the project area to stabilise the groundwater system after the construction. The increased pressure head in the soil compacted area due to increase of pore water pressure. The drainage system should capable to release pore water pressure within the ground to stabilised the develop area and the surrounding area.

Groundwater monitoring is identified as potential mitigation measure. Groundwater monitoring is required for early detection of contaminant movement from the developed area. The Groundwater Monitoring System should be established to monitor the performance of residual soil layer as in situ natural barrier is crucial to gain acceptance of the proposed containment technology and to provide early detection of any flaws or leaks.

Therefore, a groundwater monitoring system should be capable of readily detecting leakage from the facility from a very early stage. The monitoring system should comprise Construction of monitoring wells, monitoring wells programme and relevant database.

8.3.3.1 Construction of Monitoring Wells

Groundwater quality monitoring wells which comprise vertical and horizontal monitoring wells (in soil layers) shall be constructed in the project area. Current monitoring well locations and designed are suitable. However, the need for additional monitoring points may become apparent during the detailed design, construction and operation. The requirement for the monitoring wells are as follows: i. Monitoring wells and piezometers must define the three-dimensional flow system within the critical stratigraphic section that is the aquifers; ii. Monitoring wells shall be designed to detect leakage from the facility in a very early stage to minimize volume and extend of a plume; iii. Design, construction and development of the monitoring wells must be in accordance to currently accepted international engineering practice to ensure that groundwater samples and head level measurements characterise discrete stratigraphic intervals, and to prevent leakage of groundwater or contaminants along the well annulus.

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8.3.3.2 Monitoring Wells Programme

A suitable monitoring programme shall be implemented for regular monitoring of groundwater quality and groundwater level in all groundwater monitoring wells during operation. Groundwater sampling, parameter analyses, and reporting, etc., shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements of Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia, especially in accordance with the specifications defined for DOE groundwater quality monitoring network.

The baseline for groundwater quality, groundwater pressure head and groundwater flow shall be established prior to disposal. All monitoring wells not previously monitored or sampled: i. shall be sampled and analyzed on water quality quarterly. The samples shall be obtained at different seasons of the year. Furthermore, ii. water levels shall be taken on a weekly basis in all monitoring bores for a period of one year, and iii. rainfall shall be recorded on a daily basis as total daily rainfall.

Preferably, the groundwater model is to be verified and calibrated from monitoring data after one year of baseline monitoring.

Monitoring during the operational stage should be compulsory. The minimum requirements for operational water quality monitoring during operation phase are: i. In each calendar year sampling, water quality analysis must be performed at least quarterly unless a pattern of contamination exists which may require the Department of Environment to change the sampling frequency. ii. Water levels from the monitoring wells to be recorded on a daily basis. iii. Rainfall recorded as total daily rainfall on a daily basis.

Should the long-term groundwater monitoring reveal changes to the groundwater system which differs with those predicted by the re-calibrated groundwater model; the model should again be verified and re-calibrated with all available monitoring data.

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8.3.3.3 Monitoring Database

Groundwater monitoring data shall be compiled and stored in an appropriate database and at any time shall be made available on request to the Department of Environment.

8.4 Landfill Expansion-Platform Development

8.4.1 Platform Development at Project Site

The estimated average depth of excavation is about 1.5m, and, thus, the lowest level of the landfill expansion is, generally, at RL + 0.5m. However, this is subject to the groundwater level encountered during excavation.

The excavation of 1.5m is only an additional 300mm depth below Ground Water Level (GWL) which only cause temporary water ponding and can be pumped out. Furthermore, the first layer of 300mm thick sand will be placed within installation of High Strength Geotextile. The liners will be installed at depth of about 1.2m which is above the existing Ground Water Level (GWL). Therefore, the buoyancy effect of ground water to liners is negligible. The method statement for laying process of the geomembrane during excavation period is elaborated in Section 3.8.6.

On top of the liner 600mm thick aggregate fill will be placed. Refer Figure 8.2: Laying of geomembranes. Possible buoyancy of the groundwater and aggregate blanket can be shown as below; buoyancy of ground water ; 0.2 x 10 = 2kPa weight of 600mm thick aggregate blanket; 0.6 x 19 = 11.4 kPa >2 kPa

Hence the buoyancy effect is adequate.

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Figure 8.2: Laying of geomembranes

The excavated slopes beneath the surface shall be at 2.5 (H): 1 (V) while the final slopes of the sanitary landfill above ground shall have a gradient of 6 (H): 1 (v) to ensure stability, minimal erosion, and access for machineries.

The proposed preliminary slopes are as follows :  For expansion = l (V) : 6 (H)  For merged = l (V) : 10 (H) (between existing & expansion)  For existing = l (V) : 8 (H) The designed slope will be finalized in the detailed design stage.

Alignment and Platform developments for access road The design for the alignment shall be carried out with the objective of:  Optimising the volumes of cut and fill material; and  Optimising the average haul distance for the cut and fill.

For the vertical alignment, the following criteria are to be adopted:  Maximum gradient shall not exceed 8% and  Critical length of grade shall not exceed 200 m (for 8% gradient) to prevent the heavy vehicle form losing speed.

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8.4.2 Cell Preparation and Development

8.4.2.1 Landfill Phasing

Waste placement started at the base at each of disposal area or phase. Waste is placed in layers (lifts), with nominally 150mm to 300mm thick of daily cover between. The daily cover soil is placed across the entire active waste disposal area at the end of each working day. As waste placement progresses vertically, the active waste disposal area will develop as a relatively large surface (typically of approximately 100m by 100m in plan dimensions) to accommodate the various waste placement activities and the projected waste receipt rate. Additionally, as waste placement rises vertically, the waste disposal area will, wherever practically possible, extend horizontally over the previously places waste in adjacent Phases. The complete portions of each Phase will be temporarily protected by placement of intermediate cover soil. As each phase is sequentially completed, the final capping system will be constructed and the area vegetated.

8.4.2.2 Lining System

A landfill lining system is necessary in each cell to ensure that leachate does not contaminate the soil or groundwater in the area. The lining system will cover the entire area beneath the waste, including the entire base and side slope areas.

8.4.2.3 Phasing of Landfill Expansion

For the expansion of landfill, it consists of 4 additional phases, namely, Phase 7, Phase 8, Phase 9 and Phase 10. Phase 7 will be developed sequentially after Phase 6 has reached its intended level. Each subsequent phase will be prepared (site formation, lining system installation, leachate collection system installation etc) while waste is placed in the active phase. The platform development phasings are as shown in Figure 8.3 to Figure 8.7.

Waste placement starts at the base at each of disposal area or phase. Waste is placed in layers (lifts), with nominally 150mm to 300mm thick of daily cover between. The daily cover soil is placed across the entire active waste disposal area at the end of each working day.

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Currently WLSB is importing daily cover soil for the existing landfill from the outsource Contractor Syarikat Hup Guan at No.938, Batu 1 ¼, Jalan Bukit Cherakah, Jeram. Cover soil will be imported for the expansion site if required.

As waste placement progresses vertically, the active waste disposal area will develop as a relatively large surface (typically of approximately 100m by 100m in plan dimensions) to accommodate the various waste placement activities and the projected waste receipt rate. Additionally, as waste placement rises vertically, the waste disposal area will, wherever practically possible, extend horizontally over the previously places waste in adjacent Phases. The complete portions of each Phase will be temporarily protected by placement of intermediate cover soil. As each phase is sequentially completed, the final capping system will be constructed and the area vegetated.

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Figure 8.3: Platform development for Phase 7

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Figure 8.4: Platform development for Phase 8

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Figure 8.5: Platform development for Phase 9

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Figure 8.6: Platform development for Phase 10

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Figure 8.7: Platform development for Final Cover of Development

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8.5 Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD- P2M2)

Part of LD-P2M2 is shown in an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP).The LD-P2M2 document is a legal pledge made by the Project Proponent to take efforts, measures, actions, or due diligence in accomplishing the overarching goal of protecting the environment and in mitigating the environmental impact in the process of implementation of the proposed development project. The focus of the LD-P2M2 is on the prevention, mitigation and control of the discharge from the development area containing the major pollutant (suspended solids) resulting from land disturbing activities. Method of statement and land disturbing activities which are proposed to be carried out in phases are further elaborated in LD-P2M2 as follows.

The LD-P2M2 will be read with the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and other engineering plans or written instructions that may be issued in relation to development at the subject site. Contractors will ensure that all erosion and sediment control works are undertaken as instructed in the specification and constructed in accordance with the guidelines in Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, 2nd Edition 2012 and Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation (DOE, 1996). All contractors will be informed of their responsibilities in minimizing the potential for soil erosion and sedimentation of downslope areas.

The main principle of LD-P2M2 preparation is to ensure that erosion and sedimentation control measures are fully integrated into the development sequence. It can only be effective if construction and control practices are jointly planned during the planning and feasibility stages and implemented simultaneously throughout the construction stage. LD-P2M2 should be referred to frequently and refined by the owner and contractors as changes may occur in construction operations, which have significant effects on the potential for discharge pollutant. Regular maintenance of the established control structures is vital throughout the phases of the development. Well-maintained control structures will ensure that the extent of erosion/sedimentation problems is significantly reduced.

Removal of ground cover will expose the soil and thereby affect the quality of the surface run-off. The eroded soil will affect the water quality. Borehole logs indicate a thick layer of clay with some organic material. Erosion can be mitigated by constructing sediment basins. The basin will be constructed and maintained during the active landfilling stage. Once the

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site is capped, erosion is minimal and vegetation would be established. Cover crops have to be introduced immediately as a control measure.

Erosion rate will be greater during opening up an area and during the landfilling stage. Silt can be arrested by sediment basins during the operational phase of the landfill. They will be located downstream of each area. Construction of a sediment basin for each area should follow the sequence of landfill operation. Hence sediment basins can be the primary treatment train for the surface runoff.

The final sediment basin constructed in Phase 10 will be converted into detention pond once the respective areas are capped. This step will optimize the use of land space and will be cost effective. This is feasible as the size for sediment basin is greater than the required detention volume. Other mitigation measures will also be employed for erosion control. These include earth banks, slope drains, cutoff drains, diversion drains, checks, sand bags, turfing and cover crops.

The critical issue is to have maintenance on a regular basis and repair any damages immediately. Inspection must be done weekly and after each rainfall as a preventive measure. The desilted material can be used for the daily cover by the landfill operator. Design of sediment basins would be in compliance with MASMA published by DID Malaysia. Typical requirements area :  Basin length to settling depth ratio shall be less than 200:1  Basin length to width ratio shall be greater than 2:1  Side slopes shall not be steeper than 2(H) :1(V) and  The 80th percentile 5 day rainfall shall be adopted, as this is an environmentally sensitive area.

The Project Proponent shall ensure that: i. All relevant parties including project consultant, contractors, and Environmental Officer (EO) understand LD-P2M2 in order to facilitate compliance with the minimum standards requirements. ii. All relevant pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2s) especially temporary BMPs at the constructional phase are installed and maintained to mitigate the potential pollution due to land disturbing activities.

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The following paragraphs detail out the P2M2s (which include BMPs) that are proposed to be installed at the Project site.

The recommended location for sediment basin, earth banks, slope drains, cutoff drains, diversion drains, checks, sediment fence, turfing and cover crops is as shown in Figure 8.8 to Figure 8.11 for each phase of landfill development.

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Figure 8.8: Proposed Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigating Measures (LD-P2M2) for Phase 7

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Figure 8.9: Proposed Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigating Measures (LD-P2M2) for Phase 8

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Figure 8.10: Proposed Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigating Measures (LD-P2M2) for Phase 9

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Figure 8.11: Proposed Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigating Measures (LD-P2M2) for Phase 10

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.5.1 Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing

A project schedule shall be prepared in advance to ensure the jobs involved in project implementation are properly scheduled in order to effectively address and manage the environmental pollution.

Programme schedule (EC-1) Where practicable, the landfill life is scheduled sequencially starting from Phase 7 to Phase 10, hence disturbance is minimal. Keeping landfill area small at one time will reduce the erosion rate tremendously during platform development. Works shall be carried out in 4 separate phases and the landfill life is for approximately 8 years. The area of soil disturbing operations shall be controlled such that the Landfill Contractor is able to implement erosion control BMPs quickly and effectively.

8.5.2 Scheduled Site Meeting

Project proponent together with Project Environmental Officer, project contractors and sub- contractors will conduct site meeting and discuss matters pertaining land disturbing activities to discuss in detail all of the relevant scopes of work that have relevance to pollution prevention and mitigating measures every week or fortnightly.

8.5.3 Construction Markers i. Physically mark on site will be provided to show the limit of the following:-  Land disturbing from any drainage way or waterway or watercourse within project site;  Areas not to be worked or disturbed, and  Buffer area or/and existing vegetation meant for temporary or permanent preservation and for protection. ii. The construction markers that will be installed are fences, tapes, flags or other similar marking device.

8.5.4 Stabilized Construction Entrance

The following P2M2 are proposed at a suitable distance from where these access roads join the existing paved roads or public road.

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Stabilized Construction Access (TC-1) A stabilized construction access is defined by a point of entrance or exit to a construction site that is stabilized to reduce the tracking of mud and dirt onto public roads by construction vehicles. The stabilized construction Access shall be provided at the entrance to the Project site from the eastern boundary existing landfill as shown in Figure 8.8.

Wash trough (TC-2) The existing wash trough located at the existing is used to remove sediment from tyres and under carriages and to prevent sediment from being transported onto public roadways.

Note: Any swept soil or sediment from Stabilized Construction Entrance P2M2 and sediment-laden washed water from Tires Washing Facility are not allowed to be hosed downed and discharged respectively into any off- site drainage way, storm drain inlet or watercourse unless connected to a sediment basin or sediment trap.

8.5.5 Perimeter Control

Before land-disturbing activities are executed, perimeter control will first be constructed and made operational. The following perimeter controls are proposed to control discharges from the site to out of Project site.

Earth banks (SE-3) Earth banks can be constructed across disturbed areas and around perimeter of construction sites and phasing subdivisions. Keep them in place until the disturbed areas are permanently stabilised or adequately replaced. Earth banks are particularly useful for controlling runoff after topsoiling and grassing before vegetation becomes established. Where works are occurring within the berm area, compact the topsoil over the berm area as a bund adjacent and parallel to the berm. This will act as an impoundment area and controlled outfall while also keeping overland flow away from the construction area. Earth bank is proposed at the sides of each phases lots as shown in Figure 8.8 to Figure 8.11.

Sand Bag (SE-4) Sand bags is a suitable method for perimeter control, placed below areas where sheet flows discharge from the site. As for this project site, sand bags are proposed to be placed along the boundary of the proposed landfill site. The sand bags shall be installed prior to commencement of platform development.

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Plate 8.1: Sand Bags

Source: Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. Note: i. A certain amount of initial land disturbance may be required to provide access for equipment to install the perimeter controls, but site clearing and grading should be kept to a minimum until the perimeter controls are in place

8.5.6 Sediment Basin/Trap / Sediment Forebays

Sediment Basins (SE-1) To be effective in discharge runoff collection and treatment, four (4) sediment basins are proposed for overall landfill development, where one (1) sediment basin will be constructed for each landfill phase. The final sediment basin for Phase 10 will be converted into detention pond once the respective areas are capped. This step will optimize the use of land space and will be cost effective. This is feasible as the size for sediment basin is greater than the required detention volume.

Sediment basin is suitable for nearly all types of projects. Wherever possible, they should be constructed before land clearing and grading work begins. The pond must not be located in a stream or natural waterway but should be located to trap sediment-laden runoff before it enters any stream. All sediment basins will have one or more markers placed in the basin to clearly indicate the level at which design capacity is exceeded and when the sediment will need to be removed. Sediment removed from sediment basins will be disposed off at locations where further erosion and subsequent pollution to down slope will not occur.

Regular inspections are to be carried out to ensure structural stability and functionality of the inlet, outlet and outlet protection works. If the basin is located at the final discharge point

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from site, periodic water quality samples shall be collected and tested for total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity to comply with DOE water quality limits of 50mg/L TSS.

8.5.7 Runoff Management

Check dam (SE-2) Check dam is a small temporary dam to be constructed across the temporary earth drain to reduce storm water flow velocity, thereby reducing the erosion of the temporary earth drain and promoting the sedimentation behind the dam. Temporary erosion and sediment control structures will be removed only after the lands they are protecting are stabilized. The platform in the project site is considered flat, therefore only a few check dams are required.

Earth Drain, Cutoff Drains, Slope Drains & Diversion Drains (RM-1) Earth drain or Cutoff Drains, Slope Drains and Diversion Drains are is to be provided to divert off site runoff around the landfill site, divert runoff from stabilized areas around disturbed areas, and to direct runoff into sediment control BMPs. All drains should be installed when the site is initially graded and remain in place until permanent BMPs are installed and/or slopes are stabilized. The drains will flow into the sediment basins before it is discharged into the nearest receiving waterways.

The drains shall be maintained by desilting during the course of the general platform development operations and shall be backfilled with compactor earth after completion of platform development. Drains are only effective if they are properly installed. As drains are mainly made of earth and soil, it is extremely important that this BMP is properly stabilized by proper earth compaction and surface cover.

8.5.8 Temporary or permanent watercourse crossing

Temporary Waterway Crossing (RM-3) A temporary access waterway crossing is a culvert placed across a waterway to provide temporary access for construction purposes. TWC will provide a safe, erosion free access point across the existing waterway for vehicle crossing. However, caution should be exercised when applying this BMP as it is an in-stream construction. Weekly inspection and maintenance is required to check for structural failure, debris removal, inlet and outlet protection maintenance etc.

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8.5.9 Temporary Stabilization

Temporary stabilization is a condition where exposed soils or disturbed areas are provided a temporary vegetative and/or non-vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss. Temporary stabilization provided are temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches, and other techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further construction activities take place to re-disturb this area.

Cover Crops and turfing (EC-2) Temporary soil stabilization to exposed areas within fourteen (14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site and within seven (7) days at exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for longer than fourteen (14) days.

As the landfill activities are proposed at different timeline for all phases, it is important that the formed platform and slopes that has been constructed earlier need to be turfed or covered as soon as possible to prevent from wind erosion or further erosion into the waterways which will lead to sedimentation.

Lands recently turfed will be watered regularly until an effective cover has properly established and plants are growing vigorously. Further application of seed returfing might be necessary later in areas of inadequate vegetation establishment. Prior to the completion of construction, apply permanent erosion control to remaining disturbed soil areas. Sufficient erosion control materials shall be maintained onsite to allow implementation in conformance with this LD-P2M2.

8.5.10 Discharge

i. All discharge runoff water from any land-disturbing activities shall be made through a sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin and sediment controls which is regarded as the designated final discharge(s). ii. All disturbed areas shall drain to sediment control measures at all times during land- disturbing activities and during site development until stabilized, after which, the sediment controls shall be removed. Any trapped sediment and the disturbed soil areas resulting from the removal of temporary measures shall be permanently stabilized to prevent further erosion and sedimentation.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

iii. The discharge point of the treated runoff shall be released by using a dissipater or other means of outlet protection. iv. All discharge run off water to offsite area shall only be allowed through a sediment basin or trap or other specified control measures.

Drainage Inlet and Outlet Protection (RM-2) Drainage Outlet Protection is proposed to be placed at the outlet of the culvert or channel of the sediment basins to prevent scour caused by high flow velocities and to absorb flow energies to produce non erosive velocities. The type of DOP can be rock, grouted riprap, or concrete rubble, which will be determined by the contractor at later stage. In cases where loose rocks or rip rap are used, it is important to carry out regular inspections to avoid material wash off during large storm event. The outlet protection shall be provided at the outlet from the sediment basins and detention pond within the project site before flowing to the nearest waterway. Drainage Outlet Protection is proposed at the outlet of the sediment basin in Figure 8.8 to Figure 8.11.

Plate 8.2: Drainage Outlet Protection (using rock outlet protection)

Source: Erosion Draw, John McCullah, 2011 Source: USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service - Illinois

8.5.11 Corrective Actions

i. In a case where a required P2M2 was installed incorrectly, or is not effective enough to produce a discharge that complies with the discharge standards, the PP shall install a new or modified P2M2 or additional P2M2 and make it operational by no later than 7 calendar days from the time of discovery. ii. The PP shall within 7 calendar days of discovering the occurrence of one of the triggering conditions above complete a report as described in the Performance Monitoring Document (PMD) and which shall be reported in the Performance

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Monitoring Report (PMR). The report details which shall also be recorded in the logbook include the following: a. Any follow-up actions taken to review the design, installation, and maintenance of P2M2s , including the dates such actions occurred; and b. A summary of P2M2 modifications taken or to be taken, including a schedule of activities necessary to implement changes, and the date the modifications are completed or expected to be completed; and c. The PP shall send a report with photographic evidence as soon as practicable whenever corrective actions or measures have been taken or scheduled to be taken, using an online communication medium to the DOE. iii. In all circumstances, the PP shall immediately take all reasonable steps to minimize or prevent the discharge of pollutants until a permanent solution is taken and an appropriate P2M2 is installed or applied and made operational, including cleaning up any contaminated surfaces so that the material will not be discharged in subsequent storm events

8.5.12 Site Inspections

i. Site inspections shall be conducted to check and to ascertain that all P2M2s specified in the EIA Report have been properly installed and maintained as well as to determine whether any controls that is clearly not operating as intended or any P2M2s requires replacement, or additional P2M2s are required. The site inspections shall also assess if pollution is effectively being controlled and off-site discharge is being prevented in compliance with the EIA conditions of approval (COAs). ii. All inspection activities shall be recorded in the PM logbook. iii. At a minimum, inspections shall be conducted at the site prior to commencement of land clearing activities and after every storm event during construction and as specified in the established inspection schedule. iv. At a minimum, the following areas shall be inspected: a) All areas that have been cleared, graded, or excavated and that have not yet completed stabilization; b) Construction entrances/exits ; c) Roadways; d) All P2M2s installed or applied at the site; e) Material storage areas, spoil area, borrow area, or equipment storage and maintenance areas;

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

f) All areas where runoff water typically flows within the site, including drainage ways designed to divert, convey, and/or treat runoff water; g) All points of discharge from the site; h) All locations where stabilization measures have been implemented at least once every seven (7) days and within 24 hours after the end of a storm event of 12.5 mm or greater. v. A rain gauge shall be properly maintained at the site so as to determine if a storm event of 12.5 mm or greater has occurred on the site. In a circumstance that a rain gauge is faulty, the storm event information shall be obtained from a weather station that is representative of the project site. vi. Major observations and incidents of non-compliance shall be recorded in the inspection report, as well as corrective actions and maintenance and shall be recorded in the PM log book.

8.5.13 Maintenance and Monitoring

Maintenance and monitoring of erosion, sediment control, and storm water quality will also conform to BMPs. The following sections describe the routine monitoring and maintenance practices that will be performed for the Project.

During Construction

The construction contractor will be responsible for the preparation, installation and removal of temporary erosion control measures described in this document

Contractor erosion control responsibilities will include:  Initial inspection of erosion control measures as they are completed to ensure they will function as desired.  Inspections following each rainstorm to ensure replacement of damaged or missing structures and materials  Notifying project construction crew when to implement adequate precautions in anticipation of rainy weather conditions  Defining a schedule for watering the access roads and other disturbed areas for dust suppression.  Developing additional remedial erosion and sediment controls for problem areas, if any.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 Complying with other BMP requirement as required by DOE

A designated site representative will monitor and record the contractor and subcontractor’s performance with respect to erosion/sedimentation control measures and management of construction materials, wastes, hazardous materials, and equipment. This representative will also inspect the site prior to anticipated storm events and after such events in accordance with the construction requirements.  Routine maintenance measures to be implemented include:  The on-site detention will be monitored following each major rainstorm for accumulation of sediment. Sediment will be removed in order to maintain adequate capacity of minimum settling depth.  If sediment accumulates over 300mm foot behind the (sandbag) barrier, the contractor will remove or re-grade the sediment.  If the sand bags are washed away as a result of storm runoff, the damaged sand bag area will be replaced by a silt fence or portable barrier (such as gabion). Special attention to these areas will be maintained until erosion is adequately controlled.  Protected storage areas for stockpiled soils or other materials will be inspected. Coverings will be replaced as secured.

Post Construction

A self auditing program will be established based on the inspection checklist. A site inspection using the checklist will be made by the developer/operator personnel based on the condition during handover/completion of site for CPC.

Landfill operator representative will monitor and record the erosion / sedimentation control measures and management of construction material, wastes, hazardous materials, and equipment during post construction. This representative will also inspect the site prior and after storm events in accordance with the ESCP’s requirements. Any damage to the ESCP control measures shall be rectified back to its original conditions.

Records of these inspections will be kept for a period of 3 years after completion of the construction

Others measures taken during post construction include:  Preserving existing trees and grass where possible to prevent erosion;

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 Re-vegetating the site as soon as possible;  Locating soil stockpiles away from roads or waterways;  Limiting tracking of mud onto streets by requiring all vehicles to use stabilised designated access;  Removing sediments carried off-site by vehicles or storms;  Maintaining erosion and sediment practices through sediment removal, structure replacement etc.

As a summary, to prevent erosion and control sediment, the following primary principles will be adopted in the project site:- a. Integrate project design with site constraints. – Refer to EC-1 b. Preserve and stabilize drainageways. – Refer to RM-1. c. Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance. – Refer to EC-1. d. Control stormwater flows onto, through, and from the site in stable drainage structures. – Refer to RM-1. e. Install perimeter controls. – Refer to RM-1, SE-2, SE-3, and SE-4. f. Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner. – Refer to EC-2. g. Protect steep slopes. – All landfill slopes will be planted with cover crops and turf. Refer to EC-2. h. Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage. – Refer to SE-1, SE-3 and SE-4 i. Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts. - Refer to RM-2 and RM-3. j. Provide access and general construction controls. – Refer to TC-1 k. Inspect and maintain control measures. – Regular maintenance will be carried out where and when it is necessary. l. Employ experienced and competent personnel. – The landfill site will be an ongoing process and each phase will commence when it is needed. An equivalent qualification with a CESSWI qualified will be employed to overlook the ESC aspect in the landfill site.

In addition to the measures taken in conformity with the above principles, erosion and sediment loss from the site shall be effectively controlled by applying appropriate Best Management Practices (BMPs).

The following temporary erosion control LD-P2M2 selection table shown in Table 8.1 indicates the BMPs that shall be implemented to control erosion at the construction site.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Table 8.1: List of Proposed LD-P2M2 Implementation Schedule BMP Remarks/ recommendations Implementation & Duration

Erosion EC-1, Programme To be carried out sequencially Over duration of approximately 8 Control Scheduling starting from Phase 7 to Phase 10 years.

EC-2- Cover Crops Stabilize non-active areas after Need to be carried out at formed and turfing platforms are formed for each phase. platform.

Sediment SE-1 – Sediment 4 sediment basins are proposed for Before commencement of any site Control basin overall landfill development, where 1 clearing or platform development. Final sediment basin (in Phase 10) sediment basin will be constructed for will be converted into detention each landfill phase. pond once the respective areas are capped SE-2 – Check Dam The platform in the project site is To be placed immediately after considered flat; only a few check earth drains are established. dams are required. SE-3 – Earth Banks Proposed across disturbed areas and To be carried out when platform around perimeter of construction sites development are being carried out and phasing subdivisions. at this area. SE-4–Sand bags To be placed around the perimeter of Before commencement of any site clearing or platform development the Project Site Runoff RM-1 – Earth Drain, Construct earth drain along the Start of Construction and Managem cutoff drains, slope working area during platform progressively as the site ent Control drains & diversion development progresses. drains RM-2 –Drainage To be provided at sediment basin To be constructed at the final outlets Outlet Protection outlets from sediment basin before flowing (DOP) to the nearest waterway. RM-3 – Temporary To be provided at any waterway To be placed at waterway crossing if Waterway Crossing crossing within the site. the area is affected during platform (TWC) development stage. Tracking TC 1- Stabilized Proposed at the entrance to the Start of construction. Control Construction Access Project site from the eastern boundary existing landfill TC 2- wash trough Will be utilizing the wash trough from Start of construction the existing landfill Source: Europasia Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. (2016)

8.5.14 Provision of Funds for Land- Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2)

Sufficient funds shall be made available by the developer for the implementation of BMPs and their maintenance, including Environmental Management Plan (EMP) preparation, auditing, monitoring and emergencies. The Project Proponent is committed to make the funds available as stated in their declaration to comply with all Detailed EIA Report Mitigation recommendations and shall be detailed in the EMP of the proposed development.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.6 Operation Stage

8.6.1 Stormwater Management

Generally, development activity will alter the drainage characteristics of the site and, as a result, larger quantity of water will be generated. However, in this project, the increase in runoff will be marginal as the present landuse is oil palm without any cover crops. The spaces between the rows of trees are left bare. In comparison, the infiltrated rain into the waste placement areas are captured as leachate and channeled into the leachate treatment ponds. It will be discharged into the river only after the treatment process. At the end of the final landfill activity, the whole area will be capped and close turfed. Generally, runoff for the future landuse, will be similar or even better than the runoff for present landuse of the land. Notwithstanding this, detention ponds will be provided to ensure the flood run off from this site is kept at its pre-development level.

The design will strictly follow the requirements of MSMA 2012 and in accordance to best engineering practices to minimize any risks of flooding.The landfill design basically provides for a hollowed-out trough that is progressively filled-up with wastes. As such the critical phase in the lifespan of the landfill as far as flooding is concerned will be after final closure of the site. Under this scenario, an oversized perimeter drain round the site with storage capabilies plus MSMA provisions would go a long way to alleviate the risks of flooding.

The volume required for sediment basin will be designed greater than that for detention pond. Therefore, the ponds can function for attenuation purposes as well. The outlet structure will be modified to serve this purpose at a later stage.

To maximize storage of stormwater, a dry detention pond will be proposed. The slopes and invert will be close turfed to prevent erosion as well as for aesthetic purpose.

Detention ponds will be designed in accordance to the requirements as indicated in MASMA with the following design parameters:  Maximum pond depth shall not exceed 3.0m  Minimum top width of embankment shall not be less than 2.4 m. DID Selangor requires the top width to be 6.0m minimum for maintenance purposes.  Side slopes shall not be steeper than 4(H) : 1(V)

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 Bottom grade towards outlet shall be 1% minimum  Freeboard shall be 0.3m minimum from embankment to the water level when the emergency spillway is operated and  An emergency spillway will be incorporated to cater for the 100 years ARI flood

The design of drainage system generally to meet the stormwater management requirements:-  Prevent untreated discharges to receiving waters  Preserve hydrologic conditions that closely resemble pre-development conditions  Reduce or prevent flooding by managing the peak discharge and volume of runoff  Minimize erosion and sedimentation  Reduce suspended solids and other pollutants to improve water quality  Provide increased protection of sensitive natural resources  Shall be designed for easy and adequate access for maintenance and the continuation of maintenance requirement

The capacities of the proposed internal drains and detention pond proposed by Jurutera IRCE Sdn. Bhd. 2016, should be sufficient to cater for flood discharge as required by the Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) under the JPS manual called the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, 2nd Edition (2012) in order to comply to “zero peak stormwater discharge” concept.

8.6.2 BMP to Prevent Stormwater Contamination

These BMPs minimize the potential of discharging of pollutants related to construction activities. Appropriate BMPs that will be implemented included:  Control of construction practices. Including paving operations and structure construction and painting.  Control of material management, material delivery and storage, material use, and spill prevention and control.  Waste Management, including solid waste management, hazardous waste management, contaminated soil management, concrete waste management, and sanitary / septic waste management.  Contractor training, including employee and subcontractor training.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.6.2.1 Proposed Design Criteria

The drainage system shall be able to prevent surface flooding within and surrounding area. Its design will take into consideration the overall drainage, specifically regard to preventing: a) Overloaded of existing downstream drainage system and b) Obstruction to drainage of adjacent land.

The proposed site drainage system will have one final discharge points. The outflow water from the detentions will flow into existing drain before flowing into Sg. Sembilang. The calculations of the “Detention Pond” is included in Appendix 20.

8.6.2.2 Drainage Network

In general, the proposed monsoon/ toe drain shall be of 1200 mm width U-drain without dry weather flow, two types of cascade drain of 600mm and 900 width and berm drain and interceptor drain. The proposed drainage layout plan is as shown in Figure 8.12.

8.6.2.3 Detention Pond

A total area of 5.28 acres or 4.04 % are provided for the purpose of constructing Detention pond for the proposed sanitary landfill site. The detention pond will receive stormwater from the internal proposed drainage system as discussed in section 8.6.2.2 before discharging to the existing draing before discharging into tributary of Sg. Sembilang out of the Project site. The locations of the proposed drainage and detention pond are as shown in Figure 8.12 while the typical detail of the detention pond is shown in Figure 8.13.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.12: Drainage Plan and Location of Detention Pond

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.13: Typical detail of detention pond and Perimeter Bund

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.6.2.4 The Design Philosophy and Design Parameter of the Detention Pond

The design of drains, Detention Pond, outlets and other structures for the purpose of channeling, storing and dispersing surface runoff shall be in accordance to the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia, 2nd Edition (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia) from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia. The design of the Stormwater Management System shall incorporate stormwater captured at the source and shall gradually releasing it downstream to reduce any impact to rivers. Storage of stormwater is possible through detention pond which shall be designed to retain the stormwater runoff from the paved surface temporary to be discharged slowly into existing rivers and stream.

In this development, there is only one catchment area. Design criteria of the drains is based upon suitable return period and their corresponding storm intensity, so as to ensure that the overall system itself is not under-estimated and unable to cope with additional runoff, resulting in localized ponding/flooding problems as JPS’ MASMA guidelines. The surface runoff management structures may be constructed on a temporary (Pre Construction) or permanent basis (Post Construction). Sufficient space for sediment will be provided to store the expected sediment yield from the drainage area for the planned life of the structure.

Control at source is recommended by the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia to solve problems ranging from established areas where additional development or redevelopment is occuring in urban setting for the provision of storage area.

Regular maintenance of the detention pond of the Project Site may be required to cater to the projected increase in peak flow due to the proposed development. Retaining adequate riparian reserves along rivers based on the JPS recommendations in order to control soil erosion and sedimentation and for protection is advisable. To reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, it is advisable to retain as much as possible the vegetation cover and trees within the Project Site. The development of the area will be phased to regulate surface runoff. Hence, implementation of the proposed Project requires the installation of various stormwater management practices to retard the abrupt flow of the runoff as well as attenuate peak discharges within the Project Site to minimize flooding. There will be a longer lag time for the peak discharges with a decrease in peak magnitude flowing into existing drain and Sg.Sembilang. The calculation of Qpre and Q post of the detention pond is as shown in Appendix 21.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.7 Hydrology

In order to ensure there will be no flooding within the Project Site and in the surrounding areas, a Stormwater Management Plan shall be proposed. Best Management Practices (BMPs) to meet MASMA2 requirements to reduce or prevent pollutants from reaching water bodies and control the quantity of runoff from a site shall be formulated. The plan shall include:  Prevent untreated discharges to receiving waters;  Preserve hydrologic conditions that closely resemble pre-development conditions;  Minimize erosion and sedimentation;  Reduce suspended solids and other pollutants to improve water quality;  Provide increased protection of sensitive natural resources.

8.8 Geotechnical Design Requirements

Landfill situated on the marine alluvium soil of Selangor-Kangkung Association and underlain by unconsolidated and semi-consolidated Quaternary alluvial sediments namely Gula Formation. Surface geological mapping after cutting is suggested to validate stability since stability of slope in siltstone formation are generally weak geological guided.

Surplus cut material will be used for the landfill cell filling material. Dust problem is anticipated, provision for water browser during construction is suggested to minimise dust problem.

Other mitigation measures include:  Ground improvement for high embankment fill in terms of embankment instability (short and long term) and acceleration of consolidation settlement to minimise post construction settlement. Geotextile basal reinforcement can be considered to strengthened the embankment bund stability. Prefabricated vertical drain with surcharge can be considered to accelerate the consolidation settlement thus reducing post construction settlement. Borrow pit and dump ground with sloping profile has the design and slope of 1(V) : 2(H) can be considered with adequate slope vevegative covers and adequate provision for surface drains. Water browser with jetter can be used to reduce air borne dust and to clean the haulage road.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 Erosion and sedimentation control structures with comprehensive Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP);  Preventive measures for possible soil and groundwater contamination;  Incorporating environmental protection into the design, siting, layout of facilities and other associated.  Establish groundwater monitoring programme.

8.9 Landuse

In general, as the proposed project involve acquire part of agriculture land owned by Tuan Mee Estate, compensation should be handle properly and prepared as per agreed by both parties - project proponent and land owner.

In terms of management system of sanitary landfill, especially leachate treatment plant (LTP) is proposed to be upgraded to avoid risks of inconsistencies in the treatment efficiency and caused pollution to Sungai Sembilang and cockle farms at the offshore area. Besides, landfill operator also encouraged to be carried out continuous monitoring of leachate production, storage and treatment before been discharged into Sungai Sembilang. The river pollution issue will then effect fishing activity at river mouth – offshore area, and further reduce the fish catch and fisherman’s income.

For future land use development (e.g. within 1.5km to 2km circumference or the neighboring lot which zoned for industry use – currently been planted for oil palm; Tuan Mee Estate), it should be limited to low density development, such as waste recycling and supporting facilities, landscape plant or oil palm tree nurseries, infrastructure and utilities component, wood-based industries, agricultural-based industries, and etc. In addition, the surrounding agriculture use of land should be remained as buffer.

Future re-development of the agriculture land into housing use should be kept to a minimum; until the operational life of the expanded sanitary landfill is complete, safely closed and re- developed as open space and recreational area. It’s considered the best option and generally viewed as assets by local communities / potential developer. The development of recreational area is seen to support the development of urban uses, such as residential, commercial and institutional.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

However, continued aftercare (routine inspection) by landfill operator after closure of existing landfill site is compulsory to avoid any risks of pollution that may occur to the environment.

8.10 Water Quality

8.10.1 Surface Runoff Control Measures

The Project Site is generally categorized as a nearly flat terrain with the average elevations between 2m to 3.5m. The Project Site is located on a low lying flat terrain which is drained by numerous earth drains and man-made canals. The earth drains from the proposed Project Site flows northerly via the excavated canals or channelized Sg. Sembilang.

A drainage networks which has to be approved by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) should be constructed to cater all surface runoff before it flows into Sg. Sembilang. It is essential that the drainage system should be established before the actual construction begins. The existing natural drainage will be modified and replaced with a series of artificial routes to divert runoff away from the Project Site and into the proposed sediment basin. There is four (4) sediment basins (one (1) is sediment basin cum detention pond) proposed for the entire sanitary landfill area in order to trap all surface runoff prior to entering Sg. Sembilang. It is anticipated that there will be no localized floodings upon construction of an efficient drainage system.

The provision of these sediment basins are in compliance with the requirements of the authorities (JPS, DOE, MDKS, etc.) The design of the sediment basin is according to Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA) Guidelines, 2nd Edition (2012), based on a design event of 3 months ARI and will be flocculated before discharge occurs (unless the design event is exceeded).

These sediment basins consist of a dam or embankment. In situations where embankments may not be feasible, a basin excavated below the earth’s surface may serve the same purpose. Temporary earth drains around each component and encompassing the Project Site will be constructed in order to divert surface runoff carrying sediments into and minimize the effects of soil erosion prior to discharging into tributary of Sg.Sembilang. The calculations of the proposed sediment basins are as shown in Appendix 21.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Table 8.2: Sediment Basin Dimension for the Proposed Landfill Development Sediment Width, W Length, L A B C D basin (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Type 1 31,200 61,200 57,200 2,000 400 750 Type 2 48,200 91,200 87,200 2,000 400 750 Type 3 46,200 121,200 117,200 2,000 400 750 56,400 141,400 137,400 2,000 400 750 Source: Jurutera IRCE Sdn. Bhd. (2016) Note: 1) Refer to Figure 8.13 for Sediment Basin Details and location of A, B, C and D. 2) During Construction of Phase 10 of the landfill, it is proposed to temporarily use the detention pond as a sediment basin. After the landfill is full and ready for closure, this detention pond shall be properly cleaned, trimmed and constructed to detail of detention pond.

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.14: Typical details of Proposed Sediment Basin

Source : Jurutera IRCE Sdn. Bhd. (2016)

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Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.10.2 Leachate Management Control

The water which runs through the waste becomes laden with bacteria and chemical with polluting substances, both mineral and organic. The polluting load varies considerably as it depends on the nature of the waste, the age of the residues, storage time in the hydraulic unit, operating mode, pluviometry, etc.

The surface runoff from the development area should be channelled into the temporary drainage system and subsequently to the stormwater detention pond before finally being discharged into the waterways, i.e., Sg. Sembilang. This will minimize the amount of silt getting into the nearby river. The detention pond needs to be desilted frequently.

Chapter 3 (Project Description) have identified the leachate treatment option at the existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill site where a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system, new equalization ponds and emengency pond will be added to the LTP facility. It is imperative that the existing LTP be upgraded and designed to treat the leachate to the modelled level stated in the DEIA Report and to the Second Schedule (Regulation 13) of Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Reg. 2009: Acceptable Conditions for discharge of Leachate before final discharge into the Sg. Sembilang. This is to eliminate any residual impact on the water quality of Sg. Sembilang.

During the construction, the bottom drainage network is in HDPE and its wells shall be inspected during installation and by photographing it at the end of the work. Inspection and periodic maintenance is required to ensure that it functions well. The drainage layer shall be installed under the membrane to drain any leachate which could have accidentally passed through the HDPE membrane. It is important that raw leachates and wastewater do not escape into the drain and river systems and the groundwater. The water quality of the streams should not deteriorate if the above-mentioned liner works well and no mitigation measures are necessary at the cell.

The leachate throughput will be regularly monitored to identify any possible deviation compared with the forecasts obtained from the water balance. A substantial and rapid reduction in this throughput would indicate a problem either of water-tightness or rupture, or an obstruction in the drainage network. The network of leachate collection pipes shall form a major aspect of the Engineering design of the site and has to be inspected regularly. Strict

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-45 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

environmental and engineering practices shall be followed during the installation of the leachate collection system.

During the operational stage, regular monitoring of the leachates and other wastewaters is important in order to reduce water pollution as it is listed within requirement under item 8, Second Schedule (Regulation 13) of Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulation 2009 and the DEIA approval conditions.

Currently, the appointed competent person for the handling of leachate treatment plant (LTP) is En. Mohd Saiful Afendi Bin Abdul Rani (Certified Environmental Professional in the Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment System – Biological Processes CePIETSO- BP/15074, Validity: 01/12/2015 - 01/12/2016). In addition, Project Operator WLSB has planned to send their staff En. Nor Haszma Mohd Hashim and En. Najmi Mohammad Salfullah to attend the coming EIMAS course of Certified Environmental Professional in the Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment System by year 2016.

A summary of measures to improve water quality especially during the operational phase of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill area is also provided in the Chapter 10: EMP that can be taken up by the landfill operator (WLSB). For monitoring purposed, sensitive parameters chosen to monitor the changes in the water quality include those specified in the monitoring programme in Chapter 10: Environmental Management Plan, section on Environmental Management System, Impact Monitoring (IM), Compliance Monitoring (CM) and Performance Monitoring (PM).

LTP final discharge Limits shall be derived from the Waste Load Allocation (WLA) based on DEIA’s Water Quality Modeling Exercise for Parameter BOD, TSS, NH3-N, Lead, Nickel and Mercury. For other paramters, final discharge of the LTP should be compared with the Second Schedule (Regulation 13) of Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Reg. 2009: Acceptable Conditions for discharge of Leachate. Monitoring wells and groundwater should also be monitoring regularly to abide by the National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2004 (Ministry of Health).

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-46 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.11 Air Quality, Odour and Noise Level

Construction Phase During site preparation and construction phase, dust and excessive noise may be generated from vehicle/machineries movements and site activities. Air pollution can also occur due to burning of biomass and waste during site clearing and operational phase. Apart from that, unpleasant odour might be emitted from the landfill site and during transportation of waste to the landfill.

Mitigation measures to mitigate dust dispersion problem include:  Spraying water on access roads to curb dust dispersion problem;  Wheel cleaning prior to exiting the Site;  Avoiding excessive vehicle movements;  Zero burning of any waste; and  Available treatment system (to use bacteria, enzyme or chemical neutralizer) to curb odour

Noise generation and vibration can occur during the site preparation activities, platform developments and construction activities. This could only be on transient impact with no specific mitigation to be implemented.

In order to ensure compliance to related DoE guidelines on air quality parameters and allowable noise level at Project boundary; environmental monitoring on these items is proposed to be done. The monitoring points and frequency of monitoring has been proposed in Chapter 10: EMP in this Detailed EIA Report.

The common source of air and noise pollution are to those related to heavy vehicular movements that are involved in the construction of the proposed Project. As such the recommendations to address these impacts are directed mainly towards on-site traffic management. These measures include observing the speed limits, regular maintenance of vehicles, machinery and the on-site road network to be in good servicing conditions. Ultimately this shall reduce the level of exhaust gases, agitated road surface dust as well as vehicular noise and vibration.

Another mitigation measure, which deals with both air and noise pollution is the establishment ofto retain the thick foliage along the perimeter of the Project Ssite that is not

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-47 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

subjected to development. It shall function as a screen for both air and noise pollutants, whereby the air pollutants and noise intrusion may be absorbed and attenuated by the dense vegetative strip respectively.

The measures practiced on-site shall deal with the issue of dust dispersion and non-traffic related noise intrusion. Measures effective in reducing the amount of dust dispersed into the atmosphere upon the passage of each heavy vehiclesvehicle are : . Constant wetting and cleaning of ingress-egress roads connecting the Project Site to external public roads; . Provision of wash troughs at the entry point into the Project Site (located at the eastern portion of the exisiting Jeram Landfill) in order for the wheels of heavy vehicles to be properly cleaned prior to allowing them to enter the main road; . All material which isare being transported by lorries for example, should be properly covered with canvass sheets and secured with ropes to prevent them from being spilled onto roads.

Apart from that, any bulk stockpile material, e.g., topsoil or excess earth from cutting activity, should be properly stockpiled, i.e.,  Compacted;  Covered with plastic sheets/tarpaulin at the end of daily operation; and/or  Turf, if the stockpile is only to be used during landfill operational phase.

As for the other main source of noise intrusion i.e. piling operations, confining the activity to a specified short duration during day-time is the most practical way to reduce the level of nuisance. Furthermore this will ensure the tranquility of night-time and thus reduce the significance of social annoyance on the nearby populace.

Operation Phase

Air Quality Based on the air pollution modelling result as discussed in Chapter 7, air pollutant during landfill operation stage, i.e., PM10 from vehicular movements are reasonably low and landfill gases, i.e., Methane and Non-methane Organic Compound (NMOC) levels are in moderate quantifies and shall not adversely affect the residents of the nearest settlement area, i.e., Tuan Mee Workers Quarter, which is located approximately 800m to the southeast of the

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-48 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Project Site. Currently, there are no ambient air guidelines for methane and non-methane organic compounds. These gases are not expected to have any significant impacts.

However, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) which is release in moderate amounts was assessed against the Arizona Ambient Air Quality Guidelines and found to be below the guideline limit. Since landfill gases in this landfill are collected for energy generation, the issue of landfill gases is not expected to be significant.

Even though the calculated HQ for benzene are well above 1 and unacceptable. In this case, the assumption that all NMOC will exist as benzene is an over-estimation. Meanwhile, this will most likely not happen as it was based on a worst case scenario. HIA Consultant and Air Quality Modeller has assumed that all of the NMOC was in the form of benzene to assume the worst possible health risk. Since the project proponent will incorporate landfill gas collection for energy recovery which is already being practised in the existing landfill operation, the emission of NMOC and hence benzene, will be negligible. In that case, the cancer risk from banzene will also be negligible.

However, proper air pollution management scheme should be implemented by the landfill operator, i.e.,  To pave the access road;  To wet the access road to curb dust dispersion problem;  To turf of at least cover the cover material stockpile;  To ensure proper collection and venting of landfill gas to prevent formation of localised gas pockets which might be susceptible to explosion risk; and  To implement thick landscape along the perimeter of the landfill. This will not only enhance the aesthetic value, but also act as natural air and noise buffer.

Odour

Odour nuisance based on emissions from the proposed landfill which is properly managed is predicted to be insignificant, i.e., below 1.0 ou at the Project Site boundary for 24-hr average model. This indicates that odour is not detectable all through 24-hours. However, in instances when the landfill is not properly managed and wastes are not covered just like an large open dump site, modelling of this scenario showed that the 1-hour average odour levels can reach more than 300 OU outside the boundary of the project site and 30 at approximately 5 km away. Hence, Odour Management Plan to keep odour as minimal as possible is proposed, i.e., :

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-49 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 Sorting activities at the MRF should be conducted within 12 hours of waste delivery;  To spread, compact and cover waste with cover material as soon as it left the Sorting Centre to prevent exposure of waste;  To practice daily cover of waste with cover material without fail;  To ensure adequate aeration at the Composting Wind Row to prevent waste from undergoing anaerobic condition;  Spillage of waste to be removed promptly;  Garbage trucks should be closed and equipped with leachate collection system to prevent spillage of leachate on haulage routes;  Garbage trucks leaving the landfill site to be cleansed thoroughly to prevent any spillage of leachate on the haulage route; and  Drainage as well as leachate collection system/piping to be inspected at least once a week to ensure there is no blockage, which might contribute to malodour;  To use bacteria and enzyme; or chemical neutralizer to eliminate odour o Odor control products utilize a proprietary blend of select chemical enzymes, as well as specialized bacteria that produce their own enzymes. This combination allows for both an immediate and longer-term solution to your difficult odor control problems. The enzymes immediately begin the chemical process of breaking down offending compounds into food sources for the bacteria which, in turn, continue converting such chemicals into non-odorous byproducts. o The chemical neutralizer work by either chemically-reacting with the odor causing chemicals, turning them into non-odorous insoluble salts, and/or ionically binding to them, allowing them to “wet-out” in the aqueous phase of the system and precipitate into the air.

Noise Level

Main source of noise pollution is expected from the ingress and egress of garbage truck plying on the entrance of the existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill that go through Jalan Bukit Kerayong. In order to minimise the noise emitted from vehicular movements, these mitigation measures are proposed, i.e.,  To periodically maintain/service the garbage truck to ensure it is at its optimal operating conditions at all times;  To impose speed limit of 35km/hr for garbage truck going through the village road; and

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-50 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 To pave any potholes on the road. Another main source of noise pollution is the operation of the landfill itself, i.e., noise emitted from dump trucks, bulldozers, etc. Noise Management Plan that can be implement during landfill operation phase include:  To confine daily operation hours from 7a.m. to 7p.m.;  To conduct regular maintenance on vehicles and machineries on-site;  To thickly landscape the perimeter of the landfill site, which can act as natural air and noise buffer.

8.12 Waste Management

Waste Management Plan during site clearing and site preparation stage are formulated in order to minimise the impact as much as possible. Waste generated during the construction phase are mainly biomass and assorted construction waste as mentioned in Section 7.14. In order to ensure that all impacts concerned during construction, operation and post closure of the landfill are being controlled, several measures have be taken into consideration especially during its operation.

During construction: All biomass waste and municipal waste generated will be transferred and reused appropriately as mentioned in Chapter 7.

During operation: Jeram Sanitary Landfill (JSL) operator will be committed in implementing waste recycling at site on which it can control. Waste recylling which will be conducted through manual separation and on site waste separation equipment. Manual separation and recycling will be conducted by appointed contractor to ensure that receyclabes materials such as plastics, metals, aluminium and other valuable recyclates materials are separated and collected at site. The recycling activites on site do not eliminate all waste, but rather reduces the amount of waste disposed. These recycling related activites are hope to have a positive impact in terms of extending the life of the landfill site. In sustaining the recycling activites, from time to time JSL operator will conduct training for capacity building and enhancing knowledge for on site workers including the ones involve with separation and recycling activites on site.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-51 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

As the landfill is some distance from certain area is proposed to serve, the waste from certain area such as from Shah Alam is likely to be collected and transported from Section 21 Shah Alam transfer station, where certain portion of waste transferred there has been diverted for recycling purpose. Therefore, waste transferred from Shah Alam Transfer Stattion sent to JSL would be mostly contain non recyclable materials. On the other hand, with these separation and recycling activites, most potential mosquitoes breeding grounds will be eliminated from site..

As for potential impacts from mosquitoes, flies, and other animals, few measures shall be implemented to reduce their intrusion and impact to the landfill site. From on site studies conducted for mosquitoes and flies population (refer to Chapter 7, section 7.17.2.3), it was found that population density for both were not significant. It was found that flies were identifed only at certain spots only during operation (have not been covered for the day). Besides eliminating their feeding and breeding grounds, frequent pushing, compacting and covering of the waste on landfill site will hinder their development. At any event, if Jeram Sanitary Landfill operator found that, a population outbreak of mosquiotes or flies that have a possibility to cause threat, insecticide, insecticiede-free trap, pheromone traps, plain sticky traps, pesticides, biological controls such as mosquito fish, invertebrate predators, and control of mosquito larvae are among measure that will take place. Daily soil cover is also a recognised measue worldwide in order to control their breeding on site.

The use of soil cover, sand and inert materials as cover material as of current landfill practice will continue to be used. On top of that, in situation where soils on the proposed site is not available for use during landfill’s operational phase suitable alternative cover material will be used. Alternative to this natural cover material resources is the usage of geo-fabric sheeting in order to cover the waste body. This method is currently being used at existing landfill facilities by JSL operator. The current practice involves the rolling out of a geo-fabric sheet over the workface of the landfill on a daily basis (i.e. at the end of the working day). The geo-fabric sheet covers the waste body overnight and is removed the next morning. This is a relatively new method of landfill cover and is more efficient than the usage of natural sources of cover.

From review by other worldwide landfill practices, another recognised alternative to natural cover material used in landfill operations is chemical foam. This method of landfill cover involves the spraying of chemical foam over the workface on a daily basis. A range of foam products are available that are biodegradable, non-toxic and assist with odour control. This

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-52 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

method is currently being used at landfill facilities in the United States. Compared to the geo- fabric sheeting alternative mentioned above, chemical foam is more expensive than the use of natural cover materials. Nevertheless, the viability of this alternative would require further investigation for this proposed landfill if chemical foam is needed as ultimate alternative in the future.

Based on the planning of this proposed landfill operation, the working face of the landfill site will be kept as small as possible. This will support in controlling other potential impact, whereby it will control the covering purposes and soil or other materials used, containment of windblown litter and control of vectors. All the covered surfaces on the landfill will be monitored by operator to ensure runoff and to prevent ponding. Revegetation will commence as soon as practically possible after the final closure layer has been placed for filled up celss of the landfill.

As for long term planning, in order to reduce the impact of micro-topographic from overall changes to the landscape resulting from landfill process, a number of mitigation measures can be considered to ensure that the impact is minimised where possible:  Cap and shape of all waste cells on completion of filling.  Capped and shaped areas must be slightly convex so as to encourage runoff and minimise infiltration.  Even out mounts and hollows during the contouring and shaping process to avoid the creation of low points in which the ponding of water can occur.  Capped waste cells are to be rehabilitated with indigenous or suitable vegetation.

8.12.1 Flies Population

Generally, flies are known to be as important vectors of human disease (Crosskey & Lane, 1993). This is due to the tendency of the adults of many fly species to feed on human food, as well as rubbish and excrement that gives them the potential for the mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms (Crosskey & Lane, 1993). If the waste is managed inappropriately it can act as a breeding medium. The displeasure and public health risks associated with large populations of flies are thus considerable. Waste with a large organic component expected to be suitable as a breeding ground site for many fly species. Therefore for this proposed expansion of the landfill site, a site investigation was conducted

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-53 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

to determine the population and distribution of flies as well as to examine management options that would minimize fly problems associated with landfill operation.

Based on the result from flies population conducted on 18 April and 25 May 2016 which was further explained under Section 7.17.2.3., it is important that for either prevention or control, it is important to locate and manage the breeding sites appropriately. As of current practice, it has been adequately shown that proper daily cover and materials used are able to control fly and other vectors considerably. Neverthelss, this can be further enhanced and improved to ensure that the population is sustainably controlled. Restriction of larval breeding sites is thought to be the most effective way to control flies populations. Therefore covering waste with soil or HDPE and integration of several approaches such as mixing of waste with inert ash, covering of waste with 15 cm soil at weekly intervals, and spraying of insecticide when flies exceeded threshold levels could effectively suppress fly numbers at a landfill site.

This can be further referred to as in Table 8.3 for mitigation measures when at any occurance, flies population outbreak happen during landfill operation.

Table 8.3 Descriptions of filth-breeding flies Pest Description Breeding Habit Life Control cycle Non chemcial Chemical

House Fly About 1/4" in length; Warm organic material 6 to 10 Sanitation and Larvicides; dull gray; thorax such as animal and days destruction of residual marked longitudinally poultry manure, breeding sites; and space with 4 dark stripes; garbage, decaying tight fitting sprays; abdomen pale and vegetables and fruits garbage baits. fourth wing vein is and in piles of moist containers and angled. leaves and lawn screens on clippings. windows and doors. Green Bottle About 1/2" in length Dead animal carcasses, 9 to 21 Sanitation and Larvicides; Fly with shiny metallic decomposing meat and days destruction of residual blue-green abdomen fish, garbage, and breeding sites; and space and thorax. sometimes animal tight fitting sprays. excrement. garbage containers and screens on windows and doors.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-54 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Bronze About 1/2" in length Dead animal carcasses, 9 to 10 Sanitation and Larvicides; Bottle Fly with a shiny bronze decomposing meat and days destruction of residual abdomen and thorax. fish, garbage and breeding sites; and space sometimes animal tight fitting sprays. excrement. garbage containers. Blue Bottle About 1/2" in length Dead animal carcasses, 15 to 20 Sanitation and Larvicides; Fly with a dull thorax and decomposing meat and days destruction of residual shiny blue abdomen. fish, garbage, over-ripe breeding sites; and space fruit, decaying vegetable tight fitting sprays. matter and sores on garbage living humans. containers and screens on windows and doors. Moth Flies or 1/16" to 1/8" in length; Decomposing organic 7 to 20 Sanitation and Larvicides; Filter Flies light gray to tan. material such as moist days destruction of residual plant litter, garbage, breeding sites, and space sewage, around kitchen tight fitting sprays. or bathroom sinks and garbage water traps in plumbing containers and fixtures. moisture control. Eye Gnats About 1/16" in length, Loose soil containing 7 to 28 Sanitation and Repellents; shiny black to dull gray considerable organic days destruction of residual with yellow or orange material, decaying breeding sites. and space markings on the legs vegetation and animal sprays. and have small excrement. mouthparts and bare aristae on antennae. Humpbacked About 1/8" in length Decaying vegetation, 10 to 25 Sanitation, Residual Flies with a small head and animal debris, garbage days destruction of and space large thorax causing and in ant and termite breeding sites sprays. the fly to have a hump- nests. and moisture backed appearance. control. Blind 3/16" to 1/2" in length Lakes, ponds, rivers, 8 to 21 Moisture Control No suitable Mosquitoes with a slender body, streams, reservoirs, and days control. large thorax, small tanks. head, and slender, 5- to 14-segmented antennae. Black Blow About 1/3" in length Dead animal carcasses, 8 to 10 Sanitation and Larvicides; Flies with a shiny metallic garbage, and wounds in days destruction of residual dark blue abdomen living animals. breeding sites; and space and thorax. tight fitting sprays. garbage containers. Flesh Flies 3/8" to 9/16" in length, Decayed flesh and 8 to 21 Sanitation and Residual dull grayish-black with spoiling meat, manure, days destruction of and space three dark stripes on wounds in living breeding sites. sprays. the thorax. animals, and sometimes garbage.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-55 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Vinegar Flies About 1/8" in length, Fermenting or rotting Sanitation and Residual brownish-black to fruit and vegetable destruction of and space brownish-yellow and material and in garbage breeding sites; sprays. have a feathery bristle cans. tight fitting on the antennae. garbage containers. Dump Flies About 1/4" long, black Garbage and fowl Sanitation and Larvicides; with a shiny thorax and excrement. The larvae destruction of residual abdomen. are predaceous on breeding sites. and space larvae of other flies. sprays. Secondary About 1/4" long, green, Dead tissue surrounding 9 to 39 Sanitation and Residual Screwworm shiny abdomen and wounds in animals, days destruction of and space Flies thorax with thorax fresh cut meats, and breeding sites. sprays. marked lengthwise garbage. with 3 dark stripes. (Source : Koehler, Philip, G and Diclaro, Josep, W (2013). Nuisance Nonbiting Flies Such as Filth- Breeding Flies. Publication #ENY-222.

8.12.2 Scheduled Waste Management

As for oil and grease contamination, it needs to be addressed as it is common that spillage and leakage may result in adverse effects on downstream. Proper on-site management is important to curtail the possibility of oil and grease material from entering the waterway. The generated scheduled wastes materials from the maintenance works shall have to be stored and handled as per the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 either during the construction stage or during the operational stage.

Proper storage of oil and grease as per the ‘Guidelines of Storage of Scheduled Waste’ with provisions of elevated bunded skid tanks on-site to prevent unwanted spillage. Spillage of oil and grease into the receiving waterways should be prevented by;-

i) Provision of proper scheduled wastes storage area which is located away from waterways, drainage system, self-contained, well bunded and lined with impermeable material. At present, there is a scheduled wastes storage area (refer to Plate 8.3) erected at the existing operational landfill which have enough storage capacity and could cater for the scheduled waste, e.g. SW305 which will be generated from the new proposed landfill operation as what currently practiced at the existing landfill. ii) Maintenance works for machinery/vehicle engine or body parts should be placed away from receiving waterways (i.e., drains and river). All excess or waste fuel oil

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-56 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

and lubricant must be collected, sorted in leak proof drums and to be recycled or disposed off by the approved DOE licensed Scheduled Waste Contractors.

Plate 8.3: Scheduled Waste Storage Area for SW305 at the Existing Jeram Landfill

The proposed scheduled waste management plan is shown in Figure 8.15 in accordance to Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 and to be handled by a competent person. The appointed competent person for the handling of scheduled wastes is En. Hashim Wahab (CePSWaM/15386, validity: 11/8/2015 - 15/8/2016).  Scheduled waste must be stored and disposed off accordingly by licensed scheduled waste contractor. List of approved licensed contractor can be obtained from the DOE website. Presently, A&C Technology Waste Oil Sdn Bhd is the appointed contractor for the disposal of scheduled waste from the existing Jeram landfill. The amount of scheduled wastes generated should be declared in the scheduled waste inventory under Fifth Schedule (Regulation 11) and the quantity of scheduled wastes accumulated on site shall not exceed 20 metric tons or 180 days or else the scheduled waste should be disposed off to A&C Technology Waste Oil Sdn Bhd.  The waste notification register, inventory list, consignment note and information regarding scheduled waste should make reference to ESWIS Quick Guide and Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Waste.  All drums and other storage containers for scheduled waste (refer to Figure 8.16 and Table 8.4) must be properly and prominently labeled in accordance to the First

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-57 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Schedule (Regulation 2) and Third Schedule (Regulation 10) of the Environment Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005.

Figure 8.15: Scheduled Waste Management Plan

SCHEDULED WASTE - First Schedule, Environmental Competent Quality (Scheduled Wastes) person (i.e., En. Regulations 2005 Hashim Wahab)

Reused for Collected maintenance purposes

Placed in drums and labeled at designated site (according to Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling And

Storage Of Scheduled Wastes)

Notification of Scheduled Waste to DoE - Second Schedule Form

Record

Report to DoE - Inventory of Scheduled Waste (Fifth Schedule)

Disposed (not exceeding 20 metric tons or max 180 days storage)

Disposed off-site by the contractors (i.e., DoE Licensed Contractors) and Note: send for off-site treatment/recycling Drums placed at a - Consignment Note (Sixth Schedule) designated area with 110% containment structure. Designated site well covered, placed away Report to DoE from stormwater drains - e-Consignment Note using eSWIS system and waterways.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-58 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.16: Sample of Scheduled Waste Labelling Format

Table 8.4: Selection of Packaging Material of Scheduled Waste No. Waste Type Container Example 1 Liquid Organic Metal Drum with Waste/Flammable liquid bunghole

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-59 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

8.13 Biological Resources

Mitigation Measures for Flora

A natural bioshield or green screen can be carved out from the Project Site boundary to surround the project site, including road shoulders. This will act as natural sound, noise and dust barriers. Bioshields should consist of at least three rows of trees, and a ground layer of shrubs and herbaceous plants.

Two groups of trees are proposed to be planted at the vegetative buffer. Group 1 consists of tall tree trunk with dense branches and leaves which is effective to trap dust particle and act as noise barrier and windbreak. Recommended suitable trees for group 1 is Pines (Blue Pines) and Cemetery/Ashoka tree. These trees can grow over 30ft in heights and it is common planted in the park, highway, wayside, factory boundary, cement plant, etc.

Group 2 consists of fragrant trees and shrubs which are generate fragrant flowers with sweetest of perfumes. Good fragrant from the trees will refresh and minimize odour level of sanitary landfill of the Project Site to the surroundings. Common fragrant trees available for landscaping the vegetative buffer are Tembusu (Fagraea fragrans), Chempaka tree (Michelia champaka), frangipanni or Plumeria, Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) and etc. In addition, these flower plants/trees grow fast, easy to maintain, and with its strong aromas and bright colours will be the most effective way at attracting insects such as bees, butterflies and small animals that pollinate them.

Ashoka Tree Tembusu

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-60 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Mitigation Measures for Fauna (Pest)

During the operation phase, a different ecological problem may arise. This is the potential proliferation of pest because of the wastes at the garbage cell. These include the rats foraging for food and vectors, such as mosquitoes and houseflies. Thesefore pest control is very crucial in the Project Site.

 Soil Cover or Liner Cover The most effective mitigation is still to have thick soil cover or temporary plastic sheet or liner cover over the garbage to reduce the proliferation of vectors and vermins.

 Housekeeping Good housekeeping practices should be carried out regularly at the landfill site to reduce pests problems.

 Rat Control Various rat control measures are rodenticides or poisons that could be utilised for outdoor purpose. In addition, baits and trap have been used by various local authorities in Malaysia with some success and can be used at the landfill site.

 Bird Control Large flocks of birds can ben a problem in the sanitary landfill. It look for food and become a nuisance by picking up not only food but other materials such as plastic, twigs, etc, causing littering and in some cases it is carries of diseases. Most effecienct mitigation measures to control birds is daily cover by liner or plastic sheet and compaction of wastes in the sanitary landfill could prevent access of the birds to food sources.

 Insect Pest Control The normal insect pests in the landfill are ants, houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, etc. The efficient insect control measures involve chemical control such as using insectide. Only insectide that are harmless to human beings, animals and are environmental friendly should be used.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-61 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Mitigation Measures for Marine Resource

Mitigation measures proposed for marine resources are to mitigate the soil erosion, water quality and leachate genenerated from the Project Site during construction and operation stage.

 Soil Erosion Adequate control measures should be employed to keep eroded sediments contained on- site. It is crucial that soil erosion control measures are fully implemented and their efficiency maintained. Control measures include minimization of exposed soil, the time it is exposed, terracing of exposed slopes, construction of anti-erosion berms (a level space, shelf, or raised barrier separating two areas) and grass seeding/ lining of cut slopes during the early stages of construction.

 Water Quality Provide detention ponds or sediment basins as well as employ appropriate traps and other infrastructure to prevent sediments and other debris from being washed into the adjacent river.

 Leachate The problem arising from the leachate should be mitigated by equipping the landfill with leachate collection pipe, collection pond and leachate treatment plant facility (LTP). In addition, the LTP should consist of a biological treatment plant, chemical treatment plant and a final polishing system. The biological treatment plant can act as additional layer of protection in the event of treatment system failure. Quality work procedures/ quality inspection checks should also be implemented to ensure the leachate lining (High-Density Polyethylene; HDPE or Geosynthetic Clay Liner; GCL), collection systems and also groundwater management system is installed with integrity. Continual monitoring of groundwater must be implemented also to ensure no leakage of the liners. Provision should be made to route any contaminated groundwater to the LTP.

As mentioned in the water modeling report, compliance to the Second Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009 at 0.013 m3/s discharge would NOT be sufficient to preserve the ambient water quality of Sg. Sembilang. This is due to the small waste assimilative capacity (WAC) of the river relative to the pollution load. To preserve the water quality, the limits in the effluent

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-62 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

need to be lower. In this respect, from the modeling exercise, at 0.013 m3/s discharge, the proposed level of BOD, TSS, NH3N, and Hg should be 6 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L and 0.001 mg/L respectively, while Pb and Ni at 0.007 mg/L each and shall be adopted as the compliance limit for the expansion site.

8.14 Socio-economic Environment

Proposed measures are primarily aimed at reducing disturbances or disruption of social facilities, and other direct and indirect social implications of projects on the social texture and public acceptance on proposed project. Any public fear and concern raised would be addressed in a proper management scheme to the Project Initiator, Developer and Operator of the sanitary landfill, i.e., Selangor State Government, WHB and WLSB. Mitigation measures to prevent adverse social impacts are only possible through mediation and dialogue with the people, who could be potentially affected by the proposed expansion project.

Hence, with reference to the expected impacts of project implementation as listed in Table 8.5, mitigation measures are proposed to minimise the expected negative impacts on the recipient communities.

Details of the impacts and implementation of mitigation measures at the planning and construction stage of development is shown in Table 8.5. The SEIA study has identified numbers of impacts and the related mitigation measures to be carried out at the project construction stage.

Table 8.5: Proposed Mitigating Measures to Allay Expected Negative Impact; during Planning and Construction Stage. EXPECTED LEVEL OF PROPOSED MITIGATING MEASURES NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Social acceptance High  To hold / conduct public survey to gauge communities of local views and their concerns with regard to the proposed communities, project. following the  To hold stakeholder engagement sessions to inform and views on the brief stakeholders about the proposed project and get their proposed feedback, if any. expansion project.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-63 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF PROPOSED MITIGATING MEASURES NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Land acquisition High  Compensation scheme – acquisition details should handle (permanent loss to properly and prepared as per agreed by both parties - the land owner). project proponent and land owner. And as much as possible, compensation needs to be done before project begins.

 Social acceptance High  Given that the uninterrupted construction work is crucial for of local a development project, a kiosk for the registration of the communities, complaints must be established by the project proponent – following the guide post at site entrance for the public to complain or views on the express an opinion on the implementation of development implementation (expansion) project. All complaints and comments of the proposed received must be documented / recorded and as many as expansion possible settled, to avoid any social conflict that may occur project. between the public and the project proponent / operator in future.  Project proponent to hold regular stakeholder engagement sessions with estate managers, village leaders, representatives from established housing schemes, who are settled within the zone of impact, to inform about the project progress and get their feedback, if any.  Traffic congestion High  Project proponent / contractor must manage their due to increase of construction activities to avoid any conflict of construction traffic volume. traffic with respect to the movement of public / local community. For an example: . Transport of construction materials must be controlled to avoid traveling during peak hours (7:30 am – 8:30am and 4:30 pm – 5:30 pm). . Establish a maximum number of transport trips in a day, if necessary.  Damage to High  Project proponent / contractor must manage the existing roads due construction vehicle and traffic. For an example: to movement of . To ensure the transport vehicles of construction heavy vehicles materials are not overloaded. leading to and . Immediately repair parts of the road surfaces damaged from the project by their heavy vehicles – to avoid them from becoming site. worst, especially during raining season.  Threat to the Medium  Project proponent / contractor must manage foreign safety and workers to prevent social conflicts that may occur with local security of the communities. Among the proposed measures are: local community . Housed them within the workers’ housing provided in with the influx of nearby areas. These housing areas should be provided migrant foreign with adequate amenities and utilities (electric and water workers (if supply) to prevent any sharing of such similar facilities employed). with the locals.  Effect to health/ . Activities of foreign workers should be supervised, hygiene coming monitored and controlled, with movement allowed only from foreign within in the construction site and workers’ housing workers. area.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-64 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF PROPOSED MITIGATING MEASURES NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Threat to the High  Project proponent / contractor must manage construction safety and activities to avoid any complications with public / local security of the communities, such as: local community . Impose speed limit to heavy (construction) vehicles – with the increasing lorry to minimise the risk of accident occurrences e.g. movement of 35 km – 50 km per hour. heavy . Strictly follow the schedule of transportation of raw (construction) construction materials to avoid peak hours of daytime vehicles. vehicular traffic and fix the maximum trips per day, if necessary.  Noise High  Project proponent / contractor must manage construction disturbance from activities in order to avoid the occurrence of noise the construction pollution. Among the proposed measures are: work and heavy . Confining the time of construction during daylight hours vehicles such as only and avoid construction work, which raises the issue excavators, of noise (if any), before and after daily working hours tractors and (before 8 am and after 6 pm). trucks will be . Undertake proper maintenance of equipment (including generated more vehicles - pickup truck) and the use of mufflers, and than usual during provide silencers / mufflers for heavy equipment. the construction . Reduce the use of equipment / machinery or heavy period. equipment that emits uncontrolled noise level.  Impact on health . Switching off unnecessary or idle equipment. of the local . To ensure the overall noise level should not exceed the community. recommended guidelines by DoE.

 Vibration Medium  Project proponent / contractor must schedule operation of emissions, due to heavy machineries and equipment to minimize movement of simultaneous operation of these units. heavy vehicles and construction works on site.  Air pollution – High  Project proponent / contractor must manage construction (dusts emissions) activities to avoid the occurrence of air pollution. Among  Impact on health others are: and hygiene to the . Ensure that there is regular sweeping, cleaning and local community. wetting of access roads (at least twice a day) to ensure  Dust emissions that all fallen debris from construction vehicles are from movements removed, especially at the entrance of Project site. of heavy . Dust within and from the construction location will be equipment such an irritant to both workers and residents. Ensure that as excavators, workers wear personal protective gear such as dust tractors and trucks masks or respirators to reduce their exposure to will be generated pollutants. more than usual . Covering the transported raw construction materials during the with canvas sheet to minimize the impact of dust construction dispersion from the transportation activities. period. . Wet areas of dust sources to minimise discomfort to nearby communities - sensitive receptors.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-65 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF PROPOSED MITIGATING MEASURES NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT . Provision of wash trough at the entrance of the Project site – to ensure the vehicles that leave the project area should be cleaned properly – to remove soil, and mud from tires of trucks. . Provision of landscaped buffer strip / hoarding / fences to prevent further dispersion of dust from Project site into surrounding area, especially workers quarters of Tuan Mee Estate. . No open burning of rubbish should be carried out, except with the approval of the DoE. . Limit land clearing as much as possible or by phase. . Control of vehicle speed to lessen suspension of road dust.  Wastewater will be generated  Stormwater Control Measures - high sediment loading may from construction cause gullies and drains to become filled with sediments activities such as and trash which reduce their effectiveness and eventually mixing cement result in flooding. and washing  Impose proper arrangements for sanitary conveniences for down of work the workers, in order that sewage disposal may not areas. become a serious sanitation problem, reducing odours,  There will also generation of pests and other potential health problems. be wastewater  Where waste consists of stockpiles of earth or rubble, generated from berms (level shelf, space or raised barrier) should be in soil and place to prevent the washing away of the material during aggregate rainfall. stockpiles during  Arrangements must be made for temporary sanitary rainfall. conveniences for workers so that sewage disposal is not a  Sewage will be problem. generated by

workers at the construction site.  Threat to the High  In accordance with the requirements of the Occupational safety and Safety and Health Act OSHA 1994, the wearing of safety security of the site helmets and the use of personal protective equipment are workers – strongly recommended. occupational  Project proponent / contractor must manage construction safety. activities to avoid / prevent occupational accidents. Among others are: . Proper housekeeping on-site to be strictly enforced. . Proper handling of machineries and equipment such as mobile cranes; by competent person. . To ensure the site workers are not exposed to sound levels that are more than 90 dBA for the period of 8 hours or more by using hearing protection devices. . Proper firefighting and prevention facilities should be installed in case of fire hazard occurrence. . Adequate first aid facilities should be made available on site or at existing WLSB management office.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-66 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF PROPOSED MITIGATING MEASURES NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Unaesthetic Medium appearances of Project site, if not well kept.  Solid Waste comprised soil and vegetation from excavation; packaging e.g.cement bags;  The project proponent / contractor should implement good wood and steel housekeeping on-site practice. scraps; food waste e.g. plastic  To develop and relocate the activities – recycling premise bottles, at the border of proposed expansion site, which zoned for Styrofoam industry use in Kuala Selangor District Council Local Plan containers, plastic bags, 2025. food scraps.  Hoarding / fences should be built along the perimeter  Improperly of the Project site to keep dust within the confines of managed solid the site. waste can lead to the harbouring  Arrangements must be made to minimise the quantity of pests, rodents of waste generated in the first place. and vermin. It will  Where possible formwork should be reused to get the affect the aesthetics of the maximum usage out of the wood before disposal is premises; affect required. There should be designated containers for nearby oil palm the disposal of solid waste. productivity; and increase sedimentation which may cause blockage of drains during rainfall events.  Nails, scrap steel etc. may cause a safety hazard if not secured.

Table 8.6 summarises the proposed mitigating measures to allay negative impacts to the community upon operation of the sanitary landfill (expansion site).

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-67 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Table 8.6: Proposed Mitigating Measures to Allay Expected Negative Impact; during Operational Stage. EXPECTED LEVEL OF MITIGATING MEASURES PROPOSED NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Social acceptance High  For a smooth operation of the sanitary landfill, social of local acceptability is very important. Follow-up social surveys communities, can be conducted annually (or after 2 years at 2 years following the interval). These are to gauge the surrounding views on the communities’ opinions and complaints on the operation of operation of the sanitary landfill, if any. The proposed complaints register sanitary landfill. form is to be provided by the operator at their office, and all complaints are to be documented and followed up by designated staff, as much / as soon as possible.  Noise pollution Medium  Project proponent / operator must manage operation of due to the landfill site in order to avoid the occurrence of noise movements of pollution. Among the proposed measures are: vehicles (on site . Implement an effective landscaping programme and and access road). planting of trees or installation of perimeter fencing of the landfill site. . Heavy machineries and equipment; such as bulldozer, excavator, compactor, and etc. should be maintained regularly - to reduce noise emission level due to low or lack of maintenance.  Site workers should be provided with sufficient ear protection equipment.  Risks of river High  Project proponent / operator must manage operation of pollution (caused landfill site and leachate treatment plant (LTP) in order to by leachate). avoid the occurrence of river pollution. Among the proposed measures are: . To use High-Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) and a layer of geosynthetic clay liner at the bottom of HDPE liner - to prevent the escape of contaminants from landfilled waste into underlying soils. . Provision of daily and final cover will minimise the amount of water able to infiltrate into the landfill – to minimise leachate generation. . Upgrade the existing LTP; e.g. leachate storage tank (if needed to support the expansion site). . To carry out continuous / regular monitoring of leachate production, storage and treatment (treated effluent quality) by competent officers, and to include alarm systems to alert personal of abnormality in the LTP operations. . LTP should be operated and maintained according to design specification and operational requirements to ensure that the effluent meets the Acceptable Discharge Limit under Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station to Landfill) Regulations 2009.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-68 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF MITIGATING MEASURES PROPOSED NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Odour emissions, High  Project proponent / operator must manage landfill site in due to uncovered order to avoid the occurrence of odour emissions. Among wastes, leakages / the proposed measures are: spillages of . Spraying natural / microbial disinfectants – effective leachate on the microorganism (EM) products at least twice a day. roads from the . To ensure daily cover soil is provided for each layer of compactor trucks, fresh wastes being landfilled. and leachate . To ensure proper operation of garbage trucks, landfill treatment plant at gas collection and venting, and leachate treatment site. plant. . Regular monitoring of gas containing unpleasant odours.  Garbage truck contractor must ensure that: . Every garbage truck is equipped with proper leachate collection tank (where possible) to prevent spillage of leachate on roads, especially at road junctions. Leachate collection tank to be emptied and cleaned before leaving from landfill site. . Have a designated crossing defined (road signage) on the main road so that motorists are aware that they may need to be cautious to facilitate the movement of waste trucks across the road.  Oil/Fuel Spills  The fuel tank will be surrounded by a bund wall to contain  Oil spills can up to 1.5 times the contents of the fuel tank in case of a occur within the spill. landfill and  Oil/fuel can enter the drainage system and either buildings within contaminates the sewage treatment facility or if its compound released to the environment, can contaminate land and water bodies.  Increase in traffic Medium  Schedule garbage truck movements during non-peak volume and hours of daytime vehicular traffic (morning peak; 7:30 am – worsening of 8:30 am, evening peak; 4:30 pm – 5:30 pm). traffic flow.  MDKS should consider to build Jalan Kg. Sg. Sembilang – Jeram (proposed in Kuala Selangor District Council Local Plan 2025) as alternative route for garbage truck – to avoid trucks from travelling through human settlements, such as Kg. Simpang Tiga Jeram and Taman Permai specifically. This measure can be seen as an initiative of to appease public concerns.  Traffic management scheme to be planned and carried out. For example:  The provision of speed humps to avoid vehicle speeding, and the provision of clear and appropriate signage through the road network.  Designate times when traffic flow is low to move waste across the road if possible, to reduce the possibilities of accidents.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-69 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF MITIGATING MEASURES PROPOSED NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT  Littering of roads High  Garbage truck contractor must ensure enclosure of the leading to landfill solid wastes either in a haulage container or covered by site. sheet of netting (in the case of open bulk-loaded containers, if any). Landfill site operator should issue warning notices to garbage truck contractor / driver, if they fail to implement these measures accordingly.  If waste is likely to be moved when it is dark, the trucks should have fluorescent markings for easy identification at night. They should also be marked with the internationally recognized symbol for hazardous/infectious waste (if any).  Use an enclosed leak and puncture proof containers (where necessary) on trucks to transport waste across the road. Containers on trucks must be regularly inspected to ensure there are no defects which can cause leakage of the contents or spills.  The Emergency Response Plan will address potential spills and workers will be trained on the actions that are to be taken if such an event were to occur.  Unaesthetic Medium  Project proponent / operator must implement tree appearances of planting along the perimeter of the existing and landfill site, as well expanded landfill site – vegetation to serve as buffer. as recycle vendor,  Recycle vendor must ensure that recycling activities if not well kept and are carried out in a closed surrounding – provision of control properly. fences and well kept.  Decrease of land High  Project proponent / operator must be responsible for post values – closure management of the existing landfill site, which surrounding involves routine inspection (aftercare is compulsory) and landfill site. post closure land use master plan. Turning the existing landfill site (after closure) into a green area or other passive public facilities; such as regional recreational park, is considered the best option and generally viewed as assets by a community. This is seen to further support the future urban uses development for the area – residential, commercial, institutional, and etc. Nevertheless, the master plan must include taking the transformed expansion site into their consideration for future planning.  Series of awareness program can be conducted by the project proponent / operator for surrounding communities and details of post closure land use master plan need to be displayed for viewing / information for stakeholders.  Air pollution (dust Medium  Project proponent / operator must manage landfill site in emissions), due to order to avoid the occurrence of dust emissions. Among landfill operation, the proposed measures are: on site vehicle . Remove soil or mud from tires of garbage truck before movements and leaving the landfill site. travelling of . Control of garbage truck speed to lessen suspension of garbage trucks. road dust. . Ensure that there is no burning of wastes on landfill site.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-70 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

EXPECTED LEVEL OF MITIGATING MEASURES PROPOSED NEGATIVE IMPACT IMPACT . Construction of well-formed and well-maintained site roads throughout the landfill site.  Water pooling and High  Project proponent / operator must manage landfill site by stagnant water ensuring that: bodies at landfill . Compaction of waste and application of daily cover as site – encouraged part of daily operation – to ensure the food and shelters mosquitoes for mosquitoes, rodents and flies are destroyed and breeding. diminished.  Threat to public . Regular fogging at landfill site and surrounding, health and safety, especially during the drought season, to avoid breeding including the of Aedes mosquitoes, which may affect the local vector-borne and community’s health. zoonotic diseases.  Project proponent should consider implementing public health measures - including prevention; education and follow-up program; as well as setting up of disease vector control program to eliminate disease vectors – as one of the initiatives for project proponent / operator to implement their corporate social responsibility (CSR).

8.14.1 Cost Implications associated with Mitigation Measures i) Construction The mitigation measures for the construction phase should be included as line items in the Bills of Quantities in the tender document, so that the bidders are sure to cost these items; and therefore can be held accountable for them during construction. It is however not possible to estimate these costs as they will vary depending on the contractor/operator, the number of construction workers, and condition of heavy equipment, and new technology adopted. ii) Operation In many instances it is not possible to define the cost of the mitigation measures as further information on the quantity of each of the waste stream is required. Improved and efficient waste data collections are necessary for better operation and management. However, the activities and equipment that will have associated costs may as examples include:  leak and puncture proof container on trucks to transport waste across roads simultaneously used by impacted stakeholders;  bund wall surrounding the fuel tank to contain up to 1.5 times the contents of the fuel tank in case of a spill within compound of sanitary landfill;

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-71 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

 oil water separator to capture spills or oil contaminated wastewater from the waste treatment area/room; and  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for persons handling the potentially hazardous waste and waste by-products.

Recommendations to Improve Waste Management Based on the information gathered in a waste audit conducted, there may also be a number of opportunities for improvement and cost savings.

Waste generation data The absence of data to accurately estimate the amount of waste and garbage generated and collected, together with the problem of insufficient segregation of waste, made it impossible to provide estimates on the specific categories of waste within the infectious / hazardous and garbage waste streams.

Systems to segregate and weigh the waste destined for sanitary landfill must be instituted as it is necessary to know the quantity of kitchen waste, yard waste, office waste and even harmful / hazardous waste (if any) generated for examples. With this information, targets for improvements can be established and the effectiveness of actions taken can be measured.

Among these are control / enforcement of: • Waste generation data • Improvements to Waste Management Practices (residential, commercial and industrial (except for clinical waste) • Source Reduction; • Segregation • Waste Storage • Bin Rooms • Waste Management Responsibility and Monitoring.

8.15 Health Impact Mitigation Measures

One potential health impact from operation of this proposed sanitary landfill project is that from exposure to high PM10 concentrations during the project construction and operational phases when there is no control measure in place. Therefore, a proper control measure has to be mandatory.

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-72 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

To minimize the possibility of pest breeding and the spread of pest-related diseases, the following measures are recommended : i. Steps should be taken to minimize solid waste spillage during collection, transportation and disposal at the landfill site. ii. All solid waste must be adequately covered with soil cover material at the end of each day's operation. iii. Fogging of the perimeter of the sanitary landfill grounds whenever necessary to destroy adult mosquitoes. iv. No human scavengers should be allowed within the sanitary landfill site.

8.16 Traffic Mitigation Measures

Based on the understanding of the existing traffic in vicinity of the proposed development, the following traffic recommendation has been proposed to mitigate the impact of the Jeram Landfill Expansion on surrounding road and junctions:

i. Proposed traffic route to Landfill area as follows:- a. Proposed traffic route from Shah Alam Transfer Station to landfill area as being shown in Figure 8.17; b. Proposed traffic road from all 4 town centres as being shown in Figure 8.18; c. Road avoiding at a part of Jalan Meru in between Klang Sentral heading to Kampung Bukit Kapar and Kampung Bukit Kerayong due to congestion and narrow space condition at some the road section. ii. Follow the guidelines prepared by the authority especially the Guidelines for Solid Waste Collection and Transport; iii. Proposed to prepare a proper traffic management and road signage and also road markings installed along the Jalan Bukit Kerayong (B1) to direct the traffic to the destination based on JKR guidelines-JKR Manual on Road Signage and Marking; and iv. The allotted of the parking lots within the landfill expansion need to follow the local authority guideline;

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-73 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.17: Proposed Traffic Route from Shah Alam Transfer Station to Proposed Site

Figure 8.17

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-74 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Figure 8.18: Proposed Traffic Route from Shah Alam Transfer Station to Proposed Site

Figure 8.18

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-75 Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

8.17 Project Closure and Rehabilitation

The post closure stage is important in terms of landscape and visual impacts as this period can transform the site to a green area. However, the negative visual impacts will remain until the completion of the rehabilitation works. The change of the topography from relatively flat area to a small hill will be evident. The entire landfill area will be revegetated as part of the restoration activities. The vegetative plants to be grown over the final capped areas should be carefully selected so as not to cause any damage to the top layer. Any breach of the final capping may cause the escape of landfill gas.

8.17.1 Terms and Definition for the Safe Closure

Safe closure consists of activities of Physical Closure (PC) and Post-closure Management (PCM).

(a) Physical Closure (PC) - These are the actions taken by which the necessary measures for safe closure have been applied to the entire Jeram Sanitary Landfill area and Expansion Site.

(b) Post-Closure Management (PCM) - The management activities necessary to operate, maintain and monitor the Jeram Sanitary Landfill facilities such as the leachate treatment, landfill gas treatment, cover soil, etc. The activities also include the environmental monitoring, landfill stabilisation monitoring and management of information/records of the closed Sanitary Landfill.

(c) Post-closure Landuse - This often refers to the re-utilisation of the closed landfill site for purposes other than for waster filling. The PCM activities should be continued throughout the post-closure landuse.

8.17.2 Process of Landfill Closure

The process of safe landfill closure is carried out by the Worldwide Landfills Sdn. Bhd. (WLSB) or through his representatives. The procedures are as follows :

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-76 Revised Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

(a) The WLSB or his representatives assesses the site in order to clarify the environmental pollution and landuse potentials and the types of work to be carried out for closure and post-closure. (b) Based on the site assessment, a level of closure procedures for the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site is set-up. (c) The ‘Safe Closure (SC) Plan’ is prepared for submission to the Selangor State Government for approval. The SC Plan is normally submitted one year prior to closure of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site. (d) The physical closure works and post-closure management activities are then implemented. These activities are communicated to the related authorities periodically. (e) The Selangor State Government or relevant agencies such as UPEN Selangor in charge of the environment and the Jeram Sanitary Landfill examines the SC Plan and approval given if it meets their requirements. Safe closure activities (PC and PCM) carried out are normally monitored by the Selangor State Government through the Department of Environment. (f) A ‘Post-closure Landuse Plan’ is normally submitted to the relevant authority in the State Government and Department of Environment for approval if the Jeram Sanitary Landfill landuse is to be converted to other uses after safe closure. (g) Implementation of the Post-closure Landuse Plan after obtaining the required approvals. Implementation activities including PCM are communicated to the related authorities periodically.

8.17.3 Safe Closure (SC) Plan

The Safe Closure Plan as described below is divided into: (a) Activities of physical closure; (b) Post-closure management; and (c) Environmental monitoring

8.17.3.1 Activities Of Physical Closure of the Sanitary Landfill

The process of landfill closure does not begin at the final stages in the life in the Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram. In fact, closure works commence at the early phases during Jeram

EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. 8-77 Revised Detailed EIA for the Proposed Expansion of 130.55 Acres Sanitary Landfill in Mukim Jeram, District of Kuala Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Rev.01).

Sanitary Landfill operation, upon filling up the first cell. As the waste fill in each cell reaches the designed height, slope and capacity, it will be closed. At this stage, it is prudent to institute best management practices in closure works for the cell to reduce the risks of hazards and pollution. This process of closure continues throughout the life cycle of the Sanitary Landfill, as cells are constructed and filled with waste, until the Jeram Sanitary Landfill has reached its capacity and waste is not allowed to be disposed of in the Sanitary Landfill anymore. The following are components of the closure works:

(a) Landfill Capping The final cover to be used is an impermeable layer made of clay and geotextile draining materials. This capping services to prevent the rainwater from seeping into the waste, as well as to contain gas, odour and leachate within the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. The capping is constructed to a sufficient thickness to counter cracks and fissures resulting from differential subsidence of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill as waste decomposes and settles.

The landfill cap consists of several layers which depend on the needs as well as type of landfill to be put to subsequent use later. Table 8.7 shows the necessary amount of fill material as well as the type of layers required for different landfill categories.

Table 8.7: Types of Capping and Criteria Landfill Category Layer Solid Inert Putrescible Secure Clean Fill Material 0.3 m 0.3 m 0.3 m Gas Drainage - 0.3 m 0.3 m Clay Capping If required 0.6 m > 0.6 m Geo-membrane/Geo-synthetic Material - If required Yes Drainage Layer If required 0.3 m 0.3 m Geotextile (if required) - Yes Yes Topsoil Layer 0.5 m 0.5 – 1.0 m > 1 m Minimum Total Indicative Cap Depth 0.8 m 2.0 m 2.5 m Source: Landfill Sustainability Guide, 2005, Department of Primary Industries, water and Environment, Tasmania

The basic cap will consist of two layers; a low permeability layer of clay (capable of achieving a hydraulic conductivity of less than 1 x 10-9 m/s) that prevents infiltration of water into the underlying wastes, and a top soil layer that is capable of sustaining and supporting

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vegetation growth. Differential settlement of wastes may cause potential cracks on the layer and must be taken into account. Surface desiccation may also occur due to heat generation by decomposing wastes.

Quality assurance must be carried out to verify the moisture content and density of the completed low permeability barrier before laying of the vegetation layer. Before the addition of the surface topsoil layer, a geo-membrane can be added (ideally 0.6 m below the surface cap) after the application of the low permeability layer to afford added protection against water seepage.

A drainage layer is also sometimes incorporated into the low permeability capping layer to remove excessive moisture that has permeated through the soil layer. If the drainage layer is incorporated it must ensure that it does not cause excessive dry out of the surface layer, leading to die off of the surface vegetation and does not prevent the continued hydration of the low permeability area to prevent cracks from forming once dried. The drainage layer can compose of sandy soil or small gravel fill, that will convey water to a drainage system at the tow of the Landfill Cap.

The surface capping layer serves a dual purpose to ensure that the low permeability layer does not dry out as well as to act as a medium to support re-vegetation of the Sanitary Landfill site. The ideal thickness of the layer should be around 30 cm of good quality soil. Vegetation helps in preventing erosion of the soil layer as their roots anchor the soil, prevents scattering of dust and provides an aesthetic look to the site. The capped site should be re-vegetated with local plants and vegetation to ensure it blends in with the surrounding area. Re-vegetation should be carried out as soon as possible to minimise erosion of topsoil. Plants chosen must have roots that will not penetrate into the low permeability layer.

Some of the many types of cover designs that have been proposed and used. For example, the geotextile filter cloth is used to limit the intermixing of the soil with the sand/earth layer. If the available topsoil at the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site is unsuitable for plant growth, a suitable topsoil will be brought to the site or the available topsoil amended to improve its characteristics for plant growth. Functionally, the soil layer is sloped adequately to maximise surface runoff. The depth of soil is used to retain rainfall that does not run off and infiltrates into the soil cover. The flexible membrane liner is used to limit the release of landfill gases.

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(b) Landfill Gas Recovery System As part of a good landfill design practice, provision is made to control the migration of the gas generated to prevent creating a hazard on-site or on properties bordering the site. Since the capping is an impermeable layer, gas generated from the anaerobic decomposition of organics in the waste would be trapped within the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. To lower the risk of this inflammable landfill gas migrating to cracks and microfissures in the capping, and subsequently escapes to the atmosphere, a gas collection system is installed to extract and channel the gas to a flare unit and ensured by an incineration process in a safe manner. The gas is collected via a granular permeable layer just underneath the capping and vertical gas extraction pipes bored into the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. A blower unit draws the landfill gas through a series of pipes, manifolds, valves and filters, before igniting the gas in a flaring stack housed in a secured area with fencing and warning signs.

If recovery of the gas for an energy source is desired, the system can be revised to direct the gas to moisture traps and compressors. Once compresses, the gas can be stored for use as a fuel in engines or boiler, which in turn can product energy. This could be decided at a later date as the Jeram Sanitary Landfill matures.

(c) Drainage Control As the top of the capping will be exposed to rain, it should be constructed to fit the role of a proper catchment area. Thus a granular drainage layer, drains, ditches, culverts and sufficient surface gradient shall be employed to facilitate stormwater drainage and minimise ponding.

(d) Top Soil Cover and Revegetation For the prevention of dust scattering and soil erosion, the top cover should be covered with suitable grass because certain types of plants are sensitive to landfill gas. Small plants and trees are good for the landscape.

Turfing, a highly effective manner of erosion control, would be done as soon as possible, and an assortment of brush and low-lying plants would be grown for landscaping amenity. Tall trees with deep rooting systems should be avoided in case the roots compromise the integrity of the capping.

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(e) Grading of Final Contour After the final load of wastes is deposited at the Jeram Sanitary Landfill, all wastes must be totally covered with clean earth fill to prevent wind blown litter, reduce risk of fire outbreaks and control pest and flies at the site. Additional compaction should then be carried out before capping the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. This is to ensure maximum settlement rates and to minimise instability of the accumulated wastes buried. Bulky wastes that would resist compaction or protrudes after the final fill should be removed and disposed off.

The final contour of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill shall be integrated with the landscape of the general area, so as not to highlight the proportions of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. A gentle slope shall be incorporated for drainage purposes, slope stability, as well accessibility by vehicles. Permanent perimeter access roads would also be constructed for safe site access and maintenance work.

(f) Site Demarcation and Signage The closed section of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill shall be demarcated for topographical surveying (benchmarks and survey pegs) so that the landfill cell dimensions can be visibly recorded. Signage on safety and security would also be erected.

8.17.3.2 Post-closure Management

(a) Management Organisation The Project Proponent or through its representatives would have formed a Management Team to manage the Sanitary Landfill for closure and post-closure activities. This Team will ensure that the activities and procedures are followed.

(b) Monitoring and Post-closure Maintenance Plan After closure works, the Jeram Sanitary Landfill will require constant maintenance for a period of at least 2 to 5 years, even though there is no more incoming waste. This post- closure upkeep is essential in order to reduce the environmental impacts and the assimilation of the closed Sanitary Landfill to the surrounding land area.

Long-term post closure care involves a series of continuing activities, beginning at the closed Sanitary Landfill with maintenance works and monitoring the environmental controls. At the

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time of site closure or other times as specified by the local authorities, a Post-closure Maintenance Plan will be developed. Typical elements of this Post-closure Maintenance Plan are identified in Table 8.8 and the inspection items in Table 8.9.

Table 8.8: Typical Elements of a Post-closure Maintenance Plan Element Activity Site inspection Constant assessment, designation and implementation of activities as required on the site. Routine inspection See Table 8.7. schedule Infrastructure Preparation of programmes for maintenance of final cover, maintenance vegetation cover, replenishment of soil loss in the final grading, maintenance of efficient drainage systems, leachate collection and treatment systems, gas monitoring and control systems, and groundwater monitoring systems. Environmental Setting of specific tasks, procedures and schedule for each of the monitoring systems elements to be maintained. Refer to Chapter 10 on Environmental Management Plan for the monitoring systems. System operations Description of system to be operated, frequency of operation and responsible person. An example is when there is erosion of the top soil cover when the vegetation is not growing well and is a need to rehabilitate it. Another example is when there is trespassing at the site when it is not fully rehabilitated. Reporting Identification of reports required, timing and format. Refer to Chapter 10 on Environmental Management Plan on proper reporting and communications. Facility changes Preparation of as-built description of current monitoring, collection and treatment systems. Emergency Preparation and submission of reports as and when required by the Response Plan authorities when unforeseen emergency situation arises. Refer to (ERP) Chapter 9 for QRA and Emergency Response Plan, especially for contacts and communications in case of emergencies.

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Table 8.9: Inspection Items, Frequency of Inspection and Potential Problems Inspection Item Frequency of Inspection Potential Problems to be Observed Final cover Once a year and preferably Erosion to expose the synthetic liner, after each substantial erosion, slumping and landslide all of rainfall which could affect the water quality. All gullies that have developed have to be rehabilitated, as these could undermine the whole slope structure. Vegetative cover Four times a year Plant debris and areas what need replanting and returfing to cover the exposed areas caused by erosion. Final grades Twice a year Standing ponds of water need to be filled to reduce vectors. Surface drainage Four times a year and after Debris in drains, broken drain pipes. and water quality each heavy rainfall Gas monitoring Continuous as required by Odours; compressor and flare the post-closure equipment inoperable; high gas readings maintenance and in monitoring probes; broken gas well management plan pipes Groundwater As required by equipment Damaged or blocked wells. Equipment monitoring and the Safe Closure Plan malfunction. Leachate As required by the Safe Equipment malfunction; inoperable management Closure Plan. leachate pumps; blockage in leachate collection pipes.

(c) Maintenance of Leachate Collection and Treatment System

As the closed Jeram Sanitary Landfill matures, the quantity and concentrations of leachate normally decrease. Also, as the cells are constructed at varying periods of time, the volume and strength of the leachates will vary with time. The closed Sanitary Landfill with installed leachate collection systems must collect, remove and treat leachate as it appears over the pre- and post-closure period. The leachate management system should operate for as long as it is necessary to meet the applicate water discharge standards set for the Sanitary Landfill, viz. Second Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009 and DEIA approval conditions. The maintenance of leachate collection and treatment facilities requires system operators who are skilled in handling changing quantities of wastewater that varies in strength.

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(d) Maintenance of Gas Management System

Landfill gas would be generated even after the closure of the site because of the long-term anaerobic decomposition process of the remaining organic matter in the Landfill. Thus, the landfill gas extraction and flaring system would have to be operated and maintained during the post-closure period, until the gas flowrate declines with the reduction of organic matter in the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site.

Gas management at a closed Sanitary Landfill is complete when the extracted gases are destroyed and discharged to the environment. Gas destruction can be done in a flare which does not recover heat energy or in an energy recovery system. The gas destruction unit is a sensitive piece of equipment that requires maintenance by trained and experienced technicians. The equipment must be tested periodically to ensure it is meeting air discharge standards. Currently, the landfill gas control facilities include extraction wells collector and transmission piping and gas flaring and/or combustion facilities has already been established in existing Jeram Sanitary Landfill. Existing settlement rates are as outlined in Chapter 3, Section 3.8.7 and 3.8.8 of this Report.

Plate 8.4: Existing Gas Collection System and Gas Flaring Facilities in the northeastern portion of Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

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(e) Maintenance of Drainage, Vegetation, Security and Fencing Drainage control at the closed Sanitary Landfill includes both run-on and runoff of surface water. The drainage control systems to be maintained will be the facilities identified and installed as a part of the Safe Closure Plan. Drainage facilities at closed Sanitary Landfill are subject to long-term settlement which causes concerns for the preservation of gravity flow systems that discharge to offsite conveyance facilities. Maintenance of drainage control systems must be coordinated with maintenance of land surfaces and revegetation of landscape plants.

The turf and bushes atop the capping need to be trimmed regularly for neatness and to maintain adequate drainage flowpaths. Security would be observed at the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site to prohibit trespassers. Fencing and signboards would be checked regularly for damage or vandalism.

(f) Settlement Rates for Landfills Landfills are subject to long-term settlement as the waste decomposes and consolidates. Long-term settlements for well-compacted landfills can range from 10% to 30%. Most of the settlement occurs within the first few years of cell closure as the wastes compresses under its own weight and weight of the cap. After this initial compression, settlement will continue over the years as a result of consolidation and biodegradation. This settlement may alter the surface profile drastically and must be taken into account. After use of the Sanitary Landfill site is also affected by the settlement rate as a high rate of waste settlement may preclude certain types of development on the site.

Several factors will influence the rate of settlement in the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. These include the proportion of putrescible wastes, thickness of the landfill and its cover, period over which the wastes were placed in the cells, degree of compaction, moisture content of the wastes and the degree of surcharging or loading placed on the cap. These factors have to be looked into when maintaining the Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

(g) Grading, Maintenance, Repair and Landscape The Jeram Sanitary Landfill will be subject to significant settlement which will affect land surfaces and the plants used for landscaping. In correcting land settlement on the top of the closed Sanitary Landfill, particular attention must be given to the landfill cap. Repair of

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landfill cap may be necessary due to erosion. The repair procedure is complicated because the geomembrane must be restored to its original watertight condition after the repair.

For landscaping, plants grown should be carefully selected to avoid species of trees with long tap roots that will destroy the liners at the bottom of the cells. In addition, the gas barrier layer or gas collection/ventilation system should not be installed in the leafy area in case it catches fires. The contaminated soil cover should be removed and replaced with uncontaminated soil. Grasses and various types of shall rooted flowering plants are preferred to be grown in the area to beautify the Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

8.17.4 Environmental Monitoring

The final part of the Safe Closure Plan involves environmental monitoring activities and facilities. Environmental monitoring is necessary to ensure that the integrity of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill is maintained with respect to the release of contaminants to the environment. In most instances, the selection of facilities and procedures to be included in the Safe Closure Plan will be a function of the environmental control facilities used during landfill operations before closure.

As the wastes are still active within the filled area even after closure, environmental monitoring is aimed at the whole media around the site – surface water, groundwater (leachate) and air (landfill gas). These monitoring data will provide information of the state of degradation of the wastes, the actual pollution to the surroundings and whether the relevant standards and related legislations are met after closure of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

(a) Surface Water Monitoring After completion of filling works, there will still be leachate production by the percolated water and degradation of wastes. In order to prevent landslide, the water table shall be kept as in pre-closure. Degradation reactions will be mainly from anaerobic conditions. The colour and quality of the leachates will change. These can be detected during the closure period.

Monitoring of water quality is done to identify leachate leakage from the Jeram Sanitary Landfill. The monitoring of the surface water quality is conducted by taking water samples at the effluent discharge point of the leachate treatment plant and at the outlet of the

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stormwater retention pond, and any other designated sampling points (near site boundary) at the streams exiting the Project site.

Frequency of surface water sampling is half-yearly and analysed by an accredited laboratory and the results submitted to the relevant authorities, i.e Department of Environment. The required 29 parameters are listed in the Second Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009.

(b) Air Monitoring

Sanitary landfill gas is combustible because it contains methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide

(H2S) and hydrogen (H2). These gases may escape to the atmosphere, particularly via the ventilation pipes and also through the covered soil. The most dangerous gas is methane because it can explode at concentrations from 5 to 15% (v/v) in normal air and is combustiblllle when it is over 15%. Hence, the concentrations of Sanitary Landfill gas should satisfy the following conditions: (i) To avoid explosion : Methane concentration to be less than 5% (v/v); and (ii) To avoid suffocation : Qxygen concentration to be higher than 18% (v/v)

Typical gas monitoring equipment used at closed sanitary landfills includes explosive gas meters, hydrogen sulfide meters and sample collection equipment and containers for samples to be analysed off-site.

Monitoring the quality of gas at the Sanitary Landfill is by taking samples every six months from the gas extraction system installed in the Sanitary Landfill. Gas composition (mainly methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide), gas flowrate, moisture, and temperature would be the main parameters to be analysed.

Odour from the Sanitary Landfill and wind direction would also need to be observed and recorded, as well as the daily conditions of the weather.

(c) Groundwater Monitoring The liner system should not fail even until after 16 years or more. Failure of the liner system means that it no longer continues to collect all of the leachate and transport it to the leachate treatment system. Leachate that penetrates the failed liner system will pollute groundwater below the Sanitary Landfill.

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To monitor the groundwater quality from operations until the closure, a groundwater quality monitoring programme should be instituted. Groundwater samples taken every six (6) months from the groundwater monitoring wells and piezometers located at designated locations around the Sanitary Landfill should be analysed by an accredited laboratory. The groundwater level and flow rate should also be inspected. The results would be recorded and submitted to the relevant authorities such as the Department of Environment.

(d) Soil Monitoring Soil cover is one of the most important features in a landfill. It must be placed under strict construction supervision and maintained to prevent loss of soils. Environmental monitoring of soils includes measuring land surface settlement, soil slippage, development of rills and gullies and land surface erosion. Inspection of the closed Sanitary Landfill will require training and good judgement in making visual observations and in the use of survey equipment to monitor cover layer movement.

(e) Geologic Movement Monitoring As the Jeram Sanitary Landfill will be subjected to some differential settlement, a geotechnical investigation of the Sanitary Landfill site should be conducted once every six (6) months to measure the rate of subsidence in comparison with topographical benchmarks set-out during the Sanitary Landfill closure works. A general site walkover and inspection would be routinely conducted to check for cracks and wear of the capping, erosion at the side slopes, excessive pooling of stormwater and retarded vegetation growth.

(f) Records of Monitoring The Management Team should keep records of the monitoring programmes until the complete closure of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill site.

8.17.5 Post-Closure Landuse Plan

Final restoration and rehabilitation of landfills have become very important elements in terms of the overall environmental risk controls. Some restoration work can be done as the operation progresses and will be completed when the site closes.

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There are many ways in which a completed landfill can be rehabilitated for future use. Upon closure, the Jeram Sanitary Landfill should only be for passive types of landuse such as parks, or for outdoor recreational activities such as a golf course or driving range. Construction of structural works on top of Sanitary Landfill is not advisable, including any confined shelters, which may inadvertently allow the accumulation of flammable landfill gas. The Sanitary Landfill will undoubtedly encounter differential settlement, which will lead to cracks and structural failure of any buildings constructed atop the site without waiting for its settlement. Deep piling beyond the waste layer may be possible to overcome this problem, but the risk of gas leakage, bottom liner puncture and corrosion of the piles due to acidic leachate negates this option. Therefore, it is recommended that the final landuse be of large open expanse and filled with greenery as part of the green lung. These include converting the area for green use, recreation, agriculture or light construction purposes. Plate 8.2 shows examples of rehabilitated landfill Park in Air Hitam, Puchong done by WLSB.

Plate 8.5: Worldwide Landfill Park, Air Hitam, Puchong.

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8.17.5.1 Shaping of the Landfill Terrain

As the area will be rehabilitated for use, the landforms of the capped Sanitary Landfill should be shaped suitably for its intended use. A gentle gradient (5%) should be used to enable sufficient runoff of water but should not exceeding 30% to minimise erosion potential. Adoption of steeper caps would require engineering solutions to ensure stability and prevent slumping. Water should be able to channel easily to nearby drainage network that will drain water away from the cap. Aftercare of the Sanitary Landfill site will include periodical inspection of the cap to ensure proper maintenance and repairs of compromised layers as well as to replace any vegetation die off.

8.17.5.2 Re-development and Usage of the Rehabilitated Sanitary Landfill

Conceptually, the following landuse could be carried out but has to be evaluated in detail for technical, environmental and economic feasibility. These include:  Use the area as green areas;  Use the area for recreation;  Use the area for agriculture; and  Use the area for low rise housing

(a) Green Areas Some landfills in the Country have been restored successfully and turned into green areas. This is the most common form of landuse for rehabilitated landfills. The vegetation grown is normally grass but trees have also been grown to turn the area into a park.

For the Project, turning the area into a green area or a park is one of the best options. However, the selection of the trees will have to be done carefully so as not to perforate the watertight coverings.

Site maintenance and inspections will have to be conducted regularly. Gas and water monitoring stations, installed during construction of the Sanitary Landfill should be periodically sampled until it stabilises as shown in the Safe Closure Plan. The area can be left in a re-vegetated state to flourish naturally. The area can also be used for grazing activities by livestock or as wildlife corridors.

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(b) Recreational Areas Stabilised landfills have also been converted into golf courses, play fields, playgrounds, flower gardens and parks. Small light structured buildings, such as carparks, concession stands, sanitary facilities, light storage facilities etc could be constructed on them. Parklands and wooded areas for activities such as picnicking, jogging and exercise trails, biking activities and horse riding are suitable. Fast moving vehicular sports such as mini bike racing and go-carting are not advisable.

Golfing ranges are suitable to be constructed as the contour changes due to settlement will not be as detrimental as opposed to building and maintaining a flat pitch for sports like football. Structures and buildings are not recommended due to the unpredictable nature of differential settlement of the filled lands. Because of land subsidence, maintenance of the area will be required periodically. Other types of maintenance include re-vegetation and replenishing of cover materials, and monitoring for excessive build-up of gases and leachates.

(c) Others

Agriculture, housing commercial or industrial developments are not recommended.

8.17.5.3 Maintenance of Environmental Components

The final choice in the usage of the land depends on the Project Proponent. Whatever landuse is chosen, there is a need to ensure that the gas and leachates will not pose a danger to those using the land.

8.17.5.4 Removal of Structures

Structures used during active operation of the Sanitary Landfill and no longer used after closure of the Sanitary Landfill should be cleared to enable the full rehabilitation process to proceed. These include structures that are not compatible with the intended use of the site.

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8.17.5.5 Decommissioning and Environmental Monitoring

Even after the Jeram Sanitary Landfill has been decommissioned, after-care is needed, as the effects of the sorted wastes will have a long-term effect on its surroundings. Continued environmental monitoring should be carried out (typical aftercare period is 30 years). Allocation of funds should be budgeted for the Safe Closure Plan to ensure aftercare management is sufficient. Environmental monitoring frequency may be decreased depending on the condition of the Sanitary Landfill. Parameters that will be included during Safe Closure Plan should be the same as those for monitoring groundwater, surface water, leachate, landfill gas, surface settlement and vegetation.

The Jeram Sanitary Landfill operator, i.e., WLSB should inform the relevant Authority on their monitoring programme of the site from operational to post-closure stage. A record must be kept on all monitoring data and submitted to the authority. The responsibility of decommissioning lies with the Selangor State Government and WLSB of the Jeram Sanitary Landfill.

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