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E83 High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Environmental Statement Volume 5: Technical appendices CA1: Fradley to Colton Cultural heritage baseline report (CH-001-001) High Speed Two (HS2) Limited Two Snowhill Snow Hill Queensway Birmingham B4 6GA 08081 434 434 [email protected] E83 July 2017 ES 3.5.2.1.4 E83 High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Environmental Statement Volume 5: Technical appendices CA1: Fradley to Colton Cultural heritage baseline report (CH-001-001) July 2017 ES 3.5.2.1.4 High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has been tasked by the Department for Transport (DfT) with managing the delivery of a new national high speed rail network. It is a non-departmental public body wholly owned by the DfT. High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, Two Snowhill Snow Hill Queensway Birmingham B4 6GA Telephone: 08081 434 434 General email enquiries: [email protected] Website: www.gov.uk/hs2 A report prepared for High Speed Two (HS2) Limited: High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has actively considered the needs of blind and partially sighted people in accessing this document. The text will be made available in full on the HS2 website. The text may be freely downloaded and translated by individuals or organisations for conversion into other accessible formats. If you have other needs in this regard, please contact High Speed Two (HS2) Limited. © High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, 2017, except where otherwise stated. Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with High Speed Two (HS2) Limited. This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v2.0. 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Appendix CH-001-001 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structure of the cultural heritage appendices 1 1.2 Study area 1 1.3 Data sources 1 1.4 Survey undertaken 2 2 Geology, topography and landform 3 2.1 Overview 3 2.2 Geoarchaeological characterisation 4 3 Archaeological and historical record 6 3.1 Introduction 6 3.2 Early prehistory 6 3.3 Late prehistory 10 3.4 Romano-British AD43 – AD410 14 3.5 Early medieval AD410 - AD1066 15 3.6 Medieval AD1066 – AD1540 17 3.7 Post-medieval AD1540 - AD1901 21 3.8 Modern AD1901 - present 23 4 Built heritage 24 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Built heritage assets within the land required for the Proposed Scheme 24 4.3 Designated and key non-designated built heritage assets within 500m of the land required for the Proposed Scheme 26 4.4 Key built heritage assets within 2km of the land required for the Proposed Scheme, where this also falls within the ZTV 41 5 Historic landscape 42 5.1 Introduction 42 5.2 Parks and Gardens 42 6 Archaeological risk mapping 44 6.1 Introduction 44 6.2 Archaeological character areas 44 i Appendix CH-001-001 6.3 Archaeological sub-zones 46 7 Analysis and research potential 57 7.1 Introduction 57 7.2 Research potential and priorities 57 8 References 61 ii Appendix CH-001-001 1 Introduction 1.1 Structure of the cultural heritage appendices 1.1.1 The cultural heritage Appendices for the Fradley to Colton community area (CA1) comprise: • a baseline report (this Appendix); • a gazetteer of heritage assets (Volume 5: Appendix CH-002-001); • an impact assessment (Volume 5: Appendix CH-003-001); and • survey reports, incorporating geophysical survey and remote sensing studies, which are available in the Background Information and Data document1. 1.1.2 In addition there are two route-wide cultural heritage Appendices: • a historic landscape character report (Volume 5: Appendix CH-005-000); and • a geoarchaeology desk study report (Volume 5: Appendix CH-006-000). 1.1.3 Maps referred to throughout the cultural heritage Appendices are contained in the Volume 5: Cultural Heritage Map Book. 1.2 Study area 1.2.1 The Fradley to Colton area lies within the districts of Lichfield, East Staffordshire and Cannock Chase, within the County of Staffordshire. It contains all or part of the civil parishes of Fradley and Streethay, Alrewas, Kings Bromley, Yoxall, Curborough and Elmhurst, Longdon, Armitage with Handsacre, Hamstall Ridware, Mavesyn Ridware, Abbots Bromley, Brereton and Ravenhill, Rugeley, Colton and Blithfield. 1.2.2 All non-designated and designated assets within the land required for the Proposed Scheme and within 500m of it have been detailed in this baseline report. In addition, designated heritage assets have been examined within the zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV). 1.2.3 All identified assets are listed in Volume 5: Appendix CH-002-001 Gazetteer of heritage assets and shown in Cultural Heritage Map Series CH-01-201 – CH-01-205a- R1 and CH-02-201 to CH-02-202a (Volume 5: Cultural Heritage Map Book). 1.3 Data sources 1.3.1 Sources examined as part of this baseline assessment include published secondary sources, cartographic sources, Historic Environment Record (HER) data for non- designated heritage assets and the Historic England National Heritage List (NHL) for designated assets. A full list of published sources can be found in Section 8 of this Appendix. 1 HS2 Ltd (2017), High Speed Two (HS2) Phase 2a (West Midlands - Crewe), Background Information and Data, Cultural heritage survey report, BID- CH-004-001, www.gov.uk/hs2 1 Appendix CH-001-001 1.4 Survey undertaken 1.4.1 The following surveys were undertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process: • light detection and ranging (LiDAR) survey of the majority of the land required for the Proposed Scheme and land around it (see BID-CH-004-001 Cultural heritage survey reports); • a programme of non-intrusive surveys including geophysical prospection (see BID-CH-004-001); and • field walkover, targeted field walking, and site reconnaissance field inspections to review the setting of historic assets and the character and form of the historic landscape. 2 Appendix CH-001-001 2 Geology, topography and landform 2.1 Overview 2.1.1 The solid geology of the study area is dominated by rocks formed during the Triassic period (251 – 250 million years ago) at a time when almost all of the Earth’s landmass was concentrated into the Pangea super-continent. These rocks largely comprise red, and less commonly green and grey, mudstones, siltstones and halites of the Mercia mudstone group. They are distributed widely across the study area, with the exception of Rugeley. Here, deposits of Bromsgrove sandstone predominate, interbedded with sandstone and pebble conglomerates of the Kidderminster Formation. These deposits are part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group and form the remainder of the Triassic sequence. 2.1.2 Solid geology within the study area is partially overlain by superficial deposits formed during the Quaternary period (2.5 million years ago) as a consequence of the repeated advance and retreat of the ice sheets. The study area is close to the margins of the last major ice sheet to have affected mainland Britain during the late Devensian period (approximately 30,000 – 15,000 Before Present (BP)), which largely removed evidence of earlier ice sheet activity and associated palaeodrainage. The majority of surviving superficial deposits are likely to be more recent, although isolated remnants of earlier deposits may be present. Superficial geology can be divided into three main deposit types: 1) glaciofluvial sands and gravels, including glacial outwash and river terrace deposits; 2) till; and 3) Holocene alluvium. 2.1.3 Sands and gravels are present within the study area along the southern edge of the Trent Valley. These comprise fluvioglacial sands and gravels distributed from Fradley to Handsacre, likely to have been deposited by seasonal meltwater outwash at the edge of the Devensian ice sheet, or as outwash deposits as the ice sheet retreated. Pleistocene terrace deposits are more widely distributed from Fradley through Rugeley to Colton along both sides of the River Trent. These are relatively modest in extent compared to similar terrace deposits within the middle and lower Trent Valley. The earliest evidence for river terrace formations in the Upper Trent area dates to the end of the Anglian glaciation, approximately 450,000 years ago2. The lowest river terraces were deposited during the Devensian glaciation, with isolated surviving fragments of higher terraces within the study area possibly dating to earlier pre- Devensian glaciations. 2.1.4 During the repeated advance of glaciers, deposits of poorly sorted tills (previously termed boulder clays) were laid down by ice sheets, most recently during the latter stages of the Devensian Ice Age (approximately 30,500 – 13,500 BP) when the Irish ice sheet expanded to cover the study area. Till deposits are widespread throughout the Trent Valley region, but are present within the study area as small deposits located around Blithbury. As suggested above, the precise southern limit of the Devensian ice sheet is a matter of debate, and therefore some of the superficial glacial deposits within the study area could date to earlier glacial episodes between the Anglian and Devensian periods. 2 Bridgland, D.A., Howard, A.J., White, M.J. and White, T.S (2014), The Quaternary of the Trent, Oxford: Oxbow Books 3 Appendix CH-001-001 2.1.5 Deposits of Holocene alluvium are present where former and extant river tributaries cut across the study area and the route of the Proposed Scheme. The first of these run along the course of the current Pyford Brook from near the Alrewas Hayes countryside venue to near Willow Cottage where the Pyford Brook then splits to form the Full Brook and Curborough Brook.