Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

King (Sarcoramphus papa) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator & Studbook Keeper Shelly Collinsworth, Fort Worth Zoological Park ([email protected])

AZA Species Survival Plan® Vice Coordinator Lee Schoen, BREC’s Baton Rouge Zoo ([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Amanda Lawless, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo ([email protected])

27 July 2017

Executive Summary Species Survival Plan® for King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)

At the time of analyses, the King Vulture SSP population consists of 102 (45 males, 53 females and 4 unknown sexes) distributed among 39 AZA institutions (39.48.2) and eight non-AZA institutions (6.5.2). Additionally, two new AZA institutions will be added to the SSP as a result of the recommendations. The Raptor Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) set a target population size of 120 in their 2015 Regional Collection Plan (RCP). Under AZA’s current sustainability designations, this population currently qualifies as a Yellow SSP.

Based on an analytical studbook, the current gene diversity of this population is high at 97.44%, and is equivalent to that of approximately 19 unrelated (FGE=19.54). If the population were to remain at its current size (λ=1.00), long term projections indicate that population gene diversity will fall to as low as 83% in 100 years. Under current population parameters, a projected growth rate of 1% (λ = 1.012), and a target size of 120, gene diversity in this population is projected to be approximately 87.9% in 100 years. When gene diversity falls below 90%, reproduction is expected to be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights and greater neonatal mort ality. However, gene diversity could be retained over a longer period of time by careful breeding aimed at equalizing founder representation, increasing the effective population size ratio (the proportion of animals contributing genetically to the next generation), and an increased growth to reach the target size.

Demography Current size of SSP population (N) – Total (Males.Females.Unknown Sex) 102 (45.53.4) Number of individuals excluded from genetic analyses 38 (22.14.2) Population size following exclusions 64 (23.39.2) Target population size (Kt) from Raptor TAG’s 2015 RCP 120 Mean generation time (T, years) 23.9 1.012 / 1.009 / Population Growth Rates (λ; lambda)*: Historical / 5 –year / Projected 0.997<>1.007<>1.017 *Historical from life tables (KINGVULT(AZA+*8non).fed, 1970-present); 5-year from studbook AZA census; Projected from PMx 20 yr stochastic projections bounded by 95% confidence intervals

Genetics Current Potential Founders 47 1 additional Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 19.54 30.81 Gene diversity (GD %) 97.44 98.38 Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0256 - Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0000 - Effective population size/potentially breeding population (Ne / N) 0.2188 including founders Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions & exclusions 87.6 - Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions & exclusions 100 - Percentage of pedigree certain after assumptions & exclusions 100 Projections Years To 90% Gene Diversity 72 - Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 106 - Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 87.9 - Assuming λ = 1.01, Target size = 120

To maintain the population at its current size of 102 (λ = 1.00), approximately three hatches are needed in the next year. Approximately four to six hatches per year are needed to reach the target population size of 120 birds over the next 15 years (λ = 1.011). With an average of 2.6 hatches annual observed over the past five years, increased focus on reproduction and/or imports will be necessary in order to meet these goals. The number of pairs recommended is intended to produce sufficient offspring to begin increasing the population to this target size, meeting institutional requests and replacing individuals as needed.

As with most SSP populations, recommended pairings have been determined with consideration of mean kinship, population change in gene diversity, maximum avoidance of inbreeding, demographic goals, and the needs of individual institutions in an attempt to increase and maintain gene diversity for as long as possible.

Summary Actions: The SSP recommends 14 breeding females and nine transfers to facilitate breeding and accommodate institutional requests. Six additional pairs of older birds are also recommended to breed as part of an examination of reproductive limits in this species.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 1 This Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

Description of Population Status Introduction 4 Status and Conservation 4 Analytical Population 4 Demography 4 Genetics 6 Recommendation Outcomes 7 Management Strategy 7

Recommendations Summary Recommendations 9 ALEXANDRI, ATASCADER, ATLANTA, AUDUBON 13 BATONROUG, (non-AZA), BREVARD 14 BROWNSVIL, CALDWELL, COAL VAL (non-AZA), COLUMBIA, CRAWFRD W (non-AZA) 15 DALLAS, DENVER, DES MOINE, DICKERSON (new AZA institution), DREHER PA 16 EMPORIA, FERNDALE, FORTWORTH, HONOLULU (non-AZA) 17 HOUSTON, IAE OH, LANSING, LOSANGELE, LOWRY (new AZA institution) 18 LUFKIN, METRORICH (non-AZA), METROZOO, MILWAUKEE, MINNESOTA 19 MONTGOMRY (non-AZA), NASHV ZOO, NY BRONX, NZP-WASH, PANAMACT (non-AZA) 20 PHOENIX, PROVIDNCE, PUEBLA, ROCHESTER 21 SACRAMNTO, SAN ANTON, SEDGWICK, SIOUX FAL 22 ST LOUIS, TACOMA, TRACY AV, TUCSON, WACO 23 WCEB (non-AZA), WORLDBIRD 24

Appendices A. Analytical Assumptions 25 B. Summary of Data Exports 26 C. Animals Excluded from Genetic Analysis 27 D. Life Tables 28 E. Ordered Mean Kinship List 30 F. Descriptive Survival Statistics Report 32 G. Definitions 34 H. Directory of Institutional Representatives 36

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 2 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Acknowledgments

The King Vulture planning meeting was held 22 February 2017 via internet conferencing and was attended by the following:

Shelly Collinsworth, SSP Coordinator & Studbook Keeper, Fort Worth Zoological Park Sarah Long, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo Amanda Lawless, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

AZA SSP® Coordinator & Studbook Keeper Shelly Collinsworth, Fort Worth Zoological Park [email protected]

AZA SSP® Vice Coordinator Lee Schoen, BREC’s Baton Rouge Zoo [email protected]

Report and Analyses Prepared By: Amanda Lawless, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo [email protected]

Cover photo credit: Shelly Collinsworth, Fort Worth Zoological Park

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the AZA Population Management Center. [email protected]

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 3 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Description of Population Status King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)

Introduction: At the time of analyses, the king vulture population consists of 102 individuals (45 males, 53 females, and 4 unknown sex) distributed among 39 AZA institutions (39.48.2) and eight non-AZA institutions (6.5.2). Additionally, two new AZA institutions will be added to the SSP as a result of the recommendations. The Raptor Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) set a target population size of 120 in their 2015 Regional Collection Plan (RCP). Under AZA’s sustainability designations, this population currently qualifies as a Yellow SSP Program.

Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of this population were performed in February and March. Analyses of the analytical version of the North American Regional King Vulture Studbook (current to 3 January 2017) were performed using PopLink 2.4 and PMx 1.4.20160804. This is the third formal breeding and transfer plan produced for this species, and recommendations contained in this plan supersede those made in earlier plans. The goal of these recommendations is to help ensure the genetic and demographic health of this population; however, participation is voluntary.

Status and Conservation: King are currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (as of 2016) due to their large range throughout Central and ; however, the trend in the current population is decreasing due to . They are a CITES Appendix III species and are not listed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

Analytical Population: The currently living population’s pedigree is 87.6% known, due to 27 individuals having some degree of uncertainty in their pedigree. Pedigree assumptions were created previously for four animals that are related to many of these currently living individuals (Appendix A). In addition, 38 birds (22.14.2) were excluded from the potentially breeding population due to advanced age (13.11) or current/past involvement in education programs (9.3.2) (Appendix C). Many vultures become aggressive in ambassador programs once they mature and these imprinted program animals are difficult to reintroduce into the breeding population due to behavioral issues. After these assumptions and exclusions, the potentially breeding population consists of 64 individuals (23.39.2) with a 100% known pedigree.

Demography: Records indicate that the first two king vultures appeared in North American institutions in 1900. However, the population did not begin increasing until the mid-1960s due to the steady importation of birds. Despite the first zoo hatch occurring in 1955, hatches did not become consistent until the mid-1970s, and it was not until 1989 that zoo hatched birds outnumbered wild hatched (Fig. 1). Currently, wild hatched birds still make up approximately 1/4 of the AZA population; however, no wild birds have been imported since the 1970s. The population peaked at 100 individuals in 1991 due to large numbers of births in the preceding years, since that time it has decreased in part due to a lack of breeding and institutional space. Over the past 20 years, the AZA population has remained steady fluctuating between 80 to 88 birds, with a five year population growth rate of 0.9% per year (λ=1.009).

Figure 1. Census of the SSP population of king vulture by origin (left) and sex (right) from 1950 to 2017.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 4 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

The age structure of the potentially breeding population of king vulture is columnar, reflecting the long life expectancy and reproductive span but relatively slow reproductive rate (one per clutch) of these birds. However, the age structure deviates from a stable distribution due to the gaps in various age classes, as well as a female sex bias. These gaps, which are especially prevalent in the lower age classes, reflect inconsistencies in breeding success especially in recent years (Fig. 2). Hatches have been sporadic over the last five years ranging from zero to five (mean = 2.6 hatches per year). Currently, there are only two male king vultures between the ages of zero and eight in the potentially breeding population. Reduction in the number of reproductive animals, a sex bias, and a lack of juveniles available could limit the population growth and the ability to offset aging birds as they become post-reproductive and are eventually lost naturally to attrition. Although the species is long-lived, institutions should focus on consistent breeding in order to produce a broader base of individuals and promote demographic stability.

Figure 2. Age distribution of the total king vulture SSP population before exclusions (left; N = 102 (45.53.4)) and the potentially breeding population (right; N = 64 (23.39.2)). King vultures are not sexually dimorphic and, historically, most king vultures were assigned genders using a surgical procedure. Once DNA sexing became prevalent it was discovered that many birds (~20) were incorrectly identified and in same sex pairings. In 2011 and 2012 the SSP requested institutions to re-identify the genders of all pairs that had never produced fertile , and re-paired individuals when necessary. However, many of these re-pairings have not resulted in successful breeding.

Based on data for the King Vulture SSP population from 1970 to present, male and female first-year mortality are 24% and 18%, respectively (Appendix D). The oldest male is still living at approximately 52 years old, but has an estimated wild hatch date. The oldest female is still living at approximately 65 years of age, but is also wild hatched with an estimated birthdate. The next oldest female currently living is 55 (wild hatch, age estimate) and may be a better representation of female longevity. Currently, the oldest zoo hatched male is 42 years old and the oldest zoo hatched female is 40. If a female king vulture survives the first year of life, median life expectancy is 28.7 years. That is, 50% of females can be expected to die before this age, and 50% after. Male data was not robust enough to calculate median life expectancy at this time (See Appendix F for more details).

According to studbook data, male and female king vultures are thought to become reproductively mature at about age four. Both males and females are born with dark and do not begin to molt into adult plumage until between the ages of four to six. Breeding does not normally occur until this color change is completed. Median age of first reproduction in zoos for males and females is 13 – 14 years old. According to studbook data, males have reproduced to age 43 and females have been observed breeding to age 53. Only one female vulture reproduced between the ages of 42 to 53, with the next oldest female to reproduce being 41 years old. Reproductive longevity for this species is unknown due to its relatively short time in zoos compared to it long life span, therefore older birds may be recommended to breed as part of an observational study to explore the reproductive limits in this species. Clutch size for this species is always one egg and has an incubation period of ~55 days. Females can lay multiple eggs in a year. Hatches have been recorded year round, however, typically peak during warmer months.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 5 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Genetics: These genetic statistics are based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions intended to estimate relatedness and inbreeding. The potentially breeding population of king vultures is descended from 47 founders, with one additional potential founder remaining (Fig. 3). Genetic diversity in the population is high (97.44%) and equivalent to that found in ~19 unrelated individuals (FGE = 19.54). If the population were to remain at its current size (λ = 1.00), long term projections indicate that population gene diversity will fall to as low as 83% in 100 years. When gene diversity falls below 90% it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights and greater hatchling mortality.

Since the first breeding and transfer plan in 2011 the effective population size ratio (the proportion of animals contributing genetically to the next generation) of the king vulture population has decreased by ~13% (see table below) due to decreased reproduction and an increase in birds aging out of the potentially breeding population. The decrease in the effective population size ratio, as well as, an aging population are contributing factors that no longer allow the population to maintain 90% gene diversity for 100 years causing the population to go from a Green to Yellow SSP Program. However, gene diversity could be retained over a longer period of time by careful breeding aimed at equalizing founder representation (by breeding animals with low and well matched mean kinships, Appendix E), increased growth to reach the target size, and especially increasing the effective population size ratio. Assuming a target size of 120 individuals and a growth rate of 1% (λ = 1.012), the population is projected to maintain 87.9% gene diversity in 100 years. This level of growth, however, is not achievable without consistently higher annual reproduction and/or imports.

Genetics Summary* 2011 2014 Current Potential Founders 43 43 47 1 Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 18.45 18.84 19.54 30.81 Gene diversity (GD %) 97.29 97.35 97.44 98.38 Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0271 0.0265 0.0256 - Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 - Effective population size/ potentially breeding population size (Ne/N) including 0.3441 0.2944 0.2188 - founders Percentage of pedigree known before exclusions and assumptions 84 87.6 87.6 - Percentage of pedigree known after exclusions and assumptions 99 97.3 100 - Percentage of pedigree certain after assumptions & exclusions - - 100 - Projections Years To 90% Gene Diversity >100 108 72 - Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity >100 155 106 - Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 91 90.5 87.9 - Assuming λ = 1.01, Target size = 120 *Genetic statistics and projections are based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions intended to estimate relatedness and inbreeding, but which may under-estimate gene diversity.

Figure 3. Founder representation in king vultures illustrating the inequality of founder representation in the potentially breeding population.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 6 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Recommendation Outcomes: The website PMCTrack calculates the outcomes for SSP breeding and transfer recommendations by comparing recommendations to hatches and deaths recorded in the studbook (Fig. 4). Note that there are many reasons that recommendations might not be fulfilled, including interim recommendations issued by the SSP Coordinator, delays in transfers, deaths, etc.; these reasons can be captured using PMCTrack Outcomes Surveys. Future use of these measures will aid the SSP in producing the best recommendations possible. Therefore, SSP participants are always encouraged to communicate successes and shortfalls to the SSP Coordinator.

Figure 4. Recommendation outcome graphs by disposition (left) and breeding (right) for the past King Vulture SSP Breeding and Transfer Plans. N represents the number of recommendations scored for each recommendation , per plan, and the number represents the percentage recommendations fulfilled. Please visit PMCTrack.org or contact [email protected] for more information or with any questions.

Management Strategies: To maintain the population at its current size of 102 individuals, approximately three hatches are needed in the coming year. To increase the population size at a 1% growth rate (λ = 1.012) to reach the Raptor TAG’s recommended target size of 120 individuals in the next 15 years, the population needs to produce four to six hatches per year. With an average of 2.6 hatches annual observed over the past five years, increased focus on reproduction and/or imports will be necessary in order to meet these goals. As with most AZA SSP populations, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree.

1. The SSP recommends 14 breeding females.

2. Six additional pairs of older birds are also recommended to breed as part of an examination of reproductive limits in this species.

3. The SSP recommends nine transfers to facilitate breeding and fill institutional requests.

4. Breeding institutions are requested to hold offspring for at least one year. If this guideline will prevent an attempt at breeding, please contact the SSP Coordinator for further discussion.

5. DNA blood sex testing is recommended to all institutions with unsuccessful pairs, un-sexed vultures or vultures that had previously been sexed using a surgical procedure.

6. The SSP recommends that each be micro-chipped at the base of the cervical vertebrae. Banding is ill-advised due to issues with the bands impacting.

7. Many vultures become aggressive in ambassador programs once they mature. Socializing with other vultures is important for these individuals to move on to become successful breeders as adults.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 7 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Institutions raising young vultures to participate in education programs are asked to provide this socially appropriate environment to ensure healthy breeding behavior in the future.

o The SSP is attempting planned re-integration of imprinted program animals into breeding situations once they reach 4 to 5 years of age and become too aggressive to handle. Imprinted and education birds previously thought unable to reproduce have been successfully brought back into the breeding population. Institutions holding such animals are encouraged to explore the possibility of placing in a breeding situation. The intent is to reduce the number of single birds who are no longer in use as program animals due to aggression, and reintegrate them into the breeding population.

8. If chicks cannot be parent-reared, the SSP recommends puppet or ghost rearing chicks. o Guiffre et al 2010. Puppets: Construction and Use in the Hand-rearing of Birds. Animal Keeper’s Forum 37(4-5): 225-230.

9. Institutions interested in obtaining or placing king vultures should contact the SSP Coordinator to coordinate transfers that will facilitate genetic and demographic stability within the SSP.

o Two birds are currently in need of placement, please contact the SSP Coordinator if your institution is interested in obtaining king vultures.

10. The King Vulture SSP Veterinarian Advisor is Roberto Aguilar, DVM, Dip. ECZM (Zoo Health Management), European Specialist in Zoological Medicine, [email protected].

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 8 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Summary of Breeding and Transfer Recommendations by Studbook ID

SB Local Location Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID ID Study Pair, 11 WACO 195 F 65 HOLD WACO SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 33 LANSING 1220 M 50 HOLD LANSING Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 38 FORTWORTH 21 F 51 HOLD FORTWORTH SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 39 TUCSON X45021 F 51 HOLD TUCSON Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 42 METROZOO 99B002 M 52 HOLD METROZOO Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 45 PHOENIX 631 F 55 HOLD PHOENIX Excluded - Age BREED Available for DO NOT 50 ROCHESTER 285 F 50 HOLD ROCHESTER placement, BREED Excluded - Age Study Pair, 63 NZP-WASH 215973 F 45 HOLD NZP-WASH SEE NOTES Excluded - Age Study Pair, 68 LUFKIN 6630 M 48 HOLD LUFKIN SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 71 ST LOUIS 108985 M 44 HOLD ST LOUIS Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 72 ATASCADER B11053 F 42 HOLD ATASCADER SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 79 PHOENIX 3361 M 47 HOLD PHOENIX Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 83 TUCSON X04733 M 48 HOLD TUCSON Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 84 NZP-WASH 205672 M 47 HOLD NZP-WASH SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 91 SACRAMNTO 201862 M 46 HOLD SACRAMNTO Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 94 LOSANGELE 8594 F 46 HOLD LOSANGELE SEE NOTES Excluded - Age Study Pair, 95 LOSANGELE 6214 M 47 HOLD LOSANGELE SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 96 MONTGOMRY 3 M 46 HOLD MONTGOMRY Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 117 ATASCADER B11052 M 44 HOLD ATASCADER SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 118 HONOLULU 890068 M 45 HOLD HONOLULU Excluded - Age BREED Study Pair, 135 WACO 3012 M 42 HOLD WACO SEE NOTES Excluded - Age DO NOT 139 TRACY AV 2860 F 39 HOLD TRACY AV Excluded - Age BREED Available for DO NOT 140 ROCHESTER 105961 F 39 HOLD ROCHESTER placement, BREED Excluded - Age BREED 145 AUDUBON 102775 F 38 HOLD AUDUBON 152 WITH DO NOT 147 HOUSTON 13922 F 35 HOLD HOUSTON BREED BREED 152 AUDUBON 102774 M 37 HOLD AUDUBON 145 WITH DO NOT 159 PANAMACT 6832 M 35 HOLD PANAMACT BREED King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 9 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

SB Local Location Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID ID MONTGOMR DO NOT 162 MONTGOMRY 113 F 35 HOLD Y BREED BREED 164 DALLAS 938676 M 34 HOLD DALLAS 209 WITH BREED 168 PROVIDNCE 200282 M 34 HOLD PROVIDNCE 177 WITH BREED 174 SIOUX FAL 1381 F 33 HOLD SIOUX FAL 295 WITH BREED 177 PROVIDNCE 200283 F 33 HOLD PROVIDNCE 168 WITH DO NOT 178 BELIZE 1157 U 33 HOLD BELIZE BREED DO NOT 185 BELIZE ______U 32 HOLD BELIZE BREED DO NOT Bird owned by 196 ATLANTA 15B040 F 31 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED COLUMBIA DO NOT 200 FERNDALE 42326 F 39 HOLD FERNDALE Excluded - Age BREED DO NOT 203 CALDWELL 962 M 30 HOLD CALDWELL BREED BREED 209 DALLAS 938677 F 30 HOLD DALLAS 164 WITH BREED 226 EMPORIA 48188 M 28 HOLD EMPORIA 252 WITH BREED 230 TRACY AV 1731 M 28 SEND TO ATLANTA 356 WITH DO NOT Excluded - 239 TRACY AV 960174 F 27 HOLD TRACY AV BREED Education BREED 252 EMPORIA 200008 F 26 HOLD EMPORIA 226 WITH BREED 254 WCEB ______M 26 HOLD WCEB 317 WITH DO NOT Bird owned by 257 ATLANTA 15B039 F 28 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED COLUMBIA DO NOT 259 ST LOUIS 110984 F 28 HOLD ST LOUIS BREED BREED 263 IAE OH UNK F 26 HOLD IAE OH 441 WITH DO NOT 294 WCEB ______M 26 HOLD WCEB BREED BREED 295 SIOUX FAL 1406 M 25 HOLD SIOUX FAL 174 WITH BREED 302 BATONROUG 10967 M 24 HOLD BATONROUG 395 WITH DO NOT Excluded - 307 LOSANGELE 3607 M 26 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED Education 446 BREED Can breed with 308 BREVARD 16009 M 27 HOLD BREVARD or WITH either 446 or 447 447 DO NOT Excluded - 311 LOSANGELE 4100 M 24 HOLD LOSANGELE BREED Education BREED 317 WCEB ______F 24 HOLD WCEB 254 WITH DO NOT 320 METRORICH 105058 M 24 HOLD METRORICH BREED BREED 356 ATLANTA A00010 F 25 HOLD ATLANTA 230 Potential Founder WITH DO NOT 364 METRORICH 105059 F 23 HOLD METRORICH BREED

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 10 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

SB Local Location Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID ID DO NOT 366 COAL VAL B1521 F 23 HOLD COAL VAL BREED DO NOT Excluded - 376 MINNESOTA 8606 M 21 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED Education DO NOT Excluded - 379 DREHER PA 206074 M 20 HOLD DREHER PA BREED Education DO NOT 383 PHOENIX 7996 F 20 HOLD PHOENIX BREED DO NOT 389 CRAWFRD W _____ F 19 HOLD CRAWFRD W BREED DO NOT 393 BROWNSVIL 6798 F 19 HOLD BROWNSVIL BREED BREED 395 BATONROUG 10968 F 18 HOLD BATONROUG 302 WITH BREED 396 MILWAUKEE B3561 M 18 SEND TO DICKERSON 450 WITH DO NOT 400 BROWNSVIL 11548 M 18 HOLD BROWNSVIL BREED DO NOT Excluded - 402 DENVER 990246 M 18 HOLD DENVER BREED Education DO NOT 404 BREVARD 26044 F 18 HOLD BREVARD BREED 407 LUFKIN 9112 F 17 HOLD LUFKIN SEE NOTES Study Pair AV053 DO NOT 415 ALEXANDRI F 16 HOLD ALEXANDRI 8 BREED DO NOT Excluded - 419 TACOMA T04A15 M 16 HOLD TACOMA BREED Education AV009 DO NOT 422 ALEXANDRI M 16 HOLD ALEXANDRI 9 BREED DO NOT Excluded - 423 PUEBLA 4498 U 16 HOLD PUEBLA BREED Education DO NOT 424 SEDGWICK 10051 F 15 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED DO NOT 431 SEDGWICK 10302 F 15 HOLD SEDGWICK BREED 451 BREED Can breed with 432 FERNDALE A9B04 M 14 HOLD FERNDALE or WITH either 451 or 455 455 DO NOT Excluded - 436 PUEBLA 5362 U 14 HOLD PUEBLA BREED Education DO NOT 437 BROWNSVIL 9184 M 11 SEND TO LOWRY BREED DO NOT Excluded - 438 BROWNSVIL 9687 M 10 SEND TO BELIZE BREED Behavioral DO NOT 439 NY BRONX B06026 F 11 HOLD NY BRONX BREED DO NOT 440 NY BRONX B06110 F 10 HOLD NY BRONX BREED BREED 441 IAE OH UNK M 9 HOLD IAE OH 263 WITH BREED 446 BREVARD 26045 F 12 HOLD BREVARD 308 See Notes WITH BREED 447 BREVARD 27109 F 9 HOLD BREVARD 308 See Notes WITH BREED 448 DES MOINE 2446 F 6 HOLD DES MOINE 464 WITH DO NOT 449 HOUSTON 25064 M 8 HOLD HOUSTON BREED BREED 450 MILWAUKEE B4454 F 8 SEND TO DICKERSON 396 WITH King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 11 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

SB Local Location Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes ID ID B1B18 BREED 451 FERNDALE F 6 HOLD FERNDALE 432 See Notes 4 WITH 452 FORTWORTH 209400 M 10 HOLD FORTWORTH SEE NOTES Study Pair DO NOT Excluded – 454 WORLDBIRD B05007 M 12 HOLD WORLDBIRD BREED Education BREED 455 FERNDALE A9B05 F 12 HOLD FERNDALE 432 See Notes WITH M1104 DO NOT Excluded - 457 WORLDBIRD F 5 HOLD WORLDBIRD 0 BREED Education BREED 459 SAN ANTON B13051 F 3 HOLD SAN ANTON 460 WITH BREED 460 SAN ANTON B13050 M 3 HOLD SAN ANTON 459 WITH DO NOT 461 BREVARD 13128 F 3 HOLD BREVARD BREED M1400 DO NOT Excluded - 462 WORLDBIRD M 3 HOLD WORLDBIRD 7 BREED Education BREED 464 DES MOINE 2870 M 1 HOLD DES MOINE 448 WITH DO NOT 465 BREVARD 15044 F 1 HOLD BREVARD BREED DO NOT 466 BREVARD 15077 F 1 HOLD BREVARD BREED DO NOT 467 SACRAMNTO 201963 F 1 HOLD SACRAMNTO BREED M1302 DO NOT Excluded - 468 WORLDBIRD F 3 HOLD WORLDBIRD 8 BREED Education DO NOT 469 ST LOUIS 119523 F 0 SEND TO PANAMACT BREED DO NOT 471 DALLAS 16T082 F 0 SEND TO TRACY AV BREED

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 12 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Breeding and Transfer Recommendations by Institution

ALEXANDRI Alexandria Zoological Park

Alexandria, LA

Institutional Notes: These birds are siblings, do not breed.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 415 AV0538 F 16 HOLD ALEXANDRI DO NOT BREED 422 AV0099 M 16 HOLD ALEXANDRI DO NOT BREED

ATASCADER Charles Paddock Zoo

Atascadero, CA

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, Excluded - 72 B11053 F 42 HOLD ATASCADER SEE NOTES Age Study Pair, Excluded - 117 B11052 M 44 HOLD ATASCADER SEE NOTES Age

ATLANTA

Zoo Atlanta

Atlanta, GA

Institutional Notes: Birds 196 and 257 were temporarily being held at ATLANTA and are being transferred back to COLUMBIA.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 196 15B040 F 31 SEND TO COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED Bird owned by COLUMBIA 230 1731 M 28 RECEIVE FROM TRACY AV BREED WITH 356 257 15B039 F 28 SEND TO COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED Bird owned by COLUMBIA 356 A00010 F 25 HOLD ATLANTA BREED WITH 230 Potential Founder

AUDUBON

Audubon Zoo

New Orleans, LA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 145 102775 F 38 HOLD AUDUBON BREED WITH 152 152 102774 M 37 HOLD AUDUBON BREED WITH 145

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 13 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

BATONROUG

BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo

Baker, LA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 302 10967 M 24 HOLD BATONROUG BREED WITH 395 395 10968 F 18 HOLD BATONROUG BREED WITH 302

BELIZE (non-AZA) The Belize Zoo

Belize City, Belize

Institutional Notes: Please sex current birds using DNA sexing.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 178 1157 U 33 HOLD BELIZE DO NOT BREED 185 ______U 32 HOLD BELIZE DO NOT BREED Excluded - 438 9687 M 10 RECEIVE FROM BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED Behavioral

BREVARD

Melbourne, FL

Institutional Notes: Male 308 can breed with either female 446 or 447.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 446 or Can breed with 308 16009 M 27 HOLD BREVARD BREED WITH 447 either 446 or 447 404 26044 F 18 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED 446 26045 F 12 HOLD BREVARD BREED WITH 308 See Notes 447 27109 F 9 HOLD BREVARD BREED WITH 308 See Notes 461 13128 F 3 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED 465 15044 F 1 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED 466 15077 F 1 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 14 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

BROWNSVIL

Brownsville, TX

Institutional Notes: Birds 393 and 400 are siblings, do not breed.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 393 6798 F 19 HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED 400 11548 M 18 HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED 437 9184 M 11 SEND TO LOWRY DO NOT BREED 438 9687 M 10 SEND TO BELIZE DO NOT BREED Excluded - Behavioral

CALDWELL

Tyler, TX

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 203 962 M 30 HOLD CALDWELL DO NOT BREED

COAL VAL (non-AZA) Niabi Zoo

Coal Valley, IL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 366 B1521 F 23 HOLD COAL VAL DO NOT BREED

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo & Gardens

Columbia, SC

Institutional Notes: Birds 196 and 257 are owned by COLUMBIA and were temporarily being held at ATLANTA.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 196 15B040 F 31 RECEIVE FROM ATLANTA DO NOT BREED 257 15B039 F 28 RECEIVE FROM ATLANTA DO NOT BREED

CRAWFRD W (non-AZA)

World Bird Sanctuary (Walter Crawford)

Valley Park, MO

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 389 _____ F 19 HOLD CRAWFRD W DO NOT BREED King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 15 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

DALLAS

Dallas, TX

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 164 938676 M 34 HOLD DALLAS BREED WITH 209 209 938677 F 30 HOLD DALLAS BREED WITH 164 471 16T082 F 0 SEND TO TRACY AV DO NOT BREED

DENVER Denver Zoological Gardens

Denver, CO

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 402 990246 M 18 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

DES MOINE Blank Park Zoo of Des Moines

Des Moines, IA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 448 2446 F 6 HOLD DES MOINE BREED WITH 464 464 2870 M 1 HOLD DES MOINE BREED WITH 448

DICKERSON (new AZA institution) Dickerson Park Zoo

Springfield, MO

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 396 B3561 M 18 RECEIVE FROM MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 450 450 B4454 F 8 RECEIVE FROM MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 396

DREHER PA Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park

West Palm Beach, FL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 379 206074 M 20 HOLD DREHER PA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 16 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

EMPORIA David Traylor Zoo of Emporia

Emporia, KS

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 226 48188 M 28 HOLD EMPORIA BREED WITH 252 252 200008 F 26 HOLD EMPORIA BREED WITH 226

FERNDALE International Animal Exchange, Inc.

Royal Oak, MI

Ins titutional Notes: Male can breed with either female 451 or 455.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 200 42326 F 39 HOLD FERNDALE DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age Can breed with either 432 A9B04 M 14 HOLD FERNDALE BREED WITH 455 451 or 455 451 B1B184 F 6 HOLD FERNDALE BREED WITH 432 See Notes 455 A9B05 F 12 HOLD FERNDALE BREED WITH 432 See Notes

FORTWORTH Fort Worth Zoological Park

Ft Worth, TX

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, Excluded 38 21 F 51 HOLD FORTWORTH SEE NOTES - Age 452 209400 M 10 HOLD FORTWORTH SEE NOTES Study Pair

HONOLULU (non-AZA) Honolulu Zoo

Honolulu, HI

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 118 890068 M 45 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 17 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

HOUSTON , Inc.

Houston, TX

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 147 13922 F 35 HOLD HOUSTON DO NOT BREED 449 25064 M 8 HOLD HOUSTON DO NOT BREED

IAE OH

African Safari Wildlife Park - IAE

Port Clinton, OH

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 263 UNK F 26 HOLD IAE OH BREED WITH 441 441 UNK M 9 HOLD IAE OH BREED WITH 263

LANSING

Potter Park Zoological Gardens

Lansing, MI

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 33 1220 M 50 HOLD LANSING DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

LOSANGELE Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens

Los Angeles, CA

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, Excluded - 94 8594 F 46 HOLD LOSANGELE SEE NOTES Age Study Pair, Excluded - 95 6214 M 47 HOLD LOSANGELE SEE NOTES Age 307 3607 M 26 HOLD LOSANGELE DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 311 4100 M 24 HOLD LOSANGELE DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

LOWRY (new AZA institution)

Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo

Tampa, FL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 437 9184 M 11 RECEIVE FROM BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 18 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

LUFKIN

Ellen Trout Zoo

Lufkin, TX

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, Excluded - 68 6630 M 48 HOLD LUFKIN SEE NOTES Age 407 9112 F 17 HOLD LUFKIN SEE NOTES Study Pair

METRORICH (non-AZA) Metro Richmond Zoo

Moseley, VA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 320 105058 M 24 HOLD METRORICH DO NOT BREED 364 105059 F 23 HOLD METRORICH DO NOT BREED

METROZOO Zoo Miami

Miami, FL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 42 99B002 M 52 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens

Milwaukee, WI

Institutional Notes: Institution no longer wishes to house king vultures.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 396 B3561 M 18 SEND TO DICKERSON BREED WITH 450 450 B4454 F 8 SEND TO DICKERSON BREED WITH 396

MINNESOTA Minnesota Zoological Garden

Apple Valley, MN

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 376 8606 M 21 HOLD MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 19 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

MONTGOMRY (non-AZA)

Montgomery Zoo

Montgomery, AL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 96 3 M 46 HOLD MONTGOMRY DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 162 113 F 35 HOLD MONTGOMRY DO NOT BREED

NASHV ZOO Nashville Zoo at Grassmere

Nashville, TN

Institutional Notes: Currently in the process of importing king vultures from . Please contact the SSP Coordinator once the birds are acquired.

NY BRONX /Wildlife Conservation Society

Bronx, NY

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 439 B06026 F 11 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED 440 B06110 F 10 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED

NZP-WASH Smithsonian National Zoological Park

Washington, DC

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, 63 215973 F 45 HOLD NZP-WASH SEE NOTES Excluded - Age Study Pair, 84 205672 M 47 HOLD NZP-WASH SEE NOTES Excluded - Age

PANAMACT (non-AZA) ZooWorld Zoological Botanical Conserv.

Panama City Beach, FL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 159 6832 M 35 HOLD PANAMACT DO NOT BREED 469 119523 F 0 RECEIVE FROM ST LOUIS DO NOT BREED

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 20 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo

Phoenix, AZ

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 45 631 F 55 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 79 3361 M 47 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 383 7996 F 20 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

PROVIDNCE Roger Williams Park Zoo

Providence, RI

Insti tutional Notes: Please sex birds using DNA sexing.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 168 200282 M 34 HOLD PROVIDNCE BREED WITH 177 177 200283 F 33 HOLD PROVIDNCE BREED WITH 168

PUEBLA Africam Safari Park

Puebla,

Institutional Notes: Please sex birds using DNA sexing.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 423 4498 U 16 HOLD PUEBLA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 436 5362 U 14 HOLD PUEBLA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

ROCHESTER Seneca Park Zoo

Rochester, NY

Institutional Notes: Institution no longer wishes to house king vultures and is looking to place their curr ent birds as a pair.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Available for placement, 50 285 F 50 HOLD ROCHESTER DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age Available for placement, 140 105961 F 39 HOLD ROCHESTER DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 21 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

SACRAMNTO

Sacramento Zoo

Sacramento, CA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 91 201862 M 46 HOLD SACRAMNTO DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 467 201963 F 1 HOLD SACRAMNTO DO NOT BREED

SAN ANTON San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium

San Antonio, TX

Institutional Notes: Birds can breed when they reach sexual maturity.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 459 B13051 F 3 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH 460 460 B13050 M 3 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH 459

SEDGWICK Sedgwick County Zoo

Wichita, KS

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 424 10051 F 15 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED 431 10302 F 15 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED

SIOUX FAL Great Plains Zoo

Sioux Falls, SD

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 174 1381 F 33 HOLD SIOUX FAL BREED WITH 295 295 1406 M 25 HOLD SIOUX FAL BREED WITH 174

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 22 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

ST LOUIS Saint Louis Zoological Park

St. Louis, MO

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 71 108985 M 44 HOLD ST LOUIS DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 259 110984 F 28 HOLD ST LOUIS DO NOT BREED 469 119523 F 0 SEND TO PANAMACT DO NOT BREED

TACOMA Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium

Tacoma, WA

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 419 T04A15 M 16 HOLD TACOMA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

TRACY AV Tracy Aviary

Salt Lake City, UT

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 139 2860 F 39 HOLD TRACY AV DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 230 1731 M 28 SEND TO ATLANTA BREED WITH 356 239 960174 F 27 HOLD TRACY AV DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 471 16T082 F 0 RECEIVE FROM DALLAS DO NOT BREED

TUCSON Reid Park Zoo

Tucson, AZ

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 39 X45021 F 51 HOLD TUCSON DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age 83 X04733 M 48 HOLD TUCSON DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 23 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

WACO

Waco, TX

Institutional Notes: This pair is recommended to breed as part of an observational study of reproductive limits in this species. Please contact the SSP Coordinator if the pair is successful.

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes Study Pair, Excluded - 11 195 F 65 HOLD WACO SEE NOTES Age Study Pair, Excluded - 135 3012 M 42 HOLD WACO SEE NOTES Age

WCEB (non-AZA) World Center for Exotic Birds

Las Vegas, NV

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 254 ______M 26 HOLD WCEB BREED WITH 317 294 ______M 26 HOLD WCEB DO NOT BREED 317 ______F 24 HOLD WCEB BREED WITH 254

WORLDBIRD Natural Encounters, Inc.

Winter Haven, FL

SB ID Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 454 B05007 M 12 HOLD WORLDBIRD DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 457 M11040 F 5 HOLD WORLDBIRD DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 462 M14007 M 3 HOLD WORLDBIRD DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education 468 M13028 F 3 HOLD WORLDBIRD DO NOT BREED Excluded - Education

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 24 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix A Analytical Assumptions

HYPOTHETICAL INDIVIDUALS Studbook Sire Dam Notes ID Represents wild born potential sires at HYP1 Wild Wild MAYAGUEZ in 1974. Represents wild born potential dams at HYP2 Wild Wild MAYAGUEZ in 1974. Represents wild born potential sires at HYP3 Wild Wild NY BRONX in 1977. Represents wild born potential dams at HYP4 Wild Wild NY BRONX in 1977. Combination of only two potential dams HYP5 13 328 (13x328) at RIO GRAND for 170.

ANALYTICAL DATA FOR TRUE SPECIMENS Studbook True Field Overlay Notes ID Studbook Sire UNK HYP1 Assumed to be unrelated to the rest of the population. Due 135 to the location of the hatch and the estimated hatch date in Dam UNK HYP2 1975, the parents were assumed to be from the wild.

Sire UNK HYP3 Assumed to be unrelated to the rest of the population. Due 139 to the estimated hatch date in 1977, the parents were Dam UNK HYP4 assumed to be from the wild. Sire UNK 151 Two females (13 and 328) and one male (151) were the 170 only birds present at RIO GRAND during the time 170 was Dam UNK HYP5 conceived. Sire UNK WILD According to institutional records, this bird was either part of a confiscation or brought in from the wild and is assumed 356 to be unrelated to the rest of the population with Wild/Wild Dam UNK WILD parents.

ANALYTICAL AGE ASSUMPTIONS Studbook Field Overlay Notes ID 71 Birth Date Est. +/- 1 Year Master Analytical Notes: Standard age estimates were placed on all unknown 72 Birth Date Est. +/- 1 Year age animals and were based on previous 147 Birth Date Est. +/- 1 Year assumptions made of other animals.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 25 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

PMx Project: KingVulture_14Apr2017 Created: 2017-04-14 by PMx version 1.4.20160804 File: C:\PMxProjects\KingVulture_14Apr2017.pmxproj Description: Project updated to include PUEBLA

Primary data file Data File Name: XXKINGVULT_2017_18Feb17(2).ped Common Name: KING VULTURE Scientific Name: SARCORAMPHUS PAPA Data Source: PopLink Studbook Name: KINGVULT_2017_18Feb17 Exported On: 2017-04-14 Software version: PopLink 2.4 Current through: 2017-01-03 Compiled by: Shelly Collinsworth Scope: North American Regional Dates: 2017-04-14 Locations: Association: KINGVULT(AZA+8non).FED .FED = AZA+BELIZE+COAL VAL+CRAWFORD W+HONOLULU+ METRORICH+MONTGOMRY+PANAMACT+WCEB Other Filters: Status = Living User: ALawless

Locations data file Data File Name: location.txt

Demographic input files MPrn file: mXXKINGVULT_2017_18Feb17(2).prn FPrn file: fXXKINGVULT_2017_18Feb17(2).prn Census1 file: Exchcens.txt

Male/Female LifeTable filter: *Common Name: KING VULTURE *Scientific Name: SARCORAMPHUS PAPA *Data Source: PopLink *Studbook Name: KINGVULT_2017_18Feb17 *Exported On: 2017-04-14 *Software version: PopLink 2.4 *Current through: 2017-01-03 *Compiled by: Shelly Collinsworth *Scope: North American Regional *Dates: 1970-01-01 to 2017-04-14 *Locations: *Association: KINGVULT(AZA+8non).FED *Other Filters: Status = Living *User: ALawless

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 26 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix C Animals Excluded from Genetic Analysis (Note: Ten birds excluded for age are recommended to breed as part of an examination of reproductive limits in this species.)

SB ID Location Sex Age Reason for Exclusion 11 WACO F 65 Age 33 LANSING M 50 Age 38 FORTWORTH F 51 Age 39 TUCSON F 51 Age 42 METROZOO M 52 Age 45 PHOENIX F 55 Age 50 ROCHESTER F 50 Age 63 NZP-WASH F 45 Age 68 LUFKIN M 48 Age 71 ST LOUIS M ~ 44 Age 72 ATASCADER F ~ 42 Age 79 PHOENIX M 47 Age 83 TUCSON M 48 Age 84 NZP-WASH M 47 Age 91 SACRAMNTO M 46 Age 94 LOSANGELE F 46 Age 95 LOSANGELE M 47 Age 96 MONTGOMRY M 46 Age 117 ATASCADER M 44 Age 118 HONOLULU M 44 Age 135 WACO M 42 Age 139 TRACY AV F ~40 Age 140 ROCHESTER F ~40 Age 200 FERNDALE F 39 Age 239 TRACY AV F 27 Education 307 LOSANGELE M 26 Education 311 LOSANGELE M 24 Education 376 MINNESOTA M 21 Education 379 DREHER PA M 20 Education 402 DENVER M 17 Education 419 TACOMA M 16 Education 423 PUEBLA U 16 Education 436 PUEBLA U 14 Education 438 BROWNSVIL M 10 Behavioral 454 WORLDBIRD M 12 Education 457 WORLDBIRD F 5 Education 462 WORLDBIRD M 3 Education 468 WORLDBIRD F 3 Education King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 27 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix D Life Tables

Px = survival; Qx = mortality; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Ex = life expectancy; Vx = expected future reproduction, At Risk (Qx and Mx) = number of animals corresponding values are estimated from.

MALES FEMALES Risk Risk Risk Risk Age Px Qx Qx Lx Mx Mx Ex Vx Age Px Qx Qx Lx Mx Mx Ex Vx 0 0.76 0.24 108.70 1.00 0.00 108.70 --- 1.14 0 0.82 0.18 104.10 1.00 0.00 104.10 --- 1.10

1 0.95 0.05 77.40 0.76 0.00 77.40 --- 1.36 1 0.96 0.04 82.10 0.82 0.00 82.10 --- 1.26

2 0.95 0.05 76.10 0.72 0.00 76.10 --- 1.45 2 0.96 0.04 83.20 0.79 0.00 83.20 --- 1.33

3 0.96 0.04 68.90 0.69 0.01 68.90 --- 1.53 3 0.98 0.02 80.40 0.76 0.00 80.40 --- 1.39

4 0.97 0.03 68.20 0.66 0.00 68.20 --- 1.59 4 0.99 0.01 80.80 0.74 0.01 80.80 --- 1.43

5 0.98 0.02 69.70 0.64 0.00 69.70 --- 1.65 5 0.96 0.04 82.80 0.73 0.00 82.80 --- 1.48

6 0.98 0.02 73.30 0.63 0.01 73.30 --- 1.70 6 0.98 0.02 79.70 0.70 0.01 79.70 --- 1.55

7 0.97 0.03 77.10 0.61 0.01 77.10 --- 1.74 7 0.97 0.03 78.00 0.69 0.03 78.00 --- 1.60

8 0.99 0.01 74.90 0.60 0.03 74.90 --- 1.79 8 0.99 0.01 77.50 0.67 0.01 77.50 --- 1.62

9 0.97 0.03 72.30 0.59 0.03 72.30 --- 1.81 9 0.98 0.02 75.90 0.66 0.01 75.90 --- 1.66

10 0.98 0.02 67.90 0.57 0.03 67.90 --- 1.84 10 0.99 0.01 72.90 0.65 0.00 72.90 --- 1.70

11 0.94 0.06 63.50 0.56 0.01 63.50 --- 1.91 11 0.99 0.01 71.10 0.64 0.01 71.10 --- 1.74

12 0.98 0.02 57.60 0.53 0.06 57.60 --- 1.99 12 0.97 0.03 69.00 0.64 0.05 69.00 --- 1.79

13 0.95 0.05 56.30 0.52 0.09 56.30 --- 2.02 13 0.94 0.06 66.00 0.62 0.05 66.00 --- 1.85

14 0.96 0.04 52.00 0.49 0.07 52.00 --- 2.04 14 0.98 0.02 62.10 0.58 0.08 62.10 --- 1.90

15 0.98 0.02 49.10 0.47 0.14 49.10 --- 2.05 15 0.98 0.02 58.60 0.57 0.08 58.60 --- 1.88

16 0.97 0.03 47.70 0.46 0.17 47.70 --- 1.98 16 0.97 0.03 56.10 0.56 0.09 56.10 --- 1.88

17 1.00 0.00 44.70 0.45 0.13 44.70 --- 1.86 17 1.00 0.00 53.60 0.54 0.06 53.60 --- 1.84

18 1.00 0.00 44.30 0.45 0.09 44.30 --- 1.74 18 0.96 0.04 53.70 0.54 0.07 53.70 --- 1.84

19 0.95 0.05 41.50 0.45 0.11 41.50 --- 1.71 19 1.00 0.00 50.30 0.52 0.04 50.30 --- 1.83

20 0.98 0.02 41.60 0.42 0.13 41.60 --- 1.67 20 0.98 0.02 49.30 0.52 0.14 49.30 --- 1.84

21 0.97 0.03 39.90 0.42 0.16 39.90 --- 1.60 21 1.00 0.00 46.90 0.51 0.14 46.90 --- 1.74

22 1.00 0.00 37.50 0.40 0.17 37.50 --- 1.47 22 0.96 0.04 45.00 0.51 0.08 45.00 --- 1.65

23 0.97 0.03 37.50 0.40 0.08 37.50 --- 1.34 23 0.98 0.02 42.10 0.49 0.09 42.10 --- 1.65

24 0.97 0.03 36.10 0.39 0.06 36.10 --- 1.31 24 1.00 0.00 38.80 0.48 0.13 38.80 --- 1.59

25 1.00 0.00 32.80 0.38 0.12 32.80 --- 1.28 25 1.00 0.00 37.40 0.48 0.00 37.40 --- 1.48

26 0.97 0.03 31.40 0.38 0.07 31.40 --- 1.19 26 1.00 0.00 37.00 0.48 0.17 37.00 --- 1.50

27 1.00 0.00 28.90 0.37 0.14 28.90 --- 1.15 27 0.97 0.03 35.10 0.48 0.14 35.10 --- 1.37

28 0.96 0.04 27.40 0.37 0.17 27.40 --- 1.04 28 0.94 0.06 33.50 0.46 0.17 33.50 --- 1.31

29 0.96 0.04 24.30 0.35 0.12 24.30 --- 0.91 29 1.00 0.00 30.10 0.44 0.15 30.10 --- 1.19

30 0.96 0.04 24.00 0.34 0.19 24.00 --- 0.83 30 1.00 0.00 30.90 0.44 0.07 30.90 --- 1.06

31 1.00 0.00 22.10 0.33 0.08 22.10 --- 0.66 31 0.94 0.06 30.90 0.44 0.09 30.90 --- 1.03

32 1.00 0.00 22.00 0.33 0.08 22.00 --- 0.59 32 1.00 0.00 28.00 0.41 0.07 28.00 --- 0.99

33 1.00 0.00 21.50 0.33 0.11 21.50 --- 0.51 33 0.89 0.11 27.40 0.41 0.10 27.40 --- 0.98

34 1.00 0.00 20.80 0.33 0.17 20.80 --- 0.40 34 0.95 0.05 21.40 0.36 0.07 21.40 --- 0.97

35 1.00 0.00 18.20 0.33 0.03 18.20 --- 0.24 35 1.00 0.00 18.90 0.35 0.16 18.90 --- 0.94

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 28 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

MALES FEMALES Risk Risk Risk Risk Age Px Qx Qx Lx Mx Mx Ex Vx Age Px Qx Qx Lx Mx Mx Ex Vx 36 1.00 0.00 17.00 0.33 0.03 17.00 --- 0.21 36 1.00 0.00 18.00 0.35 0.09 18.00 --- 0.79

37 1.00 0.00 16.90 0.33 0.07 16.90 --- 0.18 37 0.95 0.05 19.00 0.35 0.06 19.00 --- 0.73

38 0.94 0.06 16.00 0.33 0.04 16.00 --- 0.11 38 1.00 0.00 17.80 0.33 0.06 17.80 --- 0.70

39 1.00 0.00 16.00 0.31 0.00 16.00 --- 0.08 39 0.94 0.06 17.20 0.33 0.03 17.20 --- 0.67

40 1.00 0.00 16.00 0.31 0.00 16.00 --- 0.08 40 0.93 0.07 14.00 0.31 0.11 14.00 --- 0.69

41 1.00 0.00 16.00 0.31 0.00 16.00 --- 0.08 41 1.00 0.00 13.00 0.29 0.08 13.00 --- 0.61

42 1.00 0.00 15.30 0.31 0.04 15.30 --- 0.08 42 0.92 0.08 12.20 0.29 0.04 12.20 --- 0.56

43 1.00 0.00 15.00 0.31 0.04 15.00 --- 0.04 43 0.82 0.18 11.00 0.26 0.10 11.00 --- 0.60

44 0.93 0.07 14.60 0.31 0.00 14.60 --- 0.00 44 1.00 0.00 9.00 0.22 0.11 9.00 --- 0.57

45 1.00 0.00 11.20 0.29 0.00 11.20 --- 0.00 45 0.88 0.12 8.30 0.22 0.07 8.30 --- 0.49

46 1.00 0.00 9.30 0.29 0.00 9.30 --- 0.00 46 0.85 0.15 6.50 0.19 0.00 6.50 --- 0.50

47 0.84 0.16 6.40 0.29 0.00 6.40 --- 0.00 47 1.00 0.00 5.00 0.16 0.10 5.00 --- 0.55

48 1.00 0.00 2.60 0.24 0.00 2.60 --- 0.00 48 1.00 0.00 5.00 0.16 0.21 5.00 --- 0.45

49 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.24 0.00 2.00 --- 0.00 49 1.00 0.00 5.00 0.16 0.00 5.00 --- 0.25

50 1.00 0.00 1.30 0.24 0.00 1.30 --- 0.00 50 1.00 0.00 4.60 0.16 0.00 4.60 --- 0.25

51 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.24 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00 51 1.00 0.00 3.80 0.16 0.00 3.80 --- 0.25

52 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.24 0.00 0.50 --- 0.00 52 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.16 0.00 2.00 --- 0.26

53 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 53 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.16 0.26 2.00 --- 0.26

54 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 54 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.16 0.00 2.00 --- 0.00

55 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 55 1.00 0.00 1.30 0.16 0.00 1.30 --- 0.00

56 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 56 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

57 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 57 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

58 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 58 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

59 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 59 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

60 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 60 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

61 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 61 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

62 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 62 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

63 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 63 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

64 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 64 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.00 1.00 --- 0.00

65 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 65 1.00 0.00 0.30 0.16 0.00 0.30 --- 0.00

66 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 66 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00

67 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 67 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00

r = 0.009, λ = 1.009, Ro = 1.229, T = 22.1, N@20 = 72 r = 0.014, λ = 1.014, Ro = 1.428, T = 25.7, N@20 = 72

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 29 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix E Ordered Mean Kinship List

Note: This list is current to April 2017 and values are subject to change with any birth, death, import, export, inclusion, or exclusion. Unknown sexed individuals appear on both the male and female side of the mean kinship list and are designated by a “U” next to their studbook ID.

Population MK = 0.0256

MALES FEMALES

SB ID MK Known Age Location SB ID MK Known Age Location 168 0.0081 1.0000 34 PROVIDNCE 356 0.0000 1.0000 25 ATLANTA

302 0.0081 1.0000 25 BATONROUG 177 0.0081 1.0000 33 PROVIDNCE

320 0.0081 1.0000 24 METRORICH 450 0.0081 1.0000 8 MILWAUKEE

396 0.0081 1.0000 19 MILWAUKEE 263 0.0101 1.0000 27 IAE OH

452 0.0101 1.0000 10 FORTWORTH 145 0.0111 1.0000 38 AUDUBON

308 0.0121 1.0000 28 BREVARD 252 0.0121 1.0000 27 EMPORIA

432 0.0121 1.0000 15 FERNDALE 317 0.0121 1.0000 24 WCEB

226 0.0141 1.0000 29 EMPORIA 424 0.0121 1.0000 15 SEDGWICK

230 0.0161 1.0000 28 TRACY AV 162 0.0202 1.0000 35 MONTGOMRY

254 0.0181 1.0000 26 WCEB 174 0.0202 1.0000 34 SIOUX FAL

152 0.0202 1.0000 37 AUDUBON 383 0.0202 1.0000 20 PHOENIX

203 0.0202 1.0000 31 CALDWELL 395 0.0202 1.0000 19 BATONROUG

178U 0.0202 1.0000 33 BELIZE 178U 0.0202 1.0000 33 BELIZE

185U 0.0202 1.0000 33 BELIZE 185U 0.0202 1.0000 33 BELIZE

460 0.0232 1.0000 3 SAN ANTON 366 0.0222 1.0000 23 COAL VAL

159 0.0242 1.0000 35 PANAMACT 389 0.0232 1.0000 20 CRAWFRD W

464 0.0272 1.0000 2 DES MOINE 447 0.0232 1.0000 10 BREVARD

441 0.0282 1.0000 10 IAE OH 196 0.0252 1.0000 31 ATLANTA

449 0.0282 1.0000 9 HOUSTON 469 0.0272 1.0000 1 ST LOUIS

164 0.0282 1.0000 34 DALLAS 257 0.0282 1.0000 29 ATLANTA

437 0.0313 1.0000 11 BROWNSVIL 407 0.0282 1.0000 18 LUFKIN

294 0.0343 1.0000 26 WCEB 440 0.0282 1.0000 11 NY BRONX

295 0.0343 1.0000 25 SIOUX FAL 451 0.0282 1.0000 7 FERNDALE

422 0.0403 1.0000 16 ALEXANDRI 209 0.0323 1.0000 30 DALLAS

400 0.0464 1.0000 18 BROWNSVIL 459 0.0333 1.0000 4 SAN ANTON

147 0.0343 1.0000 35 HOUSTON

455 0.0343 1.0000 13 FERNDALE

446 0.0343 1.0000 12 BREVARD

439 0.0343 1.0000 11 NY BRONX

448 0.0343 1.0000 7 DES MOINE

467 0.0343 1.0000 1 SACRAMNTO

471 0.0343 1.0000 0 DALLAS

259 0.0383 1.0000 28 ST LOUIS

364 0.0403 1.0000 23 METRORICH

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 30 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

MALES FEMALES

SB ID MK Known Age Location SB ID MK Known Age Location 431 0.0403 1.0000 15 SEDGWICK

404 0.0403 1.0000 18 BREVARD

393 0.0423 1.0000 19 BROWNSVIL

415 0.0423 1.0000 16 ALEXANDRI

461 0.0474 1.0000 3 BREVARD

465 0.0474 1.0000 2 BREVARD

466 0.0474 1.0000 1 BREVARD

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 31 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix F Descriptive Survival Statistics Report

KING VULTURE Studbook Sarcoramphus papa North American Regional Studbook

Studbook data current as of 1/3/2017

Compiled by Shelly Collinsworth [email protected]

PopLink Studbook filename: KINGVULT_2017_18Feb17 + 2017 Overlay PopLink User Who Exported Report: ALawless Date of Export: 4/24/2017 Data Filtered by: Association = KINGVULT(AZA+8non).FED AND StartDate = 1/1/1970 AND EndDate = 4/24/2017 PopLink Version: 2.4

REPORT OVERVIEW: The data for males were not of sufficient robustness to analyze and report male survival statistics. Based on this analysis, if a female KING VULTURE survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 28.7 years. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES:

These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1970 to 24 April 2017 at all institutions in the studbook. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibit in zoos and aquariums.

This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected.

Data were not of sufficient quality to analyze and report survival statistics for males (see Data Quality section). Because of this, statistical differences between male and female statistics could not be calculated and results are only reported for females.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES:

SURVIVAL STATISTICS

The dataset used for analysis includes partial or full lifespans of 120 female individuals, 53 (44.2%) of which had died by 24 April 2017.

If a female KING VULTURE survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy1 is 28.7 years of age. Given the quality of the data - how many animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median falls between 18.4 and 34.0 years of age (i.e., these are the 95% confidence limits). Only 25% of female KING VULTURE can be expected to survive to be 43.6 years or older.

First-year (infant) survival2 for female KING VULTURE is 87%. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species and life histories.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 32 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

The maximum longevity3 observed for female KING VULTURE is 65.3 years; this longevity record is based on an individual which was CENSORED as of the analysis end date (studbook number 11, sex = Female, origin = Wild Hatch, birth date estimate = Year).4

The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' KING VULTURE female will live 28.7 years; that half of all KING VULTURE females can be expected to die before they reach 28.7 and half will live longer than 28.7; that only 25% of all female KING VULTURE can be expected to live 43.6 years; and that it is rare but possible for KING VULTURE females to live 65.3 years. There are not enough data to determine whether these values are representative of both sexes.

The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve.

While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years5. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122).

DATA QUALITY

The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. The female subset of data for this population passed all of the following tests, while the male subset failed one or more of the tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? MALE PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? MALE PASS 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? MALE PASS 4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? MALE PASS 5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? MALE FAIL

PopLink data validation has never been run; if errors are present in this studbook, they may affect the data in this analysis.

1 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its first birthday?' For this studbook, 46 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses.

For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details.

2For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 46 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive).

3 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included in the dataset.

4 Information on the oldest males in the population can be found by running the PopLink Age Outliers Report. Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2) exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date.

5 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports; vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 33 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix G Definitions Management Terms

Green Species Survival Plan® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals and is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non–Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals but cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Red Species Survival Plan® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than 50 animals, at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green SSP animal in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan).

All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see https://www.aza.org/board-approved-policies-and-position-statements.

Demographic Terms

Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes.

Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class.

Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because SPARKS is typically using relatively small sample sizes, SPARKS calculates Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction.

Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one-time period; is conditional on an individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next.

Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px Alternatively, the proportion of individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk").

Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class.

Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x. King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 34 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Genetic Terms

Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population.

Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a Poisson distribution of sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation).

FOKE, First Order Kin Equivalents – The number of first-order kin (siblings or offspring) that would contain the number of copies of an individual’s alleles (identical by descent) as are present in the captive-born population. Thus an offspring or sib contributes 1 to FOKE; each grand-offspring contributes 1/2 to FOKE; each cousin contributes 1/4 to FOKE. FOKE = 4*N*MK, in which N is the number of living animals in the captive population.

Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants).

Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE).

Founder Genome Surviving – The sum of allelic retentions of the individual founders (i.e., the product of the mean allelic retention and the number of founders).

Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder. I.e., proportional Founder Contribution.

GU, Genome Uniqueness – Probability that an allele sampled at random from an individual is not present, identical by descent, in any other living individual in the population. GU-all is the genome uniqueness relative to the entire population. GU-Desc is the genome uniqueness relative to the living non-founder, descendants.

Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population.

Kinship Value (KV) – The weighted mean kinship of an animal, with the weights being the reproductive values of each of the kin. The mean kinship value of a population predicts the loss of gene diversity expected in the subsequent generation if all animals were to mate randomly and all were to produce the numbers of offspring expected for animals of their age.

Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times.

Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive- born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD.

Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known Founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75.

Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 35 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Appendix H Directory of Institutional Representatives

Contact Name Institution Email Phone ALEXANDRI - Alexandria Lisa Laskoski Zoological Park, Alexandria, [email protected] (318)441-6835 LA ASHLANDNE - Lee Joe Shepard Simmons Conservation Park [email protected]

& Safari, Ashland, NE ATASCADER - Charles Alan Baker Paddock Zoo, Atascadero, [email protected] (805)470-3170 CA ATLANTA - Zoo Atlanta, Christina Lavallee [email protected] (404)624-5991 Atlanta, GA AUDUB SSC - Freeport- McMoRan Audubon Species

Richard Dunn [email protected] (817)789-3634 Survival Center, New Orleans, LA AUDUBON - Audubon Zoo, Carolyn Atherton [email protected] (504)212-5370 New Orleans, LA BALTIMORE - Maryland Zoo Jennifer Kottyan [email protected] (443)552-3365 in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD BATONROUG - BREC's Lee Schoen [email protected] (225)775-3877 (209) Baton Rouge Zoo, Baker, LA BELIZE - The Belize Zoo, Celso Poot [email protected] Belize City, Belize BREVARD - Brevard Zoo, Michelle Smurl [email protected] (321)254-9453 (217) Melbourne, FL BRIDGEPRT - Connecticut's Linda Tomas Beardsley Zoo, Bridgeport, [email protected]

CT Colette Hairston BROWNSVIL - Gladys Porter [email protected] (956)504-2895 Adams Zoo, Brownsville, TX CALDWELL - Caldwell Zoo, Yvonne Stainback [email protected] (903)593-0121 Tyler, TX CENTRALPK - Central Park Susan Cardillo [email protected] Zoo, New York, NY CINCINNAT - Cincinnati Zoo Robert Webster & Botanical Garden, [email protected] (513)281-4700,x8353 Cincinnati, OH COAL VAL - Niabi Zoo, Coal Rose Irene Johnson [email protected] (309)799-5108 Valley, IL COLO SPRG - Cheyenne Ashley Arimborgo Mountain Zoological Park, [email protected] (719)424-7818 Colorado Springs, CO COLUMBIA - Riverbanks Colleen Lynch Zoo & Gardens, Columbia, [email protected] (803)978-1059 SC COSLEY ZO - Cosley Zoo, Susan Wahlgren [email protected] Wheaton, IL CRAWFRD W - World Bird Jeff Meshach Sanctuary (Walter Crawford), [email protected] (636)861-3246 Valley Park, CO CSTB - Center for the Study Jack Eitniear of Tropical Birds, San [email protected]

Antonio, TX

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 36 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Contact Name Institution Email Phone DALLAS - Dallas Zoo, Nathan Compton [email protected] (469)554-7244 Dallas, TX DALLAS WA - Dallas World Daryl Richardson [email protected] Aquarium, Dallas, TX DENVER - Denver Kristin Smith Zoological Gardens, Denver, [email protected] (720)337-1487 CO DES MOINE - Blank Park Shannon McKinney Zoo of Des Moines, Des [email protected]

Moines, IA DETROIT - Detroit Tom Schneider Zoological Society, Royal [email protected]

Oak, MI DICKERSON - Dickerson Kesha Schreiber [email protected] (417)833-1570 Park Zoo, Springfield, MO DISNEY AK - Disney's Scott Tidmus Animal Kingdom, Lake [email protected]

Buena Vista, FL DREHER PA - Palm Beach Gwen Lovett Zoo at Dreher Park, West [email protected] (561)533-0887 Palm Beach, FL EMPORIA - David Traylor Lisa Keith [email protected] (620)341-4365 Zoo of Emporia, Emporia, KS EVANSVLLE - Mesker Park Amos Morris [email protected] Zoo, Evansville, IN FERNDALE - International Laura Bragg Animal Exchange, Inc., [email protected] (305)360-1096 Royal Oak, MI FORTWORTH - Fort Worth Katy Unger Zoological Park, Ft Worth, [email protected] (817)759-7170 TX FRANKLINP - Franklin Park Fred Beall [email protected] Zoo, Boston, MA FRESNO - Fresno Chaffee Jennifer Wesson [email protected] (559)498-5914 Zoo, Fresno, CA GARDENCTY - Lee Kristi Newland Richardson Zoo, Garden [email protected]

City, KS GLEN OAK - Peoria Zoo in Dawn Petefish [email protected] Glen Oak Park, Peoria, IL HOGLE - Utah's Hogle Zoo, Cindy Jenson [email protected] Salt Lake City, UT HONOLULU - Honolulu Zoo, Kelly Reno [email protected] Honolulu, HI HOUSTON - Houston Zoo, Hannah Bailey [email protected] (713)533-6565 Inc., Houston, TX IAE OH - African Safari Kelsey Keller Wildlife Park, Port Clinton, [email protected] (248)398-6533 (70) OH JACKSON - Jackson Dave Wetzel Zoological Park, Jackson, [email protected]

MS KANSASCTY - Kansas City Timothy Steinmetz [email protected] (816)595-1324 Zoo, Kansas City, MO

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 37 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Contact Name Institution Email Phone LANSING - Potter Park Sarah Higgins Zoological Gardens, Lansing, [email protected] (517)342-2771 MI LEON - Patronato del Pavlova Sheffield Parque Zoologico de Leon, [email protected]

Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico LOSANGELE - Los Angeles Michael Maxcy Zoo & Botanical Gardens, [email protected]

Los Angeles, CA LOWRY - Tampa's Lowry Julie Tomita [email protected] Park Zoo, Tampa, FL LUFKIN - Ellen Trout Zoo, Celia Falzone [email protected] Lufkin, TX MANHATTAN - Sunset Zoo, Brian Davoren [email protected] (785)587-2737 Manhattan, KS METRORICH - Metro Jim Andelin [email protected] Richmond Zoo, Moseley, VA METROZOO - Zoo Miami, Jim Dunster [email protected] Miami, FL MILL MOUN - Mill Mountain Robin Lentz [email protected] (540)343-3241, x31 Zoo, Roanoke, VA MILWAUKEE - Milwaukee Alex Waier County Zoological Gardens, [email protected] (414)256-5449 Milwaukee, WI MINNESOTA - Minnesota David Cruz Zoological Garden, Apple [email protected] (952)431-9356 Valley, MN MONTGOMRY - Ken Naugher Montgomery Zoo, [email protected] (334)240-4903 Montgomery, AL NASHV ZOO - Nashville Zoo Peggy Pellett [email protected] at Grassmere, Nashville, TN NATAVPGH - National Kurt Hungden Aviary in Pittsburgh, [email protected] (412)323-7235, x-448 Pittsburgh, PA NEWPORTKY - Newport Ric Urban [email protected] (859)250-6425 Aquarium, Kentucky, KY NY BRONX - Bronx David Oehler Zoo/Wildlife Conservation [email protected] (718)220-5159 Society, Bronx, NY NZP-WASH - Smithsonian Sara Hallager National Zoological Park, [email protected] (202)633-3088 Washington, DC PALM DES - The Living Peter Siminski [email protected] (760)346-5694 x2103 Desert, Palm Desert, CA PANAMACT - ZooWorld Zoological Botanical Kayte Hogan [email protected] Conserv., Panama City Beach, FL PHOENIX - Phoenix Zoo, John Sills [email protected] (602)273-1341 (7625) Phoenix, AZ PROVIDNCE - Roger Timothy French Williams Park Zoo, [email protected] (401)785-3510 (306) Providence, RI PUEBLA - Africam Safari Frank Camacho [email protected] 222 2817000 (239) Park, Puebla, Mexico

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 38 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

Contact Name Institution Email Phone REDWOOD - Six Flags Kristin Wasson Discovery Kingdom, Vallejo, [email protected] (707)556-5212 CA ROCHESTER - Seneca Park David Hamilton [email protected] (585)753-2502 Zoo, Rochester, NY SACRAMNTO - Sacramento Susan Healy [email protected] (916)808-5013 Zoo, Sacramento, CA SAN ANTON - San Antonio Josef San Miguel Zoological Gardens & [email protected]

Aquarium, San Antonio, TX SAN FRAN - San Francisco Tanya Peterson Zoological Gardens, San [email protected]

Francisco, CA SANFORD - Central Dino Ferri Zoological Park, Lake [email protected] (407)323-4450 ext 112 Monroe, FL SCOTTSBLU - Riverside Anthony Mason Discovery Center, [email protected]

Scottsbluff, NE SEDGWICK - Sedgwick Scott Newland [email protected] (316)266-8324 County Zoo, Wichita, KS SIOUX FAL - Great Plains Lisa Smith [email protected] (605)367-8313 ext. 119 Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD ST AUGUST - St. Augustine Gen Anderson Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, [email protected] (904)824-3337,x16 FL ST LOUIS - Saint Louis Anne Tieber Zoological Park, St. Louis, [email protected] (314)781-0900-284 MO TACOMA - Point Defiance Karen Goodrowe-Beck Zoo & Aquarium, Tacoma, [email protected] (253)404-3680 WA TRACY AV - Tracy Aviary, Kate Lyngle-Cowand [email protected] (801)596-8500 x119 Salt Lake City, UT TUCSON - Reid Park Zoo, Sue Tygielski [email protected] (520)631-6053 Tucson, AZ TULSA - Tulsa Zoo, Tulsa, Josef Linholm [email protected] OK WACO - Cameron Park Zoo, Shawn Styrcula [email protected] (254)750-8453 Waco, TX WCEB - World Center for Joe Krathwohl [email protected] (702)896-4274 Exotic Birds, Las Vegas, NV WHEELING - Oglebay's Joe Greathouse Good Children's Zoo, [email protected]

Wheeling, WV WILD WRLD - Wildlife World Jack Ewert [email protected] (623)935-9453 Zoo, Litchfield Park, AZ WORLDBIRD - Natural Rob Bules Encounters, Inc., Winter [email protected] (863)258-1001 Haven, FL

King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) FINAL – 2017 39 This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.