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Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
The American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition Are Vinson Massif (1), Mount Shinn (2), Mount Tyree (3), and Mount Gardner (4)
.' S S \ Ilk 'fr 5 5 1• -Wqx•x"]1Z1"Uavy"fx{"]1Z1"Nnxuxprlau"Zu{vny. Oblique aerial photographic view of part of the Sentinel Range. Four of the mountains climbed by the American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition are Vinson Massif (1), Mount Shinn (2), Mount Tyree (3), and Mount Gardner (4). Mount Os- tenso and Long Gables, also climbed, are among the peaks farther north. tica. Although tentative plans were made to answer The American Antarctic the challenge, it was not until 1966 that those plans began to materialize. In November of that Mountaineering Expedition year, the National Geographic Society agreed to provide major financial support for the undertaking, and the Office of Antarctic Programs of the Na- SAMUEL C. SILVERSTEIN* tional Science Foundation, in view of the proven Rockefeller University capability, national representation, and scientific New York, N.Y. aims of the group, arranged with the Department of Defense for the U.S. Naval Support Force, A Navy LC-130 Hercules circled over the lower Antarctica, to provide the logistics required. On slopes of the Sentinel Range, then descended, touched December 3, the climbing party, called the Ameri- its skis to the snow, and glided to a stop near 10 can Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition, assem- waiting mountaineers and their equipment. Twenty- bled in Los Angeles to prepare for the unprece- five miles to the east, the 16,860-foot-high summit dented undertaking. of Vinson Massif, highest mountain in Antarctica, glistened above a wreath of gray cloud. Nearby The Members were Mount Tyree, 16,250 feet, second highest The expedition consisted of 10 members selected mountain on the Continent; Mount Shinn, about 16,- by the American Alpine Club. -
America's Highest Peak Now Measures 6962 Metres!
America’s highest peak now measures 6962 metres! At 6,962 Metres on Aconcagua in January 2001: Climber Gianpetro Verza has just mounted the terre- strial reflector signal to enable the classical terrestrial survey with tacheometres from the valley, and he has fixed on the top the Leica GPS 530 antenna. This configura- The highest mountain of The 7242 kilometre-long mountains are “growing” tion allowed at the same time mea- the Americas is only 38.17 Andes are the longest or "shrinking". From now on, surement in both technologies with meters short of seven mountain chain in the world. however, with technology high accuracy. Verza has put the thousand. The indications The Swiss Matthias and systems providing a Leica GPS530 terminal, the same on maps of the precise Zurbriggen was the first reproducible accuracy of a equipment as used on Kilimanjaro, elevation of America’s man to conquer Aconcagua few millimetres, it will be before him on the summit. highest peak, Mt Aconca- on 14 January 1897. In 2001 possible to precisely measu- gua, will have to be correc- it was with the most modern re the summits and record re-surveyed using the same ted and increased by two GPS measurement techno- their vertical and horizontal GPS equipment from Leica metres. This is the result of logy from Switzerland, that movements. Geosystems. an Italian-Argentinian the exact mountain height Scientific Expedition led by was re-determined. After Mt Everest and On Mt Everest, re-measured Geologist Giorgio Poretti. Mt Kilimanjaro now also in 1992 by an Italian- Previously -
2021 Sample (PDF)
® field guides BIRDING TOURS WORLDWIDE [email protected] • 800•728•4953 ITINERARY BIRDS & WINES OF CHILE AND ARGENTINA February 6-20, 2021 One of the special birds found in Chile and Argentina is the Diademed Sandpiper-Plover. These unusual shorebirds live in high-elevation wetlands such as the Yeso Valley in Chile. Photograph by guide Marcelo Padua. We include here information for those interested in the 2021 Field Guides Birds & Wines of Chile and Argentina tour: ¾ a general introduction to the tour ¾ a description of the birding areas to be visited on the tour ¾ an abbreviated daily itinerary with some indication of the nature of each day’s birding outings These additional materials will be made available to those who register for the tour: ¾ an annotated list of the birds recorded on a previous year’s Field Guides trip to the area, with comments by guide(s) on notable species or sightings (may be downloaded from our web site) ¾ a detailed information bulletin with important logistical information and answers to questions regarding accommodations, air arrangements, clothing, currency, customs and immigration, documents, health precautions, and personal items ¾ a reference list ¾ a Field Guides checklist for preparing for and keeping track of the birds we see on the tour ¾ after the conclusion of the tour, a list of birds seen on the tour Argentina and Chile, two countries divided by the longest mountain range on Earth, are joined by a passion for making and drinking excellent wine! This new tour aims to take you to the wine-producing regions of these two countries while showing you the exuberant natural world that surrounds them. -
The South American Indian As a Pioneer Alpinist
TI-lE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST 81 THE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST BY EVELIO ECHEVARRfA C. ECENTL Y it has become kno\vn that a number of very high Andean mountain tops had not only been ascended but also permanently occupied by the Indians, possibly as much as three centuries before de Saussure's ascent of Mont Blanc. They climbed peaks of up to 22,ooo ft., they constructed shelters on or near their tops, and they used the high places as watch-towers or as sacrificial shrines. Some authorities believe that this activity took place as early as the late four teenth century, though we cannot prove that some of it did not take place long after, possibly as late as the nineteenth century. These Indian accomplishments have been left unmentioned in practi cally all mountaineering history books. In this article, which may be the first to attempt a comprehensive survey,1 my purpose is to review briefly the location and the nature of each discovery. The area in which these Indian mountain ascents took place is what in physical geography is known as the Atacama desert (although this name is nowadays used in political and cultural geography for a much more restricted area). It is a treeless, sandy and volcanic waste-land seldom visited by mountaineers. It stretches from the neighbourhood of Arequipa, in Peru, as far south as Elqui in Chile; to the east it reaches the Andean slopes that face the jungles of Argentina and Bolivia, and to the west, the Pacific Ocean. -
Discovery of Two New Species of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Patagonia, Argentina, and Occurrence of Melanism in the Patagonicus Group
Trabajo Cuad. herpetol. 29 (1): 5-25 (2015) Discovery of two new species of Phymaturus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from Patagonia, Argentina, and occurrence of melanism in the patagonicus group Fernando Lobo¹, Santiago Javier Nenda² ¹ Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONI- CET)–Universidad Nacional de Salta, Avenida Bolivia 5150, 4400–Salta, Argentina. ² División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’-CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina Recibido: 03 Abril 2014 ABSTRACT Revisado: 12 Mayo 2014 Comprehensive studies recently published on the evolution and systematics of Phymaturus Aceptado: 25 Junio 2014 (morphological and molecular ones) revealed not only a historical pattern and subclades within Editor Asociado: A. S. Quinteros the traditional P. palluma and P. patagonicus species groups but also a still not fully understood unsuspected diversity. Several populations in northern and southern Argentina may represent independent lineages that deserve formal description. Two of these populations were studied for the present contribution and are easily distinguished from all the other species in the genus. One of these populations is from Río Negro province and belongs to the P. patagonicus group; it exhibits a unique dorsal color pattern and several individuals are melanic, a characteristic never reported before for the genus, with the exception of P. tenebrosus. A careful examination of melanic individuals revealed the same dorsal pattern as that of non-melanic ones, although it is obscured. We also report the discovery of melanic individuals of two other species that are probably closely related: P. ceii and P. sitesi. The melanism found in the P. -
Antarctic.V12.4.1991.Pdf
500 lOOOMOTtcn ANTARCTIC PENINSULA s/2 9 !S°km " A M 9 I C j O m t o 1 Comandante Ferraz brazil 2 Henry Arctowski polano 3 Teniente Jubany Argentina 4 Artigas uruouav 5 Teniente Rodotfo Marsh emu BeHingshausen ussr Great WaD owa 6 Capstan Arturo Prat ck«.e 7 General Bernardo O'Higgins cmiu 8 Esperanza argentine 9 Vice Comodoro Marambio Argentina 10 Palmer usa 11 Faraday uk SOUTH 12 Rothera uk SHETLAND 13 Teniente Carvajal chile 14 General San Martin Argentina ISLANDS JOOkm NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY MAP COPYRIGHT Vol. 12 No. 4 Antarctic Antarctic (successor to "Antarctic News Bulletin") Vol. 12 No.4 Contents Polar New Zealand 94 Australia 101 Pakistan 102 United States 104 West Germany 111 Sub-Antarctic ANTARCTIC is published quarterly by Heard Island 116 theNew Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., 1978. General ISSN 0003-5327 Antarctic Treaty 117 Greenpeace 122 Editor: Robin Ormerod Environmental database 123 Please address all editorial inquiries, contri Seven peaks, seven months 124 butions etc to the Editor, P.O. Box 2110, Wellington, New Zealand Books Antarctica, the Ross Sea Region 126 Telephone (04) 791.226 International: +64-4-791-226 Shackleton's Lieutenant 127 Fax: (04)791.185 International: + 64-4-791-185 All administrative inquiries should go to the Secretary, P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, NZ Inquiries regarding Back and Missing issues to P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, N.Z. No part of this publication may be reproduced in Cover : Fumeroles on Mt. Melbourne any way, without the prior permission of the pub lishers. Photo: Dr. Paul Broddy Antarctic Vol. -
The Aconcagua Expedition
The Aconcagua Expedition Steve took some time recently to talk with us about what we could expect of the Aconcagua Expedition. Six people form the Expedition Team, flying in from around the country. They’ll gather in Mendoza Argentina, altitude about 2,500 feet at the base of the Andes Mountains. It is summer in South America and the temps may reach 90 degrees on Friday. A nice break from the snows of Alaska! From there on Day 3, they will take a taxi (or several taxis to hold the Team and all their gear) to Puente del Inca, altitude 8,900 feet. In the Andes, it will be cooler, maybe reaching the 60’s during the day. At this point, the Team will be at an elevation above all major cities in the US (Denver is only 5,900 feet, and your commercial plane is pressurized to simulate about 7,000 feet; individual mountains in a number of states do have higher elevations). And this is where the climb really begins. They will be taking the “Normal” route. Day 4 is an uphill hike, with mules to carry their gear, up to Confluencia (11,000 feet). Days 4-6 will be spent in the climb and adjusting to the higher elevation. The camp is almost luxurious, as nearby villagers know climbers are avid customers of pizza and Internet. From here on, Team members will carry their own gear as they climb. Each person has approximately 120 pounds. They can carry about 60 lbs at a time. To handle this situation, they practice a routine that adheres to the mountaineer wisdom of "Climb high, sleep low". -
Ucla Archaeology Field School
THE USPALLATA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT, ARGENTINA Course ID: ARCH XL159 June 1–July 1, 2017 DIRECTOR: Dr. Erik J. Marsh, CONICET. Laboratorio de Paleo-Ecología Humana & Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina ([email protected]) INTRODUCTION The Uspallata Valley in Mendoza, Argentina lies below the snow-peaked Andes. The valley has been occupied since the Late Pleistocene. It includes 1) the site Agua de la Cueva, which dates to over 13,000 years ago and is earliest human occupation of this part of the Andes, 2) Mendoza’s densest concentration of prehispanic rock art at Cerro Tunduqueral, and 3) the southernmost extension of the vast Inca Empire and its road system, including a high-altitude child sacrifice on Mount Aconcagua, the highest peak in the Americas. The project’s research focuses on the translation from foraging to pastoralism and agriculture. Both practices were present in the valley in the first millennium AD, but the timing and nature of the transition are unclear. This is most likely when the rock art at Cerro Tunduqueral was engraved, but this connection has not yet been demonstrated. We will investigate to what extend people remained people as they added novel subsistence strategies. These issues will be addressed with 1) survey data from a large area called Uspallata Norte (~8 km2) that includes dense and extensive surface dispersals of ceramics, ground stone, and expedient lithic tools and 2) excavations of a high altitude rock shelter, Paramillos. Both sets of data will complement the data from the 2016 field school, which excavated a surveyed and excavated rock shelter around Cerro Tunduqueral. -
Tournament 33 Round #2
Tournament 33 Round 2 Tossups 1. One version of this statement was issued while standing on one foot by Hillel in lieu of reciting the entire Torah. A lawyer asks a clarifying question about this teaching in the Gospel of Luke, as worded before the phrase "I am the LORD" in Leviticus 18:19, before the parable of the Good Samaritan. In the synoptic Gospels, Jesus calls this precept the second (*) "great commandment" of the law, after loving God. For 10 points, name this Biblical ethical principle of acting the same way they wish others might act. ANSWER: Golden Rule [or Love your neighbor as yourself; or That which is hateful to you, do not do to another; or ethic of reciprocity; accept "thee," "thy," etc. for "you," "your," etc.] 104-13-75-02101 2. Django Reinhardt's “Mystery Pacific” imitated one of these things and was influenced by Duke Ellington's piece about a “Daybreak” one of these objects. A Harry Warren-Mack Gordon tune about one of these states that, “Read a magazine and then you're in Baltimore.” A Jimmy Forrest standard about a “Night” variety of one of these things was covered by James Brown and includes Brown announcing the names of east coast cities. Another Ellington tune discusses (*) taking the “A” one of these in “Sugar Hill way up in Harlem.” For 10 points, name this mode of transportation depicted in “Chattanooga Choo-choo.” ANSWER: trains 030-13-75-02102 3. This leader approved Georges Couthon's Law of 22 Prairial. This man worked in conjunction with Saint-Just. -
Dr. William Long 28 April 2001 Karen Brewster Interviewer (Begin Tape 1
Dr. William Long 28 April 2001 Karen Brewster Interviewer (Begin Tape 1 - Side A) (000) KB: This is Karen Brewster and today is Saturday, April 28th, 2001. I'm here at the home of William Long in Palmer, Alaska, and we're going to be talking about his Antarctic and Arctic experiences and career. So, thank you very much for having me here. WL: Well, it's great to have you here Karen. It's an opportunity that I'm happy to participate in. KB: Well, good. And this is for the Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State. You very nicely wrote everything down and started to answer the questions, but I'm going to go through it so we can talk about things. WL: And I won't have those in my hand, so you can compare my answers to your questions. KB: So, let's just start with when and where you were born and a little bit about your childhood. 2 WL: I was born August 18th, 1930, in Minot, North Dakota. My father was a schoolteacher and he had taken his first job at Belva, which is near Minot, and it was that year that I was born. It was one of the coldest years they had experienced and perhaps that influences my interest in cold areas. But, my mother has told me that it was the year that it was below 50 below there and the cows froze in the field across from the home they lived in. We only lived there one year and from that point, we moved to California when I was one year old, and essentially I was raised in California, until I began adult life. -
Debris Flows Occurrence in the Semiarid Central Andes Under Climate Change Scenario
geosciences Review Debris Flows Occurrence in the Semiarid Central Andes under Climate Change Scenario Stella M. Moreiras 1,2,* , Sergio A. Sepúlveda 3,4 , Mariana Correas-González 1 , Carolina Lauro 1 , Iván Vergara 5, Pilar Jeanneret 1, Sebastián Junquera-Torrado 1 , Jaime G. Cuevas 6, Antonio Maldonado 6,7, José L. Antinao 8 and Marisol Lara 3 1 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología & Ciencias Ambientales, CONICET, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; [email protected] (M.C.-G.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (P.J.); [email protected] (S.J.-T.) 2 Catedra de Edafología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5528AHB, Argentina 3 Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] (S.A.S.); [email protected] (M.L.) 4 Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O0Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile 5 Grupo de Estudios Ambientales–IPATEC, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina; [email protected] 6 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad de La Serena, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; [email protected] (J.G.C.); [email protected] (A.M.) 7 Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile 8 Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47404, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +54-26-1524-4256 Citation: Moreiras, S.M.; Sepúlveda, Abstract: This review paper compiles research related to debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows S.A.; Correas-González, M.; Lauro, C.; in the central Andes (30◦–33◦ S), updating the knowledge of these phenomena in this semiarid region.