7. SYNTHESIS OF THE ANALYSES

7.1 THE NATURAL threatened areas of biodiversity in the Province. The least endangered SYSTEMS areas correspond with protected areas such as national parks, provincial nature reserves, forest areas and mountain catchments. Over this map This section summarises the biodiversity planners at Cape Nature and National Botanical Institute the analyses of the 28 have overlaid preliminary ecological corridors which can work as seed sectors whose attributes transport and animal movement routes. and challenges and, in particular, their spatial impacts across the Province, were described in Section 4, see Figure 7.1.

This section also identifies a Relationship Frame- work that to describes the relationships between the various sectors. This framework can be used as a basis for monitoring the various impacts of development proposals or assessing the sustainability of different entities from the household, the firm, municipal sub-areas, or NATURAL Figure 7.2 Eco-system Status and Ecological Corridors even whole local and district municipalities or It can be seen that those parts of the Province whose ecosystems status is the Province itself. critically endangered are found on the coastal plains between the inland chains and the coast. These areas coincide with the Intensive Agricultural 7.1.1 Biodiversity regions of the Province, see Figure 7.3. Figure 7.2 shows the critically endangered vulnerable and least Figure 7.1 A Framework of Interrelated Systems CNdV africa 7-1 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.1.2 Agriculture

Figure 7.3 shows the extent of intensive and extensive agriculture in the Province. Areas of intensive agriculture are highlighted in bright green. This land is ploughed and therefore is destructive of biodiversity. However, it is very important for the agricultural economy which is an important component of the Western Cape Economy as it is particularly labour intensive, creating 11% of the jobs while contributing 6% to GGP. Thus there is a major trade-off between land required for Intensive Agriculture and areas of critically endangered biodiversity.

Extensive agricultural areas comprise the small and large stock farming occurring in the Karoo and the northern part of the West Coast.

Figure 7.4 Natural Systems Composite

This has two major implications for land-use planning and biodiversity conservation in the Province. First, the critically endangered and endangered remnants that are left are extremely precious and, therefore, there needs to be a careful understanding of the competition between agriculture and biodiversity. In these areas, examples of competition could include the need to create more intensive farming (ploughed) areas.

Secondly, there is a major overlap between the extensive farming in the Karoo and areas of least threatened biodiversity. This suggests the potential of veld management to manage veld carrying capacity and Figure 7.3 Extent of Intensive and Extensive Agriculture biodiversity conservation as part of a single complimentary management process based on Figure 7.4. Figure 7.4 overlays the agriculture and biodiversity maps and it can be seen that the critically endangered areas of biodiversity largely disappear when this is done.

CNdV africa 7-2 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.1.3 Ecosystem Status of Rivers 7.1.4 Streamlining Biodiversity Conservation and Agricultural Planning Initiatives A shocking aspect revealed in the analysis was the extremely poor eco- system status of most of the Province's rivers. 90% of the rivers in the There are a large number of planning initiatives occurring in the Province Western Cape are either critically endangered or endangered, see Figure including the Biodiversity initiatives and Area Wide Planning, see Figure 7.6. 7.5. This situation is complicated for the public, developers and officials to understand and needs to be streamlined and clarified. The Fine Scale Planning Initiatives and Area Wide Plans (e.g. Slanghoek) are examples of the necessary work that must be done to ground truth, delineate and implement provincial and local SDF spatial planning categories and policies in the rural areas outside of the Urban Edges of the villages, towns and cities.

Figure 7.5 Eco-system Status of Rivers

Some of the poor conditions of rivers is due to urban development (filling of flood plains, excessive extraction, and poor effluent quality) and extensive and intensive farming practices (excessive siltation due to unstable topsoils, river bank ploughing, erosion). This situation suggests that river conservation should be a major area of policy focus. The only rivers in the Figure 7.6 Biodiversity and Agricultural Planning Initiatives (source: Cape Nature) Province that are good quality are those in the Kogelberg and the Southern Cape. While the Kogelberg is protected, much of the Southern 7.1.5 Climate Change Cape is facing considerable urban development pressure. The recent report on climate change and how it may affect the Western Cape revealed that the Western Cape is likely to be warmer and drier than it is at present. The western part of the Province will be the most affected. CNdV africa 7-3 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 The most marked change will be increasing demand and competition for water. In this regard protection of wetlands and estuaries must take an even higher priority if fish resources are to be conserved. Due to the impacts of sea-level rise likely to be significant over the next 30 years development should be restricted near sandy beaches and estuarine river banks.

Alien plan eradication should be accelerated together with other measures such as improved fire management in order to ensure the survival of terrestrial eco-systems.

Livelihoods dependent on natural resources that may be threatened such as fishing, agriculture and eco-tourism should be carefully monitored. A two-pronged approach may be necessary. Firstly, retraining threatened employees to other occupations should be investigated. Secondly, wherever possible efforts must be made to reduce consumption of scarce natural resources and minimise air and water pollution by ensuring more compact and efficient urban settlements and buildings that require less fuel, electrical energy and water. (Ref: Midgeley et al, A Status Quo, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Physical and Socio- economic Effects of Climate change in the Western Cape, PGWC, June 2005)

CNdV africa 7-4 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Desert and possible Desert expansion. (Acocks 1975)

Figure 7.7 Climate

CNdV africa 7-5 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRENDS

Socio-economic trends have been considered in two categories: challenges and opportunities.

7.2.1 Challenge - Unemployment Rate by Municipality

The Western Cape has the lowest provincial unemployment rate in South Africa, namely 20% (of the economically active population). However, this rate varies considerably by municipality, see Figure 7.8.

Figure 7.9 Population Distribution

Get original note of which map to insert from SN

Figure 7.8 Unemployment Rate by Municipality

This pattern shows the highest rates of unemployment as a percentage of each municipality's population in the Central Karoo and outlying areas of the Province. If geographic population distribution is considered, see Figure 7.9, quite a different pattern emerges with Saldanha, Vredenburg, the Boland and the Southern Cape containing the highest concentrations of unemployed people, see Figure 7.10. The City of Cape Town has the most unemployed people (71%) although they may be a similar proportion of the total population when compared to the Central Karoo. Policies and programs aimed at eradicating unemployment should be directed to where most unemployed people are located. Figure 7.10 Unemployment CNdV africa 7-6 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.2.2 Challenge -Education

Education is a critical issue in terms of getting the Province's human resources to a level where they can begin to compete successfully with other regions and countries and help grow the economy. Figure 7.11 shows areas not well served with education facilities. This is arguably not as critical in areas of low population densities but there are areas in the Cape Winelands, Overberg and southern part of the West Coast where there are high levels of people with no schooling.

Figure 7.12 Enrolment Drop-off Rates (source: WCED)

7.2.3 Challenge -Health

Figure 7.13 shows a similar pattern of areas that are not well served with health facilities. Some of these are with the City of Cape Town. Figure 7.13 shows the pattern of HIV/AIDS infections. HIV prevalence can also be used as an indicator for other health problems such as tuberculosis. The Western Cape also has high levels of foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Figure 7.11 Education

Most concerning is the high level of school enrolment drop-off rates, see Figure 7.12. There is a drop from about 70 - 80 000 in Grade 8 down to about 40 000 in Matric. There appear to be only about 4000 learners writing higher grade maths.

Figure 7.13 Health Services

CNdV africa 7-7 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.14 HIV/AIDS Infections (source: Dept. Health, Western Cape 2002) Figure 7.15 Crime and Security (source: SAPS) 7.2.4. Challenge -Crime 7.2.5 Challenges -Composite Crime and security have a significant impact on attracting economic growth. Figure 7.15 shows the priority police districts in the Province as When all of the maps depicting socio-economic challenges are overlaid, identified by the South African Police Service. These are police districts see Figure 7.16, the following pattern emerges: The City of Cape Town is facing above average levels of crime. As would be expected, many of an obvious focus particularly with respect to crime and unemployment. It priority police districts are on the Cape Flats and Cape Town Central but is interesting to note the coincidence of several areas of challenge there is also movement out into the Boland and, interestingly, the including crime in areas such as the Klein Karoo. Oudtshoorn / Dysselsdorp area in the Klein Karoo has also been identified. Two further patterns are revealed, the first of unevenness, the second of coincidence. Unevenness is revealed mainly in the rural areas where there is a disaggregated pattern of education, health and unemployment and crime issues. These various patterns are more coincident in the urban areas where there are greater concentrations of people. These patterns point to the need for prioritised and co-ordinated service delivery.

CNdV africa 7-8 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.16 Challenges Composite Figure 7.17 Settlement Regions (source: PGWC : DEA&DP (2003) A Settlement Framework for the Western Cape Province : Green Paper) 7.2.6 Opportunities - Settlement Regions

The Settlement Framework for the Western Cape Study (DEADP, 2003) identified a strong relationship between the quality of the natural environment and urban settlement patterns. This close relationship is often forgotten in a technological age where water appears out of a tap, food is purchased in shops and the impact of the weather is hardly experienced by those fortunate to live in comfortable houses and buildings.

Thus, the Province's wet mountains and valleys in the City of Cape Town and especially the Cape Winelands are areas of high opportunity which are likely to continue attracting people to the urban settlements, see Figure 7.17. This pattern reveals other areas that may attract people in greater intensity, e.g. the Olifantsriver Valley. This area has been in the news (January 2004) regarding issues around migration and clearly there are economic opportunities developing here.

CNdV africa 7-9 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.2.7 Opportunity - Distribution of Gross Geographic Product

The pattern reveals a focus on the City of Cape Town particularly its northern and western parts and around the airport as well as those parts of the West Coast, Cape Winelands, Overberg closest to the City and the Southern Cape, see Figure 7.18.

Figure 7.19 Tourism Development Areas

7.2.9 Opportunity -Migration

It is proposed that migration across all levels of human resources should be Figure 7.18 Distribution of Gross Geographic Product regarded as an opportunity for the development of the Province. Migrants tend to be entrepreneurial, more energetic, and more highly 7.2.8 Opportunity - Tourism Development Areas (TDA) skilled people than those remaining behind. There is a pattern of immigration from the Eastern Cape into the Southern Cape. There is also A number of TDAs have been identified, see Figure 7.19. They provide a both a leapfrog and direct migration into the City of Cape Town and the pattern that breaks away in some cases from the concentrations of Boland, see Figure 7.20. economic opportunity in the City of Cape Town, Boland and Southern Cape. TDAs include the coast, almost the entire Garden Route area, the Cederberg and the West Coast, as well as gateways into the Province through Beaufort West and the Du Toits Kloof. Route 62 is a particularly interesting example of various local initiatives co-ordinated into an overall program in a part of the Province that is not generally well endowed with economic or employment opportunities.

CNdV africa 7-10 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 It is important to understand what is driving this pattern. Figure 7.21 shows levels of urbanisation by Province. Provinces such as Gauteng and the Western Cape have the highest levels of urbanisation, approximately 90%. Although international research indicates that migration equilibrium is normally reached around this level, and it is likely that migration will continue from Provinces, such as the Eastern Cape, which are only about 40% urbanised.

Because the Western Cape has the lowest levels of unemployment as a Province in the country, domestic worker wages are nearly double those paid in the rest of the country and farm worker wages are on average 26% higher than elsewhere, it would appear that the figure of 48000 net people per annum migrating into the Province is likely to be sustained. The Province will need to accommodate this level of migration for at least the next decade. This translates into 12000 to 15000 households per annum. If people migrate to the different parts of the Province according to their population share, then the City of Cape Town can expect between 9000 Figure 7.20 Patterns of Migration and 11000 households, and the Boland part of the Cape Winelands and the Southern Cape about 1200 and 1500 respectively. When compared to the current housing backlog of approximately 300 000, housing demands created by migration on an annual basis comprise a small percentage. Thus, the main housing challenge relates to the current backlog rather than future growth. Pressures will be greatest around the City of Cape Town and the southern Cape, with general pressure on all coastal areas.

Figure 7.22 reveals that there was considerable unevenness in migration rates by district in the Province during the period 1996 - 2001. The West Coast, Overberg and Eden sustained higher rates of growth than the City of Cape Town, the Winelands and Central Karoo. Internationally migration patterns have followed the trend of rural inland migrants moving to coastal cities. There has also been considerable increases in agriculture and agricultural industry in the intensive farming areas on the coastal plains as well as tourism and upper middle income migration to settlements in this area.

Figure 7.21 Levels of Urbanisation by Province

CNdV africa 7-11 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 drawn by the scenery, cosmopolitan atmosphere and weather. The city is Growth % beginning to experience resource constraints, especially with regard to water and to a lesser extent electricity, sewage treatment, and solid waste 6.0 disposal and its inefficient low density urban structure, coupled with a decline in road and especially rail public transport services is leading to 5.0 longer and longer congested peaks.

4.0

3.0 Growth %

2.0

1.0

0.0 Eden W Cape W Overberg Winelands West Coast Central Karoo City of C Town

Figure 7.22 WC Growth Rates p.a: 1996 - 2001 : by district (Census 1996-2001)

There is also a cyclical aspect to the pattern in that people move back to the Eastern Cape areas to retire or possibly go to school. Thus, in some instances permanent infrastructure which assumes that people are going to stay permanently will be unnecessary and inappropriate.

7.2.10 Patterns of Economic Opportunity Figure 7.23 Pattern of Economic Opportunity

Figure 7.23 highlights the areas of economic opportunity in the Province. The Boland part of the Winelands district, especially the towns of Paarl, Wellington and Stellenbosch function as part of the Global City of Cape "Global City" (1) Town and enjoy similar locational advantages with respect to access to The primary area of opportunity, and which correspondingly also has the the airport and the metropolitan freeway system to many other parts of the highest levels of social problems including a massive housing backlog, metro. crime, unemployment and ill-health, is the "Global City" of Cape Town. It contains 64% of the Province's population (population 2 900 000 [200] - See Figure 7.23 (1)) is the country's second most popular internal migration destination after Gauteng, and has a world class sea and air port. Its Atlantic Seaboard properties are part of the global property market and it attracts both permanent migrants and "swallows" from around the world CNdV africa 7-12 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 "Regional Motors" The second "Regional Motor" is the Southern Cape complex of Mossel Bay, There are two other emerging settlement clusters or "Regional Motors". The George, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay (approx 350 000 people), see Figure first "Regional Motor" is Saldanha-Vredenburg (approximately 70 000 7.23 (3). This region's economy is relatively well diversified with some people) situated around one of the largest natural harbours in the world, significant industrial activity in George and strong tourism and construction see Figure 7.23 (2). The port is primarily geared for iron-ore exporting but sectors, the latter being mainly driven by the golf estates and other large vertical integration is growing with steel processing plants that have been construction projects related to tourism. However, the economy is also established. The hope is that this industrial base will broaden to host a rather fragile in that much of it is seasonal based on agriculture, tourism large number of smaller scale downstream industries. This potential is and second homes. The region attracts a similar broad cross section of strengthened by recent off-shore oil and gas finds along the West Coast migrants to Cape Town attracted by its scenery, small town friendliness and which are likely to be piped onshore to Saldanha and then onwards to the weather. It is also the closest area of urban opportunity to the Eastern Cape Town, see Figure 7.24. The commercial viability of these finds will be Cape. confirmed over the next five years. This industrial development potential contrasts strongly with Saldanha-Vredenburg's location at the mouth of a "Regional Development Corridors" wetland and lagoon system of international significance. Extremely Between the "Global City" and the two "Regional Motors" are two potential sensitive planning will be required to ensure that industrial development Regional Development Corridors based on rail and road infrastructure. The does not further degrade the marine and coastal systems. This plan should extent to which rail will play a role in future regional transport must be also address the urban sprawl that is enveloping the Cape Columbine / discussed with Transnet but there is no doubt that rail, should it prove Britannia Bay Peninsula. viable, it will be able to carry the large volumes of freight and passengers, which are likely to increase significantly in the future, with much less environmental, visual and safety impact than road transport. Electrifying the rail lines, although it is extremely expensive, will also have pollution and oil dependency advantages.

The first potential Regional Development Corridor links the City of Cape Town to the Southern Cape, see Figure 7.23(4) through the Breede River Valley. This corridor could continue all the way to Knysna, providing public rail or road services and thereby helping to address the commuter congestion emerging on the N2 between Mossel Bay and Knysna.

The Breede River Corridor between Tulbagh and Swellendam has an added advantage in that the valley is well endowed with major water resources and already has a well developed settlement system in the towns of Wolesley, Worcester, Robertson, Ashton and Swellendam at which point it links with the N2 national route and continues through Heidelberg, Riversdale and Albertina.

Figure 7.24 SA's Gas and Oil Exploration Sites The second regional development corridor links the City of Cape Town to Saldanha-Vredenburg, see Figure 7.23(5). The road and rail are not neatly aligned near each other like in the Breede River Valley Corridor. The West Coast Road (R27), the main road route, follows a straight line bypassing CNdV africa 7-13 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 important settlements such as Atlantis, Darling and Hopefield, whereas, of 7.3 BUILT SYSTEMS the two rail routes, one only continues as far as Atlantis while the other departs from Kraaifontein and winds its way through Darling and Hopefield The built environment refers to all settlements, buildings and infrastructure. to Saldanha quite separately from the road routes. Thus, there is little These have been constructed over many years in response to bio-physical opportunity to create the kind of road-rail synergy that can result when and economic opportunities and social needs. This is examined at two these modes of transport are closely aligned with each other. An levels, firstly, in terms of patterns across the Province and secondly, within integrating regional development corridor should ideally link Parklands / urban settlements. Table View and Montague and Killarney Gardens industrial areas with Atlantis, Darling, Hopefield and then Saldanha-Vredenburg. Serious 7.3.1 Low Income Housing attention should be given in particular to linking Atlantis into the regional movement system. Ɣ Patterns across the Province

The third regional development corridor comprises the N7 rail and road Figure 7.25 depicts the backlogs and planned projects across the Province. links the northern part of the Province, particularly the settlements of The volume of the whole bar refers to the total backlog in the various Clanwilliam, Citrusdal and Vredenburg. This corridor may show settlements. The dark (red) part of the bar area shows the amount of accelerated growth due to increased agricultural potential along the dwelling units proposed in current three (City of Cape Town) and five year Olifants River and tourism in the Cedarberg, Malmesbury, Moorreesburg, plans (provincial). Piketberg and Vanrhynsdorp areas, see Figure 7.23(6). (Note: This information does not include the N2 Gateway project in the "Regional Transport Corridors" City of Cape Town.) Regional Transport Corridors also contain road and rail infrastructure but do not possess the kind of strong intra-provincial development potential that It is important to note that on average about 30 - 36% of the need is the Regional Development Corridors do. Nevertheless, settlements on addressed in the current housing plans. This suggests there are major these routes are likely to enjoy greater development potential than those challenges for the Province in terms of addressing the remainder of the removed from them. backlog. The spatial pattern of the bars on the map of the Province is similar to the distribution of social issues and population referred to in the The most important Regional Transport Corridor is the N1 road-rail link to previous section, i.e. a large concentration in the City of Cape Town with Gauteng which breaks away from the Breede River Valley corridor at significant secondary concentrations in Saldanha, Boland and Overberg Worcester and passes through De Doorn, Touws River, Laingsburg and and the Southern Cape. When this pattern is compared with maps Beaufort West, see Figure 7.23(7). Rail freight and particularly rail indicating areas of highest social need, see Figure 7.16, a close alignment passenger services have been declining on this route with increasing and between the proposed housing projects and these areas is indicated. more dangerous road traffic on the N1 particularly between Laingsburg and Beaufort West. It must be remembered that any initiatives to eliminate the backlog in housing has implications with respect to the provision of water, The second regional transport corridor is the N2/R316 which is also wastewater, and solid waste removal and disposal. paralleled by a rail line to Bredasdorp in the centre of the agriculturally and ecologically rich Agulhas Plein, see Figure 7.23(8). Bredasdorp forms a gateway to coastal tourism areas at Agulhas, Waenhuiskrans (Arniston) and De Hoop Nature Reserve. There is also an airfield near Bredasdorp capable of receiving large aircraft (Boeing 747s). CNdV africa 7-14 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 evidence in the City of Cape Town with growing concern mounting in some of the major towns that traffic congestion is seriously limiting business and commuting efficiency. The Province is generally responsible for funding and for managing Class 1 - 4 roads together with municipalities who are responsible for the residential street and rural road network.

Within this context the role of the rail service is of critical importance. The past few years have seen a decline in rail passengers and freight in the main lines, resulting in increasing pressure on the road system. There are proposals to introduce road trains (cabs towing two or more semi-trailers) in this country. Most railway services in the Province excluding the Cape Town-Johannesburg and Saldanha-Sishen lines (freight only) have little freight and almost no passenger traffic. As the Province develops a multi- nodal structure the need for transport between these growing concentrations will be absolutely critical. Figure 7.26 shows the main transport infrastructure in the Province.

Figure 7.25 Distribution of Housing Need and Proposed Housing Projects

7.3.2 Transportation

There are four main aspects to be considered: Ɣ Public transport Ɣ Non-motorised transport; Ɣ Freight; and, Ɣ Private motor vehicles.

These are carried on two infrastructure networks, road and rail. Intra- settlement transportation needs will not be considered in depth here other than to mention the need for an integrated provincial transport policy that sees the various modes co-ordinated under a single transport authority. Rail, which is divided into various corporates, is managed from Pretoria. National roads are also managed from there. Some of the large bus companies are privately owned and managed but receive government Figure 7.26 Transport subsidies. The mini-bus taxi industry which serves a large proportion of the public transport demand remains unsubsidised. There is already strong

CNdV africa 7-15 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.3.3 Solid Waste Management and Waste Water (Sewage) Treatment 7.3.4 Growth Potential and Human Need

Solid waste is a major output from urban development. Figure 7.27 show A key concern of the NSDP is to distinguish between economic growth that the Cape Winelands and the City of Cape Town area produces the potential and human need and to identify investment that will maximise most solid waste per capita in the Province. This area critically needs the economic, social and environmental returns. establishment of a regional waste disposal facility. A growth potential and human need survey was commissioned by DEADP A critical issue is the number of landfill sites that only have between one as part of the WCSDF process. Figure 7.27 shows the initial outcome of this and five years of capacity. This is an environmental issue that cannot be survey. The pattern of growth potential is similar to that revealed in the put off to the next generation. It has to be addressed now. socio-economic trends section with concentrations of settlements with economic potential in the coastal clusters of Saldanha - Vredenburg, City There is also concern that a number of waste water treatment works in the of Cape Town, Boland and Overberg and the Southern Cape. Province are producing sub-standard effluent leading to ground and particularly water pollution. The pattern also reveals an inland region of potential, namely the Breede River Valley. Isolated nodes of potential in the interior include Vredenburg, Oudtshoorn and Beaufort West. The remainder of the settlements are considered mainly low growth potential but are distinguished by having high or low areas of human need.

Figure 7.29 Built Environment Synthesis shows that urban development in the Province is clustering around four main nodes, the City of Cape Town and the Boland, part of the Cape Winelands, Saldanha-Vredenburg, the coastal part of the Overberg and the Southern Cape, particularly along the coast. However, this pattern does not consist only of opportunities. These concentrations of development also bring with them enormous transportation, sewage treatment and solid waste management challenges and the need for education, health facilities and crime fighting capacity.

In contrast the scale of issues in the hinterland regions of the north West Coast and the Central Karoo, while having considerable social and economic challenges when viewed locally, are not the dominant regions when viewed as part of the Province. This is mainly due to the sparse population in these regions.

Figure 7.27 Life Span of Landfill Sites

Rehabilitation and maintenance of waste water treatment works needs to be prioritised with respect to future spending by the City of Cape Town and the Cape Winelands district. CNdV africa 7-16 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.29 Typical Urban Settlement Structure and Growth Patterns

Figure 7.28 Growth Potential and Human Need

7.3.6 Apartheid Urban Settlements

Sadly, and to the concern of many observers from the president downwards, the pattern of development in urban settlements in the Province since 1994 has been one of "business as usual".

They remain apartheid settlements with low density city centres with wide road reserves and open spaces, keeping the various suburbs apart, see Figure 7.29. Growth is generally outwards without integration occurring at the centre. Figure 7.30 shows Ceres with Bella Vista and eNduli as an example of this pattern.

Figure 7.30 Ceres, Bella Vista and eNduli CNdV africa 7-17 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Murraysburg, see Figure 7.31, has recently completed housing projects Urban sprawl and out-of-town shopping centres have drawn much almost 4km from the original centre of town. criticism in recent years in South Africa and abroad because of the negative impacts they have on agricultural and scenic land, transport Village Centre New Housing patterns efforts towards socio-economic integration and existing business areas. It is important that the consequences of such projects are understood when they are approved.

Figure 7.33 shows a golf estate proposed near Tulbagh. The area of the golf course is almost larger than the town area. The proposal highlights a number of issues including the desirability of peri-urban development and the impact of urban sprawl on travel distances, consumption of biodiversity and agricultural land, long term sustainability of short term job creation in the construction industry, attraction to migrants, economic and Figure 7.31 Murraysburg environmental services, impact of seasonal residents during peak holiday times and socio-economic integration. Benefits may include increased Figure 7.32 shows the footprints of all the buildings in and around tourism to the area, rates income (although this must be set off against Stellenbosch town. Figure 7.32b illustrates how the footprint of the town costs, particularly those incurred by the municipality) and contributions to has been extended by the recently completed Jamestown shopping bulk services upgrading (although again the danger of a zero sum gain on centre and De Zalze golf course estate. the part of the municipality must be investigated.)

GOLF CONSERVANCY ESTATE ESTATE

De Zalze Golf Estate

Jamestown Shopping

(a) before 2000 (b) by 2015 N.T.S.

Figure 7.32 Stellenbosch Town Figure 7.33 Tulbagh Proposed Golf Course CNdV africa 7-18 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 In 1980, see Figure 7.34, Plettenberg Bay was a relatively contained There is a similar pattern in Worcester. Outside of the old town of Worcester settlement. Nearly twenty years later New Horizons and Kwanokuthula is Zweletemba, 4kms away, i.e. approximately 1 hour 20 minute walking have been developed out on the N2 Highway, 6km away from the main distance. Thus, even though Worcester is a relatively small town the CBD area, see Figure 7.34a. distance of Zweletemba from the town centre means that a public transport system is necessary, see Figure 7.35.

Zweletemba

1km 20 min (a) 1980 4km 1 hr 20 min

New Horizons

Figure 7.35 Worcester

Kwanokuthula Beaufort West is an interesting contrast to the typical apartheid settlement pattern as in certain instances it is more integrated than many other towns although its individual suburbs remain largely segregated. Mandlenkozi and Essopville are very much within walking distance of the centre of the town, see Figure 7.36. New housing is proposed in the Mooivlakte area, (b) near the centre of town, unlike the pattern in most settlements in the 1998 Province, where most public housing is located on the periphery.

In some instances the tendency to locate to new low income townships on the periphery results in their being located on the other side of high speed arterial routes such as the N2 and N1 Freeways. In almost all cases this Figure 7.34 Plettenberg Bay

CNdV africa 7-19 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 pattern has led to a rapid increase in vehicle accidents and pedestrian fatalities and should be avoided at all costs.

Wallacedene

1km 20 min Bloekombos

4km 1 hr 20 min

Figure 7.37 Extensions to Wallacedene

Rural areas near rapidly growing urban settlements are particularly Figure 7.36 Beaufort West vulnerable to peri-urban development. There is intense pressure for on- farm development in the Boland area around Stellenbosch, see Figure Figure 7.37 shows the eastern edge of the City of Cape Town with 7.37. All farming boundaries near the metropolitan areas are under threat Bloekombos and Wallacedene in the foreground. This is the urban edge of to the kind of development that infilled the farms between Bellville and the city and the area that is being demarcated for the next phase of this Durbanville. The same could happen around Stellenbosch, especially in housing development is shown. Although the project will provide much the area between the town and the Urban Edge of the City of Cape Town. needed housing, its peripheral position well illustrates the impact of current urban development patterns.

CNdV africa 7-20 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 The solution that has been proposed and implemented successfully in a few cases has been to restructure urban settlements to higher densities and integrate land-use, environmental and transport and infrastructure planning so that providing these services is more affordable and efficient, see Figure 7.39.

Figure 7.38 Stellenbosch and Environs

Stellenbosch town with the Anglo-American farms in the Franschhoek Valley in the foreground is shown in Figure 7.38. It is already intensely developed for a rural area. The development pressures in these rural areas highlight the need to ensure that the appropriate balance between economic development and the conservation of agricultural land and biodiversity is properly considered.

The result of the general growth pattern of the settlements over the past 60 years has been a shift from contained urban cores where most activities were accessible within walking distance and there was a relatively high level of socio-economic integration (in comparison to the current situation) to low density segregated urban sprawl. Although there has not been Figure 7.39 Compact Urban Area (source: Urban Task Force, 2000) formalised socio-economic and racial segregation in other countries to the extent of South African settlements, they have also experienced urban sprawl and the decline in densities of their inner cities. This in turn has led to urban blight and many social and economic problems. CNdV africa 7-21 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.3.7 Densification Targets

Figure 7.40 indicatesthe impact of differenturban densities. At low 400 densities of only 50 people per hectare large amounts of land are 350 consumed and other urban services are not viable. As densities increase, 300 more activities can be found within walking distance and business and 250 public transport services become more viable. 200

150 100pp/ha people per hectare per people

100 Average W. Cape (12du/ha) 50

0

Urban Settlements : Western Cape (12.5du/ha gross) towns

Figure 7.41 Densities, urban settlements, Western Cape

(25du/ha gross) The difference between the minimum density threshold of 100 persons per/ha and the current situation is contrasted in Figure 7.42. At 4 people per dwelling unit 100 persons per/ha translates to 25du/ha. At 3.6 people per du/ha it increases to 27.7du/ha.

(37.5du/ha gross)

Figure 7.40 Impact of Urban Densities (source: Urban Task Force, 2000)

Studies in South Africa and elsewhere have identified 100 people per hectare as the threshold where good supportive neighbourhood facilities, public transport services and walking become convenient. Urban quality also tends to be higher at these densities although this is also a factor of urban design. (Dewar + Uytenbogaardt, Manifesto for Change, Urban Task Foce - CMC Densification Study) This figure of 100 people per hectare can 45 - 50 pp/ha be used as a benchmark to analyse the state of urban settlements in the Province.

Figure 7.41 indicates the densities for 131 settlements in the Province and the City of Cape Town within its urban edge. With the exception of some high density informal settlements such as Kayamandi in Stellenbosch most of the formal settlements have low densities. The average density is Average density of settlements in Province approximately 12du/ha including the City of Cape Town. Figure 7.42 Densities Thresholds

CNdV africa 7-22 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 The difference between the two density factors highlights the extent of Source: Urban Dynamics structural change required in our settlements. It is probably of the same order as occurred with the implementation of the Group Areas Act. However, it cannot be accomplished using the same means. This transformation should be achieved through a co-ordinated policy approach that encourages those parts of the market that naturally tend towards densification within a natural alignment with market forces that naturally support concentration and agglomeration. It can also be seen as returning to the pre-apartheid development pattern where many settlements were of far higher densities before this was reduced by the Group Areas Act and the effects of Modernist town planning, see Figures 7.43, Cape Town and 7.44, Stellenbosch.

Source: Barrie Gasson 1679 1900 2003

Figure 7.44 Stellenbosch: Outward Growth (source: Urban Dynamics)

7.3.8 A Common Densification Target does not imply a Uniform Urban Structure

There are many ways in which urban form and appearance as well as Urban Design and Architectural details can vary around a single urban density benchmark. Figure 7.45 shows how a gross density of 40du/ha can be configured as a tower block, 2 storey row housing or 4 to 6 storey apartment buildings.

Figure 7.43 Cape Town: Declining Densities CNdV africa 7-23 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.46 Density required for Structural Transformation

7.3.10 The "20 year Urban Edge"

Drawing the Urban Edge more tightly will also help to break away from the existing Group Areas pattern of urban settlements, see Figure 7.47. Figure 4.45 Relationship between Density and Urban Form (source: Urban Task Previously Urban Edges have been drawn so as to allow 20 years growth at Force, Towards an Urban Renaissance, pg 62) existing densities. This has the effect of unevenly extending the existing group areas. By drawing the edges tightly land will have to be found within the settlement. This land is likely to be in smaller pockets thereby facilitating 7.3.9 25du/ha Gross does not Require High Rise Buildings integration. It will also mean that because land is scarcer there will be a focus on under-utilised land and "brownfield" land. Figure 7.46 illustrates that to achieve densities of gross 40du/ha i.e. 15du/ha more than 25du/ha does not require buildings higher on average than two There is also a possibility that the short term costs of acquiring, servicing to three storeys. To achieve an average density of 25du/ha some parts of and developing such land may be more expensive. This can be an urban settlement will have to be higher and others lower. In other addressed in two ways. Firstly, there is strong evidence (Ref: Aucamp, CA words 20 storey tower blocks are unnecessary and all that is required at the and Moodley, GY. Making Low-Cost Housing Projects More Accessible for most, and only in a few strategic instances, is two and three storey walk- Public Transport in Ethekwini: What are the Costs?, 2005) that the long term ups and terrace housing. Other parts of urban settlements can remain at costs to the state and individual are far lower. This can provide the basis lower densities. CNdV africa 7-24 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 for motivating for a "restructuring" premium to top up the costs of inward orientated housing projects.

Secondly, if such projects are developed on an incremental housing delivery basis whereby participants upgrade a basic core and services over time as their affordability improves rather then the state attempting to build the entire project as once off capital, management and material process.

Figure 7.48 "From Doughnut to Cupcake"

The "20 year Urban Edge" allows a A tight Urban Edge will promote settlement to sprawl outwards maintaining intensification and scrutiny of vacant its group area pattern. This has been the and under-utilised land within urban experience of the previous decade. settlements.

Figure 7.47 The "20 year Urban Edge"

7.3.11 "From Doughnut To Cupcake" Figure 7.49 Existing and Proposed Golf Course in the Southern Cape (source: CapeNature) The current pattern of urban settlement can be described as a "doughnut" whereby there is relatively little development in the centre of towns as most Figure 7.48 illustrates the metaphor of the "doughnut" - a movement of of it is happening on the periphery either as low and middle income development from the core to the periphery. suburbs or more far flung golf estates, office parks and industrial estates, see Figure 7.48. Figure 7.49 shows this pattern in regard to existing and What is required is for Urban Edges to be defined and enforced. This will proposed golf estates in the Southern Cape. create the situation whereby opportunities for integration within the current

CNdV africa 7-25 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 area of urban development can be identified and encouraged. This leads (Immigration, increased demand for goods and services, increased to the metaphor of the "cupcake". property values, economic growth and employment opportunities and generators of substantial tax revenue for all spheres of government.) The actual cup can be likened to the Urban Edge and within this there is an intensity and integration of activity illustrated by the icing and rainbow Many of these factors are closely interrelated, e.g. air pollution - private car hundreds and thousands! usage - poor and unsafe public transport services, or soil suitability - water availability - demand for potatoes-destruction of sandveld, etc. Policy 7.3.12 Other "Growth Shapers" interventions must understand the symptoms and root causes of these relationships if they are to be effective. This section syntheses these various There are other shapers of urban growth in the form of out-of-town aspects so that the relationships between them can be understood. This shopping centres, major roads and bulk infrastructure, see Figure 7.50. synthesis is based on a number of key points. Their location and development can create major pressure for new infrastructure which in turn can lead to more development pressure, and 7.4.1 Key Performance Indicators often have negative impacts on existing social, economic and transport patterns. Policy is also required for the location of this infrastructure. Key performance indicators are seen as an important mechanism for assessing impacts, and providing benchmarks for policy proposals. The value of quantitative measures is often questioned, particularly in academic circles where it is often, quite rightly, argued that if it hasn't been possible to conduct exhaustive research a 100%, or even 95% level of confidence results cannot be guaranteed. However, it also cannot be denied that quantitative hurdles are effective in ensuring that issues are seriously addressed. For example, BEE and its associated empowerment is but one example of a strategy that owes its effectiveness to the imposition of specific targets.

Figure 7.51 shows a global key performance indicator, "Ecological Deficit". It indicates that the world as a whole is in deficit of 0.6 hectares per person Figure 7.50 Other "Growth Shapers" and South Africa, one hectare per person. This implies that each person in South Africa requires one hectare more of the total area land to sustain their needs than is available. There are few countries in the world that are 7.4 SYNTHESIS: HOW DOES IT ALL FIT TOGETHER in ecological surplus. It is interesting to note that highly populous countries such as India and China are currently in ecological balance whereas the The previous section overviewed conditions affecting a great many United States, with its comparatively low population is in severe deficit. This aspects of the natural and built environments and socio-economic trends suggests that it is not population numbers per se that is the problem but in the Province. Individually and cumulatively, it is clear that the problems rather lifestyles and structural issues related to the layout of urban arising from many of these factors are contributing to unsustainable settlements. However, if China and India follow western mass conspicuous development. These problems are also manifested spatially. The City of consumption paths they will also experience severe ecological deficits. Cape Town, Saldanha-Vredenburg, the western parts of the Winelands The ecological deficit can be considered as a summary of all of the bio- district and the Southern Cape are concentrations of urban problems physical indicators and it indicates the size of the challenge required to (unemployment, crime, homelessness), as well as opportunities. bring the planet and its populations into ecological balance. CNdV africa 7-26 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 A country's ecological deficit or surplus can be used as the overarching This nested relationship implies that because environmental capital is indicator of whether it is on the path to sustainable development or not. yielded from a closed system, i.e. the ecological cycle, which is Thus a national policy goal might be to bring South Africa's ecological dependent for all of its outputs on the planet's resources and which has to deficit from -1 to 0. be capable of absorbing all of the waste created by human and economic processes, renewable extraction thresholds cannot, ultimately This will have implications for a wide range of current policies and be exceeded. practises. Social capital cannot in turn, extract more environmental capital in the 7.4.2 Defining "Sustainability" and "Balance" In Terms of The Triple Bottom form of energy, land for settlements, water, etc. than the environment can Line sustain in the long term. Similarly, it cannot produce more human capital for the economy than it can yield. This has implications for education, The "Triple Bottom Line" has three components usually associated with the health, entrepreneurial development, crime and levels of poverty and Environment, the Economy and People. inequality. It also has implications for urban structure in terms of the time and distance needed to travel, quality of shelter, and open spaces and The Triple Bottom Line concept has been recast from the notion of three many other aspects of settlements. overlapping circles which implied that one circle could be out of balance if the other two could be seen to compensate for this to a concept of Economic capital in turn is constrained by the extent to which it can draw three nested circles, economy, within social, within environment, see Figure on both human and environmental capital. In this regard nation states 7.52. have to be particularly aware of the demands that globalisation may make on their resources, for example, carbon transfers, which might throw them into local deficits.

In this regard the need to clarify the economic growth direction of the country and the Province is extremely important. Two broad models can be identified; United States derived mass conspicuous consumption based on private motor vehicle transport, or a sustainable and renewable, public and non-motorised transport model.

Figure 7.53 shows how some of these relationships manifest themselves on the ground in the Province. The Core, Buffer Areas and River corridors are linked with Ecological Integrity. The proposed Ecological Corridors are spatial proposals to mediate the relationship between Ecological, Social (largely experienced in built-up areas) and Economic capital (e.g. agriculture).

Figure 7.52 Interrelationships between Five Capital Stocks (source: DEADP, SDIP presentation, 16.05.05 2nd WCPSDF roadshow)

CNdV africa 7-27 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Italy USA India Spain China Turkey France Ireland Jordan Nigeria Greece Austria Canada Belgium Ethiopia Hungary Portugal Pakistan Malaysia Denmark Argentina Singapore Costa Rica Philippines Switzerland Netherlands

Figure 7.51 World Ecological Deficit CNdV africa 7-28 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 This closed cycle, when superimposed over the Triple Bottom Line, provides the basis for a relationship framework that can begin to unpack the meaning of Sustainability and Balance in an easily understandable way, see Figure 7.54

Figure 7.53 Relationships on the Ground

There is major concern that the imperatives of Economic capital are creating a relationship that is far from being balanced or sustainable. The first law of Thermodynamics states that matter is not created nor destroyed and the only external energy is from the sun. Therefore, human reproduction, economic production and decomposition need to be in Figure 7.54 The Closed Ecological Cycle and the Triple Bottom Line balance if the Triple Bottom Line is to be in balance and enjoy a sustainable relationship. For example, the primary sectors of the economy; It is then possible to unpack a wide range of indicators for each of the mining, farming, agriculture and fishing, produce inputs for human components of the Closed Ecological Cycle as shown in Figure 7.55. This reproduction - building materials, food and fibre, etc. and for economic creates a Relationship Framework which allows the impacts of projects or production. They, in turn, produce inputs for further steps in the process as the performance of activities in organisations such as companies, well as effluent and emissions that have to be decomposed/absorbed. municipalities, the household or the firm to be assessed in relation to each other. This process represents a closed cycle, i.e. more building and mining materials, water, fertile mineral salts cannot be extracted than can be The relationship of indicators to each other has generally been the missing renewed and more emissions and effluent cannot be produced than can link in the lists of indicators drawn up in State of the Environment Reports be absorbed. This implies that the two intermediate stages in this cycle, and similar research, see Figure 7.55. These indicators should be human reproduction and economic production have to be managed in developed by experts in their fields in the first instance but then amended such a way that the system stays in balance. so that the metric is understandable to the lay person. For example, instead of indicators for water quality being expressed in e-coli counts per CNdV africa 7-29 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 million they should be expressed in terms of levels safe for drinking or Under economic efficiency, there are a number of indicators measuring contact (swimming but not drinking). Environmental capital indicators the performance of tertiary and secondary sectors. These focus around relate to land, geological - foundation strength, mineral and building the suitability of human resource development issues for the needs of the materials, soils, capability for agriculture, biodiversity species richness, and economy such as the costs of jobs and employment creation. scenery-visual carrying capacity. Water indicators relate to quality and quantity in marine and aquatic (rivers, wetlands, estuaries) environment. The fourth part of the cycle focuses on environmental "sinks" - to what Primary economy indicators are also shown under ecological integrity extent pollution is created or dispersed, status of landfill sites and sewage because of their direct relationship with the natural environment. (waste water treatment) works. There are a number of well developed indicators that can be used to measure the status of these elements. These again fall under ecological integrity because their successful re- absorption is necessary for ongoing sustainability.

7.4.3 External Drivers of the Relationship Framework

There are also a number of important external drivers of the Relationship Framework, see Figure 7.56.

Figure 7.55 The Relationship Framework

Under social justice there are two sets of indicators; i) people, their demographics, education and health, entrepreneurial development, and ii) settlements, densities, levels of integration and sense of place and fit, travel distances and fuel consumption. All of these factors have and can be measured as to what extent they are within or outside of acceptable limits. Figure 7.56 External Drivers of the Relationship Framework CNdV africa 7-30 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.4.3.1 Funding mega-projects, e.g. championship golf estates, developed over the past decades have significantly addressed this issue in spite of attempts to The economic returns of wages (labour), interest (money), rent (property), some of these projects to establish community trusts, etc. A more profit (business) and tax (public sector) are critical. For example, some appropriate example of an effective pro-poor development strategy may municipalities are having problems with their municipal finances. This can be the Stutterheim Development Forum, a multi-layered, community driven put pressure on the need to boost municipal income by disposing of and corporately supported development process that has been operating municipal assets to the highest bidder. This could have negative ripple for 15 years. effects through the system. For instance, valuable land that could have been used as ongoing income generation or as an opportunity for socio- There are many ways in which projects address this. Caddies could be economic integration may be lost. made compulsory on golf courses. At the mundane although nonetheless important level, for example petrol pump jockeys play such a role on 7.4.3.2 The Property Market garage forecourts. These kind of measures could contribute to a large absorption of labour in direct and indirect jobs and related beneficiaries. The property market has a major impact on all the three main areas of capital, ecological integrity, social justice and economic efficiency. With respect to agricultural land and biodiversity, high property prices can put pressure to convert land to urban uses. High property prices impact on the ability to accommodate low income and social housing. High prices also impact on the affordability of the Land Reform Program.

However, the property market can also play a major role in restructuring urban settlements. The private sector, particularly the "GASH" (Good Area, Small Home) niche sector has been at the forefront of urban densification. The property market is also a major stimulant to the construction sector.

7.4.3.3 The Link between the First and Second Economies

The link between the first and second economies cuts through all of the relationships discussed so far in the Framework. Many commentators, including the president, have identified the need to maximise opportunities to move from the second to the first economy as one of the major challenges impacting on the socio-economic stability of South Africa in the next decade 2006 - 2016. Unfortunately, there is concern that precisely the opposite is happening, see Figure 7.57, that the dotted line is actually becoming more and more impermeable and that the "rope ladders are being pulled up". The Provincial Economic Review and Outlook (PERO) 2005 highlight a concern with pro-growth strategies in a context of unequal distribution of incomes, capabilities and geographic location that prevents communities from effectively sharing in that growth. There is little evidence that urban mega-projects, casinos, regional shopping centres or rural CNdV africa 7-31 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.57 Link between the First and Second Economy 7.5 SPATIAL SYNTHESIS 7.4.3.4 Government Structure and Co-ordination Spatially the Western Cape is a Province of considerable contrasts in its Government plays an important role in shaping the framework in which the natural, social and built environments. Starting with the natural community and private sector operates. The extent to which it is aligned environment and land form the Province’s topography consists of a series across the three spheres of government, how legislation, regulation and of massive steps rising from: by-laws are integrated and how departmental action plans are co- Ɣ a long, rugged and scenically impressive coastline; ordinated is critical because if there is not effective performance at this Ɣ to fertile coastal plains (West Coast, Agulhas and Southern Cape); level then it will be difficult for many of the other relationships to align Ɣ to a spine of mountains, Franschhoekberg, Witzenberg and Cederberg themselves. The alignment of other relationships must be monitored to get to the north, and Riviersonderend, Outeniqua and Swartberg the desired results. Introspection by all spheres of government must be mountains to the west containing narrow river valleys; Bitou, Hex, both top down and bottom up. Breede, Gamkaskloof, Little Karoo and Longkloof ; Ɣ to a series of inland plains, Tankwa Karoo and Great Karoo; Ɣ to a second range of mountains; Bokkeveld, Roggeveld and Nuweveld; Ɣ before flattening out to the great plains of the Northern Cape Province.

This series of mountain ranges, valleys and plains provides the backdrop for considerable variations in the pattern of economic and social activity in the Province, see Figure 7.59.

Figure 7.58 The Role of Government

Figure 7.59 Spatial Synthesis of the Western Cape Province showing the infrastructure network is shaped by the landscape CNdV africa 7-32 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.5.1 The Coastal Zone Settlement on the western coastal plain is mainly confined to the coastal harbours and estuaries, (Saldanha-Vredenburg, Veldrif, Lamberts bay) and Due to the lack of harbours there are only a few major settlements directly is located along the main road transport routes, (Malmesbury, on the south cape coast with the exception of Plettenberg bay, Knysna, Moorreesburg, Piketberg) or is situated in the Olifants river corridor which Mossel Bay and Hermanus, the latter three which still have small fishing provides an alignment for settlements, (Citrusdal, Clanwilliam, Vredendal), harbours. The remaining coastal settlements have generally developed as and road and rail infrastructure serving the narrow strip of rich irrigated holiday towns on the sites of small fishing villages. There is a similar pattern farmland along the river banks. along the West Coast with major settlements at Yserfontein, Saldanha and Langebaan, Veldrif and Lamberts Bay. Residential activity in these The major rivers flowing across the southern coastal plain are the Breede settlements is extremely seasonal with holiday peak demands for services and the Gouritz. The Breede River rises near the boundary of the West often outstripping supply, particularly for water and sewage treatment. Coast district and flows through the Winelands and Overberg districts to This raises a resource use dilemma because providing expensive enter the sea at Cape Infanta. It flows through a broad fertile valley permanent infrastructure for such limited use cannot be justified, but flanked by high mountains for most of its length and as a consequence is a environmental damage is done as a consequence of this infrastructure not major road and rail transport corridor between the Southern Cape and the being able to cope. In recent years the coastal strip has become a City of Cape Town. This high level of regional access coupled with the favourite location for golf estates taking advantage of the views and the valley’s rich soils and abundant water has led to the development of a lack of high potential agricultural land in these locations. This in turn has string of settlements (including Wolesley, Worcester, Robertson, Ashton, raised issues relating to the visual impact of urban sprawl, resource and Swellendam) whose development potential is likely to expand as consumption - particularly water in what are often arid areas and access traffic between the Southern Cape and the City of Cape Town grows and to land with respect to the coast and the land reform program. the valley’s comparative advantage regarding access to water also increases. 7.5.2 The Coastal Plains The Breede River produces mainly fruit and grapes with some dryland The coastal plains are truncated in the Kogelberg area by the series of pastures and grain production with dairy, forestry, canola and vegetable mountain ranges that form the spine of the Province and reach to the sea production predominating towards the east of the southern coastal plain. at this point. This divides the coastal plain into the western and southern coastal plains. The western coastal plain, which includes the Cape Flats In contrast to the topographical and infrastructural alignment of the and then, further north, contains the wheatfields of the Swartland and Breede River the Gouritz cuts perpendicularly across the Outeniqua and potato farms of the Sandveld, is far drier and flatter than the well watered Swartberg mountains through steeply incised canyons and has little rolling hills of the southern coastal plain whose dairy and crop farms sustain significance as a regional development corridor. However, it does play a a large proportion of the Province’s agricultural product. Rainfall declines role as the spine of the Gouritz Biodiversity Initiative which seeks to align northwards and the Sandveld potato farming is dependent on agricultural and conservation practises in the Gouritz catchment underground water rather than precipitation from above. management area.

Flowing across the western coastal plain are the Berg river to the south and The coastal plains between the coast and the mountains in both the West Olifants river to the north whose irrigation potential is currently being Coast, Agulhas plain and Southern Cape contain most of the arable land extended. As noted in Section 4, the Berg river catchment is under severe used for intensive agriculture and comprise the Province’s bread basket. pressure with regards to population capacity in both Cape Town and Saldanha. Water supplies are quickly heading towards over exploitation in Accordingly the main transport routes pass through the coastal plains and this catchment. they are home to most the Province’s population outside of the City of CNdV africa 7-33 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Cape Town there are 940 000 people living in the West Coast, Overberg 0.66 Gini and Eden districts. Unemployment levels are relatively low in the West Coast and Overberg (15%) but rise to 24% in Eden, se Figure 6.60. 0.64 0.62 0.6 45 0.58 40 0.56 Gini 35 0.54

30 Unemp % 0.52 25 Dep ratio 0.5 Ultra pov 20 Eden West Coast Karoo Town 15 Central City of C of City Overberg Winelands 10 Figure 7.61 Income Distribution (source: Pero 2005) 5

0 The three coastal districts had the highest rates of annual growth in the Province, West Coast – 4.1%, Eden – 3.9% and Overberg – an extremely

Eden high 5.9% over the period 1996 – 2001, see Figure 6.62. These growth rates are high by world standards and are similar to rates experienced by rapidly Overberg

Winelands urbanising countries such as Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. West Coast Central Karoo City ofTown C 6.0 Figure 7.60 Unemployment, Dependency Ratio and Ultra Poverty Levels (source: ) Growth %

The West Coast and Overberg also have relatively low shares of ultra 5.0 poverty, 5.6% and 1.7% respectively, but Eden’s share is 20%. Eden has a 4.0 higher per capita income R3600 p.a. compared to the other two districts both on R3200. The West Coast has a less skewed income distribution, 0.57 3.0 than the other two which are both over 0.6, see Figure 7.61. All three Growth % coastal districts received MIG/CMIP funding in excess of their population 2.0 share. On the subsidised housing front Eden received a greater percentage of approvals than its percentage of demand. Eden has also 1.0 received the largest share of urban development and golf estate projects of the three districts. 0.0 Eden W Cape Overberg Winelands West Coast Central Karoo City of C Town C of City

Figure 7.62 Annual Growth Percentages (source: Census 1996-2001)

CNdV africa 7-34 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 By contrast the City of Cape Town and Winelands have annual growth The link between economic attractiveness and social problems rates of 2.6% and 2.3% respectively. While these rates are still high by A pattern can be discerned where those districts that are more developed world standards and, in the case of the City of Cape Town economically attractive and draw higher levels of migration have greater represent a large number in absolute terms, they are slower than growth concentrations of poverty and social problems. There is also a worrying rates that many less well resourced cities in Africa and Asia are having to trend that investment per se is not effectively addressing these issues cope with. judging by the increase in negative indicators such as unemployment, absolute poverty and the increasingly skewed income distribution as The Central Karoo only has a growth rate of 1.6% although in-migration measured by the Gini coefficient. could be masking a net move out of the area. However, HIV/AIDS could skew the figures the other way. As a consequence of the coastal plains’ suitability for agriculture much of the plant and animal eco-systems have been destroyed or damaged and Care must be taken not to assume that these population growth figures most biodiversity is classified as critically endangered. Therefore, such refer only to low income earners. The City of Cape Town and the coastal pristine areas that remain are extremely precious and require strong districts attract a large percentage of affluent immigrants from overseas, conservation measures. Similarly, agricultural land remains a precious Gauteng, rural areas around the country and from the City to surrounding resource and should also be protected from urban development. This rural areas. Providing the costs of servicing their residences and travel are suggests that effective land-use management on the coastal plains will be not unwittingly being subsidised by the municipalities these migrants critically important but will also differ particularly because of the represent a significant resource to the regions they move to. However, the competition it will have to resolve. Predictable and consistent policy will potential spread of social and economic benefits from these residents will be critical in this regard. be considerably curtailed if they reside in out-of-town gated luxury estates on a temporary basis rather being fully integrated, physically, socially and 7.5.3 The City of Cape Town economically into local communities. Even low income migrants, while they do not have high levels of material resources to invest, tend to be Acting as a knuckle between the western and southern coastal plains is more energetic and innovative than those who choose to remain in their the City of Cape Town. Originally a series of villages hugging the transition areas of origin. Prince Albert, Riebeeck Wes and Riebeeck Kasteel, and between the Cape Flats and the Peninsula mountains to the west (Simon’s Knysna are good examples of settlements receiving high income migrants. Town, Muizenberg, Wynberg, Claremont, Rondebosch, Mowbray, Woodstock and Cape Town itself), across to Paarl touching the Tygerberg Too many people or inadequate management and urban form to the north (Maitland, Goodwood, Bellville), and the Bottelary Hills and Nevertheless, the figures do highlight questions regarding urban Helderberg to the east; (Kraaifontein, Somerset West, Strand) the City is management and the ability of the authorities to fund and manage so now a sprawling low density metropolis of almost 3 000 000 people which that migration strengthens and reinforces the opportunities offered in occupies most of the land between western and eastern mountains and is villages, towns and cities, rather than causing a wide range of urban rapidly growing northwards up the West Coast. problems relating to unemployment, poverty, homelessness, crime and other social issues. The City is in danger of exceeding its water resources in particular, due to the inefficiencies created by large plot developments that require large Problems of urbanisation are often miscast as there being too many amounts of water, and the use of treated water as a medium for carrying people rather than poor urban management and settlement structure. sewage to the treatment works. Water resources within the Berg river Thus the issue of urbanisation is considered to be more about urban catchment are being used to full capacity and inter basin transfer is management than population numbers per se. occurring from the Theewaterskloof catchment in the Overberg. Water restrictions have been placed on the City several times in the last few CNdV africa 7-35 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 years. Once the Berg Water project is completed further opportunities to 7.5.4 The Mountain Spines and Valleys provide water by conventional means appear limited and desalination and water demand management at all scales will become unavoidable. Figure 7.63 shows the relationship between the various physical regions and The situation is worsened by the South Western Cape’s vulnerability to land-use activity. global climate change which will see the region becoming drier than it already is.

Due to its inefficient urban structure the City consumes high levels of energy, particularly fuel for private motor vehicle and freight transport. The need for transport is further exacerbated by the conversion of agricultural land to urban use and the need to source agricultural produce further and further away. While some aspects of the city’s social and economic development are less critical than others, for example, its Gini coefficient is 0.5 indicating that it is less unequal than other districts with coefficients over 0.6, see Figure 7.61 and its health rates tend to be better than elsewhere, (TB rates almost half as low), it also has one of the highest unemployment rates in the Province, 29% and a similar level of absolute poverty, 27%, see Figure 7.60.

However, the unemployment rate may be as bad as it seems if informal Figure 7.63 Typical Cross Section through the Western Cape Province sector activities are included under not this category. Other surveys (not Census) suggest there are approximately 100 000 domestic workers and Moving inland the coastal plain rises to a spine of mountain ranges. These 161 000 people in the informal sector in the Province. Most of the Province’ include Franschhoekberge, Witzenberge and Cederberge fringing the tertiary and secondary employment occurs in the City of Cape Town and West Coastal plain and the Riviersonderend, Outenikwa and Swartberg trends in these sectors have a direct bearing on the City. Generally there mountains along the southern coastal plain. was -3.2% average decline over the period 1999-2003 in secondary sector employment, particularly in wood products and manufacturing, clothing Ecologically these mountain ranges are important as the headwaters of and textiles and food and beverages. There was a 1.2 % growth in the the major rivers and reservoirs of important fynbos vegetation. In recent tertiary sector particularly in personal services (includes domestic workers), years the Working for Water campaign has removed thousands of 3.8%, business services (5.8%) and retail and wholesale trade (3.2%). With hectares of alien vegetation thus improving water quality and quantity the exception of domestic workers most of these occupations require high and contributing significantly to biodiversity conservation. Coupled with levels of skills and education. The informal sector employment grew 3.5% their scenic splendour they also have considerable eco-tourism appeal during this period. provided this is exploited sensitively. They generally have little agricultural potential except for vineyards and limited stock grazing on their lower Although the City of Cape Town is predominantly urban it also contains slopes. These activities must be carefully managed because of their significant agricultural and biodiversity resources within its boundaries. impact on biodiversity. These should be retained and the City has identified an Urban Edge aimed at protecting these resources. Although not statutory this Urban Edge is The Winelands District Council spans a number of these mountain ranges having a major policy impact. and parts of the main valley systems such as the upper Breede River, (Ceres, Wolesley, Worcester, Robertson, Ashton), the lower Berg river CNdV africa 7-36 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 including Paarl, Wellington,Franschhoek and Stellenbosch, and the Hex However, once again mechanisms for social and economic integration River valley – De Doorns. Touws River is situated in the south of the Tankwa remain an issue. For instance, in Prince Albert where the material wealth Karoo and owes its location more to the rail junction than a river system flowing from increased property rates has helped to upgrade infrastructure and fertile valley like the other settlements in the district. that same wealth has served to cement the soci-economic and racial divide even further. The Winelands district has a very distinct split across the Dutoitskloof mountains between the Stellenbosch and Drakenstein municipalities which 7.5.6 Population distribution, irrigated agriculture and water resources economically are closely functionally linked to the City of Cape Town (for example, Paarl, Wellington and Stellenbosch are served by the The report dated March 2005 on Global climate change indicates that the metropolitan commuter rail system), and the remainder of the district. This southern West Coast district and City of Cape Town, both located in the mainly comprises the Breede River valley settlements. Berg River catchment, will be one of the worst hit areas. This raises the spectre of a double blow to these sub-regions’ sustainability in that the part Of the 630 000 residents in the district about 350 000 are concentrated in of the Province that will suffer the most from water restrictions is also the Franschhoek, Stellenbosch, Paarl and Wellington with the remainder area that attracts the most population and has the highest economic spread to the east of the mountains, mainly in the Breede River Valley. growth, at least in the short term before water shortages and other Unemployment is relatively low in the district at about 15%, however, the constraints begin to be felt, see Figures 7.64 and 7.65. Figure 7.66 shows a divide between the western and eastern parts of the district appears to more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between water yields reveal some startling differences, for example there are only 3% of people and need and inter-basin transfers. This problem will be increased living in absolute poverty to the west of the mountains and a worrying 22% because if current oil and gas exploration of the West Coast proves viable in the Breede River valley to the east. for downstream industries in the Saldanha-Vredenberg region there will be more pressure on the water scarce Berg River catchment, because the 7.5.5 The InlandPlains potential for downstream industries will likely attract more people into the region. This sparsely populated region, containing only 60 400 people in 2001, occupies a massive plain between the Swartberg in the south and Nuweberg in the north. Stock carrying capacities are low in this arid region with sheep, goat and game farming the main agricultural activities. The main Gauteng-Cape Town road and rail routes pass though the centre of the plain carrying comparatively large volumes of passing traffic. However, while economically welcome although it has social and safety repercussions, particularly with regard to large trucks, this traffic does not sustain more than road side service and accommodation activities. This low ambient level of economic activity in the Central Karoo helps to highlight the difference that proximity to passing traffic and scenic and architectural quality can make, for example when Prince Albert, which has undergone something of a property boom, is contrasted with Merwewille, located some 200km off the N1 towards the Nuweberg, and which suffers Keurbooms / various forms of urban blight. Figure 7.64 Estimated Mean Annual Water Available and Crude Population Carrying Capacity of the Western Cape Province (source: DWA, 1986)

CNdV africa 7-37 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Figure 7.65 Population Distribution and Water Catchment Areas

Farmers in this region are already trying to cope with the effects of a Figure 7.66 Water Yields and Needs (source: Midgeley et al, A Status Quo, Vulnerability prolonged drought in the region and there are efforts to increase the and Adaptation Assessment of the Physical and Socio-economic Effects of Climate change in the Western Cape, PGWC, June 2005) water supply for irrigation as present sources, such as the Sandveld aquifer under the potato fields, are beginning to show capacity constraints. 7.5.7 Population distribution and public investment patterns These measures include raising the height of the Clanwilliam dam. The Berg Water Project is also under construction to increase the supply of The distribution of population across the region reflects both its underlying potable water to the City of Cape Town. However, it is clear that more natural attributes and the pattern of economic opportunities. The City of fundamental approaches, such as effective water demand management, Cape Town contains about 3 million people, approximately 63% of the and even increasing the attraction of other parts of the Province as Province’s population. However, the city is one of contrasts in that alternative migration destinations are also going to be necessary. although it offers the highest average per capita income in the Province and second in the country after Gauteng it has a greater share of unemployment (73%), housing backlog (73%) and has the highest proportion of people living in absolute poverty in the Province. On the delivery side the City has had less than its proportionate fair share of resources to cope with these issues, receiving only 53% of MIG/CMIP funds in the Province over the period 1997-2005 and only 57% of approved subsidies for housing projects, see Figure 7.67.

CNdV africa 7-38 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 countries such as Ireland and South Korea found a 20 year time lag 80% between achieving full education and an acceleration in economic growth. 70% 60% However it could also be due to a fundamental weakness in the argument Popn (2001) of the trickle down effect that suggests that making large investments in 50% Unemp infrastructure or high profile mega-projects, e.g. airports, offices estates, 40% CMIP/MIG regional shopping centres, golf course estates, is all that is required and Homeless that economic benefits will automatically flow into employment creation 30% and increased incomes. Hsg app 20%

10% 7.6 IN SUPPORT OF THE NSDP 0% It is clear that the pattern of opportunities in the Province is not uniform but

Eden is concentrated in areas which are well resourced in contrast to areas

Overberg which are not. Furthermore, there is a structural shift in population moving Winelands West Coast to areas of perceived and actual economic opportunity. Central Karoo City of C Town

Although it should be self evident that the pattern of opportunities across Figure 7.67 Population distribution and share of MIG/CMIP funding (1997-2003) the plain is not uniform this reality is sometimes forgotten when decisions and Housing Need and Subsidy Approvals about distribution resources are made. Figure 7.70 illustrate the impact of differences in terrain and natural resources and how these impact on In contrast the Central Karoo, with only 1.3% of the Province’s population access patterns and economic potential. The result is an uneven and 1.7% of the unemployment received 8.7% of the Province’s MIG/CMIP distribution of populations that clusters in areas of greatest opportunity, a funding. It is true that in percentage terms the Central Karoo had the number of uneven factors including topography, pattern of natural highest level of unemployment (30%), the highest dependency ratio resources, access, and economic potential which serve to distort patterns (38.6%) and the second highest TB infection rate after Overberg/Eden in of opportunity and therefore population distribution. People naturally flow the Province and also a relatively high share of people living in absolute to areas of perceived greatest opportunity even in the face of poverty (11.9%). However, the amount of fixed infrastructure expenditure in unemployment and insufficient water as found in the City of Cape Town. the form of CMIP/MIG funding in relation to numbers of people benefiting from this investment does not seem equitable. These urbanisation forces are incredibly powerful and attempts to divert them must be carefully and realistically made. Generally, efforts to start A further concern is that there does not seem to be a clear relationship new settlements, even with massive investment and incentives are unlikely between expenditure on infrastructure and improvements in socio- to succeed, for example, Atlantis. Greater success is likely although still not economic development. One would expect the Central Karoo’s socio- assured if such investment is concentrated on an existing settlement economic indicators to have improved after so much investment. The lack system, which has already proven some of the necessary qualities for of a clearcut relationship may be dueto a lack oftimeseries data successful settlement making. tracking indicators, or a time lag between the period of investment and when improvements begin to come through the system. For instance,

CNdV africa 7-39 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 Major investment, particularly fixed investment whose location contradicts these patterns is generally in danger of being under-utilised or even eventually abandoned. An example of this is the 9000 surplus classrooms in the Province. Figure 7.68 illustrates the NSDP's proposed approach to fixed investment and social capital spending. Figure 7.69 illustrates the investment corridor principle in the NSDP.

DENSIFICATION OF NODES OR SETTLEMENTS (TO MIN 25du/ha)

Figure 7.69 NSDP Investment Corridor Principle

Figure 7.68 NSDP Proposed Approach to Fixed Investment and Capital Spending

CNdV africa 7-40 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 IDEAL REALITY

Settlement Distribution Access Economic The Response : Pattern and Topography of Natural Resources Potential Population Distribution

Figure 7.70 The Warping of Equity by Space

However much people's humanitarian and egalitarian principles lean towards the notion of equity and the even distribution of resources, the reality of difference is inescapable. Spatial differences in particular impose this reality. Regions and areas within regions are unevenly endowed with water, mineral resources, topographical barriers, agricultural land, biomass, veld carrying capacity and scenic beauty. Population responds to this pattern by concentrating in areas of greatest opportunity. Because this pattern itself changes in response to shifts in technological change and geo-economic politics it is not static but results in a migration pattern of ever greater concentration in urban settlements until equilibrium of 90-95% urbanisation is realised. It is essential that policy making and the distribution of public financial resources take these differences into account. Providing potential issues around patronage and other unjust biases are taken into account such an approach should be seen as responsible governance rather than unfair discrimination or neglect. CNdV africa 7-41 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005 7.7 A LONG TERM SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT PATTERN potential for a second but much more diffuse “Regional Development Corridor” between Clanwilliam and Vredendal. This spatial synthesis provides a framework that policies and implementation will address in section 8: Secondary areas of major investment focus include the principle towns of the different regions, mainly located on the Regional Transport Corridors, Ɣ direction for government planning and investment according to the the main one being the City of Cape Town and Saldanha-Vredenburg NSDP principles which should attempt to integrate Atlantis as far as possible into the Ɣ opportunity for a major new settlement initiative – the Breede river system. valley development corridor Ɣ protection of biodiversity and agricultural resources – hot spots , City of Other regional transport corridors include the N1 to Gauteng and Algulhas Cape Town, coastal plains, West Coast, Overberg, Eden Plain to Bredasdorp. Ɣ local spatial frameworks to increase economic opportunity to 2nd economy as “trickle down” from mega projects doesn’t seem to be working – Decentralised wholesaling systems, retail markets (may need REFERENCES to be periodic), manufacturing hives, metered services, information Ɣ Aucamp, CA and Moodley, GY. Making Low-Cost Housing Projects diffusion, privatisation of services, public transport, agglomeration and More Accessible for Public Transport in Ethekwini: What are the Costs?, exposure 2005; Ɣ urban restructuring – delimiting of urban edges and densification Ɣ Department of Water Affairs, 1986; around open spaces, along major access routes and underdeveloped Ɣ Dewar et al. South African Cities A Manifesto for Change, Urban but well located low density development without heritage value Problems Research Unit, University of Cape Town, 1991; Ɣ importance of urban design, promotion of proudly W Cape and SA Ɣ Midgeley et al. A Status Quo, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Ɣ need to reduce resource consumption of the Physical and Socio-economic Effects of Climate change in the Western Cape, PGWC, June 2005; Figure 7.71 shows conceptually a pattern for strategically directing Ɣ Provincial Government: Western Cape: Department of Environmental investment to consolidate a long term settlement development pattern at Affairs and Development Planning A Settlement Framework for the a provincial scale by both the public and private sector. Western Cape Province. Green Paper, 2003; Ɣ SDIP presentation 16.05.05, 2nd WCPSDF Roadshow, 2005; Primary areas of concentration include the “Global City” of Cape Town, Ɣ Urban Task Force. Towards an Urban Renaissance, 2000; the “Regional Motor” of Southern Cape, and, depending on the potential Ɣ World Resources Institute. World Resources 1996 - 1997 Database, 1996; shown by the oil and gas finds and successful strategies to reduce water Ɣ Urban Dynamics. Towards a GMS for Stellenbosch Town, Technical consumption, the “Regional Motor” of Saldanha-Vredenberg. Report No. 2, Stellenbosch Municipality, 2003.

The potential to substantially increase the population carrying capacity and invest in the “Regional Development Corridor" of the Breede River Valley corridor as a major new area of integrated urban and regional development that intercepts and feeds off traffic using a substantially upgraded, hopefully rail based, transport system between the Southern Cape and the City of Cape Town should be investigated. There is

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CNdV africa 7-44 PROVINCIAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 7 NOVEMBER 2005