Water Resources and Use in Vigo County

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BEDROCK AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA

R. 10 W. R. 9 W. R. 9 W. R. 8 W. R. 8 W. R. 7 W. T. 14 N. T. 14 N.

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The occurrence of bedrock aquifers depends on the original composition of the geologic material and subsequent changes which influence the hydraulic properties. Post- Pennsylvanian -- Carbondale Group Aquifer System depositional processes, which promote jointing, fracturing, and solution activity of exposed bedrock, generally increase the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of the upper portion of bedrock aquifer systems. Because permeability in many places is The Carbondale Group Aquifer System subcrops throughout much of Vigo County. The greatest near the bedrock surface, bedrock units within the upper 100 feet are commonly group consists in ascending order of the Linton, Petersburg, and Dugger Formations. the most productive aquifers. Bedrock deposits include mostly shale and sandstone with some limestone and commercially important coal. Thickness of the Carbondale Group in Vigo County ranges Bedrock aquifer systems in the county are overlain by unconsolidated deposits ranging up to 350 feet. from less than one foot up to150 feet thick. The unconsolidated sand and gravel outwash aquifers near the Wabash River have far greater groundwater potential than any of the Depth to the bedrock surface is typically from 25 to 75 feet and well depths generally bedrock aquifers. However, bedrock aquifers are widely used in Vigo County where range from 70 to 200 feet. The amount of rock penetrated ranges from 10 to 160 feet. unconsolidated sediments are relatively thin and unproductive. There are no registered The Carbondale Group is considered a minor groundwater source with domestic wells Location Map significant groundwater withdrawal facilities utilizing bedrock aquifers in this county. typically pumping less than 10 gpm. Static water levels in the wells are commonly Most of the bedrock aquifers are under confined conditions. In other words, the between 20 and 65 feet below the surface. potentiometric surface (water level) in most wells completed in bedrock rises above the top of the water-bearing zone. Most wells produce from the thicker sandstone and coal units in the upper formations of the Carbondale Group. Localized yields are greater in areas where outwash and alluvial The yield of a bedrock aquifer depends on its hydraulic characteristics and the nature of sands and gravels directly overlie bedrock. A few dry (pumped) holes have been EXPLANATION the overlying deposits. Shale and glacial till act as aquitards, restricting recharge to reported. Water quality from the deeper bedrock units is highly mineralized. underlying bedrock aquifers. However, fracturing and/or jointing may occur in aquitards, Stream which can increase recharge to the underlying aquifers. Hydraulic properties of the In areas where overlying clay materials are present, the Carbondale Group Aquifer bedrock aquifers are highly variable. System is at low risk to contamination. However, in some areas outwash and alluvial County Road materials directly overlie the bedrock surface. These areas are at moderate to high risk The susceptibility of bedrock aquifer systems to surface contamination is largely from surface contamination. State Road & US Highway dependent on the type and thickness of the overlying sediments. Because the bedrock aquifer systems have complex fracturing systems, once a contaminant has been Interstate introduced into a bedrock aquifer system, it will be difficult to track and remediate. Pennsylvanian -- Raccoon Creek Group Aquifer System

Three bedrock aquifer systems are identified for Vigo County. They are, from west to Municipal Boundary east and younger to older: the McLeansboro Group of Pennsylvanian age, the Carbondale Group of Pennsylvanian age and the Raccoon Creek Group of Pennsylvanian The Raccoon Creek Group Aquifer System subcrops in portions of northeastern Vigo age. County. This bedrock aquifer system consists of mostly sandstone and shale with minor State Managed Property amounts of mudstone, coal, and limestone. The basal formation of the Raccoon Creek Group, the Mansfield Formation, rests unconformably on Mississippian rocks. The Pennsylvanian-Mississippian erosional contact surface is quite irregular in elevation, Lake & River Pennsylvanian -- McLeansboro Group Aquifer System resulting in variable thickness of Mansfield rocks. The lowermost part of the Mansfield commonly contains a large percentage of sandstone.

The McLeansboro Group subcrop area is located in the western and southwestern The depth to the bedrock surface is typically less than 100 feet. Wells in the Raccoon portions of the county. This aquifer system consists in ascending order of the Shelburn, Creek Group Aquifer System generally range from 70 to 250 feet deep. The amount of Patoka, Bond, and Mattoon Formations. However, in Vigo County the Mattoon rock penetrated by wells varies from 10 to 150 feet. Domestic well production typically Formation is absent. Total thickness of the group ranges up to 200 feet. ranges from 2 to 15 gpm with a few dry (pumped) holes reported. Static water levels commonly range from 10 to 55 feet below the surface. This system is not very The Patoka Formation consists primarily of shale and sandstone with clay, limestone, and susceptible to contamination from the land surface because of thick, low-permeability coal. The underlying Shelburn Formation consists of shale, siltstone, sandstone, coal, strata above water-bearing zones. However, the system is moderately susceptible to and limestone. Two important members of the Shelburn Formation include the West contamination from the land surface where the unconsolidated deposits are thin. Franklin Limestone at the top of the formation and the Busseron Sandstone at the base. These are the primary aquifer units within the McLeansboro Group Aquifer System. Underground Mine Areas The depth to the bedrock surface ranges from less than one foot to over 125 feet in places, near St. Mary-of-the-Woods. Total well depths typically range from 50 to 170 feet. The amount of rock penetrated generally ranges from 10 to 110 feet. Most domestic wells produce less than 5 gallons per minute (gpm) with a few dry (pumped) In about 20 percent of the county various coal seams, primarily within the Carbondale holes reported. Static water levels range from 10 to 40 feet below the surface. Group, have been removed by underground mining methods. In underground mines, approximately 50 percent of the coal seam was typically removed, leaving the potential Most of the McLeansboro Group Aquifer System contains fine-grained materials that for storage of substantial amounts of water in the larger mines. Although the Division limit the movement of groundwater. However, in some areas alluvial materials directly has no records of wells drilled into these mines, yields of a few hundred gpm may be overlie the bedrock surface. Therefore, the aquifer system is considered at moderate risk possible. A limitation on use of the water could be its more mineralized nature. to contamination.

This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Map Use and Disclaimer Statement Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621) and Bedrock Aquifer Systems of Vigo County, Indiana We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived Underground Coal Mines (polygon shapefile, 20081231), were all from the Indiana from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Geological Survey and based on a 1:24,000 scale, except the Bedrock Geology of Indiana Map generated by Scott H. Dean (polygon shapefile, 20020318), which was at a 1:500,000 scale. Draft road shapefiles, by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from the Indiana Department of Glenn E. Grove Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Indiana 2000 (polygon Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based on a 1:100,000 scale. “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420 was from the Center for Advanced Applications in December 2009 is intended for use only at the published scale. GIS at Purdue University. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shapefile, various dates) was from IDNR. Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director Aquifer Systems Map 66-A

UNCONSOLIDATED AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA

R. 10 W. R. 9 W. R. 9 W. R. 8 W. R. 8 W. R. 7 W. T. 14 N. T. 14 N. T. 13 N. Atherton A

r T. 13 N. c h

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4 3 2 6 5 3 2 e

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Watt Ave 16 s 16 18 17 15 14 17 S 13 16 15 15 14 17 14 13 t 13 18 18 84-04377-PS Rio Grande Ave Sandcut

Co al d C R 21 24 s 23 r 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 e 23 ee 20 21 n 24 22 k o 22 19 J 20 Wright Ave L o n d g R R t o d rr a Sandford Eas P t L i tt Burnett 27 le Sanford Rd 26 25 26 26 Su 28 27 25 27 25 28 g 30 29 30 29 28 30 a W r 29

o C O d l R Otter Creek f r tt e e e C e r l r k 84-02012-IN C a Davis Ave Ehrmandale e r d e e e e s Y k k u o m R a R d 35 31 33 32 34 35 33 34 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 36 36 North Terre Haute Sulphur Creek T. 13 N. T. 12 N. T. 13 N. Green Valley 84-04166-PS T. 12 N.

State Fishing Area g

84-04250-IR a 4 St Mary-of-the-Woods n

2 3 2 S Debney Ave 6 5 1 6 3 2 1 4 t 1 5 4 3 84-03882-IN 84-04671-IN H

12 u W 7 8 n t 11 l 9 10 11 9 12 12 7

10 S

e P 7 8 9 10 11 Tri-Land s t t e L w L o Estates Lake Marion it w o 84-04573-PS e G H tl r Heights e S a a n L Seelyville S n n Old Maple Ave d o o u f n st g o R

r C 40 a d d

3 r r R 84-03658-IN ee d 6 k C Ferguson Little Grassy Pond r R East

e Hill S 16 e 16 15 14 13 Game Management Area Seelyville Ave 15 k 13 18 18 15 14 17 17 16 Glenn 14 13 Liggett 84-02368-PS Hulman Izaak Lodge Lake Glen Ayr Walton Lake

k 6 21 21 22 ee 24 24 S r 20 21 22 4 23 u 19 20 gar C 23 24 23 Llewellyn 22

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84-00810-IN 84-04698-IN 70

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84-03853-PS i 84-03642-IR a T. 12 N. l C Margaret Dr c T. 12 N.

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1 0.5 0 1 Mile Ryman Dr 84-02762-IN Allendale Gross Rd SR 46 er iv Riley R 84-04406-EP ash 9 Wab 5

84-03992-IR H 19 23 24 20 22 20 R 19 22 o 24 S 21 23 24 22 n 23 21 e 21 1 0.5 0 1 Kilometer y 84-03662-IR C r e Curry Dr ek Woodsmall Dr

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84-04274-IR M

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th 36 31 36 l 32 33 32 33 35 r 34 R 31 33 34 wo 34 35 35 36 Hay d Wonder 32 84-04608-IR Lake T. 11 N. Harlan Dr T. 10 N. Harlan Dr T. 11 N. T. 10 N.

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W S t T. 10 N. Lewis T. 9 N. T. 10 N. T. 9 N. R. 11 W. R. 10 W. R. 10 W. R. 9 W. R. 9 W. R. 8 W. R. 8 W. R. 7 W.

The unconsolidated aquifer systems of Vigo County are composed of sediments Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer deposited by, or resulting from, a complicated sequence of glaciers, glacial meltwaters, Aquifer System Subsystem and post-glacial precipitation events. Six unconsolidated aquifer systems have been mapped in Vigo County: the Dissected Till and Residuum/Till Veneer; the Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till; the Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till The Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Aquifer System is mapped primarily The Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer Subsystem is mapped along portions Subsystem; the Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash; the Wabash River and in the northern half of Vigo County. This aquifer system predominantly consists of pre- of Otter Creek and Prairie Creek and a few areas adjacent to the Wabash River. The Tributaries Outwash Subsystem; and the Coal Mine Spoil. Because of the complicated Wisconsin glacial materials that typically exceed 70 feet in thickness. subsystem is mapped similar to the Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer glacial geology, boundaries of the aquifer systems in this county are commonly System. However, potential aquifer materials are generally thinner, with thicker EXPLANATION gradational and individual aquifers may extend across aquifer system boundaries. This aquifer system is generally capable of meeting the needs of most domestic users and overlying silt and/or clay materials, and potential yields are less in the subsystem. The some high-capacity users. Potential aquifer materials within the glacial till include total thickness of unconsolidated deposits in this subsystem ranges from about 30 feet to Registered Significant Ground- The thickness of unconsolidated deposits in Vigo County is quite variable, due to the discontinuous intertill sand and gravel layers. Individual sand and gravel units are over 100 feet. The aquifer materials are generally overlain by 10 to 45 feet of silt and/or Water Withdrawal Facility deposition of glacial material over an uneven bedrock surface. Unconsolidated deposits commonly 7 to 15 feet thick. Well depths range from 60 to 115 feet in this system. clay. However, in some places, this layer is missing and unsaturated sand and gravel typically range from 25 to 75 feet thick in the county and are up to 150 feet thick in some Domestic well yields range from 5 to 15 gpm and static water levels are 10 to 65 feet deposits lie above the productive aquifer. Stream areas along the Wabash River. below the land surface. There are two registered significant groundwater withdrawal facilities (5 wells) using the Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Aquifer The Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer Subsystem has the potential to meet County Road Regional estimates of aquifer susceptibility to contamination from the surface can differ System. These facilities are used for public supply and have reported pumping rates the needs of domestic and some high-capacity users. The wells in this subsystem are State Road & US Highway considerably due to a wide range of variation within geologic environments. In addition, ranging from 40 to 90 gpm. completed at depths commonly ranging from 45 to 75 feet. Saturated aquifer materials man-made structures such as poorly constructed water wells, unplugged or improperly include sand and gravel deposits that are commonly 10 to 30 feet thick. Domestic well Interstate abandoned wells, and open excavations can provide contaminant pathways that bypass The Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Aquifer System typically has a low yields typically range from 5 to 20 gpm with static water levels generally ranging from 5 the naturally protective clays. susceptibility to surface contamination because intertill sand and gravel units are to 30 feet below the surface. There are no registered significant groundwater withdrawal Southern Limit of Wisconsin commonly overlain by thick glacial till. Shallow wells completed in this system are facilities in this subsystem in Vigo County. Glacial Deposits moderately susceptible to contamination. Dissected Till and Residuum/Till Veneer Aquifer System Areas within this aquifer subsystem that have overlying clay deposits are moderately Municipal Boundary susceptible to surface contamination; whereas, areas that lack overlying clay deposits are Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till highly susceptible to contamination. State Managed Property In Vigo County, the Dissected Till and Residuum Aquifer System and the Till Veneer Aquifer Subsystem Aquifer System are mapped as one system because they are similar in composition and in Coal Mine Spoil Aquifer System aquifer characteristics. As in counties to the south, the Dissected Till and Residuum The Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Aquifer Subsystem is primarily Lake & River Aquifer System includes areas where pre-Wisconsin and/or Wisconsin till is thin and mapped east of the Wabash River in Vigo County. The subsystem is mapped similar to dissected due to deep down-cutting by streams or where soils have formed directly from that of the Central Wabash Valley/Wabash Lowland Till Aquifer System. However, bedrock due to weathering. The Till Veneer Aquifer System encompasses areas where potential aquifer materials are generally thinner and potential yields are less in the The Coal Mine Spoil Aquifer System covers about 7 percent of Vigo County primarily the unconsolidated material is predominantly thin till overlying bedrock. This system is subsystem. because the coal seams are shallow enough to be economically surface mined. The coal chiefly the product of the deposition of glacial till over an uneven, eroded bedrock seams occur within the Carbondale Group of Pennsylvanian age and the upper Raccoon surface rather than erosion of till by younger streams. Also included in this aquifer Unconsolidated deposits typically range from 50 to 100 feet thick in the subsystem. Creek Group of Pennsylvanian age. The surface mined seams are in several large areas system are relatively thin deposits of alluvium, colluvium and gravel outwash overlying Potential aquifer materials include thin, discontinuous intertill sand and gravel deposits. in eastern Vigo County and a few smaller areas west of the Wabash River. This aquifer shallow bedrock in many stream valleys. Where present, these deposits are typically capped by till that is commonly 30 to 60 feet system was formed during the process of mining coal by surface-mining methods. The thick. overburden was typically broken up by blasting and moved aside to uncover the desired Much of northern Vigo County is mapped as Dissected Till and Residuum, especially coal seam. The overburden, most of which was originally solid rock, became a along the Wabash River where the streams are deeply incised. In most of the southern About half of the wells started in this subsystem in Vigo County are completed in the heterogeneous mixture of particles ranging in size from clay, silt, and sand up to gravel, half and in the upland regions in the northern half of the county thin till over bedrock is underlying bedrock aquifer system. However, the Central Wabash Valley/Wabash slabs, and boulders. Where extensive, these spoil areas contain considerable amounts of mapped as the Till Veneer Aquifer System. Total thickness of this system generally Lowland Till Aquifer Subsystem is capable of meeting the needs of some domestic users groundwater. Location Map ranges from about 20 to 50 feet. in the county. The wells producing from this subsystem are typically completed at depths ranging from 50 to 90 feet. Intertill sand and gravel aquifer materials are commonly less Information from surface coal mine areas in other counties indicate the quality of The Dissected Till and Residuum/Till Veneer Aquifer System has the most limited than 5 feet thick. Domestic well yields are generally 2 to 10 gpm and static water levels groundwater in this system is probably much poorer than in the overburden before groundwater resources of the unconsolidated aquifer systems. There is little potential for are typically 10 to 45 feet below the surface. There are no registered significant mining took place. Typically, a significant increase in total dissolved solids, especially groundwater production in this system in Vigo County, and most wells are completed in groundwater withdrawal facilities utilizing this subsystem. calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and sulfate, occurs. High iron, and in places low pH, the underlying bedrock. About 85 percent of the reported wells penetrating this aquifer can severely limit potential uses of groundwater from this system. Nearly all of the wells system in the county are completed in bedrock. Potential aquifers within this system This subsystem is generally not very susceptible to surface contamination because started in this system are completed in bedrock in Vigo County. However, one domestic include thin isolated sand and/or gravel layers, and surficial sand and gravel outwash or intertill sand and gravel units are overlain by thick till deposits. Wells producing from well reports a yield of 10 gpm and a static water level of 25 feet below the surface. Also, alluvium. Depth of the wells completed in the Dissected Till and Residuum/Till Veneer shallow aquifers are moderately to highly susceptible to contamination. a few observation wells for watershed reclamation projects utilize this system. Aquifer System typically ranges from 30 to 50 feet deep with static water levels ranging between 5 and 20 feet below the surface. Most of the wells have reported capacities of Generally, it is expected that aquifers in old coal mine spoil that was not graded and less than 10 gallons per minute (gpm). There are no registered significant groundwater capped with compacted soil are highly susceptible to contaminants introduced at the withdrawal facilities utilizing this system. Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer System surface. However, spoil aquifers in areas benefiting from modern reclamation methods are moderately susceptible. This system is generally not very susceptible to contamination from surface sources because of the low permeability of the near-surface materials. However, there are areas The Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer System is mapped along the Wabash where protective clay layers are thin or absent. These areas are very susceptible to River in the county. This system includes thick glacial outwash sands and gravels and is contamination. capped by a layer of clay, sandy clay, silt, or loess deposits in a few places. The total thickness of unconsolidated deposits in this system ranges from 40 feet up to 150 feet.

This aquifer system is capable of meeting the needs of domestic and high-capacity users in Vigo County. The wells utilizing the Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer System are completed at depths ranging from 40 to 75 feet with saturated sand and gravel aquifer materials commonly 25 to 60 feet thick. Static water levels are typically 20 to 40 feet below the surface. In Vigo County, there are 36 registered significant groundwater withdrawal facilities (78 wells) in this system. Predominate uses for these facilities are public water supply, industry and irrigation. Reported production for high-capacity wells ranges up to 2700 gpm. Also, one large diameter radial collector well has a reported capacity of 8333 gpm.

This system is highly susceptible to surface contamination where sand and gravel deposits are near the surface and have little or no clay deposits. However, areas that have overlying thick clay deposits are moderately susceptible to contamination.

Map Use and Disclaimer Statement This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), Unconsolidated Aquifer Systems of Vigo County, Indiana We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), and Surface Coal Mines from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. (polygon shapefile, 20081231), were all from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on a Map generated by Scott H. Dean 1:24,000 scale. Draft road shapefiles, System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural the Indiana Department of Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Glenn E. Grove Indiana 2000 (polygon shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based on Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed a 1:100,000 scale. Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420) was from the Center for Advanced “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map Applications in GIS at Purdue University. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shape file, various dates) December 2009 is intended for use only at the published scale. was from IDNR. Unconsolidated aquifer systems coverage (Grove, 2009) was based on a 1:24,000 scale.