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MARCH-APRIL 2009 VOLUME 111, NUMBER 4

FEATURES 24 Forum: Reopening the Doors to College The essential public role in making higher education broadly available again

STU ROSNER by Theda Skocpol and Suzanne Mettler page 42

DEPARTMENTS 28 A Yodel for Help in the 2 Cambridge 02138 Modern World Communications from our readers The prolific playwright Christopher Durang, a 7 Right Now “choirboy with fingers dipped in poison,” deals Biological urges and history, in black humor savings incentives, Internet polarization, from slavery by Craig Lambert to comedy 12A New England Regional Section Campus events, love in the second half of 32 Vita: Fernando Zóbel de Ayala life, and Caribbean cuisine sans cruise Brief life of a peripatetic man of arts: 1924-1984 13 Montage by John Seed Gastrophysics, Alcott pair page 28 portrayed, dreaming of medicine and literature,

The Developing Child GREGORY GROVE the Constitution beyond 34 the text, a traveler’s portfolio, Harvard scholars link science, education, and public policy sanatorium scenes to enhance the earliest years of life 56 The Alumni by Elizabeth Gudrais A green private-equity fund, helping hands for lower- income taxpayers, Overseer 42 John Harvard’s Journal and alumni association Building for big science ambitions in Allston, the candidates, and more University’s looming hard financial choices, a long- 60 The College Pump term vision for artistic practice in the curriculum and Purloined parts, oath awk- wardness, ancient wisdom on campus, a water expert from the World Bank, mapping Africa, cutting-edge radio, public-health 72 Treasure “Rice” paper: a pithy account helmsman, the unfinished quest for human rights, a 61 Crimson Classiﬁeds laboratory dissects decisionmaking, House assign- ments—and apparel, the Undergraduate on lives On the cover: Early learning in a Santiago archived, an all-skills basketball star, and a classroom. Photograph by Aldo Benincasa page 51 wrap-up of winter sports

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LETTERS

Editor: John S. Rosenberg Senior Editor: Jean Martin Managing Editor: Jonathan S. Shaw Deputy Editor: Craig Lambert Associate Editor: Elizabeth Gudrais Cambridge 02138 Production and New Media Manager: Mark Felton Assistant Editor: Nell Porter Brown Diversity distortion, getting to green, iron workers Associate Web Developer: Blaise Freeman

Art Director: Jennifer Carling Acting Art Director: Vera Leung Berta Greenwald Ledecky HABEAS CORPUS Undergraduate Fellows As jonathan shaw’s thoughtful article Christian Flow, Brittney Moraski observes (“The War and the Writ,” Janu- Editorial Intern: ary-February, page 24), the courts and Krysten A. Keches Congress recognize that the Constitution Contributing Editors allows for the suspension of habeas cor- John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam pus “in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion.” Goodheart, Jim Harrison, Christopher But Shaw does not explicitly distinguish S. Johnson, Adam Kirsch, Colleen these limited situations from what the ar- Lannon, Christopher Reed, Deborah ticle variously refers to as “war,” “terror- Smullyan, Mark Steele ism,” “times of crisis,” “armed conflict,” Editorial and Business O≠ice “periods of crisis” and “hostilities.” 7 Ware Street, There are meaningful distinctions be- Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 tween this nation’s distinguishable secu- Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 rity activities at home and in such foreign Website: www.harvardmagazine.com countries as Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghan- Reader services: istan. Unfortunately, the Bush adminis- 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499 tration shielded these various activities which are reflected in the opinions and HARVARD MAGAZINE INC. from scrutiny by placing them under the proposals voiced by the “well-informed President: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, broad protective screen of a “war on ter- persons” quoted in Shaw’s article. They Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. Directors: Leslie E. rorism.” But the courts, the Congress, and all might be better informed, and better Greis ’80, Alex S. Jones, NF ’82, the public need to make distinctions if able to o≠er credible contributions to the Bill Kovach, NF ’89, Randolph C. the judicial and political processes are to dialogue revolving around this subject, if Lindel ’66, Tamara Elliott Rogers ’74, work. they first read his book. Kay Kaufman Shelemay, A. Clayton A war is not necessarily a war for legal John Richardson, LL.B. ’60 Spencer, A.M. ’82, Richard Tuck purposes because the president and ar- Orford, N.H. Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is published bimonthly guably even the Congress choose to name by Harvard Magazine Inc., a nonprofit corporation, 7 it as such. We should not suspend the Two hundred and fifty men held with- Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617- 495-5746; fax 617-495-0324. The magazine is supported by writ, congressional inquiry, or common out trial at Guantánamo: this is a drop in reader contributions and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subvention from Harvard University. Its edi- sense every time a political leader runs up the bucket considering that there are torial content is the responsibility of the editors. Periodi- a “war” banner. thousands of dangerous terrorists in Pak- cals postage paid at Boston, Mass., and additional mailing o≠ices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Circulation Robert H. Sand ’58, J.D. ’61 istan, Afghanistan, and Iraq, to say noth- Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cam- Brooklyn ing of those in Palestine, Lebanon, even bridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscription rate $30 a year in U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 other Europe. Let them go: send them back to foreign. (Allow up to 10 weeks for first delivery.) Sub- scription orders and customer service inquiries should be In his brilliant study of twenty-first their countries of origin except for those sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 century terrorism and our response, vel whose countries of origin are dangerous Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617- 495-5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail addresschanges@har- non, thereto, Philip Bobbitt (Terror and Con- for them. They won’t make much di≠er- vard.edu. Single copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and sent, 2008) notes at the outset that “among ence in the “War on Terror.” Even if every handling. Manuscript submissions are welcome, but we cannot assume responsibility for safekeeping. Include well-informed persons, a number of dubi- one of the Guantánamo detainees is dan- stamped, self-addressed envelope for manuscript return. Persons wishing to reprint any portion of Harvard ous propositions about twenty-first cen- gerous, they will simply disappear into Magazine’s contents are required to write in advance for tury terrorism and the Wars against Ter- the sea of terrorists. The Bush administra- permission. Address inquiries to Catherine A. Chute, publisher, at the address given above. ror are widely and tenaciously held.” He tion was not really afraid of these men; Copyright © 2009 Harvard Magazine Inc. then lists 22 of these, more or less all of they have no magical powers. But they

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LETTERS might testify against the United States in the information war for status and re- spect in the world. Mary M. Smith ’61 South Portland, Me.

Philip heymann’s description of Guan- tánamo as “only a small-scale detention problem” may be true, but only if one views Guantánamo as sui generis. In fact, Dear Readers, however, the United States holds hundreds more prisoners at Bagram Air Force Base in Afghanistan and thousands more For many years, alumni like you have supported publication of Harvard Magazine in a variety of prisons in Iraq, not to men- by making small donations. These contributions—along with advertising sales tion the unknown number still held in and a University subsidy—have enabled the magazine to keep you in touch with black sites around the world. None of the community, prepare intellectually engaging articles, and provide objective these groups have captured the attention coverage of Harvard today. of the media or the public as have the prisoners held in Guantánamo, but all The rapid decline in advertising (historically the magazine’s largest source of share the same denial of habeas corpus rights (and those held in other locations revenue) and rising pressure on other funding sources during the past six lack even the meager rights that have months now force us to make many adjustments, even as our staff continues to been tenaciously won for the Guantá- work as hard as possible on your behalf. namo prisoners by courageous lawyers). David Remes asserts that anyone who The most significant change you will notice, beginning with this issue, is a “threw a grenade at an American soldier smaller publication: fewer pages translate into immediate, urgently needed sav- or shot at an American convoy” has ings on paper, printing, and postage—the principal costs in delivering your mag- clearly “attacked the United States.” But that’s only true if the American soldier or azine. (Internally, we have cut costs across the board, including compensation.) convoy was legally present in the country where the attack occurred. Since U.S. We will complement the printed Harvard Magazine by posting even more content forces invaded both Afghanistan and Iraq on our website, www.harvardmagazine.com (see page 6). There you will find illegally, surely anyone in those countries, regularly updated news about the University and its people, multimedia materi- be they members of the armed forces or als accompanying articles, and carefully selected reports about alumni and civilians, has the legitimate right of self- developments affecting Harvard from around the world. The website maintains defense. Describing such actions as an the same rigorous editorial standards and the same focus on serving you that “attack on the United States” is akin to a rapist demanding “justice” after being have been at the core of the magazine’s mission for more than 100 years. stabbed by a woman he had assaulted. Steven Patt, Ph.D. ’75 Now more than ever, publishing a Harvard Magazine of the highest quality— Cupertino, Calif. and keeping you informed about the University at a truly turbulent moment— depend on gifts of any size. In the past, we have asked for such support I write in appreciation of Jonathan annually. Now we are making an extraordinary appeal for your contribution; Shaw’s article on detention without it will be put to immediate good use. Please make a secure donation online at criminal charges and o≠er a supportive www.harvardmagazine.com/donate or use the envelope in this magazine. footnote. At the time of the American Revolution, leaders of the independence movement were aware that the conserva- We welcome your comments and thank you for your support during tive British jurist Lord Mansﬁeld had de- challenging times for all of us. cided in 1772 that an African slave purchased in Virginia, bound for Jamaica, but temporarily detained in British terri- torial waters, must be set free. Remarkably, in its recent decisions to Catherine A. Chute John S. Rosenberg the e≠ect that so-called “enemy combat- Publisher Editor ants” at Guantánamo Bay could use the writ of habeas corpus to protest their in- deﬁnite detention without charges, the For a full report on Harvard Magazine finances, justices of the U.S. Supreme Court turned visit www.harvardmagazine.com/report.

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LETTERS historian and twice cited the more than cussed concerns about tribunals, privacy, 230-year-old decision by Lord Mansfield. information-gathering, and civil liberties. Sommersett v. Stewart, 10 How. St. Tr. 1, 79-82 (K.B. 1772), cited in Rasul, et al. v. Bush, et al., I have contemplated with growing 542 U.S. 466, 481, n.11 (2004), and again— horror the abuses of basic human rights Publisher: Catherine A. Chute this time in the text, not in a footnote— and violations of international law that Finance and Administrative Director cited in Boumediene, et al. v. Bush, et al., 128 our government has been perpetrating in Irina Kuksin S.Ct. 2229, 2248 (2008) (“a petitioner’s sta- the prisons of Guantánamo, but have felt Director of Circulation and Fundraising Felecia Carter tus as an alien was not a categorical bar to that eventually our legal system would Integrated Marketing Director habeas corpus relief”). deal with the issue. I would like to state Cara Ferragamo Murray The writ of habeas corpus, originating that I do not want torture techniques, Director of Advertising at Runnymede in 1215, strengthened and such as “waterboarding,” done to prison- Robert D. Fitta made more explicit during the English ers in my name, even for the protection of Advertising Account Manager Civil War of the seventeenth century, is the United States. The one sure way that Abigail Williamson the foundation of criminal law in Great our enemies can destroy us is to get us to Integrated Marketing Design Manager Britain and the United States. As my Har- descend to their level of barbarity. Jennifer Beaumont vard classmate Robert Bellah has demon- But I take issue with the statement of Classified Advertising Manager Gretchen Bostr0m strated, Harvard played an inglorious role Anthony Lewis. The Taliban can in no Circulation and Fundraising during the McCarthy years after World way be considered a legitimate govern- Manager: Lucia Whalen War II. It would warm the hearts of many ment, given the abuses it perpetrated Office Manager: Sylvie Papazian old alums if Harvard and its magazine upon most of its hapless citizens. But Gift Processor: Sarha J. Caraballo were to step forward and stand fast in de- treating their soldiers as “agents of ter- fense of the writ of habeas corpus. ror” because they were opposing us on IVY LEAGUE MAGAZINE NETWORK Tel. 617-496-7207 Staughton Lynd ’5o, Ph.D., J.D. the battlefield is nonsense. As in most Associate Publisher, Sales Niles, Ohio wars, most of them are just grunts, with Lawrence J. Brittan, Tel. 631-754-4264 no control over their situation. New York Advertising Sales I was deeply shocked by the article on Howard Toburen ’60 Beth Bernstein, Tel. 908-654-5050 habeas corpus—not shocked by its con- Lynnwood, Wash. Mary Anne MacLean, Tel. 631-367-1988 tents but by the date of its publication. Travel Advertising Sales Why has this article not appeared years DIVERSITY DEFICIENCY Northeast Media Inc., Tel. 203-255-8800 ago? Why does Harvard Magazine have to The chart showing the Crimson con- Midwest Advertising Sales wait safely until after the election of tingent in the upcoming Congress Nugent Media Group, Tel. 773-755-9051 Barack Obama, when it can be sure to be (“Crimson in Congress,” January-Febru- Detroit Advertising Sales with the tide of mass public opinion, to ary, page 60) should not be a comfort to Heth Media Tel. 248-318-9489 produce an article on such an important the College leadership. It displays very Southwest Advertising Sales moral issue? Is this intellectual timidity, graphically how Harvard and other Ivy Daniel Kellner, Tel. 972-529-9687 conformity, or both? League institutions have contributed to West Coast Advertising Sales Ann Godfrey, M.D.S. ’96 and perhaps even caused the toxic politi- Virtus Media Sales, Tel. 310-478-3833 Palo Alto, Calif. cal polarization of this country. How can West Coast Travel Advertising Sales an institution which proclaims as its The Holleran Group, Tel. 707-935-9296 : We first assigned coverage goals leadership, excellence, and diversity Editor’s note Board of Incorporators of this subject in 2006, but did not receive have 93 percent participation in one party This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was a publishable article then, nor during a in a country balanced between two par- founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s gover- subsequent attempt in 2007. This article ties? Surely half of America will come to nance. The membership is as follows: Stephen J. Bailey, was published as soon as it was com- despise institutions which appear will- AMP ’94; Je≠rey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Bennett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; Fox Butterfield pleted by a sta≠ writer. Related issues fully to have created such polarization. ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98, Jonathan S. Cohn ’91; were raised in “Understanding Terrorism” Bruce P. Shields ’61 Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John de Cuevas ’52; Casimir de Rham ’46, J.D. ’49; James F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadi- (January-February 2002), which dis- Wolcott, Vt. man ’74; Benjamin M. Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. Giles, Nf ’66; Richard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83, Owen SPEAK UP, PLEASE GETTING TO GREEN Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Max Hall, Nf ’50; Philip C. Haughey ’57, Brian R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Harvard Magazine welcomes letters President faust is right when she re- Bla≠er Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, on its contents. Please write to “Let- minds listeners that the world’s current Nf ’82; Bill Kovach, Nf ’89; Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jennifer 8 Lee ’99, Anthony Lewis ’48, Nf ’57; Scott Malkin ’80, ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, turmoil represents a systematic crisis that J.D./M.B.A. ’83; Lisa L. Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David Mc- Cambridge 02138, send comments by has arisen from a failure of “wider vision” Clintick ’62; John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, Jf ’57, Ph.D. e-mail to [email protected], use (“Educating Professionals,” January-Feb- ’59, LL.D. ’98; Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert N. Shapiro ’72, our website, www.harvardmagazine.- ruary, page 58). Connect the dots. Al Gore J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter A. Spiers ’76; Scott H. Stossel ’91; William O. Taylor ’54; Sherry Turkle com, or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters asks his audience (“Gore Boosts a ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. Weiss ’54; Elizabeth Winship may be edited to fit the available space. Greener Harvard,” page 58) to substitute ’43; Jan Ziolkowski. renewable energy for carbon-based ener-

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LETTERS gy in order to control global warming. Turn to page 61 for Elizabeth Gudrais’s report on the development of heating, lighting, and plumbing in low-cost homes in Latin America (“For Santiago’s Poor, “I was interested in helping to make Housing with Dignity”). Astute readers may spot the great dilemma of the twenty-ﬁrst century. How can nations re- Harvard affordable for students duce the use of carbon-based fuels while lifting the poor out of poverty? When because I received financial aid. leaders combine a social-justice agenda with their environmental-protection concerns, there’s hope for humanity. When But I also needed to be sure I had the desire to save “Mother Earth” over- rides human-rights concerns, brace your- enough money for retirement.” self for a time of troubles. Robert F. Murphy, M.Div. ’95 K. Daniel Riew, M.D. aB ’80 Falmouth, Mass.

I detected no note of irony in the reporting that “The consciousness-raising during Harvard’s Sustainability Celebration in- saMPle DefeRReD saMPle iMMeDiate cluded lots of giveaways…” (page 58). Do Gift annUity Rates Gift annUity Rates Harvard students need stickers to remind them to reduce food waste? Are they gen- aGe aGe PayMents annUity Rate aGe annUity Rate erally without T-shirts? When are we BeGin going to recognize that sustainability 50 65 9.5% 65 5.9% means “less stu≠” and that self-styled “green” swag is actually not “green” at all? 55 65 8.5 70 6.2 Helene S. York ’83 55 70 12.5 75 6.9 San Francisco 60 65 7.0 80 8.0 60 70 10.5 85 9.0 SECRETARY PERKINS Your excellent profile of Frances Per- kins (Vita, by Adam Cohen, January-Feb- There are many ways to structure a Harvard Gift Annuity— ruary, page 32) was accompanied by a stock photo of her with “steelworkers construct- contact us to see if one can meet your charitable and ing the Golden Gate Bridge.” Ms. Perkins, a financial objectives. friend of organized labor, would have known they were “iron workers.” Steel workers make steel, iron workers erect steel buildings and bridges. This would be for more information, please contact: trivial, except that it kills a little history. Anne McClintock, Alasdair Halliday, The first metal buildings and bridges were John Christel, Ericka Webb, Lisa DeBenedictis built of iron, often small pieces of cast iron. Those iron workers adapted to the new Phone 800-446-1277 steel technology, moving from low-rises to Fax 617-495-8130 skyscrapers (the Empire State Building, et al.), but they kept their hard-won and Email [email protected] proudly spoken union name. So, for an- Web post.harvard.edu/pgo other example, do the Teamsters who now drive a team of cylinders, not horses. And you and I are not “automobilists,” as we first were known, but we have reverted and become “drivers,” like our predecessors on stage coaches and buggies. University Planned Giving M.R. Montgomery, M.A.T. ’65, NF ’84 Harvard University 124 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138-5795 Lincoln, Mass. (please turn to page 69)

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Right Now The expanding Harvard universe

NATURE, NURTURE, NARCOTICS Our Psychotropic Lives

e like to think that as wrong side of a fallacious dividing line Perhaps, then, what di≠erentiates hu- humans, we are some- that changes location from one culture mans from animals is the very ability to how above biology— and one epoch to the next. Why do we intentionally self-medicate? Not so fast, capable of self-restraint wholeheartedly endorse pursuit of a “run- says Smail, who notes multiple examples Wand subverting base urges. But professor ner’s high,” equivocate about ca≠eine and of animals doing the same thing, including of history Daniel Lord Smail argues that alcohol, and condemn cocaine use? In birds that “get drunk” by gorging on fruit for humans and animals, life is by and eighteenth-century Europe, Smail points that has begun to ferment as it decays. He large a quest to feel good. We may be re- out, the list of addictive substances to be argues that evolution pays attention to sponding to biological urges that are used with caution included books. With psychotropy, noting that in breeding dogs complex and sophisticated, but they are the rise of the novel and the spread of lit- to enjoy human contact, we have created a biological urges all the same. eracy, a new fear of “reading mania” class of animals “addicted” to petting, in In his most recent book, On Deep History gripped the populace. He quotes one the sense that they crave and seek out the and the Brain (University of California scholar’s account that young women hormonal response it generates. Press), Smail posits a new view of human were seen as particularly vulnerable, be- Evolution attaches pleasing chemical history in which physiology and culture cause they might “grow addicted to the signatures to behaviors that confer ad- evolve symbiotically in a process driven pleasures induced by novels…have their vantages in survival and reproduction; it by brain chemistry and psychotropic passions awakened, and form false expec- is obvious enough why sex and eating e≠ects. Seen from his perspective, we are tations about life.” all hooked on the hormones and neuro- transmitters that signal pleasure and re- lieve stress. In popular usage, the term psychotropic refers to drugs—prescription or recre- ational—that radically alter consciousness. But the technical definition includes all substances that act on the central nervous system—including ca≠eine, alcohol, and anesthesia. Smail has coined an even wider definition, referring to psychotropic “mechanisms”—not only substances that we ingest, but also actions that a≠ect the balance of hormones and neurotrans- mitters in our bodies. The list includes exercise, sex, gossip, even skydiving. He argues that the way we define ad- diction is arbitrary and artificial. We stig- matize addicts, considering them on the

Illustration by Mark Brewer

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R I G H T N O W would be pleasurable. But when we find negotiation, and the uncertainty seems to Smail, who also teaches a course on the ways to trip the same circuits with other induce anxiety. history of emotion, believes biologists activities (for instance, by activating the The book is less a thorough exposition might gain insights from analyzing the exhilaration of the fight-or-flight re- of ideas than an open invitation to con- descriptions of emotional states found in sponse through skydiving), those behav- sider them. Smail (a medievalist by train- ancient texts—traditionally historians’ iors have their own evolutionary and his- ing) began writing it as the introduction domain. to another book—a “deep history” of hu- In this scholarly space where disci- For humans and manity, on which he is now working. plines merge, “we can finally dispense Both projects grew out of his frustration with the idea, once favored by some his- animals, life is by with perceived shortcomings in the way torians, that biology gave way to culture history is taught and studied. Historians, with the advent of civilization,” he and large a quest he complains, tend to act as though his- writes. “Civilization did not bring an end tory begins with the first written texts. to biology. Civilization enabled important to feel good. He aims to write an authoritative, unified aspects of human biology.” history that reaches all the way back to �elizabeth gudrais torical consequences. Smail does not the Paleolithic era and integrates evi- think it mere coincidence that the in- dence from anthropology and evolution- daniel smail e-mail address: creasing accessibility and popularization ary biology. And it isn’t a one-way street: [email protected] of products such as co≠ee and spirits in Europe (the proliferation of co≠eehouses, the influx of rum from the Caribbean and BOOSTING BONDS Brazil, the gin craze of the mid-eighteenth century) coincided with declining attendance at religious services, and in some places, transitions from monarchi- Save Yourself cal states to democracy. “Where individuals once relied on religion and ritual as sources of dopamine and other chemical s the Obama administration the poor. “Although low-income people messengers,” he writes, “they turned in- advances a stimulus approach have plenty of access to check-cashers and creasingly to items of consumption, giv- it hopes will reinvigorate con- credit,” he says, “they have little access to ing up God in favor of Mammon.” sumer spending and restore savings products.” Even large mutual- He divides psychotropic mechanisms Alending, many households need to focus fund companies, he points out, require a into two categories: autotropic (altering on an opposite strategy: how to break the minimum deposit of $2,500 to $3,000. one’s own mood) and teletropic (altering cycle of debt and begin to build savings. In contrast, federal savings bonds o≠er someone else’s mood). In eighteenth- In recent years, the U.S. savings rate has an ideal vehicle for the small saver. They century Europe, he writes, there was “a hovered at or near zero, as Americans and are available to anyone with a Social Secu- tectonic shift away from teletropic mech- financial institutions have grown ad- rity number (including those with poor anisms manipulated by ruling elites to- dicted to a borrow-and-spend economy. ward a new order in which the tele- For low-income families, this trend has tropies of dominance were replaced by particularly dire implications: a job loss the growing range of autotropic mech- or health calamity may wipe out a child’s anisms available on an increasingly un- future educational prospects or, worse, regulated market.” Here he sees the seeds lead to immediate homelessness. of our modern consumerism: the co≠ee, Peter Tufano, Coleman professor of fi- chocolate, and spirits habits of earlier nancial management at Harvard Business centuries stemmed from the same ethos School, has proposed a public-policy as today’s “retail therapy.” change that would encourage poorer To support his argument that pre-mod- Americans to save by allowing them to ern societies’ rigid class structure, as op- purchase U.S. savings bonds with a por- pressive as it might have been, was also tion of their federal income-tax refund. soothing, Smail draws evidence from evo- The suggestion results from several years lutionary biology: researchers have found of research conducted by the Doorways that baboons feel less stress (as measured to Dreams Fund, a nonprofit research and by their hormone levels) when they live in development lab that Tufano founded in groups with clearly delineated rank 2000 to develop creative ways to meet a order. If rank order is less clear, the rules range of financial-service needs among that govern interactions—such as which This 1918 "Joan of Arc" poster marketed one should step out of the way when two savings stamps that could ultimately be baboons cross paths—require constant exchanged for a war bond.

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R I G H T N O W credit), come in small denominations “Easy Savings” and the “Easy IRA”). The redemption constraints, indicating that (starting at $25), charge no fees, may earn remaining 27 sites o≠ered clients savings they planned to hold the bonds for five to an inflation-adjusted interest rate, and bonds alongside the company’s products. 10 years or more. guarantee no loss of principal. Their only The findings proved highly significant. Based on their research, Tufano and his limitation: they must be held for at least The fraction of refund recipients who collaborators at Doorways to Dreams one year, and redemption before five years chose tax-site savings was 8.5 times higher have called on the Treasury to reintro- results in a loss of three months’ interest. in “treatment o∞ces” than in “control duce the savings-bond option on tax Although widely available through much o∞ces.” The availability of the savings forms, to give low-income refund recipi- of the twentieth century, especially during bonds not only produced new bond sales, ents a simple way to put money aside for wartime, savings bonds faded from view in but increased the demand for savings the future. Filers would simply check a recent decades as the Treasury pursued overall. Among those who purchased box directing the Treasury to keep a por- more e∞cient means of raising money. bonds, nearly two-thirds were first-time, tion of their money. “Saving bonds have Last spring, Tufano and his colleagues small savers, who reported having no always o≠ered a way for families to take conducted a study to determine whether other money saved or invested at the time care of themselves and, at the same time, the introduction of savings bonds at tax- of purchase. Individuals with more depen- to invest in the country,” Tufano says. assistance sites would increase the likeli- dents had an increased likelihood of sav- “This certainly can’t be a bad thing in the hood and level of saving among low-in- ing when given the option of bonds, even current environment.” �ashley pettus come tax filers. The experiment focused though they had revealed low intent to on 31 H&R Block tax-preparation o∞ces save at the outset of the study. Moreover, peter tufano e-mail address: located in Schaumburg, Illinois, and in many of the bond purchasers chose to [email protected] Boston. Four of the sites o≠ered only “gift” savings to relatives (often a child) doorways to dreams fund website: standard H&R savings products (such as and expressed a preference for the bonds’ www.d2dfund.org

M I R R O R M E The Internet: Foe of Democracy?

he internet, argues Cass Sun- that it promotes circumspection and de- publics of like-minded individuals of the stein, has had a polarizing e≠ect liberation, and serves to check the ex- sort Montesquieu preferred, but the on democracies. Although it has cesses of the majority.” This idea “turns founders considered “destructive of self- the capacity to bring people to- traditional republican thought on its government….” Tgether, too often the associations formed head.” Sunstein buttresses his argument with online comprise self-selecting groups with Protection of free speech is one element data from three studies he has worked on little diversity of opinion, explains the allowing Hamilton’s “jarring of opinions” in the last decade. In the first, he and col- Frankfurter professor of law. This con- to succeed. But Sunstein worries that the leagues assembled a group of liberal- founds the constitutional vision of the conception of free speech emerging in minded citizens from Boulder and a sepa- founding fathers through a perversion of today’s communications market empha- rate group of conservatives from Colorado the notion of free speech. Such environ- sizes “an architecture of control…by Springs to discuss climate change, same- ments reinforce preexisting viewpoints, which each of us can select a [cus- sex civil unions, and a∞rmative action. undermining the constructive dialogue tomized] free-speech package.” Google “We were particularly interested,” he says, that promotes progress in democracies. Speaking on September 17—Constitu- Like-minded groups became more extreme and tion Day—Sunstein (who is bound for Washington; see Brevia, page 51) said the the internal diversity of views “evaporated.” founders made only one “truly original contribution” to constitutional thought. News asks, “[W]hy not set up your pages “in finding what would happen to the pri- Their predecessors, influenced by Mon- to show you the stories that best repre- vate, anonymous statements of views ex- tesquieu, thought that successful self-gov- sent your interests?” The New York Times pressed” before and after the discussions. ernment required everyone to be alike. The o≠ers “Mytimes”; Amazon and Netflix On each issue, the like-minded groups be- founders, in contrast, believed heterogene- employ collaborative filtering to ensure “a came more extreme and the internal di- ity and diversity constitute a creative kind of personalization…by which your versity of views “evaporated,” Sunstein re- force. “When Hamilton explained the sys- communications universe can be yours.” ports. Pre-deliberation, for example, some tem of checks and balances with what he (MIT’s Nicholas Negroponte first iden- liberals wanted to know more about the called ‘the jarring of opinions’ in the leg- tified this “daily me.”) The resulting self- costs, especially for the poor, of an agree- islative branch,” Sunstein noted, “he said segregation creates numerous small re- ment to reduce greenhouse gases, and

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R I G H T N O W some conservatives were open to created “a shared experience, a so- same-sex civil unions. Post-delib- cial glue,” Sunstein believes. In eration, the diversity of views on their absence, the current sys- all three issues dropped precipi- tem of self-sorting—only 2 per- tously. cent of Daily Kos readers, Sunstein found a similar e≠ect for example, are self-identi- within juries, and even among fied Republicans—dimin- federal judges on courts of ap- ishes the serendipity that peals panels. When comparing alerts us to “the occasional, the voting records of judicial maybe infrequent legitimacy appointees, the split between of the concerns of our fellow Democratic- or Republican-ap- citizens.” pointed judges increased from Yet the “new technologies 10 percent on mixed panels to here are more opportunity 30 percent on panels consisting than threat,” Sunstein sug- exclusively of single-party ap- gests, “and what is limiting pointees. the realization of the oppor- These findings suggest, he tunity is the absence of rele- says, that free speech is not vant ideals in the minds of enough to ensure a healthy the people who are using and democracy. Important as well developing and innovating are “unchosen serendipitous, [these] technologies.” For a sometimes disliked encoun- partial solution to the prob- ters with diverse ideas and lem, he says, Americans must topics,” as well as “shared “recover our constitutional communications experiences aspirations as citizens and as that unify people across dif- providers of information.” ferences.” Public spaces such While not denying market as city parks and sidewalks pressures—“the information provide the “architecture of we receive is a product of serendipity” that fosters chance encoun- graph or a headline that will attract your what information we demand”—Sun- ters with a “teeming diversity” of ideas. interest, produce curiosity, make you stein advises seeing the notion of the Newspapers, magazines, television, and read maybe a paragraph, and eventually “daily me” as “a kind of science-fiction radio—which Sunstein calls the “great an article and conceivably change your story rather than as a utopian ideal.” And, general-interest intermediaries”—played life”—the sort of thing your Google News he says, we should create twenty-first- a similar role in the twentieth century. “If feed filters out. century equivalents of the kinds of public you are reading a daily newspaper, not The shared “general-interest inter- spaces and institutions where diverse online, the real thing,” he says, “chances mediaries” not only exposed readers to people will congregate. are your eyes will come across a photo- diverse topics and points of view, but �jonathan shaw

SUBVERTING STEREOTYPES dead serious throughout. “I don’t treat humor lightly, though I enjoy it,” Carpio says. She shows how black comedians, Laughing at Slavery artists, and writers have “conjured” slavery-based stereotypes and themes, resur- recting images, characters, and events n his 1997 book Rock This! the black co- This example appears in Laughing Fit to from the past to re-examine them in the median Chris Rock sends up the Kill: Black Humor in the Fictions of Slavery, a present, often through the lens of comic “Uncle Tom” stereotype of a sub- new book by Glenda Carpio, associate imagination, to transform deep su≠ering servient African American who kow- professor of African and African Ameri- into cathartic laughter and insight. Itows to the majority culture. Rock a≠ec- can studies and of English. The book— The comedian Dave Chappelle, for ex- tionately describes his gay uncle, whose six years in the making—describes how ample, once played the slave Kunta Kinte name is Tom. “We call him Aunt Tom,” slavery has provided both a backdrop and in a parody of the 1977 miniseries Roots he writes, adding, “I love my Aunt Tom. I a wellspring of raw material for much during an episode of his Chappelle’s Show know that if I was in a ﬁght, Aunt Tom African-American humor. (formerly on Comedy Central). “[A]s would take o≠ his pumps and whip Some of the book’s examples are hilari- Kunta, he receives interminable lashes for some ass.” ous, others disturbing, but the analysis is refusing his new, slave name,” Carpio

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R I G H T N O W writes. “But just as the lashing begins to become unbearable, Chappelle’s Kunta suddenly frees himself from the post to which he is tied, runs to the overseer, and proceeds to beat him. ‘What did I tell you about getting out of hand!’ yells Chappelle, turning his back to reveal the thick padding that protected him from the lashes all along. “Chappelle employs classic post- modern techniques to measure the distance from his subject,” the passage continues. “Not only are his scenes Comedian Richard Pryor representations of representations, sends up the image of a but they also flaunt their seams, thus “primitive” in this 1968 bringing attention to the process of photograph, which appears on the cover of making fiction while commenting on Laughing Fit to Kill. the overt familiarity of the scenes they parody.” Besides discussing modern comic artists such as Chappelle and Richard Pryor, Carpio ranges back to seminal black fiction writers like William Wells Brown (1814-1884) and Charles W. dren they would then own.” Douglass Chesnutt (1858-1932). Laughing Fit to Kill eventually gave up such burlesques in the also conducts probing analyses of several years just before the Civil War. major figures, including modern painter In 2005, Chappelle made a very di≠er- Robert Colescott, visual artist Kara ent renunciation, but one that may have Walker, novelist Ishmael Reed, and drawn on similar principles. His show dramatist Suzan-Lori Parks, who, in 2002, had been a huge commercial success: the became the first African-American DVD of its first season sold more than woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for three million copies, setting a record for a ?\Xck_ZXi\ drama, for her play Topdog/Underdog. “I television program. Yet Chappelle turned `jdfmè^]finXi[% wanted to make the connection between down a $50-million o≠er from Comedy high and low, polite and popular culture,” Central to write and perform two more Carpio explains, “to show how the legacy seasons. “He was worried that the audi- Gi\gXi\kfc\X[% of slavery is treated from both ends.” ences were not laughing in a critical She also writes to “critique the knee- way—that they were just consuming jerk reaction we have to stereotypes, that these stereotypes, not thinking about PXc\ËjD98]fi

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look at where we come from. On April 16 at 6 p.m., paleontologist Neil Shubin, Ph.D. Extracurriculars ’87, talks about his discovery of the 375- million-year-old Tiktaalik roseae, on display. SEASONAL Sackler Museum • April 30 to May 3 www.artmusuems.harvard.edu/sackler NATURE AND SCIENCE www.fas.harvard.edu/arts 617-495-9400/9422 The Harvard-Smithsonian Center 617-495-8690/76 • Continuing: Re-View for Astrophysics The annual Arts First festival, free and Some 600 works are on display from dif- www.cfa.harvard.edu/events open to the public, o≠ers an undergraduate ferent parts of the University’s collection. 617-495-7461. 60 Garden Street. Smörgåsbord of dances, concerts, plays, Peabody Museum of Archaeology • March 19 and 26 at 7:30 p.m. and other performances. President Drew and Ethnology Lectures and rooftop viewing. Faust honors this year’s Arts Medalist, www.peabody.harvard.edu; 617-495-1027 poet John Ashbery ’49, Litt.D. ’01, at the • Opening April 3, with a lecture by May- FILM New College Theatre (10-12 Holyoke Street) flower author Nathaniel Philbrick at 5:30 p.m. The Harvard Film Archive on April 30 at 5 p.m. Tickets at www.boxof- Wiyohpiyata: Lakota Images of the Con- www.harvardfilmarchive.org fice.harvard.edu, or call 617-496-2222. tested West highlights drawings by Plains Visit the website for complete listings. Indian warriors recovered from the Little 617-495-4700 EXHIBITIONS Big Horn battlefield. • April 11-12 Carpenter Center for the • Opening April 29, with a book signing Life at Street-Level: The Films of Ramin Visual Arts and gallery talk by the artist at 5 p.m. Bahrani includes Good-Bye Solo and a dis- www.ves.fas.harvard.edu; 617-495-2317 Avenue Patrice Lumumba: Photographs cussion with the Iranian-American director. • March 12 to April 12, with an opening- by Guy Tillim explores the colonial archi- night lecture by the artist at 6 p.m. tecture of Angola, Mozambique, Congo, DANCE Agnes Varda: Les Veuves de Noirmoutier and Madagascar. The Harvard Dance Center (The Widows of Noirmoutier) features Harvard Museum of Natural www.fas.harvard.edu/~dance her 2004 video installation. Note: Varda History 617-496-2222; 495-8683 will also lecture at screenings at the Har- www.hmnh.harvard.edu • April 16-18, 8 p.m. vard Film Archive, March 13-16. See 617-495-3045 The ninth annual Viewpointe concert fea- www.harvardfilmarchive.org for further • Opening April 18 tures works inspired by the Ballets Russes. details. Evolution o≠ers visitors a comprehensive New College Theatre. Tickets required.

Left to right: Likasi, DR Congo, 2007, by Guy Tillim, and a detail from a ledger drawing by an unknown Plains Indian warrior, circa 1865, both on exhibit at the Peabody Museum; and Mango Season, Crawford Market, Mumbai, Maharastra, 1993, on display at the Sackler Museum FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: PHOTOGRAPH BY GUY GIFTTILLIM; OF COURTESYHARRIET J.OF BRADBURY,HOUGHTON LIBRARY,1930; PHOTOGRAPH HARVARD UNIVERSITY.BY RAGHUBIR SINGH

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LIBRARIES www.hcl.harvard.edu/info/exhibitions Pusey Library 617-495-2413/2445 • Opening April 15 Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes, 1909-1929: Twenty Years That Changed the World. An April 15-17 symposium and performances are cosponsored with the O∞ce for the Arts. Registration required. Houghton Library 617-496-4027 • Closing April 25 Harvard’s Lincoln celebrates the presidential bicentennial with a display of books, prints, ephemera, and other artifacts. Reg- istration is required for the April 24-25 symposium, Abraham Lincoln at 200: Perspectives on His Life and Legacy. • Opening May 5 “Ever Westward”: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and American Culture honors the sesquicentennial of the author’s birth. Re- lated events are planned; see the website Harvard Club of Boston Members for symposium details and registration. Host World-Class Functions. THEATER The American Repertory Theatre A once-in-a-lifetime family wedding. A professional conference www.amrep.org; 617-547-8300 with colleagues from all over the world. A fundraiser for your • March 25 through April 22 favorite candidate. A truly surprising birthday party with all Trojan Barbie follows a doll-repair expert of the guest of honor’s favorite people. who goes on vacation, only to find herself in the midst of an epic conflict. These are a few of the functions our members have hosted at the Harvard Club of Boston this year. With a choice of two locations – MUSIC the Main Clubhouse in the Back Bay with its twelve traditional Sanders Theatre/Lowell Hall rooms, or the Downtown Club’s seven spectacular spaces – our www.fas.harvard.edu/~tickets/ Club can handle groups from six to six hundred. Because we have 617-496-2222. All concerts are at 8 p.m. a century of experience, our food is perfectly prepared, our service • April 17 is precisely timed, and our ambience is truly elegant. We even have Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra performs over 40 overnight rooms to help your guests feel truly at home. Mozart and Brahms in its final concert with retiring conductor James Yannatos. Join today and take advantage of one of Boston’s best catering venue, • April 18 available only to our members. Visit www.harvardclub.com and The Harvard Jazz Bands will honor jazz click on “Become a Member.” master and Boston native Roy Haynes. • April 25 Or contact Lauren Waldron at 617-450-4492 or at The Harvard-Radcliffe Chorus performs [email protected] to arrange for a Mozart’s Requiem. complimentary tour. Once you’re a member, our • April 25 talented event planners can help you host a perfect The Sunday Jazz Band and Harvard party or meeting – one you’ll enjoy as much as Wind Ensemble present a program of your guests! American Music—works by Copland, Nick Zakharoff Davis, Ellington, and Bernard Rodgers. Harvard Club Executive Chef. There’s no place as special as (Lowell Lecture Hall) the Harvard Club of Boston. Events listings also appear in the University MAIN CLUB: 374 Commonwealth Avenue (617) 536-1260 Gazette, accessible via this magazine’s DOWNTOWN: One Federal Street, 38th Fl. (617) 542-2070 website, www.harvardmagazine.com.

12B March - April 2009

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EXPLORATIONS

Love’s Labors Experiencing new partners in the second half of life • by Nell Porter Brown

says. “No one really needed me and I like being needed.”

The rising bulge of older single Americans makes later-life re-partnerings in various forms potentially much more common in the years ahead, thanks to a steady divorce rate, increasing longevity, the rise of financially inde- pendent women, and waning stigmas toward singlehood and cohabitation (a growing trend; see page 12H). U.S. Census data from 2007 report 52.2 million single males and 59.4 million single females over the age of 45. The gender split widens the older people become—women live After dating in college, Herb longer, and men are and Teri Motley more likely to remarry reunited as in general (and to husband and wife partner with younger 10 years ago. mates, as is popularly believed)—but not by that much. Of those aged 45 to 64, the data show 36.7 million single men versus 38.8 million t age 47, with a solid aca- my life was not going to change, and that I women; after age 65, that widens to 15.4 demic career and a grown wanted someone I could be my whole self million men and 20.5 million women. “The daughter, Mary Brown Parlee with. So when Joe and I got together I media has helped freak singles out by ’65 fell suddenly in love—with knew that I had to take a risk, even leading them to believe that older people, aA man she’d known for decades. They had though I was scared.” women especially, have a better chance of worked together in an MIT lab during the Forming new love relationships at later being shot by a terrorist than getting mar- 1960s and spent summers on nearby ages often requires such renewed forti- ried,” says Pepper Schwartz, a University Maine islands with their respective fami- tude. “Life has left tire tracks on a lot of us of Washington sociology professor spe- lies. But by the time they took serious note by the time we reach our fifties and sixties cializing in relationships and sexuality. of each other’s romantic appeal, in 1990, and it’s hard to take that chance again in “There are still a lot of good women and both were divorced, single parents who loving someone because of what it cost men out there who are single.” Most of had weathered many years alone. “We the first time,” asserts Teri (McCannel) those between 45 and 64 are divorced and, knew it was better to be on your own Motley ’65, who was divorced when she overall, widows far outweigh widowers, than to be unhappily married,” Parlee says. and Herbert J. Motley Jr. ’65 married 10 especially in the 65 and older category. She had met plenty of nice men, but was years ago. “I was managing OK as a single Not much hard research has been done “defensive and edgy” about relationships. woman, but things are just richer when on the topic of older re-partnerings, al- It wasn’t until a six-month sabbatical they are shared.” Howard L. Needleman, though a national survey revealing the ro- right after her daughter left for college D.M.D. ’72, PD ’74, a widower who remar- bust sex lives of elders was enlightening that Parlee saw how alone she felt. “It ried in 2001, pushed himself “out there” (but more on that later). made me more realistic—and more brave,” when the right time came to find a new When exploring later love, the popula- she says. “I realized I had to do something or partner. “Being alone was horrible,” he tion should rightly be divided into at least

12D March - April 2009 Photograph by Stu Rosner

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two groups: ages 45-60 and those over 60, linda j. waite, Flower professor of Retirement Community says Schwartz, who has written 14 books, urban sociology at the University of Assisted Living most recently Prime: Adventures and Advice on Chicago, is more cautious. All in all, the Sex, Love, and the Sensual Years, a candid mem- merging and shifting of kinships that oir of her love life after the end of her 23- branch out from second or third unions, What Do Harvard Alumni year marriage. “These are very di≠erent along with new questions around financial Have in Common? ages psychologically,” she says. The time, and/or legal responsibilities are essentially money, and emotional commitment each unchartered waters, says Waite, whose re- Cadbury Commons group can or will give to a relationship search centers on aging, health, the family, An Uncommon Senior Residence di≠ers significantly. “The younger group, and marriage. “More things are up for if divorced or widowed, tend to still have negotiation in later partnerships—and be- The Harvard alumni who children in the house and are in the thick cause of that, the chances of misunder- chose Cadbury Commons of their careers, while the older people are standing and conflict are just much high- may have retired from looking at career peaks and thinking more er.” That said, she adds, research shows about job security, retirement activities, that second marriages are not much more work, but not from life. The and financial well-being.” unstable than first marriages, for reasons difference is people–those Values obviously change with age, says that are not entirely understood. who live here and the Needleman, 62, of Needham, Massachu- Even if children are “out of the house,” staff that serves them. Our setts. “Family, security, religion, and pro- reformulations of family life require im- programs will engage your fessional compatibility: these are more mense sensitivity on all sides. “Just look at interests, our professional important to older people than appear- the family vacation: do we take all the staff is sensitive to your needs. ance—looks or dress, ‘popularity,’ and kids? What about the grandchildren?” living in the moment.” He and his wife, Waite says. “People don’t know what the Call (617) 868-0575 to arrange a personal tour, or visit www.cadburycommons.com Leslie Soble Needleman, share friends, in- relationship should be between a woman $$ #%%%!(! #%%%!(! terests, and activities—such as traveling who has finished childbearing and has '%/+!,1/%%1!+"/($&%66 Sherman Street, Cambridge, MA 02140 • (617)868-0575 for about six weeks of the year—all of adult or young-adult children and a new which rise in importance because there is spouse. Is it his responsibility to help put more leisure time available for recreation, his wife’s kids through college, or help entertainment, and family. He advocates them buy a house? And what is her role partners also sharing the same “ballpark with his previous family?” age,” so that what’s “fun” and what one is Teri Motley recalls that all of their chil- able to do are mutual: “going out to party dren, then ranging in age from 16 to 32, at clubs until midnight versus staying wore black when she and Herb married. home by the fire with a good book and re- “It’s a reminder that divorce is hard on tiring at 10 p.m.” kids, and that their feelings need to be re- Cynthia Johnson MacKay ’64 and War- spected,” she says. “Each of our kids came ren Joseph Keegan, M.B.A. ’61, D.B.A. ’67, to her own relationship with the new met through his Harvard Magazine personal spouse in her own way.” “Boy, did they ad and married in 2007. “I want people to give Teri a hard time about transferring to know how di≠erent and so much better divinity school in Boston based on form- later marriages can be,” she says. Younger ing another relationship,” adds Herb. But unions are more like business enterprises, choosing a wedding date for that March as she sees it; there are expectations was important to him because he “wanted around working hard, building a home, to attend Teri’s graduation as a husband, having children, succeeding in careers. not just as a boyfriend.” “But when you’re older, it’s pure pleasure,” Negotiating the ex-partners can add she says. “There’s no reason to be together more complications. Teri still shares care except that you enjoy each other; you can and responsibility for a severely handi- negotiate any kind of relationship you capped son who lives in Vermont, near his want.” The Keegans, for instance, live father. And Herb’s former wife lives in the apart most of the week and together on same town as the Motleys, and often the weekends. And they have found a shares holidays with them. prenuptial agreement helpful. In fact, it When Parlee married her later-life love, makes life together “much less compli- Joseph Bauer, in 1991, the youngest of their cated: there’s almost no reason to get mad respective children was 25, so that transi- at the other person!” tion proved relatively smooth. Recently,

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COURTESY OF HOWARD NEEDLEMAN HOWARD OF COURTESY Left: Howard Needleman and Leslie Soble Needleman, shown visiting the Acropolis last October, found each other and married after the deaths of their original spouses. the couple moved back to the Boston area tives and styles,” he explains. (That sec- from Maine to be near their shared total of ond relationship, though rife with such 11 grandchildren and two great-grandchil- conflicts, still lasted eight years.) !"#!" !$%&" $% dren. “My daughter told me, ‘Now it’s time for us to take care of you guys for a Concern for one’s children also con- change,’” Parlee says, but with all the chil- tributes to strategies around managing dren and the dual careers, “that hasn’t money and estates. “Older people want to happened yet. We’re still helping them.” make sure their children are taken care of Needleman disengaged from a previous and that their resources go to the next relationship with a woman who had chil- generation—and that has to be negotiated dren still at home because “I did not think in a di≠erent way than if the couple had I had the motivation to deal with a young children together,” Waite says. family again. It was di∞cult, but I had to When Parlee and Bauer decided to mar- realize that it was not the kind of lifestyle I ry, for example, she resigned her tenured wanted for my near future, given what I post as a psychology professor at City Uni- had been through with my late wife’s ill- versity of New York Graduate Center, sold ness.” As a widower, he felt most comfort- her “Hudson River-view” home, and moved able re-coupling with a widow with older to Boston. She also signed a prenuptial children, who had also experienced a agreement, based on his lawyer’s advice. “I on’ happy first marriage. “With Leslie, we were had been supporting myself, so that was on the same page: both our families had another risk I took,” she explains. “For justD ma e a been broken involuntarily,” he explains. women on their own, financial indepen- “We have one big happy family now, but it dence is very important. It turned out very reserva ion... has taken a long time and a lot of e≠ort on well; Joe is a kind and generous man, so everyone’s part to get to that point.” money has never been an issue between us.” The expectations and practical realities Pension payments may also be threat- ma e it a of raising kids keenly a≠ects second and ened by remarriage (but not by cohabita- third relationships, says Geordie Hall ’64, tion). This is especially important for of Vermont, who divorced after a 30-year women on their own who have relied on ate! marriage and later began a new relation- spousal benefits. Because the Social Secu- D ship with children on both sides. Parents rity rules on payouts to either divorced or are coping not only with ex-spouses and widowed survivors who remarry are nu- kids, but with the formation of new rules anced and tend to focus on age at time of 8 Holyoke Street, Cambridge, MA and new alliances in a new household. spousal death, length of original marriage, tXXXTBOESJOFTDPN “There are di≠erences in parenting objec- age at remar- (please turn to page 12J) 12F March - April 2009

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NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION

Unmarried, Together rity and health benefits and tax incentives. to 1.1 percent in 1990. (She notes that the People have to be careful not to get mar- census counts only those who self-report Growing up, Brian Newmark ’72 looked ried for the wrong reasons: because it’s living together full-time.) The over-50 at his parents and their married friends easier and less expensive.We consciously group was also the fastest-growing seg- and thought “something was missing.” To chose to live together instead.” ment among all the cohabitors catego- him, the unions lacked dynamism, the free- They are not alone.The number of het- rized by the data, although the 30-39 and dom and energy that “led people to erosexual individuals older than 50 living in the 40-49 age groups contribute greater grow,” he explains. “It was nothing I was “unmarried-partner households” nearly overall numbers, at 6.6 percent and 4.5 ever drawn to.” That feeling has stuck with doubled from 1990 to 2006, according to percent, respectively, in 2006. him—through three serious, long-term associate professor of sociology Susan “Of those who do form a union, one- adult relationships and the raising of his Brown at Bowling Green State University third choose cohabitation and two-thirds now 22-year-old daughter. He and his cur- in Ohio. “Cohabitation among older adults choose marriages,” says Brown, whose rent partner, Terry Accola, have been to- has increased over the last decade, and work is funded by the National Institute gether a dozen years, and have bought a since the 1970s, just as it has among on Aging.The later-life live-ins are also rel- home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, but still younger people,” Brown says. “It’s still a atively stable, she reports. “The relation- have no plans to tie the knot. small number, but it is moving only in one ship is as likely to end in separation as it is “One of the nice things about getting direction.The data also suggest that older in death, while the average young person old is that it is very freeing: there is a cer- adults are choosing cohabitation as a long- cohabits one to two years.” tain letting go of societal dictates, or what term alternative to marriage,” rather than Confirming that data is a 2007 study others might think of your situation,” says a preamble, as is typical for younger adults. published in the Journal of Family Issues, Newmark, a semi-retired psychologist. According to U.S. census data that “Age and the Desire to Marry,” which “Society is definitely tilted toward being a Brown analyzed, 2 percent of that older found that “single people at older ages couple and getting married—Social Secu- cohort were cohabiting in 2006 compared seem to be rejecting marriage,” says coau-

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NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION

thor Jenna Mahay, assistant professor of poorer. Nobody wants to go through that Newmark says,“and financially we’re shar- sociology at Concordia University in again,” she reports. “Living together takes ing a good system as far as we both put in Chicago. “We expected people in their away that sense of ‘should it all go crash- equal amounts and we balance it out in a fifties and sixties to be more likely to want ing’…presumably it’s not going to be such way that both of us feel is fair.” McJannet to remarry because of perceived gains a painful obstacle to moving on with your and O’Shea do share some business in- (help with children, personal finances, et lives if we want to. I don’t think we’ll want vestments, but those are clearly spelled cetera). And what we found was the op- to, but you never know.” out in legal terms so there are no misun- posite: they were less likely to want to In fact, she and O’Shea have taken it derstandings. “We both agree that what- marry than their younger counterparts.” one step further and live together in a ever estates we have should go to our For Linda McJannet, Ph.D. ’71, of Cam- two-family house. They share a bedroom children,” she says. bridge, living with Michael O’Shea, her and common space, but maintain two At one point, McJannet thought it made partner of 17 years, has had a multitude of kitchens (great for entertaining and holi- better financial sense to take that trip benefits. When they first got together, it day dinners), and divide distinctly personal down the aisle. But a visit to an accoun- lessened pressure on their respective chil- space otherwise. “The downstairs is his tant convinced them otherwise. “At any dren to absorb the new partner, and re- male retreat, where he displays his Ger- rate, money is not the best reason to duced expectations around family holidays man bottle stoppers and his baseball col- make that additional commitment,” she and step-relationships. It has since fos- lection, and the upstairs is ours; then I adds. “We agree we’ll take care of each tered financial autonomy, helped preserve have a study on the third floor,” she says. other and see each other through what- separate identities, and created a comfort- “We think it’s the best of both worlds.” ever comes and whatever medical valleys able degree of emotional latitude. “Any- Both couples interviewed split financial lie ahead. I think the model of cohabiting one who has been through a divorce responsibilities, but maintain separate frees you to think about all kinds of knows it’s a horrible experience—the bank accounts, benefits, and retirement arrangements for living with someone you lawyers get richer and everyone else gets funds. “We bought the house together,” love most successfully.” �n.p.b.

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Premier NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION LOVE’S LABORS Edward O. Laumann, Ph.D. ’64, Mead Dis- Properties (continued from page 12F) tinguished Service Professor of sociology of Exclusive Carol & Myra Listing riage, and eligibility for alternative beneﬁts, the University of Chicago, says overall concerns about them or pension beneﬁts health is closely linked to sexual activity in should be well researched. late life and plays a large role in the success The Motleys recognized early on that and happiness of late unions. He was a co- clear communication around money was principal investigator on the National Social “Sharing that primal companionship was something I missed a lot when I was single.”

Photo by Jeff rey Dodge Rogers© essential; they participated in extensive Health and Aging Project, the first compre- counseling to develop a prenuptial agree- hensive survey to examine marital history, Avon Hill Luxury Condos ment that separates their assets so each sexuality, and physical and mental health Two stunningly rehabbed duplexes are off ered in one of West Cambridge’s best neighborhoods. Each light- set of children would inherit based on in Americans aged 57 to 85. The study, pub- drenched unit features an open-concept entertaining their own parent’s share, Herb explains. lished in the 2007 New England Journal of Medi- space, 4 bedrooms and 3 baths, including a spa-like Commingling assets late in life should cine, revealed that sexual activity doesn’t master en suite, and a family room with a gas fi replace. A lovely garden and patio with parking. be carefully considered with an attorney— decline much from the fifties to the seven- $1,300,000 & $1,450,000 and probably with adult children, who ties, and that most people continue to enjoy may worry that their parent is vulnerable each other in the bedroom well into their Carol Kelly & Myra von Turkovich to scammers and gold diggers. “Some men seventies and eighties. Vice Presidents, ABR [email protected] are nervous that women are looking for “Sexuality keeps people motivated to ex- 617.497.4400 sugar daddies,” says Pepper Schwartz. ercise, eat right, avoid getting fat, and take carolandmyra.com Women, especially if wealthy, may have care of themselves,” Laumann says, and de- the same concerns. “There are insecure clining sexual activity can indicate other men who are not economically viable look- potential health problems. Linda Waite, a ing for women who can support multiple survey coauthor, noted a significant related homes and extensive travel,” Schwartz ex- finding: 78 percent of men aged 75 to 85 plains. “You have to do due diligence.” have a spouse or other intimate relation- FEATURE ship, but only 40 percent of their female If you’re healthy, they say “wealthy counterparts do. “For most men, aging is a YOUR and wise” should follow. Yet diseases and partnered experience,” she says, “but wom- physical ailments absent in younger years en’s sexuality is more often a≠ected by the PREMIER can’t help but reverberate in later-life rela- death or poor health of their” partners. The PROPERTY: tionships. “Losing someone I loved and most common reason cited for lack of sex- shared life with for 30 years was devastat- ual activity was the male’s physical health, ing,” says Needleman. “It’s like I was physi- Laumann adds, although women were more Reach 85,000 readers cally ripped apart.” When dating in your likely to note a lack of interest in sex. twenties, “You don’t ask a person if they’ve Parlee says she never knew what “fall- in New England. had operations, or major illnesses, or ‘Do ing in love” was until she found Bauer: you have stents in your coronary arteries?’” “Our time together was like being a he adds. “But when you’re older you want teenager all over again”—and that passion It’s easy – just e-mail to know, ‘Can this person travel to Asia has continued to flourish. The Motleys a photo and description to with me? Are they going to need the hand- agree the physical relationship is crucial. icap cart on the golf course?’ I guess we’re “Let’s not neglect that warm body,” Teri [email protected] all afraid of being hurt and one of my big- says, laughing. “Sharing that primal com- and we’ll format the ad for you, gest fears is of losing someone again.” panionship was something that I missed a or call 617-496-4032. Facing his own need to “re-grow,” Nee- lot when I was single.” They dated briefly dleman chose physical as well as emo- in college, and saw each other over the tional compatibility. “It’s selfish, but at years at reunions. Herb recalls hugging this point in my life I’m going to be selfish Teri hello at their thirtieth, then embrac- because the window of opportunity is ing her again four years later as husband narrowing and I’ve tried to design my life and wife. “I always liked the way he hugged with Leslie and our children around the ...and I still do,” she says. He gives her a things that make us all happy.” knowing smile.

12J March - April 2009

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TASTES AND TABLES

Latin Flair A Boston hot spot takes you away.

style fare, the Piñas expanded Merengue in 2001 into two large rooms that now comfortably seat 90. Dominican food en- joys a rich heritage, starting with the in- digenous Taino Indians and reﬂecting later Spanish and African inﬂuences. Every night, Merengue’s diners hail from many of the countries—El Salvador, Haiti, Cape Verde, Colombia, and Puerto Rico —that “share some of the same menu,” Nivia says: “a lot of seafood, coconut, rice and beans, pineapple, and goat.” And, of course, plantains. Green ones, yellow ones, mashed, fried, boiled, and broiled— these starch-heavy fruits “are like bread to us,” she adds. We had our yellow ones, less sweet than bananas, sautéed ($2.50), along with

COURTESY OF MERENGUE a sampler ($10) of chewy, bite-sized fried meats, green plantains, and cassava (a mainstay crop for the island). o experience, within a few tening to the language The seafood com- miles of home, a completely dif- around us, with ceiling bination platter ferent slice of life through the fans whirring above ($19), served over cuisine of a foreign country, is a and the curtains pulled soft yellow rice Twonderful thing. Such was true of our tight against the cold with a smoky co- trip from Medford to Merengue. New England winds, we conut sauce, of- This Latin American restaurant bubbles could have been in Cuba, Puerto Rico—or fered fresh lobster, shrimp, mussels, and with life, from the walls dressed in fuch- the Dominican Republic, where owners tender octopus. The juicy red snapper ﬁl- sia, royal blue, and aqua to the glowing Nivia and Héctor Piña grew up. “We want let ($13) came smothered in a tangy garlic bar lights, from the giggling children people to come inside the restaurant and and oil sauce, just right to open the si- slurping up their caramel ﬂan to the jazzy not be in Roxbury,” Nivia says, “but to feel nuses, and singed red and green peppers. guitar music, fairly danced to by servers the colors and be transported back to For dessert, please try the tres leches cake handing out Red Bull and batidos oasis (a their homes, to their mom’s and grandma’s ($3.50). Made with condensed, evapo- thick fruit shake—try the guava) along cooking—and for other cultures to come rated, and whole milks, this custardy treat with the usual cervezas and a nice array of in and try our food.” Merengue, the is- is a primal mouthful of motherly love. Chilean vinos rojos. land’s traditional dance And the next time you Nearly everyone here speaks Spanish, form, she says, “is a happy MERENGUE start pining for a Carib- but the menu has English translations of dance with happy music 156-160 Blue Hill Avenue bean jaunt, forget about dishes like mofongos (mashed plantains), that makes you want to Roxbury, Boston booking a cruise or mak- gandules con coco (coconut with green pi- move your body, go on va- 617-445-5403 ing a reservation at a re- geon peas), and cerdo frita (fried pork). Lis- cation—have some fun.” www.merenguerestaurant.com sort. Come explore the Above: Rich colors and paintings by Latin Responding to high Open 1o a.m. to 10 p.m. daily real thing, in a neighbor- American artists add to Merengue’s vibrancy. demand for their home- Street parking available. hood near you. �n.p.b.

Harvard Magazine 12K

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THE EXHIBITION IS ORGANIZED BY THE EXHIBITION IS IMAGE: Titian, Venus with a Mirror(detail), about 1555. THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, SPONSORED BY Oil on canvas. National Gallery of Art, Washington, Andrew AND THE MUSÉE DU LOUVRE. W. Mellon Collection 1937.1.34. Image courtesy of the Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington.

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Montage Art, books, diverse creations

15 The Alcotts, Père and Fille 16 Open Book 18 On Judicial Interpretation 19 Off the Shelf 20 Second-Life Photography 22 A Scourge Remembered 23 Chapter & Verse

may get a boost from Harvard science labs. During a visit to Cambridge in December to deliver a guest Celebrated chef lecture and to Ferran Adrià mingles cooking visit some of and science at those labs, the elBulli, his chef signed an restaurant near Barcelona. a g r e e m e n t with professors of physics and engineering for an ongoing collaboration. Thus far, Adrià and his sta≠ have achieved their culinary feats through The Harvard Center for sheer trial and error; he has no formal scientific training. When a friend gave him a canister of nitrous oxide (the same pro- Gastrophysics? pellant used in Reddi-wip) as a gift, he played around to find out what he could do with it. The result was culinary foam, The University partners with the father of molecular gastronomy. perhaps Adrià’s most famous invention. by ELIZABETH GUDRAIS (He uses substances such as beet, carrot, coconut, and honey, pureeing and then straining the liquid before urprise is Ferran Adrià’s stock splash of briny liquid when bitten. aerating. The resulting foam in trade. He delights the diners These are just a few of the hundreds of has no egg or milk to dilute at elBulli, his restaurant near playful dishes the chef has served in his or distract from the taste of Visit harvard- Barcelona, with creations such nearly 25 years at elBulli (declared the the main ingredient.) He mag.com/extras as gelatin served hot; a “bubble world’s best by Restaurant magazine for learned about “spherifica- to read more Stea” drink in which the liquid tastes of three years running, and four times in all). tion”—the use of thickeners about Ferran Adrià’s visit and prosciutto and the bubbles of melon; Adrià’s experiments with flavor, tempera- such as alginate and calcium watch a video and jellybean-like objects the color and ture, and texture have taken him into sci- chloride to form these “es- excerpt from shape of a green olive—that burst in a entists’ terrain—and his future menus sences” into bubbles—on an his lecture.

Photograph by Maribel Ruíz de Erenchun/elBulli Harvard Magazine 13

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MONTAGE

Creations from the elBulli kitchen: “spherical said he hoped to collabo- balloons of rosewater with touches of lychee” rate on an encyclopedia (below); “alphabet soup,” a dessert with “letters” of crunchy, dehydrated strawberry of cooking and science meringue (right); melon “caviar” in ham that would explore these consommé (bottom). matters. He practically salivat- ed as he listened to descriptions of the equip- ment in use in Harvard science labs, including a spin coater—which uses centrifugal force to coat cose syrup and sucrose ester molecules in surfaces with an extremely thin layer of a a KitchenAid mixer to produce a foam given substance—and Jiandi Wan’s ma- made of “nanopatterned cells” that hold chine for creating double emulsions. And their shape and preserve a foamy texture then, of course, there’s the potential that in the absence of fat. Dressaire thinks this Harvard scientists could help him solve technique could find an application in problems that still frustrate him, such as fat-free ice cream (see “A Durable Bub- making an ice cream that can be served ble,” November-December 2008, page 18); hot without melting. after poking a finger into a sample of the Weitz, who directs Harvard’s Materi- foam, kept in the lab refrigerator, Adrià als Research Science and Engineering exploratory visit to a factory. Upon dis- mentioned that the elBulli kitchen had Center, says one of his first priorities is covering a new technique, Adrià and his been using glucose syrup since 2005. getting cooking into the curriculum. He team test it across a wide variety of sub- For Campàs, who grew up during hopes to get Adrià’s input in creating not stances, moving from the obvious to the Adrià’s ascent to godlike status and only a graduate course in soft condensed outlandish. (A good example is the mango learned to cook using the chef’s books matter, focusing on food, but also a course anchovy ravioli foam a New York Times and DVDs, the whole experience has taken for the new undergraduate general-edu- writer tried on a 1999 visit.) on a tinge of the surreal. During an inter- cation curriculum (possibly co-taught by Adrià’s invitation to Harvard came view over lunch one day in January, Cam- Adrià himself). “Those of us who do sci- from Otger Campàs, a postdoctoral fel- pàs’s cell phone rang; when he ence do it because it’s fun,” he low in applied physics and applied math checked to see who was call- says. “We want to bring real who wrote him an e-mail in Catalan ing, the name “Ferran Adrià” science, through cooking, to (their shared native tongue) after talking flashed. people who are not ordinarily with other foodie scientists about the Campàs visited elBulli in late interested in science.” overlap between their work and Adrià’s. January with Mallinckrodt pro- Among those who don’t con- Particularly in the area of soft condensed fessor of physics and applied sider themselves ardent Adrià matter, says Campàs, “the connections are physics David Weitz. Details of fans, the chief criticism is that he so obvious.” (A television news clip about the partnership are still being engages in culinary acrobatics, Adrià’s visit noted another similarity be- solidified, but all involved hope concerning himself more with tween elBulli and Harvard: exclusivity. it will include an exchange of feats of science than with food The restaurant’s famously opaque sys- scholars in both directions. that actually tastes good. Adrià tem books the entire year’s reservations, (While in Cambridge, Adrià also vehemently denies this (as do approximately 8,000 from a reported 2 gave guest lectures in an under- most reviewers). Using nitrous million requests received, on a single day graduate course on innovation in oxide to make foam or a liquid-ni- each October.) engineering and a Harvard Busi- trogen bath to freeze liquid ingre- From postdoctoral fellow Jiandi Wan, ness School course taught by as- dients and mold them into shapes who works with Joseph professor of en- sistant professor Michael Norton, such as a dessert cup (a method gineering and applied mathematics who had written a case study on similar to deep frying, at the oppo- Howard Stone, Adrià heard about double elBulli.) site temperature extreme) is no emulsions (tiny bubbles, each inside an- And Adrià voiced hopes that Har- di≠erent from cooking with boiling other thin bubble, dispersed in a fluid). vard scientists could help him better water or hot oil, he asserted during the Emulsions—defined simply as a mixture understand the principles that under- undergraduate engineering lecture. He of two unblendable liquids—are every- lie his creations. Why is it easier to urged his listeners not to confuse what is where in cooking: examples include but- make foam from beets than from any- complicated with what is merely new: ter, cream, salad dressing, and anything thing else he’s tried? Why do the melon “Cooking has always been science— else that mixes oil and water. Emilie “caviar” beads have a soft center at physics and chemistry. When you lit a fire Dressaire, a doctoral student in the same first, but congeal into dense, gummy to cook a million years ago, you were al- lab, showed Adrià how she combines glu- balls if not eaten right away? Adrià ready using science.”

14 March - April 2009 Photographs by Francesc Guillamet/elBulli

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MONTAGE studying and writing about American literature, which was becoming increasingly The Alcotts, Père and Fille important to him. At Harvard, he had quickly discovered that there were more Lives “lavishly wealthy” and “perilously poor” enticing aspects to being in Cambridge by JULIA WALLACE than getting a legal education. During his three years at the law school, he learned to cook, spent hours chatting and arguing ronson alcott is known to- scribes the contrast this way: “A typical with his peers, and, most significantly, day—if he is known at all—as the day for Louisa began with a trip to Emer- took elective English classes in his free father of Louisa May, the author son’s house and might continue with a na- time. Studying Melville, Dickens, and of Little Women and more than a ture walk with Thoreau, only to end with Twain with professors who included Bdozen other books written mainly for Sacvan Bercovitch and Robert Kiely girls. But for a large part of the nine- turned out to be a good deal more teenth century, he was the more fa- stimulating than attending lectures on mous of the pair. Born into a poor copyright law. farming family in 1799, he rose to be- Matteson eventually quit practic- come a Transcendentalist philoso- ing law and moved to New York to at- pher, a groundbreaking educational tend graduate school at Columbia theorist, and an influential friend of a University, where he wrote his doc- number of eminent New Englanders, toral thesis on ethics in the “Age of including Emerson, Thoreau, and Emerson.” After publishing his first Hawthorne. He was also a grandiose scholarly article, in the fall of 2001, he dreamer and schemer whose unbend- received an unexpected call from a ing pursuit of his (at times bizarre) literary agent eager to develop a book ideals led him to squander his meager proposal with him. Matteson initially savings, refuse most work, and near- wanted to tackle the topic of nine- ly abandon his long-su≠ering wife, teenth-century utopian communities, Abba. but quickly became obsessed with Fans of Little Women and its sequels one in particular: Fruitlands, the radi- will remember that the four spirit- cal commune that was founded by ed March sisters were romantically Bronson Alcott in 1843. (It impoverished: Amy struggled to failed that same scrounge up the spare coins for a year, largely due treat of pickled limes, and Meg and to Bronson’s hap- Jo had to make do with old dresses hazard farming and lemonade-stained gloves when they Grandiose dreamer Bronson skills; Louisa im- attended balls in the fancier parts of Alcott impoverished his mortalized the family—but spurred Louisa’s Concord. The four Alcott girls were not imagination. His letters, such absurdities of the so lucky. Their father was fired from a as that to Louisa at right, operation later in series of teaching jobs because of his were perhaps his only a vignette, titled rigid insistence that children should not successful writings. “Transcendental learn by rote, and the Alcott family was Wild Oats.”) Even- often indigent, forced to rely on charity a homeward trudge to a tually, Matteson’s from Bronson’s famous friends to help cottage where there was book evolved into a them through. sometimes insu∞cient comprehensive exam- But even as Louisa and her sisters food, where the father ination of Bronson and chafed under the poverty and restrictions wore the mantle of a his fraught but loving of their childhood—Bronson’s philoso- social outcast, and relationship with his phies forbade consumption of “animal ma- where the mother tried to headstrong and talented terial,” an epithet that came to encompass bear up under the weight of the ever- second daughter. even honey and cotton—they were roam- mounting debts and disappointments. Matteson was drawn to the story of ing free through the Massachusetts Louisa’s life was in one sense lavishly the Alcotts in part because he felt a kin- woods, putting on elaborate plays, and wealthy. In another, it was perilously ship with Bronson. Here was another scribbling in the journals that their par- poor.” man who had made a midlife career ents encouraged them to keep. John Mat- Matteson found himself in a similar but change because he refused to choose teson, J.D. ’86, who won a Pulitzer Prize opposite situation 20 years ago. He was safety over passionate scholarship, who earlier this year for Eden’s Outcasts, his dou- thriving as a corporate lawyer in North cared more for the life of the mind than ble biography of Alcott père and fille, de- Carolina, but longed to spend his days for the lure of creature comforts, and

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MONTAGE who had a deep interest in pedagogy. Enrollment in graduate (Matteson is now a professor of English OPENBOOK study led Harold Var- at John Jay College of Criminal Justice). mus, A.M. ’62, S.D. ’96, And like Bronson, Matteson is the father From Literature to discover that his ini- of a daughter who possesses what he tial inclination (medi- calls “a consuming desire to write”—a cine) was the right one. 14-year old who is hard at work on her t o t h e L a b In The Art and Politics of own first book, a trilogy of fantasies Science (W.W. Norton, based on the animals that appear in the $24.95), he traces a career that led to a Nobel Prize with J. Michael Bishop, M.D. first canto of Dante’s Inferno. “A light bulb ’62, S.D. ’04 (whose memoir was excerpted March-April 2003, page 48), and then to went on,” Matteson says, “and I decided the National Institutes of Health and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. to use my experiences with my own daughter as a way of reading between the espite outward signs that I had Ether Dome at the Massachusetts Gen- lines. This biography became a melding chosen a life of studying and eral Hospital, entranced by diagnostic of life and art, of heart and head.” Dteaching literature, soon after dilemmas discussed at the weekly clini- To get a deeper look, he went back to starting my graduate work at Harvard, I cal pathology conference. These stories Harvard. Houghton Library has a large began to suffer some further internal struck me as far more interesting than and lush collection of Alcottiana: every- doubts about abandoning medicine. The those I was reading, and my medical thing from locks of Bronson’s hair to cor- school friends expressed genuine ex- respondence between Louisa and Alf citement about their work. They also Whitman (the model for Laurie in Little seemed to have formed a community of Women). Bronson Alcott did not have his scholars, with shared interests in the daughter’s gift for writing—most of his human body and its diseases and com- mystico-philosophical publications were mon expectations that they would soon brutally mocked by the critics of his be able to do something about those day—but he shared with her an obsessive diseases. desire to set his life down on paper in any These Saturday excursions probably way he could. He was a fanatical diarist, account for an influential dream that I chronicling the minutest milestones in had one night about my continuing inde- his daughters’ development and just cision. In that dream, my future literature about every thought that ever crossed his students were relieved when I didn’t turn mind. up to teach a class, but my future patients In many ways, Matteson’s training in A dream rein- were disappointed legal scholarship made him the ideal per- forced the future when I didn’t appear. son to glean this bounty, which he de- Nobel laureate’s It seemed I wanted to scribes as both “utterly marvelous and ut- choice of a medical career. be wanted.… terly frustrating.” Eden’s Outcasts brims I decided to consult with highly specific insights (at one point Harold Varmus the augury again, by reapplying to medical Matteson notes Louisa’s use of the word school. Harvard Med had the first dead- “nook” to describe a play space and con- graduate curriculum in English literature line.…I was soon granted an interview trasts it with Bronson’s earlier philosoph- was not especially onerous, but it felt like with the notoriously confrontational ical decree that “there should be no a prolongation of college. Most of my dean of admissions, Percy Culver, who ‘nooks’ or secret places in the youthful JON R. FRIEDMAN courses were heavily populated with quickly made it clear, in a parental tone, mind”). It also sets out a compelling, al- Harvard and Radcliffe undergraduates. that he found me too inconstant and im- most lawyerly case for Bronson’s rele- First-year graduate students had little mature in judgment to be admitted.…In vance and importance despite his many sense of identity as future scholars, we contrast, …[t]he Columbia interviewer, failures. His fiery insistence on living out were often taught by older graduate stu- an esteemed physician and anthropolo- his philosophy produced some spectacu- dents, and Harvard’s famous professors, gist- rheumatologist named David Seegal, lar embarrassments, but his experiments with the notable exception of the won- asked about the translation of the Anglo- also bore spectacular fruit—including his derful playwright and poet William Al- Saxon phrase Ich ne wat. This was easy; it own wild, introspective scribbler of a fred, paid little attention to us. Making a simply means “I don’t know.” Seegal used daughter. Matteson feels that the same is commitment to literary scholarship unit to discuss why a physician might ad- true of his own unconventional career. der these circumstances was not easy.… mit fallibility to a patient.…By the fall of “Leaving a secure place in the law to go Occasionally on Saturday mornings, I 1962, I was happily enrolled [there], back to graduate school was thoroughly traveled across the Charles River to join helped for the first, but not the last, time reckless and irrational,” he says, “but I some Amherst classmates at Harvard by someone’s exaggerated appreciation had to do it, and it saved my life. It taught Medical School, while they sat in the of my competence in two cultures. me the supreme value of choosing what is authentic rather than what is safe.”

16 March - April 2009

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CALL 800.422.1636 OR EMAIL [email protected] ''#1'-*&0,,*!( FOR DETAILED PROGRAM INFORMATION VISIT HTTP://POST.HARVARD.EDU/TRAVEL

A SAMPLING OF 2009 TRIPS

CHINA GRAND TOUR WITH VIETNAM, CAMBODIA, AND SOLAR ECLIPSE THE MEKONG RIVER JUN 11 – 25, 2009 OCT 17 - 31, 2009

Explore the highlights and complexities Explore the classical French architecture of China’s ancient past and transforming and Old Quarter of Hanoi, discover present. Journey behind the scenes colorful floating marketplaces and through the Forbidden City in Beijing, tiny villages along the Mekong River the terra cotta warriors in Xian, the on a three-night cruise aboard the river deltas in Chonqing, and the Mekong Pandaw, and experience the bustling markets of Shanghai. Enjoy a misty romance and rich history of Hué. 3-night cruise down the fabled Yangtze The journey culminates at magnificent River, and behold the longest total Angkor Wat. solar eclipse of the century from a countryside resort.

UNHURRIED ADRIATIC: ANTARCTICA DISCOVERY DUBROVNIK TO VENICE ON CORINTHIAN II ON CALLISTO DEC 10 - 22, 2009 AUG 5 - 16, 2009 With Richard Thomas, Professor Each day of this voyage presents a new of Greek and Latin discovery, whether cruising through ice-packed channels, investigating the On this leisurely exploration of some of nesting habits of Gentoo, Chinstrap the most charming destinations in the and Adelie penguins, or admiring Adriatic, the excursions are conducted minkes, humpbacks and orcas as so you can soak up the atmosphere, they cavort in the sparkling waters. muse over fine works of art and Corinthian II’s size and technical architecture, and savor the fresh local attributes allow for in-depth exploration, cuisine. You will have time to ponder while their fleet of Zodiac landing craft the ghosts of antiquity in Croatia’s will bring you into intimate contact Dubrovnik; the Renaissance lives lived with incredible Antarctica. in Italy’s Urbino, the intricate mosaics of Ravenna, and the splendors of Venice.

BEYOND RAPA NUI: EASTER ISLAND TO TAHITI -('%!& ,*!(+ ON CLIPPER ODYSSEY OCT 1 - 20, 2009 VILLAGE LIFE: GREAT JOURNEY LONDON EXPERIENCE DORDOGNE THROUGH EUROPE FEATURING JUN 4 - 12, 2009 BY RIVER AND OPENING ROUNDS From the huge and mysterious stone DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN RAIL (AMSTERDAM AT WIMBLEDON statues of Rapa Nui to the seductive TO ZERMATT) JUN 20 – 23, 2009 CYCLING THROUGH charm of Moorea and Tahiti, experience JUN 14 – 24, 2009 TUSCANY TOM AND THE GREAT LAKES: the tropical riches and cultural wonders JUN 11 – 18, 2009 VERENA CONLEY A VOYAGE that captivated the imaginations of LINO PERTILE THROUGH NORTH ISTANBUL TO AMERICA’S INLAND Cook, Gauguin, and Cousteau. Step WATERWAYS OF THE BUDAPEST BY SEA ON CLELIA II ashore on lesser-visited isles of the TSARS (VOLGA RIVER PRIVATE TRAIN JUL 11 – 18, 2009 ON VOLGA DREAM) JUN 14 – 24, 2009 Pitcairns, the Tuamotus, and the JUN 11 – 25, 2009 KELLY O’NEILL THE BLACK SEA Marquesas; some dotted with traditional MARSHALL GOLDMAN ON CORINTHIAN II HISTORIC COUNTRIES AUG 14 – 24, 2009 villages, others exquisitely beautiful VILLAGE LIFE: OF THE BALTIC ON SERHII PLOKHII atolls that beckon to birders, botanists, ENGLAND’S ON ISLAND SKY COTSWOLDS JUN 20 – JUL 3, 2009 MACHU PICCHU snorkelers, and divers. JUN 14 – 22, 2009 JULIE BUCKLER EXPLORER MICHAEL SHINAGEL AUG 8 – 16, 2009 MARC ZENDER

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MONTAGE Capitol Hill Kinko’s to reproduce easel- mounted versions of the scholar’s art- On Judicial Interpretation works, each of which he helpfully signed “LT 2/08,” leaving little room to claim that The “parlor game” of appealing to the Founding Fathers his publisher slipped in the illustrations as some sort of joke. The blown-up by PAUL M. BARRETT sketches would never get out of the television shot. Even Dick Cheney’s crew would have to classify the ensuing inter- ot until page 201 of his eru- know this? Well, first there’s the very sub- rogation as torture. dite book The Invisible Constitu- ject of the book, published last fall, a cou- tion does Laurence H. Tribe ple of months before Election Day. Tribe But i am not here (exclusively) to tease drop the name of a one-time argues that without something called the Professor Tribe. His book, dubious illus- Nresearch assistant: “a remarkable young “invisible Constitution,” neither we—nor trations notwithstanding, is a serious and man who was then my student but who the jurists in black robes—can understand helpful meditation on constitutional inter- has since gone on to astonishing and in- the plain written one. “The visible Consti- pretation. The fact that it probably kills spiring achievements in his own right, tution,” he writes, “necessarily floats in a any chance he’d have to put his provoca- Barack Obama.” The reference is entirely vast and deep—and, crucially, invisible— tive ideas into practice on the federal gratuitous and a little embarrassing for a ocean of ideas, propositions, recovered bench is a sad reflection not on Tribe, but reader who admires Tribe’s intellect and memories, and imagined experiences that on our shallow judicial politics. was hoping he’d get through his slender the Constitution as a whole puts us in a Tribe argues persuasively that the most text (it’s only 211 pages, excluding notes position to glimpse.” conservative jurists on the closely divided and appendices) without advertising his Picture the confirmation hearing before Supreme Court—chiefly Antonin Scalia, relationship with the most famous for- the Senate Judiciary Committee. A Repub- LL.B. ’60, and Clarence Thomas—get it mer editor of the Harvard lican leans into his microphone and asks, wrong when it comes to deciphering our Laurence H. Tribe Law Review. “So, Professor Tribe, can you explain to us foundational legal document. The origi- ’62, G ’63, J.D. ’66, I am not implying that which of your ‘recovered memories’ and nalists, as they are known, contend that The Invisible Tribe—’62, G ’63, J.D. ’66, Loeb ‘imagined experiences’ you would bring to judges can look only to the literal words Constitution University Professor and pro- bear when deciding whether to preserve of the Constitution and the “original” un- (Oxford, $19.95) fessor of constitutional law, Roe v. Wade or extend a constitutional right derstanding of those words held by the author of numerous influen- to marriage for same-sex couples?” men who wrote and ratified them. That’s tial scholarly books and articles, and cele- That wouldn’t be the end of it, either. why the conservatives find it laughable brated advocate who has argued more Tribe has made the bold choice of illustrat- that anyone could ground in the Consti- than three dozen cases before the Supreme ing his book with six glossy pages of ju- tution a woman’s right to choose to seek Court of the United States—went out of risprudential doodles: winsome render- an abortion. The Constitution doesn’t his way to lavish praise on his one-time ings in bright blue, green, and yellow mention abortion. The Founding Fathers acolyte in hopes that Obama would soon Magic Marker of a half-dozen methods for would never have countenanced the act. be in a position to nominate justices to the “constructing” the invisible Constitution. Case closed. highest court in the land. Not at all. These he has entitled “Geometric Con- Not so fast, Tribe After reading this penetrating volume, I struction,” “Geodesic Construction,” “Gy- says. Jurists of all am confident that Tribe, a perennial pres- roscopic Construction,” and three other stripes derive ence on potential nominee lists during the types of construction that begin with the their inter- Clinton years, has decided, once and for all, letter “G.” pretive to take his name out It’s hard to capture in words the glee p r i n c i - of contention. that young Republican Senate sta≠ers ples from How do I would experience as they skipped o≠ to a sources out-

18 March - April 2009 Illustration by Schell Lewis; Wurts Bros. Photo, N.Y.C./ Library of Congress

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MONTAGE side the text of the Constitution, and many of these principles cannot even be traced lies—and of the changes directly to the document’s words. My fa- needed to alter the status quo. vorite example of this seemingly self-evi- Off the Shelf All Other Nights, by Dara dent but often-obfuscated observation is Recent books with Harvard connections the basis of originalism itself. The Consti- Horn ’99 (W.W. Norton, tution nowhere instructs its inheritors to $24.95). A different sort of interpret its opaque terminology (“equal The Case for Big Government, by Jeff Civil War romance, this novel begins protection,” “due process,” “cruel and un- Madrick, M.B.A. ’71 (Princeton, $22.95). with Jacob Rappaport planning a poi- usual punishments”) according to the orig- The editor of Challenge argues that “ac- soning at Passover in New Orleans. inal understanding of its drafters. The tive and sizable government has been Constitution doesn’t o≠er guidance on essential to growth and prosperity,” in a The Scientific Life, by Steven Shapin, whether to read those terms as static or book that anticipated recent headlines. Ford professor of the history of science evolving. There’s an argument to be made (Chicago, $29). A densely reasoned ex- that the Founders’ intent deserves special Wired for War, by P.W. Singer, Ph.D. ’01 amination of the moral life of scientists deference, or maybe even something ap- (Penguin, $27.95). Those drones over and why it matters, as they practice in proaching exclusive deference. But such Afghanistan and Pakistan, says the Brook- the academy, within corporations, and as ideas are drawn from someone’s version of ings Institution senior fellow, are but the entrepreneurs in pursuit of riches. what Tribe calls the invisible Constitution: leading edge of robotic conflict in the the unwritten premises and intuitions and twenty-first century. Enchanted Hunters: The Power of Sto- experiences that have accumulated over ries in Childhood, by Maria Tatar, Loeb more than two centuries of law and poli- Postcards from Tomorrow Square, by professor of Germanic languages and tics in America. James Fallows ’70 (Vintage, $14.95 Tribe’s liberal version of the invisible paper). Collected dispatches by Atlantic Constitution is no secret, and he does not Monthly’s man in Shanghai and Beijing.An elaborate much on the substance of his excellent shoe-leather reporter, Fallows views in this book. He believes that accessibly covers Chinese manufacturers, judges—whether they lean left or right— Macau’s gambling boom, and the coun- inevitably champion the values they per- try’s massive hoard of dollars. ceive as underlying or animating the ambiguous admonitions and protections The Crisis of the Twelfth Century, by outlined in the Constitution. In articulat- Thomas N. Bisson, Lea professor of me- ing those values, judges give meaning to a dieval history emeritus (Princeton, phrase like “equal protection.” For him $39.50). Amid collapsed leadership and those words, applied to questions of racial governance, threats to social order and relations, can be used not only to strike peace, new approaches to power and le- down intentional segregation but also to gitimacy arose. A sweeping scholarly his- uphold race-conscious policies (“a∞rma- tory of Western Christendom. tive action”) that seek to remedy the lin- gering injustices of slavery and Jim Crow. The Piano Teacher, by Janice Y.K. Lee ’94 For Justice Scalia, equal protection sug- (Viking, $25.95). A debut novel of “ro- gests that race can never be taken into ac- mance, secrecy, and betrayal,” as the pub- count in any way in forming public poli- lisher puts it, in World War II and a cies. That’s a legitimate argument. Tribe’s decade later, set in Hong Kong, where Quality time: Rainy Day with Dream point here is only that it can’t be settled by the author (formerly of Elle and Mirabella Blocks (1908), by Jessie Wilcox Smith simplistic appeals to literalism or the par- magazines) was born and now lives.

lor game of WWJMD (What Would literatures and of folklore and myth- FROM THE BOOK James Madison Do?). Still Jewish, by Keren R. McGinity, A.L.M. ology (W.W. Norton, $26.95). More ex- ’97 (New York University, $39.95). A ploration of children and reading, as As for the doodles—well, some of them multigenerational history of women and previously reported in “The Horror and I just didn’t get. For all its vectors and pro- intermarriage in America. the Beauty” (November-December 2007, tractor-drawn circles, Geometric Con- page 36). struction left me ba±ed. (Don’t feel bad More Than Just Race, by William Julius if you have the same reaction; after all, Wilson, Geyser University Professor China between Empires, by Mark Ed- Tribe’s undergraduate concentration was (W.W. Norton, $24.95). Wilson’s latest ward Lewis, JF ’86 (Harvard, $29.95). A mathematics.) installment in a career-long investigation Stanford scholar on the formative pre- Geodesic Construction, by contrast, is of ghettos, low-skilled black men, and the Buddhist period of the Northern and much easier to understand. Tribe has fragmentation of African-American fami- Southern dynasties. scribbled a many-faceted form similar to

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MONTAGE

GALLERY Second-Life Photography

Three years ago, Lee Smith ’69, associate vice president for mopolitan.) In re- legal affairs at the University of Texas, his wife, Michelle, and cent years he has their 19-year-old daughter,Allison, visited Al Akhawayn Univer- made a third voy- sity in Ifrane, Morocco, where Allison eventually enrolled for a age to Morocco and two trips to Guatemala, pursuing what he year. For Smith, it was his first time back in Morocco since calls “cultural photography.” He asks, “What would a Moroccan 1975, when he lived there for two months, staying “until either see in Morocco? I wanted to become a reflection of that, my health or my money ran out,” as he recalls.Though he had shooting things a Moroccan would look at and say, ‘This is my been a passionate photographer in college, when “my camera culture’—not just something an outsider would be impressed was a permanent extension of my hand,” he had not done any by. I need to see it from their point of view; I can’t just be in a serious photography for 30 years. Meanwhile, digital technology bus somewhere taking a picture.” had revolutionized the field that Smith had abandoned out of To do this, a photographer needs to melt invisibly into the frustration with his lack of a darkroom and the control of the surroundings while remaining present and engaged. Smith’s final image that it offers—a function that darkrooms have now physical appearance, which he calls “visually ambiguous,” helps: largely ceded to computer software. though he’s identified as an African American in the United During his 1975 Moroccan sojourn, Smith took no pictures, States, his ethnic heritage, which includes Native American and partly because he had been told that its people were averse to European elements, has led some to peg him as Peruvian or being photographed. But on his return trip, he carried a five- Italian. “Pakistanis see me and think I am Indian,” he explains, megapixel Pentax camera and a determination to “take pictures “and Indians see me and assume I am Pakistani.” Furthermore, I could show somebody.” He discov- he adds,“I have never met a stranger.” In Guatemala, for exam- ered that Moroccans didn’t mind pho- ple, he spent time every day with a Mayan woman named Ruth, tographers, that digital photography who sold textiles in the village market.“Her friends, the women had arrived, and that “I still had an eye.” who did the weaving, became my friends,” Smith says. “For some Furthermore, he could fine-tune his reason people open themselves to me and welcome me into prints on a computer.“Everything that their lives.” had turned me off to photography was Exhibition spaces have also welcomed him to their walls. In gone,” he declares.“Now, I’m a second- the past two years, Smith’s 20-by-30-inch prints have hung in life photographer.” eight different venues, from New York to his hometown of “I have always loved the photo Austin (see www.imagesofmorocco.com). As a “second-life essay,” he adds. (In college, he created a photographer,” he often reflects on a bit of advice he got from number of them for Harvard Yearbook Ansel Adams in 1970, but was “too self-absorbed to under- Publications, where he was managing stand,” he says.“Ansel said,‘If you want to be a successful pho- editor as a senior; he has also had photographer, get a job selling shoes.’ What he meant was, if you tographs published in Time and Cos- want to discover your art, find a day job that pays the rent and puts food on the table, because if you depend on photography Left: A Mayan textile vendor, Ruth, whom to do that, you will be consumed by taking the pictures people Smith befriended in a Guatemalan village market. Above, right: oranges stacked for pay you for, and will never discover your own art. Maybe prac- sale at a Moroccan bazaar. ticing law is something like selling shoes.” �craig lambert

the geodesic domes made famous by Buck- and relevant, that has been gathered in an Tribe explain his six “G”s as a nominee be- minster Fuller ’17. He suggests that a large unconstitutional manner—lies the need to fore the Judiciary Committee. Barack body of famous constitutional rulings give practical force to protections such as Obama seems like a pragmatist who will make more sense if they are seen as the tri- that against self-incrimination. send up candidates for the court more angular facets that comprise the geodesic Tribe does not insist that these particu- likely to win broad approval. But I kind of surface. Beneath the facet that is the land- lar facets are the only possible ways to wish the Democrats would call Tribe as an mark Miranda v. Arizona decision that shield the constitutional values in question. expert witness to talk about how we think yielded “You have the right to remain But he does maintain that there was noth- about the Constitution, seen and unseen. silent,” and other warnings to criminal ing illegitimate about the Supreme Court We’d all learn a lot. suspects, lies the core Fifth Amendment employing the invisible Constitution, via protection against coerced self-incrimina- Geodesic Construction, to give the visible Paul M. Barrett ’83, J.D. ’87, an assistant managing tion. Beneath the decisions establishing one practical e≠ect and meaning. editor at BusinessWeek, covered the Supreme the “exclusionary rule”—which requires The nation, I think it’s safe to say, will Court for the Wall Street Journal from 1991 courts to throw out evidence, even if true not have the opportunity to hear Laurence through 1996.

20 March - April 2009 Photographs by Lee Smith

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 What will you be driving at age 119? And other things worth considering.

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MONTAGE ments even in winter, based on the idea that natural light and fresh air were thera- A Scourge Remembered peutic. Doris Terranova, a onetime patient at Wallum Lake, recalls: “You’d wake up, A reporter turns to film to capture the story of tuberculosis. and your bed would be covered in snow.” Miller and Bettencourt found many of by ELIZABETH GUDRAIS the film’s subjects by creating a website where people could write in. The recent- ness of the American TB epidemic helped: er voice reaches out across Bettencourt, grew up to be a documentary people shared stories of parents’, siblings’, the decades, from a time when filmmaker, and the two had kept in touch. and even their own illness. Interviews people still wrote letters. In 2006, Miller was working on another with former patients give away some char- “Dear Lorraine,…I just finished newspaper series, about the life of a man acters’ fates, but Miller weaves narrative Hwriting my darling a long love letter.…I who lived at a hospital for psychiatric pa- tension by waiting until late in the film to miss him so much. I wonder if he knows tients and the severely disabled, in north- that.…I’m so lonesome.” west Rhode Island. While reporting that It was a time when entire hospitals ded- story, Miller was reminded of the hospi- icated themselves to the treatment of tu- tal’s history as a tuberculosis sanatorium. berculosis, and when Americans would When he started talking to Bettencourt disappear to those hospitals for years on about a collaboration, his original thought end. Everyone knew someone who had TB. was to narrate the hospital’s history The disease had no cure, and even the through the years—the di≠erent patients mode of transmission was not well under- and maladies it had housed. But as they stood. explored the photographs and records in But that era is less remote than it might the hospital archives, they quickly real- seem. The memory of how strong a grip ized that narrowing their focus to tuber- the disease once had on the United States culosis, but broadening it to a national has faded quickly, considering that an scope, would produce a better story. e≠ective remedy for TB (the antibiotic The film, focusing on three sanatori- streptomycin) was not developed until ums—in Burrillville, Rhode Island; Sara- 1943. In the new film On the Lake: Life and nac Lake, New York; and Denver, Col- Love in a Distant Place, G. Wayne Miller ’76 orado—reminds us that life went on inside reopens this chapter in history and re- the hospital. Wallum Lake, the sanatorium minds Americans how recently tuber- in Rhode Island on which the film’s title is Year-round fresh air and sunlight were seen as cura- culosis was not just a disease of the devel- based, had a bowling alley, a barbershop, tive in the early 1900s. oping world. and its own newspaper. Patients made Children at tuberculosis Miller, a newspaper reporter at the friends and fell in love. We are introduced sanatoriums, including Visit harvard- Providence Journal who moonlighted as a to Janet Dudones, the daughter of a TB pa- Wallum Lake (shown here), mag.com/extras were sent outside barely to view a clip from tient and a nurse who met at the Saranac clothed, even in winter. “On the Lake.” G. Wayne Miller Lake sanatorium, and Cecelia and Ray Dones, who met when they were both pa- reveal whether others—such as Barbara tients in Denver—where they still live: 48 Bowie, the letter writer unsure of her years of marriage, four children, and nine sweetheart’s devotion—left the sanato- grandchildren later. rium alive. Tuberculosis, we learn, is behind much of the early population growth in Colo- Miller entered Harvard mulling a rado—and is the reason the state has a choice between writing and medicine. A Jewish community of any size. At one time, creative writing course in his first year 60 percent of Colorado’s population com- tipped the scales. During his senior year, prised TB patients and the friends and rel- he took courses in still photography and atives who had come to be close to them. filmmaking that kindled an interest in the We learn about the brutal surgeries that visual. (He notes that his real first film TB patients underwent out of desperation premiere was senior spring, when his ten- novelist and writer of nonfiction books, in the absence of a cure—such as collaps- minute documentary on the construction wanted to try the medium of film but was ing the a≠ected lung or inserting a porce- of 60 State Street in Boston was screened casting about for the right topic. Years lain ball into the chest to close the cavity at the Carpenter Center.) earlier, he had written a newspaper series eaten by the disease. At Wallum Lake and He has spent his entire career at news- and a book on teenagers growing up in elsewhere, we learn, patients were forced papers (starting as a freelancer while Rhode Island; one of his subjects, David to sleep on huge porches, open to the ele- working as a “baggage smasher” for Delta

22 March - April 2009 Photographs courtesy of G. Wayne Miller

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage-FINAL3 2/9/09 2:52 PM Page 23

MONTAGE Airlines, as he puts it) and has written Hospital after Ubaldo Zambarano, one- tion from Presley professor of social medi- seven books, including one novel as well as time head of the TB sanatorium) closed its cine Paul Farmer, founder of the nonprofit nonfiction explorations of worlds includ- last TB ward in 1982, but the disease, also Partners in Health, which treats TB pa- ing NASCAR (in 2002’s Men and Speed) and known as consumption and the “white tients in Haiti, Rwanda, Peru, Russia, Hasbro, the Rhode Island-based toy com- plague,” is still the world’s number-two Lesotho, and Malawi: “We can hope pany that brought us G.I. Joe and Mr. cause of death by infection (the first is greater understanding of how this dread- Potato Head (in 1998’s Toy Wars). He still AIDS). TB causes an estimated 1.6 million ful illness a≠ected our neighbors in New works at the Providence Journal, but has two deaths a year and is believed to infect a England might stir greater compassion— more film projects in mind: a documentary third of the world’s current population, al- and more helpful action—on behalf of the on old-money Newport and one on Cath- though most of these cases do not blossom millions who still su≠er and die each year olic nuns. (The second “is a story about into active disease (see “A Plague Reborn,” from tuberculosis around the world.” spirituality in the age of celebrity,” he says, July-August 2008, page 38). Miller and Bet- confiding that on a visit to a convent, he tencourt tried to emphasize this point as Screenings of On the Lake are being scheduled heard nuns talking about Tom Brady and well, in hopes of raising awareness of the at venues nationwide and on some PBS a∞liates. Jamie Lynn Spears.) need for relief funds and medical research. For more information, visit www.onthelakemovie.- Wallum Lake (later named Zambarano Their publicity materials include a quota- com or www.gwaynemiller.com.

Richard van Frank asks who “ambassador’s nose” (January- wrote: “Though children may February). Graeme Wood identi- darken your hours/With their Chapter & Verse fied this variant of an incident shoutings and their fights,/They Correspondence on not-so-famous lost words between a footman and child in also brighten up the house—/ Gogol’s Dead Souls, chapter two. They never turn out the lights.” John Howard Payne’s 1818 play Brutus; or Send inquiries and answers to “Chapter “telescope of mind” (January-February). The Fall of Tarquin. The author of the pro- and Verse,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Dan Rosenberg was the first to identify logue may have been one of Payne’s Street, Cambridge 02138, or via e-mail this stanza, which begins the prologue to friends, the Reverend George Croly. to [email protected].

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(.CWhY^#7fh_b(&&/ F^eje]hWf^WdZfehjhW_j XoIkiWd@e^Wdd Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 AYodel in for Help the Modern World Playwright Christopher Durang’s black comedy by Craig Lambert

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Sigourney Weaver and Durang in their 1979-80 Brecht-Weill cabaret act, Das Lusitania Songspiel. They entered in a red wagon, parodying the opening of the Brecht-Weill opera The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, in which American capitalists enter in a wagon on a search for gold.

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F^eje]hWf^XoIkiWd9eea >WhlWhZCW]Wp_d[)'

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Vita.final2 2/11/09 2:59 PM Page 32

VITA Fernando Zóbel de Ayala Brief life of a peripatetic man of arts: 1924-1984 by john seed

aving fled the Spanish Civil War as a boy and endured album containing small drawings and prints by master artists. the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in his teens, Commenting on one precious image—an anatomical study of a H Fernando Zóbel ’49 kept his most valuable possessions man’s shoulder and arm—Zóbel dryly told Graves, “There wasn’t portable. He once showed his Harvard classmate Ralph Graves an much left to collect, so all I got were the armpits.”

32 March - April 2009 Photograph courtesy of the Ayala Museum, Manila

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Vita.final2 2/11/09 2:59 PM Page 33

Remarks like that passions: painting, writing and lecturing on art and archaeology, were a Zóbel trade- traveling, exhibiting, and collecting. mark; their purpose While visiting Boston in 1954, he studied briefly at the Rhode was to help people for- Island School of Design, where he saw an exhibition of Mark get his background. Rothko paintings that committed him to modernism as an artist. The name on his Har- The result was his Saetas series—the word means both “darts” (a vard application was reference to his use of hypodermic syringes to paint) and also a Enrique Francisco Fer- traditional kind of Spanish devotional song that has links to nando Zóbel de Ayala flamenco. In Manila, he promoted other Philippine artists the y Montojo Torrentegui best way he knew how, by buying their work when few others Zambrano, but he was did. Finally, in late 1960, su≠ering from depression and illness, he “Ferdie” to his friends. left his collection of Philippine modern art to the Ateneo de The son of an industri- Manila University and departed for Spain, where he had been alist father and an aris- cultivating friendships with other modern artists. tocratic mother, Zóbel Spain was, in many ways, the love of his life. (He once said that, grew up in Manila and when it came to resisting matrimony, he was immovable “like a then Madrid, until his pyramid.”) He and his friends felt the country needed a major politically conservative collection devoted to its modern artists, despite the rigid Franco parents retreated to the regime, and spent several years seeking a suitable site. In 1963, Philippines in 1936. Dur- they visited the ancient hill town of Cuenca, southeast of ing his next five years, at Madrid, and Zóbel reported himself “quickly entranced by the an international school mood, the style, and the charm of the city and its inhabitants.” north of Manila, he avid- Living in a succession of medieval towers, he painted in the ly doodled images of morning, sketched in the afternoon, and met friends at Pepe’s knights and gained a restaurant in the evening—they had their own room, where they new perspective on the discussed modern art over the best pollo al ajillo in town. By 1966, conflict in Spain from Zóbel had taken over more than a dining room: at considerable Hemingway’s For Whom personal expense, he had installed his growing collection of the Bell Tolls. works by Spanish modernists in Cuenca’s historic casas colgadas, a He returned home the set of medieval houses perched on a cli≠ above the Huécar River. day after Pearl Harbor Thanks partly, perhaps, to his name and family connections, the and spent most of 1942 in Museum of Abstract Spanish Art was born. a torturous orthopedic Eventually, Zóbel had nearly identical studios in Cuenca, Seville, bed, trying to recover and Madrid, where he also kept an elegant apartment filled with from the neck and spinal precious objects and works of art. But his fragile health—he suf- problems that had been fered a series of strokes in his fifties—prompted him to give the his bane since childhood. Cuenca museum to the much larger Juan March Foundation in In 1943, his father died 1980. (He reported that it was “harder to give away a museum than from lack of treatment it was to establish one.”) To Harvard he donated 138 drawings by for an infection. Zóbel Spanish masters, and a selection of Asian works; in the Philippines, coped by studying and he was also the force behind the creation of Manila’s Ayala Mu- by reading intensely. In seum, to which he donated art and ethnographic items. By the time 1945, after liberation, an he died of a heart attack during a visit to Rome, he had also vital- American family friend urged him to apply to Harvard. ized the career of many contemporary artists: the painter Simeón In Cambridge in 1946, Zóbel stood out as a well-to-do Span- Saiz Ruiz, for example, has recalled how Zóbel had a knack of iard among veterans attending on the GI Bill. But becoming a challenging him to greater e≠ort in a supportive way. regular at the private Fox Club did not interfere with his art Zóbel himself left behind a legacy of late abstract paintings that studies or hard work in history and literature. He wrote a senior project an immense sense of calm. “Critics have asked me,” he thesis on the plays of Federico García Lorca (then banned in once said, “what I did with the anguish in my life. My answer is Spain) and graduated magna cum laude in three years. But he that I leave it at home where it belongs, since it has nothing to do loved Harvard so much, he couldn’t leave. After a short, miserable with my painting.” summer in Manila, he returned to try law school briefly and then spent two years as an assistant curator in the graphic-arts sec- John Seed is a professor of art and art history at Mt. San Jacinto College in tion of Houghton Library, developing a lifelong interest in rare southern California. books and manuscripts. In August 1951, Zóbel finally returned to Manila to take a job Opposite: In a 1966 image taken in the Museum of Abstract Spanish Art in with a token salary at Ayala y Compañia, his family’s real-estate Cuenca, Zóbel holds one of his sketches; his painting Ornitóptero hangs be- and development corporation. For the next nine years, he lived a hind him. At left is Homenaje a Vasarely II, a sculpture by Amadeo Gabino; kind of double life, devoting every moment outside work to his the painting at far right is Barrera con rojo y ocre, by José Guerrero.

Harvard Magazine 33

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 With a new interdisciplinary center, Harvard turns its focus to the earliest years of life—in an approach that combines science, policy, and practice.

t a school in Peñalolén, a working-class neighbor- with the full alphabet, until first grade. “Early-childhood educa- hood in Santiago, Chile, kindergarten teacher Patricia tion has not, in Latin America in general, been thought of as edu- Pérez is reading to her class. The story involves a pig cation,” says Graham professor of education Catherine Snow. “The who wants to impress a lady friend so she’ll agree approach is: Let the kids play, get them used to being in groups, to go on a picnic with him. From a fox, a zebra, and we’ll worry about teaching them starting in first grade. But and a lion, he borrows items to spi≠ himself up: then in first grade, the expectations for progress are suddenly a tail, stripes, and a mane. When Mr. Pig arrives very high, and none of the preparatory work has been done. Kids at his intended’s house, she doesn’t recognize kind of get dropped into the deep end.” him and refuses to go with him; he saves the day by coming back The hands-on approach to books in the Peñalolén classrooms unadorned, prompting the lady pig to exclaim with delight: “¡Qué is part of Un Buen Comienzo (UBC; “a good start”), a program de- romántico!” signed with guidance from Snow and Harvard colleagues. It aims When the story ends, Pérez works with her pupils on vocabu- to improve the quality of early-childhood education in Santiago, lary words such as consejo (“advice”—which Mr. Pig got from his increasing literacy and school success for the young participants. friends, but should not have heeded), asking students to sound UBC is a project of the Harvard Graduate School of Education them out and write them on the board. In a nearby classroom, (HGSE); a Chilean philanthropic foundation is underwriting and di≠erent kindergartners listen to their teacher reading; others implementing it, and researchers from a Chilean university will read on their own, choosing from books strewn across tabletops. evaluate its e≠ectiveness. To American visitors, these are unremarkable kindergarten Un Buen Comienzo reflects a recognition of early childhood as scenes. In Chile, however, such scenes are less ordinary. Chilean a crucial time for the development, both emotional and cogni- children typically do not learn to read, or even begin working tive, that influences children’s later lives. Chile’s expansion of

34 March - April 2009

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CY9Whjd[o$ÇCeijj_c[i"]el[hdc[dj[ZkYWj_edfeb_Yo_iZh_l[d Through Un Buen Comienzo, preschool and kindergarten teachers in Xoef_d_ed"hWj^[hj^WdZWjWÆXof[efb[ÊiX[ij]k[ii[iWXekjm^Wj Santiago received donated books and training focused on the most effective techniques for introducing reading, writing, and vocabulary m_bbmeha$È development (including interactive methods of reading stories, as J^_iZkWbWffheWY^Æ_cfb[c[djWj_edWdZ[lWbkWj_edÆ_i demonstrated by teacher Patricia Pérez in the photograph above). Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Ye\>WhlWhZÊiW_cjefbWoWckY^bWh][hheb[_d_c# fhel_d]j^[beje\Y^_bZh[d"_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[iWdZj^[mehbZ" Wj_ede\K89"_i_dlebl[Zm_j^ckbj_fb[Y[dj[h_d_jWj_l[i$7dZ j^hek]^j^[_dj[hZ_iY_fb_dWho9[dj[hedj^[:[l[bef_d]9^_bZ K89Z_h[Yjeh7dZh[WHebbW";Z$:$Ê&,"_iWiYêbWh_dh[i_Z[dY[ 9:91mmm$Z[l[bef_d]Y^_bZ$^WhlWhZ$[Zk "\ekdZ[Z_d(&&,m_j^ Wjj^[Y[dj[hj^_io[Wh$ j^[]eWbe\ÇWZlWdY_d]j^[iY_[dj_ÓY\ekdZWj_edie\^[Wbj^"b[Whd# 7dZj^[_dj[hZ_iY_fb_dWhodWjkh[e\j^[IWdj_W]e[¢ehj[f_je# _d]"WdZYecckd_jom[bb#X[_d]$ÈJ^[Y[dj[h\kdZih[i[WhY^Xo c_p[ij^[Y[dj[hÊiWffheWY^$K89YecX_d[ifhe\[ii_edWbZ[l[b# \WYkbjoWdZijkZ[djiWdZ^[bfij^[cjWa[j^[_hÓdZ_d]iekj_dje efc[dj\ehj[WY^[him_j^mehaiêfi\ehfWh[dji"b_j[hWYom_j^ j^[mehbZÆ_djej^[YbWiiheec"XkjWbiejej^[ijWj[WdZdWj_edWb ^[Wbj^"b[iiedYedj[djm_j^WYedY[hd\ehYbWiiheecZ[i_]d$IWoi YWf_jebim^[h[feb_Y_[iWh[cWZ[$;l[dm^[h[Wieb_Zademb[Z][ HebbW"Ç9^_bZh[dÊifheXb[ciWh[_dj[hZ_iY_fb_dWho$ÈJhW_d_d]i[i# XWi[[n_iji"iWoi9:9Z_h[YjehWdZH_Y^cedZfhe\[iiehe\Y^_bZ i_edifhecfjj[WY^[hijekfZWj[j^[_h_dijhkYj_edWbc[jêZije ^[Wbj^WdZZ[l[befc[dj@WYaIêdae¢"Çm[ZedÊjjWa[_jWiW h[Ô[YjYkhh[djademb[Z][WXekjêmY^_bZh[db[Whd0_djheZkY[ ]_l[dj^WjiY_[dY[if[Wai\eh_ji[b\_dj^[feb_YomehbZ$ÈJ^[i[ h[WZ_d]j^hek]^\Wc_b_WhmehZi_dij[WZe\fêd[j_Y[n[hY_i[i [¢ehjiWh[Wbh[WZofWo_d]e¢\ehY^_bZh[d"_d9^_b[WdZ[bi[m^[h[$ j^WjWiaY^_bZh[djeif[bb_dZ[f[dZ[djboe\Yedj[nj WdZj[WY^ d[mleYWXkbWhoj^hek]îjeh_[i_dij[WZe\c[ceh_pWj_ed$Je [nfei[Y^_bZh[djeWicWdob[jj[hiWdZmehZiWifeii_Xb["^Wd] >WhlWhZ^Wibed]^WZ[c_d[dj\WYkbjo_dY^_bZZ[l[befc[dj feij[hiWdZi_]diWbbel[hj^[YbWiiheec"bWX[bYbWiiheeceX`[Yji" Æfhec_d[djbo_dYbkZ_d]@kb_kiH_Y^cedZ"j^[bWj[>WhlWhZ a[[fXeeaiWYY[ii_Xb[_dij[WZe\^_ZZ[dWmWo_dWYkfXeWhZ"WdZ C[Z_YWbIYêebfhe\[iiehmêi[hl[ZWi\ekdZ_d]Z_h[Yjehe\ feijj^[b[jj[hie\j^[Wbf^WX[jWjY^_bZÊi#[o[b[l[b"_dij[WZe\d[Wh >[WZIjWhjWdZbWj[hWiK$I$ikh][ed][d[hWbWdZmêWZleYWj[Z j^[Y[_b_d]$

F^eje]hWf^iXo7bZe8[d_dYWiW >WhlWhZCW]Wp_d[)+

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 kd\Wc_b_WhmehZ_dYedj[nj$ J^[jhW_d_d]Wbie[d# The existence of a Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) project in San- YekhW][ij^[WZkbjijeX[ceh[l[hXWbWj[l[hoef# tiago represents a serendipitous alignment of circumstances. In early 2006, Chile’s fehjkd_jo0_\WY^_bZWiai"Ç>emZe?j_[coiê[i5È newly elected president, Michelle Bachelet—herself a pediatrician—vowed to widen j^[fWh[djiêkbZjWbaj^hek]^j^[ij[fiÆÇ<_hij access to preschool, making it free for the poorest 40 percent of the populace. She oekcWa[Wbeef$J^[d"oekmhWfj^[ej^[hbWY[ announced an initial goal of opening 800 new preschool centers in the first year and WhekdZ¾ÈÆ_dij[WZe\c[h[boZ[cedijhWj_d]$ 3,500 new preschools (with a total of 70,000 slots) in four years. At the same time, J^[fhe]hWcÊiZ[i_]d[higk_Yaboh[Wb_p[Zj^Wj the government was becoming interested in how to improve the quality, as well as the cWa_d]ikh[Y^_bZh[db[Whdc[WdicWa_d]ikh[ quantity, of preschool education, says Steve Reifenberg, director of the Santiago office j^[oWjj[dZiYêebYedi_ij[djbo$?dIWdj_W]e" of Harvard’s David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. The traditional model m^[h[j^[7dZ[ijhWfice]el[hj^[Y_joWdZj^[ had by and large been “to take care of kids while their parents are working so they W_hgkWb_jo_dm_dj[h_iWXoicWb"Y^_bZh[de\j[d][j don’t hurt themselves,” says Reifenberg, “rather than something more stimulating.” h[if_hWjeho_d\[Yj_ediWdZfWh[djicWoa[[fj^[c Around that time, Chilean businessman Andrónico Luksic Craig was eager to add êc[\ehm[[aied[dZ$?dbem#_dYec[YeckdWi education to his portfolio of philanthropic activities. He mentioned this desire to Reifen- Z_ijh_Yjie\IWdj_W]e "m_dj[hWjj[dZWdY[hWj[i_d berg, who, in turn, invited a handful of Harvard scholars—HGSE dean Kathleen Mc- fh[iYêebYbWiiheeciYeccedboZhefje+&f[h# Cartney and Harvard Medical School’s Brazelton professor of pediatrics Judith Palfrey Y[djehbem[h$J^[Wl[hW][WXi[dY[hWj[_dj^[fh[# and associate professor of psychology Catherine Ayoub—to Santiago for a seminar K89YbWiiheecimWiceh[j^Wd(+f[hY[dj$ K89 with Luksic and Chilean education officials…and UBC was born. j[WY^[ij^WjY^_bZh[diêkbZWjj[dZiYêeb_\WjWbb At the same time, Andrea Rolla, who had experience designing and evaluating feii_Xb[WdZZedWj[Z^WdZ#iWd_j_p[hZ_if[di[hi early-childhood education initiatives in Costa Rica and El Salvador, had completed ^Wd]_d[WY^YbWiiheec $ her Ed.D. and moved to Santiago. She would become UBC project director. Elisabeth FWh[djWb[d]W][c[djZe[idÊj^Wff[dWkjecWj_# Farrelly, a Yale M.B.A. who had worked for an educational nonprofit in New York and YWbbo$?dBWj_d7c[h_YWÆWdZfWhj_YkbWhbo_dfeeh then moved to Santiago with her Chilean husband, was available to become general Andrea Rolla (third from left) and Hirokazu manager of Luksic’s educational enterprise, Fundación Educacional Oportunidad. And Yoshikawa visit a UBC school another HGSE graduate, Ernesto Treviño, Ed.D. ’07 (a Mexican national married to a in Peñalolén. Chilean), completed his degree just in time to direct the evaluation in his new post as a professor of education at Universidad Diego Portales in Santiago.

(from a sample of 53 children from low-income, English-speaking families in the United States) BALTIMORE: PAUL H. BROOKES.

Yecckd_j_[i m^[h[

ALDO BENINCASA fWh[djibWYaWZlWdY[Z[ZkYWj_edÆÇ\Wc_b_[i jhWZ_j_edWbboZedej][j_dlebl[Z_dj^[_hY^_bZh[dÊi[ZkYWj_ed"È iWoiHebbW"j^[Y^_bZe\7h][dj_d[c_]himê]h[mkf_dCWi# iWY^ki[jji"Wjj[dZ[ZFh_dY[jed"WdZ_icWhh_[ZjeW9^_b[Wd$7j Each line in the graph above follows a child’s vocabulary growth j^[[djhWdY[e\[WYîYêeb"i^[iWoi"Çj^[h[ÊiW\[dY[ÈÆb_j[hWb *4-*5&3"$:&/06() 1"5)8":450"$"%&.*$46$$&44'03"%0-&4$&/54 from kindergarten through sixth grade. Note that the lines do not [dek]^"Xkjm_jîocXeb_YlWbk["jee$ÇFWh[djiZhefj^[_hY^_b# cross—the children with the largest vocabularies in kindergarten still had the largest vocabularies six years later. This is why it is Zh[de¢WdZf_Yaj^[ckf$ÈFWh[dji^Wl[jebZHebbWj^WjX[\eh[ crucial that preschool programs focus on building vocabulary and K89"j^[ojêk]^jj^Wjj^[om[h[h[ifedi_Xb[\ehj^[_hY^_bZh[dÊi making up for the deficit that children in low-income families XWi_Yd[[Zi"Xkjj^Wj[ZkYWj_edmWiieb[boj^[èXe\j[WY^[hi$?d SNOW ETAL., 2007. already face, says Graham professor of education Catherine Snow. Wikhl[oe\K89fWh[dji"+(f[hY[djh[fehj[Z^Wl_d]'&eh\[m[h XeeaiWjêc[$Ed[gkWhj[hh[fehj[Zd[l[hh[WZ_d]jej^[_hY^_b#

),CWhY^#7fh_b(&&/

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746

CHILD-final3.indd 36 2/10/09 4:22:53 PM Charles A. Nelson III

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F^eje]hWf^XoWhlWhZCW]Wp_d[)-

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Children in Romanian orphanages are raised in conditions of social and cognitive deprivation. In many cases they receive no adult attention other than being fed and taken to the toilet as a group a few times a day, as seen in the image at far left. Near left: This 11-year-old girl, raised in an orphanage in Romania, was only as tall as an average four-year-old child when the photograph was taken.

CHARLES NELSON a_Zi"ÈiWoifhe\[iiehe\

MICHAEL CONNOLLY f[Z_Wjh_Yi9^Whb[i7$D[bied???"m^e^ebZij^[ IYejjY^W_h_df[Z_Wjh_YiWj9^_bZh[dÊi>eif_jWb8eijedWdZ_i ed[e\j^[fh_dY_fWb_dl[ij_]Wjehi$ En_ZWj_l[ijh[iiÆWbie_cfb_YWj[Z_dW]_d]"WdZc[Wikh[Z j^hek]^Wceb[Ykb[_dj^[XbeeZÆ_ij^[fheY[iiXom^_Y^\h[[ hWZ_YWbi"XofheZkYjie\j^[XeZoÊiki[e\eno][d"ZWcW][Y[bb Yecfed[dji_dYbkZ_d]:D7$7Z_[je\\eeZi^_]^_dWdj_en_ZWdji

COURTESY OF CHARLES NELSON m^_Y^d[kjhWb_p[\h[[hWZ_YWbi Xebij[hij^[XeZoÊiemdWdj_en_# ZWdjfheZkYj_ed1b_\[ijob[\WYjehiikY^Wiicea_d]"[nfeikh[je febbkj_ed"WdZijh[iicWoel[hm^[bcj^[i[dWjkhWbZ[\[di[ije Xh_d]WXekjZ_i[Wi[$ D[bied"mê_iWbieWc[cX[he\j^[\WYkbj_[ie\[ZkYWj_edWdZ fkXb_Y^[Wbj^"_iijkZo_d]j[bec[h[b[d]j^WdZen_ZWj_l[ijh[ii _dWfefkbWj_ed^[ademim[bb0HecWd_Wdehf^WdihW_i[Z_d_d# ij_jkj_edikdZ[h^[WhjXh[Wa_d]YedZ_j_edi$?d\Wdji"\eh[nWcfb[" m[h[b[\j_dYh_XiWbbZWo"[nY[fjm^[dX[_d]Y^Wd][Zeh\[Z$ÇDe ed[h[ifedZijej^[c_\j^[oYho"WdZWiWh[ikbj"deed[Yh_[i"È^[ iWoi$ÇJ^[m[_hZ[ijj^_d]m^[doekmWba_djej^_iheec\ehj^[ Óhijj_c[_iêmgk_[j_j_i$J^[h[ÊidejWba_d]"j^[h[ÊideYho_d]" j^[h[Êidej^_d]$ÈEbZ[hY^_bZh[diêm[Zi[l[h[boijkdj[Z]hemj^ WdZ_dZ_iYh_c_dWj[\h_[dZb_d[ii"i_jj_d]_dj^[bWfie\Yecfb[j[ ijhWd][hieh^Wff_bomWba_d]e¢m_j^j^[c$ Je[nfbW_dj^[i[Z_ijkhX_d]eXi[hlWj_edi"D[bied_d(&&& X[]WdWd[n^Wkij_l[ijkZoe\WYeêhje\Y^_bZh[dXehdj^Wjo[Wh WdZWXWdZed[Zjeehf^WdW][i"YecfWh[ZjeWYedjheb]hekfe\ In these brain “heat maps”—seen from above, with the triangles Y^_bZh[db_l_d]m_j^j^[_h\Wc_b_[i_d8kY^Wh[ij$>[\ekdZWckY^ at the top indicating the front of the head—red corresponds to ^_]^[h_dY_Z[dY[e\c[djWb_bbd[iiWced]j^[Y^_bZh[dmê]h[m high activity and blue connotes no activity. The different frequency bands (left-hand scale) reflect different types of brain kf_dj^[ieY_WbWdZYe]d_j_l[Z[fh_lWj_ede\j^[ehf^WdW]["Wi activity, but across all frequencies, the level of activity was lower m[bbWicWèhZ_¢[h[dY[i_dXhW_dWYj_l_joi[[Y^WhjWjb[\j WdZ for children raised in Romanian orphanages (left column) than for ?G$>Wb\j^[ehf^Wdim[h[fbWY[Z_d\eij[hYWh["m^_b[j^[ej^[h those who grew up with their parents (right column). ^Wb\h[cW_d[Z_dij_jkj_edWb_p[Z1D[bied\ekdZj^Wjjêi[fbWY[Z _d\eij[hYWh[X[\eh[j^[W][e\jmeh[Yel[h[ZWXekj^Wb\e\j^[?G lWhZ\WYkbj_[iYedZkYj_d]^kcWdWdZWd_cWbh[i[WhY^"Wh[ijkZo# Z[ÓY_j"Xkjehf^WdifbWY[ZbWj[h^WZ?GiYeh[id[Whbo_Z[dj_YWb _d]X_ecWha[hi"_dYbkZ_d]j[bec[h[b[d]j^WdZen_ZWj_l[ijh[ii$ jejêi[e\Y^_bZh[dmêijWo[Z_dj^[ehf^WdW][$>[YedYbkZ[Z J^[j[bec[h[_iWh[]_ed\ekdZWjXej^[dZie\[l[hoY^hece# j^Wjj^[Óhijjmeo[Whie\b_\[Wh[YhkY_Wb\ehdehcWbZ[l[befc[dj iec[_dY[bbij^hek]êkjj^[XeZo$;WY^j_c[:D7h[fb_YWj[i"j^[ e\bWd]kW]["Ye]d_j_ed"WdZc[djWb^[Wbj^ÆZ_l[hi[\WYkbj_[ij^Wj j[bec[h[iêhj[diib_]^jbo0ebZ[hf[efb[^Wl[Wiêhj[hWl[hW][ Z[l[befWfWY[_dWdehcWb\Wc_bo[dl_hedc[dj"Xkjdej_dWd_d# j[bec[h[b[d]j^j^Wdoekd][hf[efb[$J^_ii^h_daW][_ijêk]^j ij_jkj_edm_j^c_d_cWb_dj[hWYj_ed$J^[i[ÓdZ_d]i^Wl[Wbh[WZo jeX[WdWjkhWbfWhje\W]_d]ÆWdZf[h^Wfi[l[dWfôi_ebe]_YWb b[ZjeWYj_ed0_d(&&)"_dh[ifedi[je^_imeha"j^[HecWd_Wd]el# YWki[e\j^[Z[X_b_joWdZZ_i[Wi[j^WjWYYecfWdo_j$ [hdc[djfWii[ZWbWm\ehX_ZZ_d]j^[_dij_jkj_edWb_pWj_ede\Wdo ?djh_]k_d]bo"h[Y[djijkZ_[i^Wl[\ekdZWb_daX[jm[[dijh[ii Y^_bZoekd][hj^Wdjmekdb[iij^[Y^_bZ_ii[l[h[bo^WdZ_YWff[Z$ WdZWYY[b[hWj[Zj[bec[h[iêhj[d_d]Æed[ZeYkc[dj[Z[if[# ?dj^[Ykhh[djijkZo"D[biedm_bb[nWc_d[j^[X_ebe]_YWbjebbe\ Y_Wbboiêhjj[bec[h[iWced]WZkbjYWh[]_l[hi\ehY^_bZh[dm_j^ [WhboWZl[hi_joXoj[ij_d]m^[j^[h_dij_jkj_edWb_p[ZY^_bZh[d^Wl[ Y^hed_YfheXb[ciikY^WiWkj_ic$Ç8oed[[ij_cWj["j^[o^WZbeij iêhj[hj[bec[h[iWdZceh[[l_Z[dY[e\en_ZWj_l[ijh[iij^Wd '&o[Whie\b_\[j^hek]^j^[Y^hed_Yijh[iie\jWa_d]YWh[e\j^[i[ Y^_bZh[dhW_i[Zm_j^j^[_h\Wc_b_[i$9ebb[W]k[im_bb[nWc_d[j^[

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Takao Hensch

Takao Hensch (professor of molecular and cellular biology and of neurology) uses a contrast test (left) to assess vision in mice. Mice that receive no visual input (for instance, because they are blindfolded) during a critical period will almost certainly be permanently blind—but Hensch has found a way around this. Using drugs approved for other uses in humans, he has induced plasticity in the visual system later in life, making blind mice see (and, conversely, making seeing mice blind by removing visual input after administering the drugs).

TAKAO HENSCH iWc[Z_c[di_edi_djme7c[h_YWdiWcfb[iÆWbWh][dWj_edWbbed# X[_dZkY[Z_d^kcWdi$8kj_dj^[9:9ijkZo">[diY^WdZWi# ]_jkZ_dWbijkZoWdZW]hekfe\oekjîm_j^feijjhWkcWj_Yijh[ii i_ijWdjfhe\[iiehe\d[khebe]oC_Y^[bW[diY^"ÇicWYaie\WYh_j_YWbf[h_eZ]ed[Wmho$ Z[l[befc[djWh[j^[if[Y_Wbjoe\JWaWe>[diY^"fhe\[iiehe\ ?jÊi_Z[dj_Ó[ZWhekdZj^h[[o[WhiW\j[hX_hj^$FWh[djih[fehj ceb[YkbWhWdZY[bbkbWhX_ebe]o_dj^[CI $8k_bZ# Z[dboj^[oÊl[]ed[e¢jhWYa$ÈJ^[i[WhY^\eh][d[i_dlebl[Z_d _d]edj^[mehae\:Wl_Z>kX[bWdZJehij[dM_[i[bj^[DeX[b j^[Z_iehZ[h^Wib[ZjecWdoZ_¢[h[djYWdZ_ZWj[i$J^[\WYjj^Wj Fh_p[#m_dd_d]>CIh[i[WhY^[himêZ[cedijhWj[Zj^[YedY[fj ikY^Z_¢[h[dj][d[j_Yi_]dWjkh[icWd_\[ijj^[ci[bl[ij^[iWc[ e\Yh_j_YWbf[h_eZi\ehXhW_dZ[l[befc[djXoijkZo_d]l_i_ed_d mWoÆÇj^[h[ÊiWd_cXWbWdY[X[jm[[d[nY_jWj_edWdZ_d^_X_j_ed"È YWji ">[diY^^Wi_Z[dj_Ó[Zj^[Y[bbjof[j^WjYedjhebiXhW_d _d>[diY^ÊimehZiÆ^Wib[Z^_cWdZej^[hijemedZ[hm^[j^[h fbWij_Y_jo\ehj^[l_ikWbioij[c$ÇFbWij_Y_joÈh[\[hijej^[YWfWX_b# Wkj_icij[cidej\hecj^[:D7"Xkj\heciec[j^_d]WXekjj^[ _joe\j^[XhW_djeWZWfj_jiijhkYjkh[_dh[ifedi[je[nf[h_[dY[1 mWo][d[iWh[[nfh[ii[ZWdZj^[XhW_dWhY^_j[Yjkh[_ibW_ZZemd$ iec[fWhjie\j^[XhW_dh[cW_dcWbb[WXb[j^hek]^WZkbjêeZ$J^[ ÇCWoX[Z_¢[h[djfWhjie\j^[XhW_dWh[X[Yec_d]fbWij_Y[_j^[h l_ikWbioij[c"edj^[ej^[h^WdZ"_iÇm_h[ZÈ[Whbo_db_\["WdZj^[d jee\Wijehjeeibem"È^[iWoi$ÇM[ademj^WjZ_¢[h[djXhW_dh[# fbWij_Y_jo[dZi$>kcWdiWdZWd_cWbij^Wjh[Y[_l[del_ikWb_dfkj ]_edi\[[Z_djeej^[hXhW_dh[]_edi"WdZie[_j^[hZ[]hWZ[ZehWY# Zkh_d]j^[Yh_j_YWbf[h_eZiWo"X[YWki[j^[oWh[Xb_dZ\ebZ[Z Y[b[hWj[ZcWjkhWj_edm_bbYWki[j^[d[njijW][jeZ[l[befX[jj[h jof_YWbboWh[f[hcWd[djboXb_dZ"Xkjh[Y[djbo">[diY^^Wi_dZkY[Z ehmehi[$ÈWhlWhZiY_[dj_ijiÊh[i[WhYêdWkj_ic" fbWij_Y_jo_dWZkbjc_Y[ki_d]Zhk]iWbh[WZoWffhel[Z\ehej^[h i[[Ç7If[Yjhkce\:_iehZ[hi"È@WdkWho#<[XhkWho(&&."fW][(-$ ki[i_d^kcWdi$ >[diY^dej[ij^WjiY_[dj_iji_dIYejbWdZ^Wl[_dZkY[ZH[jj CkY^mehah[cW_dijeX[Zed[edm^[j^[hfbWij_Y_joYekbZ iodZhec["WdWkj_ic#if[YjhkcZ_iehZ[h"_dc_Y[Xoh[cel_d]W

F^eje]hWf^XoWhlWhZCW]Wp_d[)/

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Jack Shonkoff

i_d]b[][d["WdZ^Wl[Wbie[d]_d[[h[Zc_Y[_dm^_Y^j^[][d[mWi ZehcWdj[Whbo"XkjYekbZX[im_jY^[ZedZkh_d]WZkbjêeZÆWj Recruiting Jack Shonkoff in 2006 was the key to creating the m^_Y^fe_dj"j^[i[YedZi[je\c_Y[X[YWc[dehcWb$ÇJ^_imWi new Center on the Developing Child (CDC), says University provost jh[c[dZeki"ÈiWoi>[diY^$Ç?jik]][ijij^Wjj^_ied[ckjWj_ed Steven Hyman. In Shonkoff, Harvard has “a person of enormous YekbZfheZkY[iec[j^_d]Wii[l[h[WiH[jjiodZhec["WdZo[jWbb energy, with precisely the right temperament for interdisciplinary e\XhW_dZ[l[befc[dj_ibo_d]ZehcWdjWdZYekbZX[h[a_dZb[Z$È research and education: relentlessly curious, respectful of diverse disciplines, and a very talented convener of people from diverse j_dJ[_Y^[hik]][ijij^Wji[nkWbWXki[W¢[YjiY^_bZh[dZ_¢[h[djbo communities.” Z[f[dZ_d]edj^[W][Wjm^_Y^_j^Wff[di$7dZD[biedÊih[i[WhY^ Shonkoff, a pediatrician, had served at Brandeis as dean of the fe_djijeYh_j_YWbf[h_eZi\ehej^[hYe]d_j_l[WdZ[cej_edWb\WY Heller School for Social Policy and Management and chaired the kbj_[i$?dWZZ_j_ed"D[bied_ihkdd_d]WijkZoe\Wkj_ich_ia_d committee that wrote From Neurons to Neighborhoods, an exhaus- _d\Wdjimêi[ebZ[hi_Xb_d]i^Wl[j^[Z_i[Wi[$9edl[h][dY[ib_a[ tive 2000 report from the Institute of Medicine on child-development j^[i[[nfbW_dj^[iY_[dj_ijiÊ[nY_j[c[djWjmeha_d]je][j^[h$Ç? science and policy. But to reach a wider audience, he realized he j^_dam[ÊbbÓdZj^WjcWdoe\j^[fioY^_Wjh_YZ_iehZ[hi_d^kcWdi would need to highlight themes in ways that resonated with the policies that are grounded in sound science and acceptable to m_bb^Wl[WYh_j_YWb#f[h_eZeh_]_d"ÈiWoi>[diY^"Çj^WjWd[Whbo public. colleagues and constituents. The center is hoping this approach will _dikbjWhekdZX_hjêhW][d[j_YZ[\[Yj¾m_bbfh[Z_ifei[XhW_dije To investigate prevailing attitudes about child development and bear more fruit soon: it brought delegations from 14 state govern- m_h[_dYehh[Yjbo$È frame messages in response to those attitudes, he engaged a comments to Harvard last June, and is providing support as these states munications-research firm. For example: persistent stress can disrupt try to rewrite their own policies to better serve children. brain circuits, causing decreased branching of neurons in the hip- The CDC has become a forum to showcase other places where JhWdibWj_d]iY_[dj_\_YWZlWdY[c[dji pocampus and prefrontal cortex (the brain areas associated with good things are happening. It considers communications a central Yh[Wj_d]fhe]hWcij^Wj_dYehfehWj[Ykjj_d]#[Z][iY_[dY[ÆWdZ memory and higher-order thinking, respectively), and increased part of its mission: summarizing recent studies in nontechnical lan- j^[dj[ij_d]jêi[fhe]hWcijei[[_\j^[omeha$8kjikY^jhWdi branching in the amygdala (the seat of emotion, and fear in particu- guage and publishing roundups of research so practitioners and bWj_edWb[¢ehji^Wl[bW]][ZX[^_dZ$?dh[Wb_jo"ceijYedj[cfehWho lar). Such explanations fascinate listeners with a scientific bent—but policymakers can have current findings at their fingertips. The CDC fhefeiWbi\eh[Whbo#Y^_bZêeZ[ZkYWj_edZ[f[dZed\ekh\kdZW may make others’ eyes glaze over. So is also devising an international agenda c[djWbijkZ_[iX[]kdZ[YWZ[iW]e0j^[F[hhoFh[iYêebIjkZo" Shonkoff, in speaking to lay audiences, that it will pursue in collaboration with X[]kd_dOfi_bWdj_"C_Y^_]Wd"_dj^['/,&i1j^[7X[Y[ZWh_Wd now uses models that are simple and the Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Fhe`[Yj"kdZ[hjWa[d_dDehj^9Wheb_dW_dj^['/-&i1j^[8heeab_d[ vivid, but still accurate. His “brain archi- where Shonkoff chairs a working group ;Whbo;ZkYWj_edFhe`[Yj"X[]kd_dCWiiWY^ki[jji_dj^['/-&i1 tecture” model conveys the idea that early on children. WdZj^[9^_YW]e9^_bZFWh[dj9[dj[hibWkdY^[Z_dj^['/.&i$ adversity can lay a shaky foundation for On campus, the center began raising J^[i[ijkZ_[iÇWh[ niversity later development. u awareness last year with a colloquium se- _dfh[iYêeb[ZkYWj_edWbbel[hj^[mehbZ"ÈiWoi>_heOei^_aWmW In response to the popular notion that ries highlighting the relevance of child de- e\>=I;$ÇJ^[h[ÊiW]h[Wjd[[Z\ehYedZkYj_d]j^[i[a_dZie\h_] stress is character-building, Shonkoff uses velopment for Harvard’s various faculties:

ockefeller eheki[lWbkWj_edied[Whbo#Y^_bZ^eeZ[ZkYWj_eddem$È a three-tiered model. “Positive stress” does r education, public health, government, wen, exist: “This is the stress of the first day at a e law, business, and medicine. Shonkoff :[l[bef_d]9^_bZ_ibWkdY^_d]_dJkbiW$7bj^ek]^_jiYedj[nj_i preschool program….This is the stress of The brains of rats subjected to chronic stress himself teaches a course, “The Science of kjj[hboZ_¢[h[dj\hecj^[fhe]hWc_d9^_b["j^[gk[ij_ediWia[Z

(left) show less branching (fewer and shorter Bruce Mc having to go down for a nap when you’d D Learning, Behavior, and Health: Implica- WdZYedY[hdiYedi_Z[h[Z_dfhe]hWcZ[i_]dWh[i_c_bWh$JkbiW n

branches) on neurons in the hippocampus, A rather stay up and see everything else in a key brain region for processing incoming tions for Early Childhood Policy,” jointly mWiY^ei[ddejedboX[YWki[_j^WiÇiec[e\j^[mehij^[Wbj^ijW rinos

that’s going on….It is a necessary part information for learning and memory, when A in the schools of education and public j_ij_Yi_dj^[dWj_ed"ÈWYYehZ_d]je@WYaI^edae¢"XkjX[YWki[e\ g A

of healthy development.” One level up is compared to rats that were housed in normal M health; medical students, and now under- m_bb_d]fWhjd[hi0j^[Kd_l[hi_joe\EabWêcWIYêebe\9ecck A “tolerable stress”—unhappy experiences laboratory conditions (right). graduates and Kennedy School students, d_joC[Z_Y_d["j^[=[eh][AW_i[hWhlWhZWf early learning), and in Kansas (which passed a comprehensive bill positions it for maximum impact. “Not everybody at Harvard is a fe_djc[dji"_dj^[iYêebie\[ZkYWj_ed"fkXb_Y^[Wbj^"WdZc[Z_ with education, childcare, and health-insurance components). collaborator,” he says. “It takes a certain kind of intellectual flex- Y_d[$J^[JkbiWj[Wch[Ô[Yjij^WjhWd][e\ia_bbi"jee$7ced]j^[ He describes his earlier engagement in partisan advocacy, driven ibility and a sense of adventure to work across disciplines. Our goal fWhj_Y_fWdjiWh[H_Y^WhZ

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 i_d]b[][d["WdZ^Wl[Wbie[d]_d[[h[Zc_Y[_dm^_Y^j^[][d[mWi [dek]^YeijiWl_d]ijefWo\ehj^[ci[bl[i18_bb8[WhZib[["=WhZ# ZehcWdj[Whbo"XkjYekbZX[im_jY^[ZedZkh_d]WZkbjêeZÆWj d[h#Cedaifhe\[iiehe\Y^_bZfioY^_Wjho"mê^Wi[nWc_d[Zêm m^_Y^fe_dj"j^[i[YedZi[je\c_Y[X[YWc[dehcWb$ÇJ^_imWi jefhej[YjY^_bZh[d\hecj^[^Whc\kb[¢[Yjie\fWh[djWbZ[fh[i# jh[c[dZeki"ÈiWoi>[diY^$Ç?jik]][ijij^Wjj^_ied[ckjWj_ed i_ed19Wj^[h_d[Idem1WdZOei^_aWmW"mê^WiYe[Z_j[ZWXeea YekbZfheZkY[iec[j^_d]Wii[l[h[WiH[jjiodZhec["WdZo[jWbb ed_cfhel_d]ekjYec[i\ehY^_bZh[de\bem#mW][meha[hi$ e\XhW_dZ[l[befc[dj_ibo_d]ZehcWdjWdZYekbZX[h[a_dZb[Z$È [WZIjWhjÇ_i scholars are trying j^[i[[nfbW_dj^[iY_[dj_ijiÊ[nY_j[c[djWjmeha_d]je][j^[h$Ç? i[hl_d]^Wb\e\j^[a_Zi_j_ic[Wdjjei[hl[È0WXekj to help former child soldiers, j^_dam[ÊbbÓdZj^WjcWdoe\j^[fioY^_Wjh_YZ_iehZ[hi_d^kcWdi ed[c_bb_ed7c[h_YWd\ekh#WdZÓl[#o[Wh#ebZi abuse victims, and children m_bb^Wl[WYh_j_YWb#f[h_eZeh_]_d"ÈiWoi>[diY^"Çj^WjWd[Whbo 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F^eje]hWf^XoWhlWhZCW]Wp_d[*'

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

IN THE HOLE. Construction continued apace in early February on the foundations of Har- vard’s first science complex in Allston, a roughly 1-million-square-foot, billion-dollar facility slated to house the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), bioengineering initiatives, and the University-wide department of systems biology. Workers have been waterproofing the exterior cement walls and erecting the below-grade portions of the structural steel beams and columns for the first of four buildings planned for the site. Yet a carefully worded University statement in January said that an “assessment of the project and the environment in which it is being developed” continues, a reference to the unfolding financial crisis (right). Emphasizing that “scientific excellence is first and foremost about people and programs,” University spokesperson Lauren Marshall said that even though “changed financial realities have dictated thorough review” of all capital planning, Harvard’s “commitment to interdisciplinary science will be sustained….” The University’s institutional master plan for Allston, originally expected by the end of 2008, has also been delayed at least in part by pecuniary considerations. Such plans must specify both near- and longer-term construction commitments, implying the need for predictable funding. Marshall emphasized that “Harvard’s long- term commitment to Allston hasn’t diminished....The master planning process continues. We are rigorously evaluating our options and consulting with key stakeholders….” The University, she says, “is carefully considering a range of capital planning scenarios, but no final decisions have been made.”

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The Fiscal Crunch billion. This would be in line with the 2004-2005 (largely reflecting an $800-mil- projected decline in the endowment over- lion investment in laboratories), debt ser- With no relief since the University’s all, from $36.2 billion last June to about vice has nearly tripled to $85 million. early-December announcement that the $24 billion at the end of this fiscal year, Dean Michael D. Smith distributed endowment’s value had declined sharply reflecting a 30 percent loss in asset values briefing materials detailing these figures (see “Harder Times,” January-February, on top of the $1.4 billion distributed to on December 5. In a faculty meeting on page 47), Harvard faces significant spend- pay for current operations. December 9, he said that—given an existing reductions—likely to a≠ect both em- FAS’s budget has grown from $812 mil- ing deficit; certain increases in financial ployees and perhaps even high-priority lion to $1.2 billion during the past four aid; rising personnel costs from recent capital projects (see left). Budgets were fiscal years; the share funded by endow- faculty appointments; added expenses for scheduled for review in February. An- ment distributions has risen from 35 per- new facilities now operating; and further nouncements about cost-cutting mea- cent a decade ago to 56 percent now. And increases in debt service—FAS faces a sures made after this issue went to press with debt doubling to $1.1 billion since $100-million shortfall in the fiscal year will be reported at www.harvardmagazine.com (see the “University Finan- cial Crisis” section). IN THIS ISSUE During the winter, further details about the University’s financial chal- 45 A Vision for the Arts 50 Decisionmaking, Measured lenges emerged (all reported in much 45 Harvard Portrait 51 Brevia greater detail at the website): 46 Mapping Africa 53 The Undergraduate • Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) ad- 47 Yesterday’s News 54 Sports ministrators assume its endowment will 48 A Global Health View 56 Alumni shrink to its 2004-2005 value—about $11 49 Human Rights: Inalienable, Unfulfilled 60 The College Pump

Photographs by Stu Rosner Harvard Magazine 43

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

beginning July 1. That assumes the Cor- on hiring, and deferral of capital projects. estate, procurement, and even shared li- poration holds FAS’s endowment distrib- He also expects to “revisit current expec- brary functions), and examine personnel ution level, for the first time in memory, at tations regarding teaching loads.” policies and practices. The results will $650 million. The gap would widen if the Harvard Medical School directed all likely unfold over the longer term; in the Corporation feels compelled to reduce departments to plan for 10 percent ex- immediate future lie whatever actions are the distribution (its decision is expected pense reductions during the next 18 necessary to shrink compensation costs in March)—or if research funding or cur- months. Sponsored-research funding and trim other expenses. rent-use gifts decline. (about 40 percent of the school’s budget) FAS thus faces removing $100 million and debt service are untouchable. Harvard’s problems are not unique. A to $130 million from anticipated spending • After the financial announcement by survey prepared for the National Associa- of slightly more than $1.2 billion. But debt President Drew Faust and Executive Vice tion of College and University Business service and work funded by sponsored- President Ed Forst last December 2, Har- O∞cers (NACUBO), published on January research grants can’t be cut, so the real vard moved promptly to borrow $2.5 bil- 27, indicated average declines in endow- problem is shedding 10 to 15 percent of a lion. Public reports suggest the Univer- ment values of 22.5 percent—$94.5 billion nearly $1-billion budget. Smith acknowl- sity will incur annual interest costs on in total—from July 1 through November 30. edged this would require more than one this debt (before principal payments) of The losses could widen when private-eq- year of restraint, while simultaneously $128 million to $138 million, o≠set in part uity and real-estate asset values are re- putting pressure on $100 million or so of by the repayment of existing shorter- ported, accounting for the University’s es- unrestricted reserves. term debt. That substantial expense may timate that Harvard’s endowment could be FAS will try to keep its problems from be defrayed by using the “strategic infra- o≠ as much as 30 percent for the fiscal year. worsening by canceling two-thirds of structure fund,” an administrative assess- How are other institutions responding? current faculty searches; freezing most ment on endowment capital now desig- In December, Yale estimated a 25 percent compensation; restricting hiring of new nated to o≠set costs for Allston campus endowment decline and a $100-million sta≠; trimming visiting faculty and non- development. Thus Harvard gains liquid budget shortfall for fiscal year 2010. Say- tenure-track teachers; exploring retire- resources that may help it manage the en- ing that it was important not to “overre- ment incentives; and possibly reducing dowment (which invests in many illiquid act,” President Richard C. Levin pre- graduate student admissions. assets); reduce the risk of refinancing scribed closing half to two-thirds of the • The professional schools are cutting, shorter-term debt; terminate existing, ex- gap in the first year. Yale will restrain but too. At the Harvard Kennedy School, pensive interest-rate swap agreements; not eliminate compensation increases, where the endowment funds only one- and bolster the internal “central bank,” continue faculty searches, and pursue quarter of the budget, Dean David T. Ell- through which cash receipts and working new science programs—albeit at a mea- wood forecast flat revenue, rising finan- capital are administered. sured pace. It will cut expense budgets 5 cial-aid needs, and problems for foreign As each school readies its budget, the percent annually and continue current students as the dollar strengthens. The administration is also running task forces construction, but defer all new projects school’s budget for fiscal year 2010 will to identify new sources of revenue, ex- until they are financed. incorporate expense reductions of 5 to 10 plore more e∞cient operations (from bet- Princeton president Shirley M. Tilgh- percent, with salary freezes, sharp limits ter use of information technology to real man in early January forecast endowment results similar to Yale’s, and laid out similar responses: reduce endowment distrib- Energizing the Local Economy utions by $50 million in the general bud- In mid January, the University published “Investing in Innovation,” the most recent re- get and cut nonpersonnel expenses port in a series prepared by Appleseed, a New York-based consultant, that details proportionally; maintain searches, but re- Harvard’s impact on the Greater Boston economy (see, for instance, “The Academy view requests for new ones carefully; and and the City,” November-December 1999, page 77). The study found that Harvard, continue to design planned capital pro- with 18,350 full- and part-time workers, ranked second among area private employ- jects, but defer construction until financ- ers, behind Massachusetts General Hospital. Including direct payrolls, purchasing, con- ing is in place. Princeton will raise tuition struction, and spending by employees, vendors, and students, the consultants esti- and fees for the next academic year 2.9 mated that Harvard accounted for $4.8 billion of economic activity and 44,000 percent, its lowest increase since 1966— full-time-equivalent jobs locally. an indication of the revenue constraints Perhaps of greater moment is Harvard’s prospective impact.The report noted that schools face. And Princeton echoed Har- in “past economic downturns,” higher-education institutions “tended to remain sta- vard, turning to the capital markets to ble” or even grew, as other industries shed jobs. But given the University’s need to borrow $1 billion. adjust to the diminished value of the endowment, sustaining that positive effect in a In a painful symptom of the times on sharply declining economy appears challenging now. campuses generally, NACUBO’s website in The report appears at www.community.harvard.edu/economic_impact.php. January o≠ered members a webcast on “understanding underwater endow-

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ments”—funds whose value has fallen below a gift’s principal amount, making HARVARD PORTRAIT distributions illegal in many states. (At Harvard and elsewhere, some programs created by benefactors in recent years are already operating, with expectations, now dashed, of cash payouts from the endowment.) Also available was “new guidance on layo≠s.”

A Vision for the Arts

The arts must assume a more central role in the intellectual life of the campus, and this goal should remain a priority even in the current bleak economic climate, a task force on the arts at Harvard exhorted in a December report. The arts are “at once everywhere, and yet oddly marginalized and undervalued” at Harvard, Cogan University Professor Stephen Greenblatt, the Shakespeare scholar who headed the task force, told an O∞ce for the Arts publication last fall. The campus’s “exceedingly vital and interesting arts scene,” he said, “was ge- nially accepted but somehow not really important or di≠erent from other extracurriculars in the way the University viewed it.” Toward the goal of putting the arts “on par with the study of the humanities and John Briscoe sciences,” the task force recommended launching new degree programs; incorpo- Harvard once had a renowned engineering program dedicated to water, and John rating more opportunities for art creation Briscoe, Ph.D. ’76, was a student during its intellectual apogee. Growing up in South in the undergraduate curriculum; and Africa, where a green, well-watered coastline rings the arid but economically impor- building new space for the arts, as well as tant mining regions of the interior,he understood early the links between water and improving existing facilities. These un- development. Briscoe, whose mother ran an orphanage and daycare center in Sowe- dertakings will require “a substantial to (“Winnie Mandela worked for her for many years”) has brought his personal and fund-raising e≠ort,” the report noted. political views about inequality and development to his work, in which he has facili- It o≠ered three main recommendations. tated water projects around the world, most recently as senior adviser to the World • Greater emphasis on “art-making” in Bank’s $50-billion water program and then as the bank’s country director for Brazil. the undergraduate curriculum. He arrived at Harvard in January with a joint appointment—McKay professor of en- Undergraduates interested in art cre- vironmental engineering in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and pro- ation have a limited selection of courses, fessor of the practice of environmental health in the School of Public Health—and a some of which require students to have mandate to restore the water program to preeminence. Water, he says, is about experience and skill before enrolling. With more than potability, health, agriculture, energy production, and climate change: it this state of a≠airs, the report said, “we touches on almost every aspect of life, including politics, religion, even civilization it- reinforce the message that a serious cur- self. “We think of the Three Gorges Dam as the world’s largest hydroelectric pro- ricular engagement with the arts should ject,” he says, “but what does it mean in China?”—where historically, an emperor be reserved for a tiny cohort, and we di- who failed to control water did not last. “It was Sun Yat-sen’s dream to build Three rect all others to the broad and playful Gorges,” he adds, because doing so would “show that this is a government that con- sphere of the extracurricular.” trols the rivers…and is therefore a government that can maintain social order.” “The creation of art—the integration of

Photograph by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 45

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

empathy, conceptual thinking, and design The task force also recom- that art-making entails—is not a decora- mended a new undergraduate con- tive add-on to an education,” Greenblatt centration in the dramatic arts, in- said in the news release accompanying tended to “be part of a liberal-arts publication of the report. “It is central to education, not conservatory train- Student artists at work what education, in our time or indeed any ing.” in the Carpenter Center time, is about.” • New graduate programs that Just as the new general-education cur- culminate in a master of fine arts degree. The report recommended full funding riculum encourages science courses to in- Establishing programs in creative writ- of all graduate-student slots in these pro- corporate lab work, the arts report en- ing and theater should be possible within grams, so that Harvard does not force its JIM HARRISON couraged professors—especially those “a relatively short time” given these disci- graduates to embark on risky, often teaching courses in the “aesthetic and in- plines’ relatively well-developed state; unprofitable careers in the arts with a terpretive understanding” category—to with regard to painting, sculpture, digital massive debt burden. (Concerns over incorporate art creation as well as analy- media, music, and filmmaking, the report graduates’ financial straits aside, Green- sis and theory. said, “di≠erent time-frames are needed.” blatt notes that without full funding,

These days, maps can repre- In her own research, she has traced the correlates of artistic cre- sent far more than geographi- ativity by utilizing map layers containing sociological, political, eco- Mapping Africa cal information. When har- nomic, and historical information. nessed to Geographical But the Africa Map is not just for humanists like Blier. It is a Information Systems (GIS), resource that can actually “promote interdisciplinary collabora- they can provide new ways to organize everything known about a tion,” says Ben Lewis, the senior GIS specialist who has brought place: show where power plants are located in one semi-trans- the project to fruition under the guidance of co-principal inves- parent layer and compare that to population density shown in an- tigators Blier and CGA director Peter K. Bol, Carswell profes- other, for example; even link to relevant datasets that can’t be sor of East Asian languages and civilizations. For example, as represented visually. But as anyone who’s used Google Earth Lewis explains, “The project layer is a start at creating a map of knows, North America and Europe are blanketed with such layers Harvard projects in Africa, linked to researchers and actual of information, while Africa remains in this modern sense “a dark data….” Users can “click on a particular location and find infor- continent,” in the words of Clowes professor of fine art and mation and data for all projects which describe that geographic African and African American studies Suzanne P.Blier. location, across disciplines.” It’s the sort of thing that might No more. In December, Harvard launched Africa Map bring an epidemiologist studying disease transmission together (http://africamap.harvard.edu), designed to make data about the with a social scientist studying the relationship between trans- continent easier to discover and explore. The project is one of portation and population density. several “Web map applications” developed with public and private Lewis has also created an index of all the Africa material in financing by Harvard’s Center for Geographic Analysis (CGA; see Harvard’s map collection. An enormous number of those maps, “Hello, Geotech,” November-December 2006, page 44). some historical, have been digitized and then “geo-referenced,” a Blier,who oversees an image database of African art and mater- process of assigning latitude and longitude to points on the maps. ial culture, uses the map as both a pedagogical and a research Though the index itself is already linked to the map, only one- tool. Her students can locate artwork and forms of architecture tenth of 1 percent of Harvard’s maps have been added as visual from her database in relationship to countries and ethnicities, for layers so far in the ongoing project. (The process, including geo- example (the map has layers for each of these four things). Blier referencing, costs $10 to $40 per sheet). Even so, Africa Map al- can then show students a series of sculptures or masks and have ready provides “the most high-resolution, detailed maps of the them “identify where they are spatially, and hence their relation- continent available out of copyright” anywhere, says Blier, and ship with other works or with initiation ceremonies or the like.” more are being added all the time. Although currently focused on Africa, Lewis says the open- source, Web-based mapping framework behind the project could be used to organize information for any region of the world, large or small. Aggregating data using maps, rather than disciplines, authors, ti- tles, subjects, or indices can lead to fresh understanding and insight, he points out:“We’re trying to say,maybe there is a better way.”

This map shows soil types for all of Africa. A researcher might use it with other map layers to study agricultural productivity among countries with similar soils, comparing, for example, the agrarian practices of Francophone and Anglophone countries.

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Harvard would have a hard time attract- ing top students, because many peer pro- Yesterday’s News grams are funded.) From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine • Investing in the construction of “new innovative arts spaces” and upgrading existing spaces. 1924The Bulletin confesses that a paper, Percussion, sponsors a contest to The nascent Allston campus represents proposal for a Harvard radio station pick the best-dressed Radcliffe girl, who an opportunity “to bring into being pre- “sounds a little startling to those not will enter a national contest sponsored cisely the architecturally exciting struc- yet affected with radiofanitis. But, we by a fashion magazine. Barnard and tures that will enable the innovations for wonder—will it sound so strange Moors Halls vote not to participate, which we are calling,” the report said. It ten or fifteen years hence?” terming the contest “against Radcliffe’s traced the outlines of a center for the arts principles.” in Allston that brings together artist and 1934 The Harvard Summer School scholar, creator and viewer, rehearsal and announces “an interesting experiment” 1964 The freshmen are up in arms performance, classroom and museum. —an intensive course of instruction in (“Stamp out dehumanization!”) about a Renovating existing spaces is not written and spoken Russian, using decanal proposal to computerize the enough, the report declared: “Our existing phonograph records and sound films to House selection process. physical structures and exhibition spaces speed the learning process. reinforce principles in which few, if any, of 1969The Harvard Corporation agrees us continue to believe.” It called the divi- 1949The Faculty of Arts and Sciences to open merger talks with Radcliffe, with sion between artworks, housed in the votes to phase in required courses in a view to achieving total merger by the Harvard Art Museum, and ethnographic General Education, seeking to educate fall of 1970. Radcliffe’s Board of Trustees objects, gathered in the Peabody Museum, undergraduates as “responsible human and College Council have already voted “artiﬁcial” and said such divisions “can being[s] and citizens[s].” to begin such discussions with Harvard. run counter to the imperative for a more * * * “Merger of Radcliffe into Harvard,” inclusive history of art, one to which, for The recently organized National Council write the Bulletin’s editors,“has the ring example, the arts of Africa, Oceania, and for American Education issues a of historical inevitability.” Native America certainly belong.” pink-covered pamphlet, Red-ucators at Harvard, which claims that 76 faculty 1984The Faculty of Arts and Sciences Three of Harvard’s peer institutions members are “involved” in “affiliations” has voted to reimburse MIT for over- have major arts initiatives under way: Yale with 124 “communist fronts.” head costs (for space, heat, and light) is in the midst of a $3.5-billion capital incurred by allowing about 60 Harvard campaign that includes $500 million for 1959 Radcliffe’s students to cross-register in its Reserve its already prominent schools of architec- weekly news- Officers’ Training Corps unit. ture, art, drama, and music. Stanford’s capital campaign envisions a major expansion of creative-arts programs and faculty, and creation of a comprehensive “arts dis- trict” lining both sides of the main road into campus. Princeton also has major arts facilities in the works. Although these plans appear to be proceeding, universities are not im- mune from the recession, as recent events at Harvard indicate (see “The Fiscal Crunch,” page 43). In a statement accompanying the arts report, President Drew Faust outlined how the arts might become even more important under such worrisome conditions: Especially in di∞cult times, when ways of thinking and doing that we have taken for granted are chal-

Illustration by Mark Steele

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ing the new graduate programs. The re- sors of arts practice, while maintaining port recommended swift formation of a high standards. task force to begin that process; Faust de- The report also notes things that Har- clined to give a time frame for any initia- vard does well, and progress thus far: tive, but noted that the $100-million gift McKay professor of the practice of bio- the University received last year from medical engineering David Edwards David Rockefeller ’36, G ’37, LL.D. ’69, in- teaches a course on idea translation that cluded money designated to support the bridges art and science; a five-year pro- arts (see “A Giant’s Gift,” July-August gram allows undergraduates to combine a 2008, page 57). bachelor’s degree at Harvard with train- As for the arts facilities in Allston, ing in music at the New England Conser- Faust said the administration is examin- vatory; a new doctoral program (a col- ing the entire Allston plan “with great laboration between the departments of scrutiny…recognizing that the pace that anthropology and visual and environmen- seemed the logical one a year ago” may no tal studies) explores the intersection of longer be viable. She noted that the All- ethnography and filmmaking; and another ston plan always included space for the new Ph.D. program, in film studies, was Stephen Greenblatt arts (see “Art Museum Two-Step,” Janu- recently approved. ary-February 2008, page 62). For its assessment of the arts at Har- lenged…we must encourage our vard—both strengths and weaknesses— students to ask fundamental ques- Beyond its three main goals, the re- Faust called the report itself “a great gift to tions and to solve problems in the port incorporated a number of subsidiary this institution”: “This initial framing of inventive and collaborative ways recommendations, from the simple (cre- ourselves and our educational purposes is exemplified by the making of art. ating a centralized event-listing service) one of the key contributions of this re- Art produces experiences and ob- to the more complicated (a renewed port—and that has happened, as of today.” jects that are carefully constructed agenda for art acquisition, which � and intricate reflections of the dropped o≠ precipitously in the 1960s). It Read the online version of this article at www.- world. Empathy, imagination, and also advocated another complex under- harvardmagazine.com/breaking-news/new-vi- creativity are forms of knowledge taking: reviewing hiring and tenure sion-for-the-arts for a more complete account, as that a university must foster in its guidelines to increase flexibility and well as links to earlier articles, the task force re- students.…In times of uncertainty, thereby enable the hiring of more profes- port, and President Faust’s statement. the arts remind us of our humanity and provide the reassuring proof that we, along with the Grecian urn, have endured and will con- A Global Health View tion for a landmark achievement: Seguro tinue to do so. Now is the time to Popular, Mexico’s universal health-insur- embrace, not retreat from, the arts. Julio frenk’s appointment as dean of ance program, begun in 2003 and still be- In an interview, Faust and Greenblatt the Harvard School of Public Health ing implemented. When the need arose noted that the plan will unfold over a pe- (HSPH) took e≠ect on January 1, but his for an external evaluation of the program, riod of years. This process, Faust said, relationship with the school began long the Harvard Initiative for Global Health asks fundamental questions about the before. More than 20 years ago, he became (HIGH; www.globalhealth.harvard.edu) University: “What are our commitments founding director of Mexico’s National carried it out. and values as an institution? This tran- Institute of Public Health (still, he notes In his new role, Frenk names global scends the historic moment in which we proudly, the only non-American school of health as a top priority—but, he cautions, are located.” public health approved by the U.S. accred- “global is not the opposite of domestic… As universities and the wider society iting body)—and one of that school’s orig- Global refers to processes that a≠ect the pull back sharply on spending, Green- inal advisory board members was then- entire globe”—including First World blatt said, it is refreshing to be taking an HSPH dean Harvey V. Fineberg. countries. He uses the example of disease optimistic view and talking about possi- In the early 1990s, Frenk spent a year at surveillance: The frequency of interna- bilities, even if the time frame is the long HSPH as a visiting professor—and his tional travel today means events in a sin- term: “It’s a reminder that there are other project set the course for the next decade- gle country reverberate around the world; things one might actually talk about and plus of his life. He completed a report that thus, whether motivated by philanthropic think about, aside from the doom and detailed the burden of disease in Mexico. instinct or self-interest, it behooves the gloom of the current moment.” The report led to an invitation to become United States and other wealthy coun- Faust said she is working with the Mexico’s minister of health (a post he held tries to foster development of an infra- schools that would be involved in creat- from 2000 to 2006) and laid the founda- structure that can pinpoint disease out-

48 March - April 2009 Photograph by Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard News O∞ce

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In December, Har- establish “how far we have come and how far we have to go.” Human Rights: vard commemo- The Declaration, said Sen, contributed to the world of ideas in rated the sixtieth at least four distinct ways. First, it took the view that human rights Inalienable, Unfulfilled anniversary of the should not be seen as protective legal instruments but as ethical Universal Declara- demands that might lead to legislation; it is a call to “reorganize tion of Human Rights, promulgated in the aftermath of World the world in such a way that these rights are actually realized.” War II to help prevent future wars and to provide a model for Second, by recognizing that laws are not the only avenue for ad- how nations and their citizens should treat each other.Yet the vancing its agenda, the Declaration’s fulfillment has come to de- very evening after the Declaration was adopted by the United pend on “many other ways of advancing the cause,” including pub- Nations General Assembly, Eleanor Roosevelt—who chaired lic discussion, social monitoring, investigative reporting and the the UN committee that drafted the document—questioned normal functioning of the media. Third, the Declaration “takes a “whether a mere statement of rights without legal obligation much larger list of freedoms and claims under its protective um- would inspire governments to see that these rights were ob- brella” than “the American dec- served.” As President Drew Faust said in recalling Roosevelt’s laration of 1776 and the French Articles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were projected onto words, “We cannot be complacent, because as uplifting as the declaration of 1789”: it asserts Harvard buildings in December. Declaration is…every day, every single one of those articles is “not only basic political rights, violated somewhere.” but the right to social security Faust spoke on December 10 at a public event at the Harvard and the right to work, the right Kennedy School that capped a week of commemorative obser- to education, protection against vances. The evening began with dramatic readings of each arti- unemployment, the right to join cle, and concluded with a performance by Malian singer and trade unions and the right of women’s rights advocate Oumou Sangare.The intellectual core just and favorable remunera- was a panel discussion with “two extraordinary human rights tion.” Finally, said Sen, the Dec- thinkers and practitioners,” said Faust—Lamont University Pro- laration is “remarkable…in that fessor Amartya Sen and Presley professor of social medicine it applies to everybody in the world without exception.” Paul Farmer—who took up Roosevelt’s question and sought to The importance of universal application was underlined when Farmer responded to a question about his work, which centers on providing healthcare to the poor. “In medicine,” he said, “if we have no recourse to a rights framework, people who are living in poverty are in big trouble.Why? Because the total com- modification of medicine means that in any setting, some people KRIS SNIBBE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE will always be priced out of the market.You need a safety net for the…destitute sick. Is that socialist? I don’t know…but I know that the notion of markets and commodities for everything doesn’t help everyone, and if your constituents—as mine happen to be—are people who live in poverty, we need comple- mentary frameworks.” As Sen concluded in his assessment of the Declaration, even though the rights it articulates remain un- Faust, Sen, and Farmer realized for many, its “vision remains hugely important in the

STEPHANIE MITCHELL/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE contemporary world.”

breaks before they become epidemics. had insurance as it was on care for the surance system was still so rigidly linked The new dean believes in using evi- uninsured. “Nobody was measuring it,” to formal employment that 50 million dence to persuade. This was how he ral- he recalls. “You bring these things to light Mexicans—half the population—were lied political will behind Seguro Popular, by doing research about them.” uninsured and at risk of being bankrupted which enrolled 30 million uninsured This is an example of what he calls by a health emergency. In a just and com- Mexicans in its ﬁrst ﬁve years and is on moving from declaration to implementa- passionate society, Frenk said in a 2006 track to reduce the uninsured rate nearly tion: “It’s one thing to declare a right. It’s address at HSPH, “access to healthcare to zero in two more. “People were not another thing to create the mechanism to cannot be part of the reward system.” aware that four million families a year actually exercise the right.” Mexico had The common thread linking his govern- were becoming completely impoverished” amended its constitution in 1983 to guar- ment service to his Harvard post, he says, because of high medical costs, Frenk says. antee its citizens a right to the highest at- is the power of knowledge—it can break His report also revealed that the Mexican tainable standard of health, mirroring the down bureaucratic barriers, as with Se- government was spending three times as constitution of the World Health Organi- guro Popular, but can also work in a more much on health services for people who zation (WHO). Yet in 2003, its health-in- populist fashion, as he noted in the 2006

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Julio Frenk, as Mexico’s minister of health, administers oral polio vaccine to a baby in a rural community during National Health Week in 2005.

address: “Individuals use knowledge decline in the Harvard endowment to structure their everyday experience (see pages 42-43), such a move is un- and generate health-promoting behav- certain. In the near term, Frenk says, iors. People wash their hands because the school is going ahead with some of knowledge about microbial trans- long-postponed renovations and try- mission of disease. People change the ing to consolidate (its o∞ces and labs most intimate parts of their sexual be- currently span 27 separate buildings). havior because of knowledge about But he is hopeful that the school will the way AIDS and other STDs are make the move eventually, while keep- transmitted. People quit smoking being a foothold in Longwood for prox- cause of the knowledge that smoking imity to Harvard Medical School. actually kills you.” Compared to other Harvard faculties, HSPH has been somewhat insu- Frenk’s father and grandfather—a lated from the financial crisis: a decline Jew who fled Nazi Germany—were in the endowment distribution pinches both physicians. In fact, Frenk repre- less, because HSPH gets the lowest sents the fourth generation of physi- COURTESY OF JULIO FRENK percentage of its operating budget cians in his family. He saw patients briefly was in an HSPH building. Now he is him- from that source—13 percent in fiscal 2008 after completing medical school at the self the father of four, and the author of (see “Harder Times,” January-February, National Autonomous University of Mex- two children’s books explaining the func- page 47). And, Frenk notes, the school is ico, but quickly realized that he was more tions of the human body. His wife, econo- in a good position when it comes to fed- interested in considering society as a pa- mist Felicia Marie Knaul, Ph.D. ’95, has eral funding (its principal source of rev- tient. He arrives at Harvard with experi- held senior government posts in Mexico enue), with no large grants coming to an ence not only in Mexico, but at WHO, and Colombia; most recently, she worked end soon. where he was executive director of evi- for the Mexican Health Foundation. He vows that the school will not pull dence and information for policy. He is back on financial aid for its thoroughly also a member of the Institute of Medi- Frenk voices excitement at taking international student body (one-third of cine and has served as a senior fellow in the helm of HSPH at a time when public the students are foreign citizens, repre- global health at the Bill & Melinda Gates health is coming into its own, with disci- senting 50 countries in all). He aims to Foundation. Besides his medical degree, plines from economics to security studies create more financial support for junior he holds three degrees from the Univer- recognizing its importance. “We know faculty, including funds to incubate re- sity of Michigan: master’s degrees in pub- today that investing in health is the best search ideas that don’t fall within the lic health and in sociology, and a Ph.D. in way to create prosperity and security for guidelines for federal grants. And, Frenk medical-care organization and sociology. everyone,” he said in a December panel says resolutely, “We have no plans of lay- An opera fan, Frenk is the third of seven discussion at the Harvard Kennedy ing o≠ personnel. We are not contemplat- children whose careers divided roughly School. He adds: “Living in a world where ing any drastic measures.” evenly between music (their mother is a children die unnecessarily, or women die Another endeavor that is proceeding: concert pianist) and science and medicine while giving birth—this is what sows the hiring a new director for HIGH. Given the (their father’s domain). The Mexico City seeds of resentment.” obvious relevance of this interfaculty ini- native was almost born in Boston: his fa- Health’s relevance across disciplines tiative to HSPH concerns, and the fact ther had a fellowship at Children’s Hospi- makes HSPH a perfect candidate, he says, that the new leader will have a faculty ap- tal, but his mother returned to Mexico for for a move to Allston, where it would be pointment through HSPH, the search had the delivery, and then rejoined her hus- closer to the schools of business and gov- been suspended; in January, it was well band. Frenk and his twin sister spent most ernment, and possibly a relocated school under way—a good thing, Frenk says, of their first year in Boston—and coinci- of education. But with Allston HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL dentally, the lab where their father worked plans under review given the steep

The new Decision Science Lab, which Decisionmaking, opened in January, allows researchers to measure physiological markers of emotion— Measured blood pressure, heart rate, facial muscle acti- vation—to study subjects’ mental states at the moment of making a decision.The lab belongs to the Kennedy School, but is open to all Harvard faculty members and their students. Read more online at www.harvardmag.com/breaking-news/where-decisionmaking-is-measured.

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Washington-Bound view of the school’s policy on conflicts of Among the people asked to serve at interest and commitment, last revised in senior levels in President Barack Obama’s 2004 (see “Controlling Conflicts of Inter- administration: Arne Duncan ’86, Chi- B r e v i a est,” September-October 2004, page 76; cago school superinten- the policy is available at dent since 2001, will be www.hms.harvard.edu/- the new Sec- integrity/conf.html). The retary of Ed- policy governs interactions ucation (see between faculty members “ S c h o o l and industry. The review CEO,” Sep- will also, according to the John P. t e m b e r - school’s announcement, Holdren October “synchronize the process 2002, page 88I). John P. for regular reporting of fi- Holdren, Heinz profes- nancial interests among sor of environmental the HMS-a∞liated insti- policy at the Harvard tutions.” Concern over Kennedy School, will such matters has been become assistant to the heightened ever since U.S. president for science Senator Charles Grassley and technology (see “Is disclosed unreported fi- Nuclear Power Scal- nancial ties between re- able?” May-June 2006, searchers and compa- page 44); Holdren also nies, including support c0-chairs an advisory from Johnson & John- council in those areas son for professor of psy- with Eric Lander, profes- chiatry Joseph Bieder- sor of systems biology man, whose work at and director of the Broad Massachusetts General Institute, the genomics- Hospital has under- research center, and pinned the use of an- Harold Varmus, A.M. tipsychotic drugs to ’62, head of Memorial treat children; the med- Sloan-Kettering Cancer ical school is reviewing Center (see page 16). Biederman’s case. Elena Kagan, dean of Harvard Law School Endowment Manager since 2003, will be So- Compensation licitor General of the Harvard Management U n i t e d Company announced in States; upon her confir- WELCOME HOME: Each March, on the late December the compensation mation, Reid professor of Thursday before spring break, freshmen awarded to its five highest-paid sta≠ law Howell Jackson will learn their upperclass housing assign- members during fiscal year 2008. Their become the acting dean. ments. To celebrate, most Houses initiate base salaries, performance-based their newcomers with T-shirts, like these Cass R. Sunstein, who from last year's festivities. bonuses, and benefits, reflecting the

KATHLEEN DOOHER KATHLEEN recently became Frank- above-market returns of fiscal 2007 Elena Kagan furter professor of law the Harvard Kennedy School to become (when the endowment investment re- (see page 10), will be- executive associate director of the O∞ce turn was 23 percent) and fiscal 2008 (8.6 come administrator of the O∞ce of Infor- of Management and Budget. percent), ranged from $6.4 million for mation and Regulatory A≠airs, oversee- Stephen Blyth, managing director, inter- ing a wide array of regulations. And Medical Ethics Update national fixed income, to $3.9 million for Wiener professor of public policy Je≠rey Harvard Medical School dean Je≠rey S. Andrew Wiltshire, managing director, B. Liebman (see “Reforming Social Secu- Flier has appointed a 19-member com- natural resources. Mohamed El-Erian, rity,” March-April 2005, page 30) departs mittee to undertake a comprehensive re- who was president and CEO until De-

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

cember 2007, was paid $921,000 for his The University of Michigan has an- private-event services. Robert S. Kaplan served as act- nounced the purchase, for $108 million, of room charges ing president and CEO for the balance of a surplus Pfizer Inc. pharmaceutical and have been cut in the year, without remuneration. Jane L. scientific research campus, with 2 million half, and more Mendillo became president and CEO as square feet of laboratory and o∞ce space. economical din- of July 1, 2008. It is intended to accommodate at least 100 ing options in- new faculty members being appointed to troduced. Nota Bene work in interdisciplinary science. The Art museum manager. José Ortiz has been purchase echoes Yale’s acquisition of Miscellany. Professor of biological chem- appointed deputy director of the Harvard Bayer’s 136-acre surplus campus in West istry and molecular pharmacology David Art Museum. He had been deputy direc- Haven, for a similar price, in 2007, locking Golan has been appointed Harvard Med- tor/chief of finance and administration at up more than half a million square feet of ical School’s first dean the Hirschhorn Museum modern laboratories. for graduate education, and Sculpture Garden, charged with coordinat- part of the Smithsonian Diversity development. Faculty of Arts ing programs to enhance Institution, in Washing- and Sciences dean Michael D. Smith has graduate students’ en- ton, D.C., and was previ- appointed Goldman professor of Euro- gagement with all as- ously at The Cloisters, pean studies and professor of sociology pects of biomedical dis- GRAHAM RAMSAY GRAHAM part of New York’s Met- and of African American covery.…Harvard Health David Golan LEE STALSWORTH LEE José Ortiz ropolitan Museum of Art. studies Michèle Lamont Publications, the medical He arrives as work pro- as senior adviser on fac- school’s consumer-information and -mar- gresses on the wholesale renovation of the ulty development and di- keting division, has enhanced and re- Fogg Museum, which closed last summer; versity, succeeding Lisa designed its website: https://www.- relocating the collections, readying the site, Martin, an international- health.harvard.edu.… Lawrence Lessig and construction are expected to extend relations specialist who returns to Harvard Law School, from ED QUINN ED into 2013. During that time, oversight of the Michèle is now at the University which he departed in 2000 for Stanford, as project, logistics, and operations will put Lamont of Wisconsin. Lamont— professor and faculty director of the Safra extra demands on the museum sta≠. whose new book, How Professors Think, Foundation Center for Ethics (see “Ethics will be published this spring—will ad- in Practice,” May-June Competing campuses. Stanford Univer- vise the dean, the divisional disciplinary 2007, page 58; www.- sity has launched the Precourt Institute deans, and the faculty at large on gender, ethics.harvard.edu). for Energy, a $100-million research e≠ort racial, and ethnic diversity and on met- There, he intends to ex- funded principally by its alumni Jay Pre- rics for measuring the faculty’s progress amine the e≠ect on pub- court, a 1962 Harvard M.B.A. ($50 mil- in development and diversity. She will lic institutions of de- lion) and Thomas Steyer and Kat Taylor also be responsible for assuring that pending on money from ’80 ($40 million), a married couple who searches are inclusive—a particular chal- Lawrence sources a≠ected by the met during their professional studies in lenge now that FAS has had to cut back Lessig work of those institu- Palo Alto; their gift funds the TomKat appointments significantly for financial tions (such as medical programs receiving Center for Sustainable Energy. Columbia reasons. funds from pharmaceutical companies); University has received approval from he has been known for work on cyberlaw New York State to proceed with its 17- Belts tightened. As evidence of the fi- and intellectual property (see “Code Is acre expansion in Manhattanville, nancial restraint being imposed through- Law,” January-February 2000, page which is project- out the University in response to the 37).…The task-force report on the Har- ed to involve endowment’s decline and the recession, vard University Police Department’s in- some $6 bil- the Harvard Alumni Association has teraction with black community members lion of new canceled the Global Series Conference (see “Probing Policing,” November-De- facilities in that was scheduled for March 27-29 in cember 2008, page 62), expected at the the next quar- Cape Town, South Africa, and has also end of last year, is now scheduled to be ter-century. Local deferred the redesign of post.harvard, completed by early spring.…Among the litigation against the main alumni Web portal, for at least candidates seeking to succeed Congress- the plan and the six months. And the Faculty Club an- man (now White House chief of sta≠) processes for nounced that, beginning in the spring Rahm Emanuel from the Illinois fifth dis- implementing term, it would be “lowering prices dra- trict: labor lawyer and writer Thomas H. it still looms. matically” to keep University business: Geoghegan Jr. ’71, J.D. ’74.

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considering health’s increasingly central that has already begun. It is “critical for nied by other fundamental rights—such role on the global stage, and increasing ap- the future of democracy,” he says, that de- as access to healthcare. “Even if you’re not peal to undergraduates. mocratic societies demonstrate concrete sick,” Frenk says, “knowing that you have He believes the twenty-ﬁrst century beneﬁts for their citizens: the right to a place you can go if you need it creates a will witness a “human-rights revolution” vote is not enough if it is not accompa- feeling of security.”

needed to complete an important or, more THE UNDERGRADUATE often, onerous assignment. At Houghton I drafted letters, filed papers, and photocopied materials. But my favorite part of the job was not as pre- Life in Detail professional as I intended. I savored most the times I could indulge in my love of li- by brittney moraski ’09 braries: I’d walk through the under- ground stacks—restricted to all but sta≠—and, surrounded by the thousands ne morning last October, I summer program at a university, I’d visit of subterranean books, inhale deeply. packed a suitcase and flew to its main library just to wander through Indianapolis. I took a shuttle the stacks. I’m writing this column during winter to Bloomington and by after- I started working in the modern books break, as I sit in my bedroom at home. Onoon I was seated before Sylvia Plath’s and manuscripts department of Houghton Three years of moving in and out of papers at the University of Indiana’s Lilly Library last spring, mostly to earn money dorms, up and down staircases, and in Library. I read through clippings on Plath but also to gain a sense of how a rare-book and out of cities has led me to dismiss saved by her mother, had a Burger King library operated. I had already spent many sentimentality and prefer throwing away dinner in the student union, and left to hours studying and doing research in Har- to saving my belongings, but in high check into my room at the EconoLodge. vard libraries: I even had my favorite carrel school I felt di≠erently. I spent much of I was in Bloomington to do thesis rein Widener, where I went whenever I the summer after my senior year collect- search at the Plath archives, and ing my schoolwork and old each morning I went to the library stu≠ed animals and storing and spent the day sifting through them in files or tissue paper. I clippings and Plath’s own letters put up two new bookshelves and college papers. I wasn’t sure and spent a small fortune buy- what I was looking for, only that I ing containers and file folders. wanted to better understand I thought I was doing the Plath’s decision to write The Bell right thing by saving every re- Jar, her semiautobiographical maining scrap and object from novel of a young woman’s break- my childhood and adolescence, down. Slowly, I worked my way including club agendas and through file after file, typing for extra copies of advanced place- my records anything that seemed ment U.S. government papers. I of interest. pictured myself looking through my papers again as an adult, mar- I’m no stranger to libraries. veling at my growth at an indi- When I was a child, my town’s vidual and repeating as true a Carnegie Library was my fa- paraphrase of a Thoreau quote I vorite place to spend a sum- had on a poster in my room: “I’ve mer day, and I still like to indeed Gone confidently in the direc- stop by and say hello to the tion of my dreams and Lived the life children’s librarian. When I I imagined!” was in high school and took But now, just a few years classes at the community col- later, I find there is so much lege, I became acquainted saved in my room that it’s hard with its research collection, to find things I really value. My and whenever I attended a high-school essays and letters

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

from loved ones are mixed in with end- Plath became Sylvia as I handled these let- I am fortunate to have such a good record of-lesson worksheets and scribbled Post- ters and raced to read and record them be- of how I’ve lived or if my belongings leave It notes from my mom telling me that she fore the library closed for the day. me too beholden to my past. I am no and my dad have gone to town, call if I But minutes before the reading room Sylvia Plath, and there is no need for me need anything. needed to be emptied, the next letter in to keep my papers for posterity. But we As a result, I now try to clear out what- the file of Plath’s correspondence was not all live lives of memories and choose to ever I can from my room whenever I’m blue but cream, and not from Sylvia but keep some things so we do not forget a home, but I’m rarely as ruthless at throw- from her mother, written to Plath’s hus- past that is always receding. I realize now ing things away as I mean to be. A part of band, asking him to let her see her grand- why I love libraries so much, and archives me would rather keep things as they are children. Sylvia was gone, dead from sui- most of all: they keep treasures of this because the randomness of what I’ve cide, and it was time for me leave. There sort safe for the sake of civilization. saved is almost as telling as some of the was nothing and everything more to read, Archives are places where lives are items themselves: for instance, I recently but I had to pack up, leave the library, and carefully recorded, preserved, and shared. found among a pile of papers in my closet wander Bloomington alone. You can find postcards, love letters, and a campus magazine I probably picked up That night, the last of my trip, I turned even locks of hair in such places. At at a college pre-orientation activity fair. on CNN and started watching biogra- Houghton, I learned how to process and Only by skimming it again did I realize phies of the vice-presidential candidates. collect these materials. And at the Lilly that one story featured a Harvard student. When the program turned to Joe Biden Library, thanks in no small part to the When I looked closely at the picture of and the death of his first wife and daugh- work of its librarians, I found Sylvia—a the student, I realized it showed him in ter in a car accident, I choked up. Even as teenager with bubbly handwriting, a col- his dorm room, probably in Leverett Tow- I turned o≠ the lights and settled in bed, I lege student applying for scholarships, a ers, and that my House, Dunster—and felt an achy sadness that seemed exces- woman telling her mother that she had probably even my window—were in the sive sympathy for Biden’s loss. Then came just written the poems that would make background. I ultimately tossed the maga- a few sobs, and finally I realized that I her name. As long as archives exist, pro- zine, but in a di≠erent mood, I would have was crying over Sylvia. After a few days tecting the ephemera of love and loss and saved it, for being meaningful in such a spent with the papers of her life, I felt the details of life, I believe that we all “meta” way. It was only by my saving and that I had lost a friend. share in a certain immortality, no matter then rediscovering it that it had become what we may keep or save of ourselves. prophetic: as Thoreauvian an experience Sitting here in my room at home, as I can imagine. among labeled college application files, Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fel- But that’s why we have to be curators homemade scrapbooks, and shelves of low Brittney Moraski ’09 is still writing her his- of our own lives, because everything—or high school work, I am uncertain whether tory and literature thesis. anything—can be meaningful if you feel nostalgic enough. I learned that lesson at Houghton: the curator of my department told me that the best curators know that SPORTS refusing some materials is as important as acquiring others. And so I keep remind- ing myself it’s probably good that I now want to clean out my bedroom. You some- Hoops Houdini times have to throw away things from the past to be open to those yet to come. Basketball’s Jeremy Lin draws on a large bag of tricks. But this brings me back to Blooming- ton and my room at the EconoLodge. Just n historic basketball game 2007-08’s struggling 8-22 season, when the as my research trip was coming to an end, I was played on January 8 in Crimson tied with Princeton and Dart- sat in the library’s reading room, entranced Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. mouth for last in the Ivies.) by the letters Plath wrote home to her Harvard beat Boston College, That January night, shooting guard Je- mother from England after her husband Aranked seventeenth in the nation, 82-70, remy Lin ’10 put on a magic show, throw- had left her and she was growing increas- recording its first-ever win over a nation- ing in 27 points and making eight assists ingly anxious and depressed. I had begun ally ranked opponent. What is more, BC and six steals. On defense, he held BC’s my research with Plath’s wobbly-lettered had just defeated the University of North all-American guard (and projected NBA childhood postcards from summer camp, Carolina, then the nation’s top team. (Har- draft pick) Tyrese Rice, who had and now she was a married woman typing vard’s last game against such elite compe- scorched UNC for 25 points, scoreless in messages full of anger but also hope and tition, with twenty-third-ranked Stan- the first half. When Lin finally fouled out resolution on light-blue airmail paper. ford, was a 111-56 blowout, the opener of with 40 seconds left, there were none of

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team now. “Anyplace we could find a hoop and a ball, we would play,” Lin says. After their Friday-night youth group at the Chinese Church of Christ, for example, the Lin brethren would adjourn to a gym at Stanford for some pick-up games that might last until 2:00 a.m. Lin came to Harvard—not Stanford, Cal, or UCLA—in part because he wanted to play college basketball. Now Amaker feels Lin is skilled enough to have a career after college if he wants one. (Lin admits that playing in the NBA would be “a dream come true”— his youthful idol was Michael Jor- dan—but the economics concen- trator considers pro ball a long shot. He aspires to work for a Jeremy Lin church (and serving an underprivi- leged urban community.) the mocking chants one often hears in rebounding or passing. It’s a credit to the But for now there is the holy grail of college gyms at such moments; instead, other guys on our team that I don’t have Harvard basketball—an Ivy League the crowd made the air alive with ap- to be scoring every game: we have several championship—which the Crimson has plause. “That game was something I’ll players who can score.” yet to bag. Last year Cornell ran the table never forget, an emotional high,” says Lin. “I haven’t coached anyone I would re- at 14-0 and graduated no starters; in pre- “It was something our players and gard higher [than Lin],” says Tommy season polls, Harvard wasn’t picked to coaches deserve—we’ve all worked very Amaker, who coached 19 years at Duke, finish higher than third. On the other hard. We earned it.” Seton Hall, and Michigan before arriving hand, before this season, Harvard had In mid January, when Harvard was 9-6 at Harvard’s helm in 2007. “Jeremy is a never beaten a team like Boston College. (1-0 Ivy), Lin was the only college basket- hard worker, a passionate ball player, a �craig lambert ball player in the United States who student of the game who loves the game. ranked among the top 10 players of his He’s an unselfish young man, sometimes conference in points, rebounds, assists, to a fault. Jeremy’s a complete player, a Winter Sports steals, blocks, field-goal percentage, free- throwback to the days of yesteryear. He throw percentage, and three-point per- could play basketball in any era. I love Ice Hockey centage. That pretty much covers the coaching him; it’s great to have a player After a strong start that was followed game of basketball: it’s an extraordinary you sometimes have to ask to slow down, by various disappointing midseason display of versatility. Lin was averaging instead of ‘Please, take it up a notch.’” setbacks, the women’s team (11-7- 17.9 points and 5.5 rebounds per game, The six-foot, three-inch Lin built his 3, 3-2 Ivy) reeled off a five-game win- while hitting field goals at a .500 clip, free game amid a hoop-playing family. Both ning streak, capped by an 8-0 thrash- throws at .802, and three-pointers at .424. parents are Taiwanese immigrants and ing of Boston University during the Characteristically, he credits his team- computer engineers who eventually set- first round of the Beanpot tour- mates for those high-flying stats. Regard- tled in Palo Alto, California. His father, nament. Senior Sarah Vaillancourt, last ing steals, for example (last year he led Gie-Ming, had never heard of the sport year’s Kazmaier Award winner, led the Ivies with 58), Lin notes, “When other when he arrived in the United States in the offense with 14 goals and 30 guys on the floor are doing a good job de- 1977, but soon became a basketball junkie. points. fending, that can force a bad pass, and I Though only five feet six, he plays recre- The men’s team (5-11-5, 1-3-3 Ivy) can grab the ball.” ationally and collects basketball DVDs. got knotted up in a plethora of ties, “I’m trying to do whatever the team Lin’s mother, Shirley, fell in love with the and in mid November stumbled into a needs me to do in that particular game,” game as her sons did, and is now a major two-month, 13-game winless streak Lin explains. “A lot of the time, it’s not fan. Older brother Joshua played for Henry before breaking the curse with a 3-1 going to be scoring, even though that’s M. Gunn High School in Palo Alto; Jeremy victory over Union. Junior defense- what’s most valued when people talk played for the rival Palo Alto High School, man Alex Biega led the scoring with about a game. Sometimes it’s going to be where his younger brother Joseph is on the

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ALUMNI Turning Green to Gold A private-equity ﬁrm invests in alternatives to oil around the globe.

jeffrey leonard ’76 holds up a simple, orange-metal box not much bigger than . his hand. Developed by two twenty-somethingsH in a garage in Berke- ley, the device “has the ability to transform the entire vending-machine industry,” he asserts, “taking trucks o≠ the road and saving enormous amounts of energy.” This winning combination—of profita- bility and social benefit—is what Leonard finds most alluring as a private-equity manager. That coupling—along with the current energy crisis—has helped his company, Global Environment Fund (GEF; www.globalenvironmentfund.- com), evolve from an idealistic dream of Jeffrey Leonard proudly drives “replac[ing] the incandescent light bulb, a REVA electric car. the internal combustion engine, and the use of fire in the generation of power” into entists at the front end to make the right tation on pollution control and multina- a top-tier firm with $1 billion invested in choices about investments, and know tional corporations). He has written nu- dozens of energy-related concerns across how these industries work, inside and merous articles and five books, including the globe. “What makes us di≠erent from out,” he adds. “We’re not just dreamers Pollution and the Struggle for World Product: Silicon Valley, which is now trying to do about saving the environment.” Multinational Corporations, Environment and for the energy crisis what they did with Leonard came to the business world Comparative Advantage (1988). By then he the Internet,” says Leonard, “is that we do from an academic grounding in govern- was vice president of the World Wildlife not typically invest in new technology. ment and economics—in the context of Fund and the Conservation Foundation. We deploy existing technologies and im- the 1970s energy crises. He was impressed He and a former colleague there, John prove business models that help tradi- as a freshman when President Richard Earhart, founded GEF in 1990. tional industries become more e∞cient Nixon vowed “by the end of the decade and reduce their carbon footprint.” we will have developed the potential to Leonard loves the social-science aspect When plugged into a vending machine, meet our own energy needs without de- of the job most—mining the interplay the little orange box transmits inventory, pending on any foreign energy source.” among politics, policy, and pollutants, and sales, and financial data directly to the While working for the Crimson (his last creating an acute understanding of energy supplier’s computer. “Right now, these two years as managing editor), he covered investments within the volatile context of vending companies have guys in big campus energy initiatives, the formation world markets and consumer demands. trucks driving around with their whole of the Harvard Management Company, He and his sta≠ (40 at the new Chevy inventory, checking and filling the ma- the early days of the Advisory Committee Chase, Maryland, headquarters, and oth- chines,” he explains. “Most of the time on Shareholder Responsibility, and con- ers abroad) find unusual mid-size compa- they come back more than half full. It’s in- troversies surrounding University invest- nies ripe for growth, and then build them credibly ine∞cient.” The box also has an ment policies—which led to his senior up within six to 10 years with a hands-on appealing secondary gain: the data elimi- thesis on corporate social responsibility. approach. Almost every sta≠ member has nate opportunities for drivers to pocket He went on to study comparative a background in business or finance cou- cash skimmed from the machines—appar- political/economic systems at the London pled with another professional degree—in ently a significant industry problem, he School of Economics and earned a doctor- engineering, environmental management, says. “We have to be very good social sci- ate from Princeton in 1984 (with a disser- physics, water resources, forestry, and so

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on. Earhart, for example, who oversees —and the fact “that I will never be the ternal combustion engines…this would at GEF’s environmental analyses and com- smartest person in the room.…It is critical least send the car companies a clear long- pliance and its investments in sustainable to check your ego at the door in private term signal that they should produce forestry ventures, graduated from the equity, because the minute you’re not will- more e∞cient vehicles.” He says he and Yale School of Forestry and Environmen- ing to listen to someone else is the minute his wife, Carolyn Pisano Leonard, a psy- tal Studies. Leonard considers himself you’re taking a risk you shouldn’t.” chologist with Head Start in Mont- “the intellectual driver of the underlying, One notable wipeout was a 1990s ven- gomery County, are “bleeding hearts,” long-term themes that we try to take ad- ture in Peru. GEF used a licensed South and makes it clear that his drive to har- vantage of—which is very stimulating Africa-based biotechnology to recover ness renewable resources and promote work. In 1994, for example, we laid out gold from existing mine tailings that were e∞ciency stems from the liberal politics maps of the world and asked, ‘Where are leaching cyanide and other chemicals into and policies of his formative years. the big energy bottlenecks and how can rivers that flowed into Lima’s water sup- When President Jimmy Carter left o∞ce those problems best be solved?’” plies. “We invested in cleaning up the gold in 1979, Leonard notes, 2 or 3 percent of all That led to one of GEF’s first signifi- piles and recovering the commercial gold, government research and development cant ventures in Brazil, where charcoal is but the price of gold slid from above $400 was directed toward energy—compared made, he explains, by burning trees, “cut an ounce when we made the investment to the 0.3 percent allotted in recent years. down in large swaths in the Amazon and to below $200 an ounce and we lost all of “A lot of new technologies were invented, the northeast, until they are carbonized. our money,” he says, able now to laugh a including renewable energy—wind, solar, Sometimes they take two tractors and little about it. “I learned never again to bet hydropower—through tari≠s,” he says. hook up a chain between them and drive on single-directional trend lines for com- “Dow Chemical and others were doing all through immature forests to clear the modities as an investment thesis.” (GEF of the R&D, and then it all went on the trees faster.” GEF decided to invest in a aims primarily not for home-run invest- shelf for 20 to 30 years because petroleum São Paulo natural-gas distribution comments, but a series of base hits, yielding prices dropped below $10 a barrel and we pany, with plans to help the company investors—primarily family foundations had a long era of Reagan deregulation.” He take advantage of a pending government and universities—a 29 percent annualized believes significant increases in federal pipeline (the 3,000-kilometer Bolivia- rate of return, according to its Securities funding for research and development of Brazil pipeline, completed in 1999) that and Exchange Commission filings.) energy-generation sources are merited, but ultimately enabled it to feed demand for should stop short of providing “perpetual gas throughout the Paraîba Valley. “It was Leonard is fiscally conservative. But he subsidies for the commercial develop- a boon to industries that were using other also drives an electric car made by the In- ment” of new technologies—that’s the dirty fuels…or burning charcoal to fuel dian firm REVA (one of his funded compa- purview of private capital. boilers,” Leonard says. “We helped reduce nies), outfitted GEF’s headquarters with local air pollution and CO2 emissions and sustainable wood floors and dual-flush toi- prevent deforestation.” It also netted GEF lets, and designed its open space to maxi- and its investors attractive returns. mize natural light. He eschews domestic With known global oil reserves project- oil-drilling programs for their shortsight- ed to last another 40 years, and longer, but edness—such drilling will never be a long- still finite, timelines predicted for natural term solution to dependence on foreign oil, gas and coal, the energy industry is “an he says, because even the best estimates exciting place to be for private invest- put the U.S. supply at about 3 percent of all ment,” asserts Leonard. His three current oil reserves on the planet. Instead, he heav- The key to a more energy-efficient vending-machine industry portfolios focus on clean technology (e.g., ily promotes electrification as the prime the vending-machine box), sustainable energy source of the future. “It is the ulti- In recent years, Leonard has helped gov- forestry, and emerging markets. They have mate ‘flexible’ solution because we can ernors in Maryland and New Jersey launch included privately owned hydroelectric produce electricity from so many domestic energy programs that emphasize increased plants in Latin America and Asia that are sources: biomass, renewables, coal, nu- e∞ciency and the use of renewable energy using technology pioneered in the United clear, hydro,” he says. “We can solve bal- sources. He hopes the Obama administra- States; a South Africa-based sustainable ance-of-payments problems and reduce tion—through direct funding and tax in- forest-products concern; and a Hungary- national-security threats by shifting more centives—can shift commercial and con- based co-generation plant fueled by bio- energy to electricity from oil in coming sumer behaviors so that developing green gas (the future of energy resources in cen- years, and then focus on making electric- energy sources becomes an economic stim- tral Europe, Leonard adds). ity-generation cleaner and, finally, carbon- ulus. His recommendations include the Still, “it is a tough and humbling busi- neutral in the coming four or five decades.” creation of a nationwide Renewable Port- ness,” he says, “It’s easier to lose money He also thinks Congress “should con- folio Standard that requires utilities to pur- than to make it.” He credits Harvard with sider a point-of-sale excise tax based on chase a fixed percentage of their electricity teaching him discipline, focus, excellence miles per gallon or the horsepower of in- from renewable generation (levels are now

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JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

On weeknights and Saturdays Ladder Up partners with during tax season, Robert Burke, community groups—church- Tax Tutors M.B.A. ’99, and his Ladder Up vol- es, schools,YMCAs—that unteers can be found at work provide space or publicity. throughout the Chicago area, helping low-income families keep Burke, who now works in as much of their income as possible. Ladder Up’s free financial private equity, began Ladder services educate clients about tax credits and aid for higher edu- Up as a 22-year-old employ- cation; the nonprofit (www.goladderup.org), which Burke found- ee at Arthur Andersen; he ed in 1994 and still chairs, estimates saving clients an average of wanted to assist the families $150 in fees typically charged by commercial firms, and often of the children he coached more. In its first year,Ladder Up returned $150,000 to the com- in basketball on Chicago’s munity it served. Since then, some 16,000 volunteers have West Side. He wrote a busi- helped return more than $147 million to 84,000 families. ness plan and approached Robert Burke Filing taxes “is a daunting task, and the system isn’t getting less his managers, explaining that complicated,” says Burke.Volunteers from more than 250 local his colleagues would become “better people and business pro- companies, including banks and law and accounting firms, work fessionals” if they learned how to serve an entirely new popula- with low-wage earners accustomed to relying on check-cashing tion: the working poor.Both company and employees responded and money-wiring services that charge more than traditional enthusiastically. Fourteen years later, Ladder Up offers its clients banks.Volunteers need only a “sharp mind and sharp pencil,” says classes on financial literacy as well. “You’re amazed at the Burke, not an accounting degree; they are trained to maximize courage of those you’re trying to help,” Burke says. “They’re clients’ tax credits, sometimes with life-changing results. (One doing so much with so little. What we try to do as an organiza- woman discovered the IRS owed her $10,000.) To find clients, tion is put more tools in their toolbox.” �brittney moraski

set by states); a broadening of the current mail by April 15 and are due back in Cam- ist-in-residence and Goldstein senior fel- tax law that permits the sale and purchase bridge by noon on May 29 to be counted. low in law, Yale Law School. of credits for capital costs incurred in re- Election results are announced at the Margaret A. Levi, Ph.D. ’74, Seattle. newable energy installation (such as solar HAA’s annual meeting, on the afternoon Bacharach professor of international panels); and following California’s lead of Commencement day, June 4. All Har- studies, University of Washington; pro- (since 1976) in fostering ways for utilities to vard degree-holders, except Corporation fessor of politics, University of Sydney. achieve increased consumer e∞ciency. members and o∞cers of instruction and Cristian Samper, Ph.D. ’92, Washing- (California’s per capita electricity usage has government, are entitled to vote for Over- ton, D.C. Director, National Museum of remained almost flat in the last 30 years, seer candidates. The election for HAA di- Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. while usage has nearly doubled in the rest rectors is open to all degree-holders. of the nation). He advocates as well the cre- In addition, at least two alumni are ap- ation of a more secure, smarter electrical For Overseer (six-year term), the candi- parently running as petition candidates grid that will enable increased reliance on dates are: for Overseer: electrical power—even for cars. Photeine Anagnostopoulos ’81, M.B.A. Robert L. Freedman ’62, Philadelphia. These ideas, he notes, don’t involve any ’85, New York City. COO, New York City Partner, Dechert LLP. new technologies, and are relatively easy Department of Education. Harvey A. Silverglate, LL.B. ’67, Cam- to implement politically. “Who is going to Joshua Boger, Ph.D. ’79, Cambridge. bridge. Attorney and writer, Good and argue against this plan?” he asks. “Not President, founder, and CEO, Vertex Cormier. even the oil companies, since even they Pharmaceuticals Inc. (The petition-filing deadline, February 9, will be diversifying more into renewable Morgan Chu, J.D. ’76, Los Angeles. fell after this issue went to press.) and new energy sources themselves.” In Partner, Irell and Manella LLP. the end, he says, the new administration Walter Clair ’77, M.D. ’81, M.P.H. ’85, For Elected Director (three-year term), and Congress, “may have the last best Nashville, Tennessee. Assistant professor the candidates are: chance to address energy issues before the of clinical medicine, Vanderbilt Univer- Margaret Angell ’98, M.P.A. ’06, Wash- real crisis sets in.” � nell porter brown sity Medical Center; clinical director of ington, D.C. White House fellow, U.S. De- cardiac electrophysiology, Vanderbilt partment of Housing and Urban Develop- Heart and Vascular Institute. ment. Vote Now Mark Gearan ’78, Geneva, New York. Paul Choi ’86, J.D. ’89, Chicago. Partner, This spring, alumni will choose five new President, Hobart and William Smith Sidley Austin LLP. Harvard Overseers and six new directors Colleges. Carlos Cordeiro ’78, M.B.A. ’80, Hong for the Harvard Alumni Association Linda Greenhouse ’68, Bethesda, Kong. Retired partner, Goldman Sachs. (HAA) board. Ballots should arrive by Maryland. Knight distinguished journal- Cindy Maxwell ’92, M.D. ’96, Toronto.

58 March - April 2009 Photograph courtesy of Ladder Up

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Assistant professor of obstetrics and gy- for 25 years, Gard has served as councilor naecology and sta≠ perinatologist, Mount on the executive committee and as club Return to Harvard Day Sinai Hospital. administrator. He has professionalized Elizabeth Ryan ’81, Los Angeles. Pro- club operations, enriched the alumni ex- On April 22, all College alumni and ducer and director for film and television. perience in Australia, and strengthened their spouses/partners and high-school- Sandford Sacks, M.B.A. ’66, Scarsdale, programs focused on education, scholar- age offspring can visit the College, at- New York. Consultant, Ambac Assurance ship, and philanthropy. tend classes, and meet faculty mem- Corporation. John F. Kirk, CSS ’90, of San Antonio. bers. The HAA sends brochures about Bryan Simmons ’83, New York City. Kirk has served Harvard in various roles, the event to alumni living in the North- Vice president of marketing and commu- including past president of the Harvard east. If you do not receive a brochure nications, IBM Centennial, International Club of San Antonio, former HAA regional and want to attend, contact the HAA Business Machines Corporation. director for Texas, and former HAA na- by phone, at 617-495-2555, or e-mail John Trasvina ’80, Los Angeles. Presi- tional chair for the Early College Aware- [email protected]. dent and general counsel, Mexican Amer- ness Program, which grew considerably ican Legal Defense and Educational Fund. under his leadership. Meg Vaillancourt ’78, Boston. Vice The Harvard Club of San Francisco, America’s oldest college chorus, celebrated president, corporate and community af- founded in 1874, has increased and diversi- its sesquicentennial last April; see “150 fairs, Boston Red Sox. fied its activities within the last three Years of Glee,” March-April 2008, page 69.) years, and seen membership grow from Congratulations 200 to nearly 1,400 people. The club now Comings and Goings The haa clubs committee awards operates about a hundred events annually, This spring, Harvard clubs o≠er varied honor individuals who provide exem- from community-service activities to lec- social and intellectual events, including plary service to a Harvard club or shared tures and ice-cream tastings. In the last University-a∞liated speakers (see a partial interest group (SIG), as well as to clubs decade, it has also initiated an award for list below). For more information, contact and SIGs that have organized exceptional human-rights leadership and created a clubs directly, call the HAA at 617-495- programming. Awards were presented to college mentorship program for inner-city 3070 or 800-654-6494, e-mail clubs@har- the following recipients at the HAA high-schoolers. vard.edu, or visit www.haa.harvard.edu. Board of Directors winter meeting on The Harvard Glee Club Foundation On March 5, the Harvard Club of Hous- February 5 at the Charles Hotel. supports the Glee Club logistically and fi- ton hears Timothy Colton, Feldberg profes- R. Clive Gard, AMP ’78, of Australia. A nancially, and organizes reunion sings and sor of government and Russian studies and member of the Harvard Club of Australia summer-reunion tours. (The Glee Club, director of the Russian Research Center, address “How to Deal with a Resur- gent Russia.” Marshall Goldman, A Special Notice Regarding Commencement Exercises senior scholar in the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Thursday, June 4, 2009 discusses his book Petrostate: Putin, Morning Exercises Power, and the New Russia at the To accommodate the increasing number of those wishing to attend Harvard’s Commencement Exercises, the Harvard Club of Long Island following guidelines are proposed to facilitate admission into Tercentenary Theatre on Commencement Morning: • Degree candidates will receive a limited number of tickets to Commencement. Parents and guests of degree (March 14), the Harvard Club of candidates must have tickets, which they will be required to show at the gates in order to enter Tercentenary Phoenix (March 25), and the Har- Theatre. Seating capacity is limited; however, there is standing room on the Widener steps and at the rear and vard Club of Seattle (March 26). sides of the Theatre for viewing the exercises. “Bringing Geography Back to Note: A ticket allows admission into the Theatre, but does not guarantee a seat. The sale of Commencement Harvard” is the brief of Carswell tickets is prohibited. • Alumni/ae attending their major reunions (25th, 35th, 50th) will receive tickets at their reunions. Alumni/ae in professor of East Asian languages classes beyond the 50th may obtain tickets from the Classes and Reunions O∞ce, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth and civilizations Peter Bol at the floor, Cambridge. Harvard Club of Santa Barbara • For alumni/ae from non-major reunion years and their spouses, there is televised viewing of the Morning Ex- on March 21. On April 3, Robin- ercises in the Science Center and at designated locations in most of the undergraduate Houses and professional son professor of music Robert schools. These locations provide ample seating, and tickets are not required. • A very limited supply of tickets will be made available to all other alumni/ae on a first-come, first-served basis Levin asks “Who Cares If Classi- through the Harvard Alumni Association, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth floor, Cambridge 02138. cal Music Dies?” at the Harvard Afternoon Exercises Club of Sarasota, while Shattuck The Harvard Alumni Association’s Annual Meeting convenes in Tercentenary Theatre on Commencement af- professor of government Paul Pe- ternoon. All alumni and alumnae, faculty, students, parents, and guests are invited to attend and hear Harvard’s terson reviews “The Perilous President and the Commencement Speaker deliver their addresses. Tickets for the afternoon ceremony will be State of American Education” for available through the Harvard Alumni Association, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth floor, Cambridge 02138. the Harvard Club of Northeast �Jacqueline A. O’Neill, University Marshal Ohio on April 30.

Harvard Magazine 59

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THE COLLEGE PUMP

Drat Those Vandals!

and a couple of coats of polyurethane wracking his brain trying to see into the come spring.) misty future and chart his course. Finley Today’s iteration of the iconic eigh- was trying to tell us that all of our deci- teenth-century apparatus was built by sions, taken out of strength and charity William Brouwer in 1987 and was a gift and hope, or avarice and cowardice and from Radcli≠e to help celebrate Har- weakness, would act as the hands that “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched vard College’s 350th anniversary, along wove the tapestry of our lives. Finley to shake with passers-by.” with a red oak tree planted nearby. The knew that he had to try, at the very least, tree has fared well. Let there be an end to to teach us to recognize the fateful e≠ects s the keeper for the mean- shocking doings at the pump! of every decision we would make, to see time of “The College Pump” the threads as they were woven.… column, Primus V naturally “I have thought of Professor Finley cares about the well-being of many a time,” writes Shwayder, who left Athe genuine article, which sits mas- Ahem: The day before Chief Justice John college as a sculptor but became by per- sively in the Old Yard east of Hollis G. Roberts ’76, J.D. ’79, swore in Barack H. ceived necessity owner of a small fam- Hall. Strolling by the pump one day Obama, J.D. ’91, the Boston Globe quoted an ily manufactory of landing-gear compo- this past fall, he was pained to observe ebullient Loeb University Professor Lau- nents for military, police, and emergency its once-burnished oak graying in the rence H. Tribe ’62, J.D. ’66, seen at a medical helicopters. “He was the only weather, one side of it scarred by graf- Washington, D.C., reception: “Watching teacher I ever visited at Harvard. I used fiti, and its handle—gone. He made ur- John Roberts, who’s one of my students, to love to go gent inquiry of people in Physical Re- swearing in another of my students, will into his musty sources. blow my mind.” In the event, the two o∞ce in Wide- “The handle on the pump was stolen flubbers—one responding prematurely ner and talk about four years ago,” reported Zachary to a prompt, the other misplacing his with him, os- M. Gingo ’98. “We replaced it, and “faithfully”—must have taught Tribe a tensibly about about three months later it was stolen lesson: even one’s most promising stu- Homer, but re- again. Thus began a saga of Harvard fa- dents sometimes blot their copybooks. ally because I cilities sta≠ versus unknown vandals. craved some an- Over the next two years, the pump was cient wisdom damaged (and subsequently repaired and guidance and refinished), and several attempts Valued riddler: “In teaching the Iliad and hope. I al- to pry the handle loose failed, but did and Odyssey, [the late Professor John H.] ways had the require repairs. For about the past two Finley gave me a feeling for the cause and feeling that he years, the handle remained in place. It e≠ect of momentous decisions…,” writes knew in a gen- was stolen most recently probably in Mark E. Shwayder ’73, of Franklin, Michi- eral way what Mark Shwayder works mid to late October. We are working gan, in his thirty-fifth anniversary class awaited us and in 1973 on part of his with a local contractor to fabricate new report. “He tried to make us realize that I desperately senior thesis in visual and environmental studies, a pump handles, as we have gone through our lives would be a stumbling series of wanted that portrait sculpture of our spares. We expect to have a handle choices taken in the half darkness, in the knowledge. But Professor John Finley. in place late in the fall semester.” fog of combat. I remember being riveted it was like vis- Indeed, the pump does have a handle as he spoke movingly about a scene of iting the Sphinx; he could only answer as of this writing (although its barrel Achilles walking alone on the beach of in riddles, but riddles he knew we must and trough could still use a clean-up Troy, listening to the hissing of the ocean, unravel to find our way.” �primus v

60 March - April 2009 Photograph by Rick Sta≠ord

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LETTERS (continued from page 5) and you will either get an “I dunno” or a wild guess from 500 to 500,000. The cor- Karenna Gore Schiff ’95 concludes rect figure is an average of 34,000 citizens her biography of Frances Perkins—a sec- murdered annually by guns, compared, tion of Lighting the Way: Nine Women Who for example, to 33,000 battle deaths in Ikffehj Changed Modern America—with the follow- three years of the Korean War and “only” ing words that should make us humble 5,000 in five years of Iraq’s disaster. followers of Perkins for the rest of our What does the federal government do >WhlWhZ days. She writes that upon Perkins’s about it? Nothing. Loopholes for getting death, Willard Wirtz, then Secretary of guns by the wrong people are rampant. Labor, paid her tribute: “Every man and This is a subject that demands more at- CW]Wp_d[ woman who works at a living wage, tention by the new administration. It is under safe conditions, for reasonable crucial for voters to understand that in hours, or who is protected by unemploy- the last 30 years we’ve killed more citi- ment insurance or social security, is her zens between the oceans than in all U.S. Your donations debtor.” foreign wars combined. I hope your story Jo Fannin, M.Div. ’95 gets more than passing attention. help sustain Red Wing, Minn. Lewis S. Dabney ’43 editorial excellence Chestnut Hill, Mass. Adam cohen’s book is the first I have and independence. read that places Frances Perkins where DON’T ASK, DON’T TELL she rightfully belongs: front and center in Harvard university and Harvard Maga- the New Deal. Her policy and managerial zine continue to display ignorance regard- To donate, please visit: accomplishments were incredible; that ing the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy (“An- she succeeded while facing overt misog- thony Woods: Taking a Stand,” January- www.harvardmagazine.com/donate yny—as well as financial and family dif- February, page 74). or use the envelope ficulties—makes them even more as- This policy is cited as the reason to tounding. keep ROTC o≠ the campus because the included in Harvard also played a part in a new bi- opponents wrongly believe that this is a this magazine. ography of Perkins that will be released military policy. However, it is a law in early March, The Woman Behind the New passed by a Democratic-controlled Con- Deal (Random House). Its author, former gress and signed by President Clinton in Washington Post reporter Kirstin Downey, 1993, and subsequently followed by the began researching her subject while a military. A military policy, such as haircut Nieman Fellow at Harvard (2000-2001). and uniform regulations or involvement To learn more about Frances Perkins in outside political activity, is written by and her legacy, I invite readers to visit individual branches of the military or the FrancesPerkinsCenter.org. Department of Defense, and can be Barbara Burt, M.Ed. ’92 changed internally. The “don’t ask, don’t Executive Director, The Frances Perkins Center, tell” law cannot be changed by the leader- Newcastle, Me. ship of the military, but instead by Con- gress and the president. VIOLENCE IN THE STREETS I note that Harvard has demanded nei- The story on Teny Gross (“Taking It to ther a boycott of the Democratic Party or the Streets,” January-February, page 72) Congress, nor of visits by President Clin- was refreshing because it marked the first ton. Instead, the animosity is directed in- time, I believe, in which a young Harvar- appropriately at students desiring to be- dian is shown attempting to penetrate come o∞cers in the armed forces of the As a special thank-you the dark world of crime. Gross is deter- United States and at current members of for a gift of $l50 or more, you will mined to stem what he calls America’s the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Ma- receive a beautiful new umbrella, newest drug: violence. He and an urban rines. available exclusively to donors. policeman are quoted as finding violence I look forward to Harvard University all around them and their charges—chil- allowing the return of ROTC to the cam- dren. Witness Hollywood’s grim gun-tot- pus following the recommendations of ing output, and mainstream media stories President Barack Obama as stated at the in boldface caps on homicide in the com- September 11, 2008, community-service munities. conference at Columbia University. Ask any dinner partner how many Kenneth Wells ’84 Americans are killed annually by guns Honolulu

Harvard Magazine 69

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 A YODEL FOR HELP IN The opening wedding- THE MODERN WORLD party tableau of Durang’s 1985 play The Marriage of Yedj_dk[Z\hecfW][)' Bette and Boo. Durang (in the foreground as Matt) J^[?Z_ejiAWhWcWpel"Wm_bZ" essentially played himself. CedjoFojêd[igk[jWa[# He and director Jerry Zaks won Obie awards, e¢edJ^[8hej^[hiAWhWcWpel and the 10-person cast ijWhh_d]C[hobIjh[[fWi won that year’s Obie for 9edijWdY[ =Whd[jj" j^[ ensemble acting. fheb_ÓYh[Wb#b_\[jhWdibWjeh e\d[Whbo-&mehaie\Hki# WYkhjW_dhW_i[h\ehJ_jWd_Y" i_Wdb_j[hWjkh[mêded[# _j X[YWc[ W bWj[#d_]^j j^[b[ii Xbkhh[Z Wkjê# Ykbj ^_j e¢#8heWZmWo h_Wble_Y[iWdZZheff[Z m^[dj^[fW_hh[l_l[Z_j_d mehZiWdZf^hWi[ii^[ j^[m_dj[he\'/-/#.&WiWd Z_ZdÊjkdZ[hijWdZ$ ''f$c$YWXWh[jWYj$J^[Yeb# 8hkij[_d"mêYWbbij^[ bWXehWjehi^WZ\kdfbWo_d] Y^[hkX_Yoekd]:khWd] M[Wl[hÊii_n#\eejijWjkh[ ÇWYê_hXeom_j^Ód][hi e¢W]W_dij:khWd]ÊiÓl[# Z_ff[Z_dfe_ied"ÈWZc_h[Z?Z_eji[dek]^ YehZ_d] je j^[ \eej#i[l[d\hWc[$ÇM[m[h[ jefheZkY[_jWjj^[OWb[H[f[hjehoJ^[# D[mOeha[h:khWd]\h[[boWZc_jij^WjZ_W# XWYaijW][_d[l[d_d]Zh[ii" Wjh[_d'/-*"WhWh[êdeh\ehWijkZ[dj be]k["dejfbej"_i^_iijhed]ik_j "ef[d[Z j[bb_d][WYêj^[h"ÉH[bWnH[bWn>Wl[\kdÊÈ fbWoÆÇWbceijb_a[m_dd_d]j^[bejj[ho"È _d<[XhkWho'/-,$?dj^[fbWo"j^[bknkho iWoiM[Wl[h$Ç?ZedÊjj^_da?Êl[[l[h^WZW iWoi:khWd]"mêfbWo[Z7boei^WAWhWc# b_d[hZe[ideji_da"jêk]î[l[hWbfWi# X[jj[hj_c[Ze_d]Wdoj^_d]$È WpeledijW][WdZ]ejXej^^_iÓhijfhe\[i# i[d][him_i^_jmekbZ"WdZj^[YWfjW_dÊi ?d '/-/" m^[d :khWd] mWi )&" ^_i i_edWbfbWomh_j_d]Yh[Z_jWdZ^_i7YjehiÊ ZWk]^j[hjh_[ijeWYYecfb_i^WickY^ cej^[hZ_[ZW\j[hXWjjb_d]Xh[WijWdZ ;gk_joYWhZ$ÇJ^[_Z[We\X[_d]fW_Zje XoZh_bb_d]êb[i_dj^[^kbb$J^[YWfjW_d Xed[YWdY[h\ehi[l[do[Whi1j^[bWijj_c[ meha_dj^[Wj[hmWij^h_bb_d]"È^[iWoi$ Ze[iifejWd_Y[X[h]WffheWY^_d]WdZ i^[mWba[ZmWiWjj^[D[mOehaef[d_d] _ijehoe\j^[7c[h_YWd<_bc$Ç?m_i^[Z _dD[m>Wl[d^WZÇj^Wj:_edoi_Wdif_h_j"È e\Wi^_fWffWh[djbo^_jj_d]Wd_Y[X[h]" ?^WZij_bbX[[dWX[b_[l[h"_dj[hcie\ iWoi?ddWkhWje$ÇM[YekbZi[dZ[l[ho# Xkjj^WjjkhdiekjjeX[WiekdZ#[¢[Yji e¢[h_d]^[hYec\ehj"È:khWd]iWoi$Ç?h[# j^_d]kfWdZX[YhWpo$Deed[mWimeh# h[YehZj^Wjj^[YWfjW_dÊikdijWXb[m_\[ Wb_p[Zêm^WhZ_jmWijeX[m_jîec[# ho_d]_\_jmekbZmehaehdej$M[m[h[ ^WifbWo[Zel[hj^[i^_fÊifkXb_Y#WZZh[ii ed[\WY_d]Wj[hc_dWb_bbd[iiWdZdejX[ cWa_d]\kde\h[b_]_ed"fbWo_d]m_j^ê# ioij[c$CW_dijh[WcYh_j_Yib_a[MWbj[h WXb[jeiWo"ÉE^"oekÊh[]e_d]je^[Wl[d$Ê cei[nkWb_jo"Yheii#Zh[ii_d]"Z_hjomehZi$ A[hhe\j^[D[mOehaJ_c[ibWY[hWj[Zj^[ ?jcWZ[c[j^_daWXekjêmj^[HecWd F[efb[mekbZ][jkfWdZmWbaekj$M[ fbWo$J^[Yh_j_Y_icmWiie\[heY_ekij^Wj 9Wjêb_Y9^khY^^WZWdWdim[h\ehWX# m[h[l[hoYkjj_d][Z][$ÈM[Wl[hh[YWbbi :khWd]Wia[Z^_iW][dj">[b[dC[hh_bb" iebkj[bo[l[hoj^_d]$?^WZj^_i_cfkbi[je j^Wji^[Ç\[bjie[nY_j[ZjeX[j^[h[m_j^ ÇM_bbWdoXeZoZeWfbWoe\c_d[W]W_d5È mh_j[WfbWom^[h[iec[h[b_]_ekif[hied j^[i[XhWl[oekd]mh_j[himêm[h[mh_j# I^[h[fb_[Z"ÇE^"f[efb[\eh][jh[l_[mi$È Yec[iekjWdZ[nfbW_di[l[hoi_d]b[j^_d] _d]j^[i[iYWj^_d]WjjWYaiedekhmehbZ$È C[hh_bbmWiieedfhel[Zh_]^j$?dj^[ _dj^[kd_l[hi[WdZêm_jmehai$È?d ?ddWkhWje"mêdemj[WY^[iWjj^[Kd_# ikcc[he\'/-,"Wjj^[;k][d[EÊD[_bb I_ij[hCWho?]dWj_ki;nfbW_di?j7bb\ehOek"j^[ l[hi_joe\j^[7hji_dF^_bWZ[bf^_W"iWoi" DWj_edWbFbWomh_]^ji9ed\[h[dY[_d9ed# j_jb[Y^WhWYj[hZe[i[nWYjboj^Wj"WdZ][ji ÇJ^WjÊi]ed[dem"[dj_h[boY^Wd][Z$Oekd] d[Yj_Ykj":khWd]ÊifbWo 7>_ijehoe\j^[ bWk]îm_j^YbWh_ÓYWj_edib_a["ÇOekYWd f[efb[Wh[dej_hh[l[h[dj1j^[oZedÊjcWa[ 7c[h_YWd<_bccWZ[ikY^Wd_cfWYjj^Wj [nf[YjjeX[_dfkh]Wjeho\ehWdom^[h[ \kde\j^_d]i$J^[ojWa[j^_d]ii[h_ekibo$È j^[\ebbem_d]o[Wh"m_j^C[hh_bbÊi^[bf" \hec)&&o[Whije-&&X_bb_edo[Whi$J^_i _jh[Y[_l[ZWhWh[Çjh_fb[fh[c_[h[È0j^h[[ cWoiekdZb_a[\eh[l[h"XkjZedÊj\eh][j" ?d'/-+"ZkhWd]cel[Z je CWd^Wj# i[fWhWj[fheZkYj_edim_j^_dW\ekh#cedj^ _dj[hcie\[j[hd_jo"-&&X_bb_edo[WhiZe[i jWd" m^[h[^[mekbZb_l[\ehj^[d[nj f[h_eZÆWjj^[>Whj\ehZIjW][9ecfWdo" Yec[jeWd[dZ$È jmeZ[YWZ[i$I_dY['//-"^[^Wib_l[Z j^[7h[dWIjW][9ecfWdo_dMWi^_d]jed" J^[i[diWj_edWbh[Y[fj_ede\I_ij[hCWho m_j^^_ibed]j_c[fWhjd[h"\[bbemmh_j[h :$9$"WdZj^[CWhaJWf[hWhlWhZ7hjiC[ZWb$ cW_dijh[Wcmeha"ef[d[Zed8heWZmWo IYêeb$ >[ieedXhek]^jiec[e\^_i >[Yedj_dk[ZjeWYjWdZi_d]$M_j^ _d'/.("ijWhh_d]:_Wdd[M_[ijWdZ@e^d _YedeYbWij_Y[d[h]ojeXejê¢#WdZe¢# M[Wl[h"^[mhej[WdZf[h\ehc[Z:WiBk# B_j^]emÊ,-"7h$:$Ê&+$J^[Yec[Zo"WXekj e¢#8heWZmWoj^[Wj[h$>_ied[#WYjJ_jWd_Y" i_jWd_WIed]if_[b"WYhWYafejfWheZoe\W8[h# WYekfb[mêc[[jl_WWÇf[hiedWbiÈWZ" m_j^Wfbeje\ÇXb_dZ_d]Yecfb[n_jo"ÈWY# jebj8h[Y^j%AkhjM[_bbcki_YWb$Eh_]_dWbbo bWcfeedij^[_hfioYêj^[hWf_ijimê"

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Wi8hkij[_dmhej["Çfhel[jeX[ceh[W]# j^[YedY[fjje>ebbomeeZXko[hi$ÇI_j j^[ceh["bWk]^_d]Xej^Wjj^[WXikhZ_joe\ party tableau of Durang’s ]h[ii_l["WdZe\j[dceh[beedo"j^Wdj^[_h ZemdWdZekjb_d[Wijeho5CoXhW_d`kij m^Wji^[mWiiWo_d]WdZj^Wji^[mWijWa# The Marriage of . Durang (in fWj_[dji$ÈM[Wl[h"mêfbWo[Zj^[\[cWb[ Ze[idÊjmehab_a[j^Wj"È^[iWoi$Ç?^Wl[je _d]_jWiWffhelWb$J^[h[_iW][dk_d[[d[h]o the foreground as Matt) b[WZ_dWd[Whb_[he¢#8heWZmWol[hi_ed" mh_j[j^[Z_Wbe]k[WdZZ_iYel[hj^[ijeho [nY^Wd][_dj^[Wj[hX[jm[[dWkZ_[dY[WdZ essentially played himself. YWbbi_jÇWmedZ[h\kbWdZkfi[jj_d]ijeho"È Wi?mh_j[_j$Oekd[[Zje][jekje\oekh f[h\ehc[h"iec[j^_d]h[Wbbofem[h\kb$È WZZ_d]"Ç?ademm[Wbbm[djXWYa _dje Y^WhWYj[hiÊmWoWdZb[jj^[cb[WZoek$È 7Yj_d]_dW:khWd]fbWo"iWoiI_]ekhd[o Zaks won Obie awards, j^[hWfoW\j[hj^WjfbWo$ÈHeX[hj7bjcWd 7dZj^[Ód_i^[ZiYh_fj"e\Yekhi["_i M[Wl[h"mê^WiZed[cWdoe\j^[c" won that year’s Obie for Z_h[Yj[ZW'/.-Óbcl[hi_edÆ\ehm^_Y^" edboWijWhj_d]fbWY[0:khWd]"mê^Wi c[WdiÇOekÊh[WbmWoiijWdZ_d]edj^[ :khWd]iWoi"Ç>[h[mhej[j^[iYh_fjWdZ Zed[W]eeZZ[Wbe\WYj_d]"_im[bbWmWh[ [Z][e\j^[le_Z$KikWbbo?mekbZfbWoW jeeaj^[fioYêbe]oekj$>[cWZ[[l[ho# e\êmj^[YWijWdZj^[_hf[h\ehcWdY[i hWj^[hYhWYa[ZY^WhWYj[h"j^[lkbd[hWXb[ ed[WYjYhWpo"Xkjm_jêkjWh[WbYedd[Y# YhkY_WbboZ[j[hc_d[m^[j^[hikY^W\hW]# f[hiedmêmWijho_d]jeikhl_l[$OekÊh[ j_edjemêj^[_hY^WhWYj[him[h[$È _b[j^_d]WiYec[ZofbWoim_j^WdWkZ_# Wl[hod_Y[f[hiedêbZ_d]ed\ehZ[Wh :khWd]^_ci[b\^Wimh_jj[dWiYeh[e\ [dY[$7Zc_jj[Zbo"j^[h[Wh[j_c[im^[dÇW b_\["êf_d]iec[WYje\a_dZd[ii\hecj^[ iYh[[dfbWoiWdZj[b[fbWoi"Xej^fheZkY[Z f[h\ehcWdY[]e[iieh_]^jj^WjoekiWo"É? kd_l[hi[m_bb^[bfoek][jj^hek]^jej^[ WdZkdfheZkY[Z$>_im[Xi_j[[nfbW_dij^Wj m_i^m[YekbZ^Wl[Óbc[Z_jWdZiêm[Z d[njcec[dj$J^[[cej_edWbj^hek]^# ÇX[jm[[d'/.(WdZ'//&":khWd]mhej[)"'-- _jWi"ÇJ^_i_ij^[mWo_jiêkbZX[Zed["ÈÊÈ b_d[WbmWoi^WiW]h[WjZ[Wbe\êf[WdZ l[hi_ediQe\I_ij[hCWhoS\ehjmeZ_¢[h[dj ^[iWoi$ Z[j[hc_dWj_ed1oekheej\eh^_iY^WhWY# i[jie\_dZ[f[dZ[djfheZkY[hi$È?d(&&'" 8kjb_l[j^[Wj[he¢[hi_hh[fbWY[WXb[h[# j[hiieijhed]bo$7dZ^[Óbbioekm_j^j^[ Iêmj_c[ÓdWbboW_h[Z_jWiWJLÓbcijWh# mWhZi$9edi_Z[hWYjh[ii;b_pWX[j^

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Treasure-final 2/9/09 3:22 PM Page 104

TREASURE

Pith Paper Rice has nothing to do with it.

artificial flowers and decorative hair- pins. It absorbs watercolors or tempera readily, creating a relief texture with a velvety visual depth. The first mention of pith paper comes from the Tsin Dynasty (a.d. 265-420), when the emperor ordered servants to arrange flowers made of it. But the identity of the plant from which the pith came ba±ed Western botanists until a live specimen finally arrived at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, outside London, in 1852. At- FLORAL PRINTS COURTESY OF THE ARCHIVES OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM tempts to import one had come to grief repeatedly because plants died aboard imperial junks, because brown ants ate them, because they had to be thrown overboard when pirates approached, or because, as one partici- pant reported, when men go into the forests to procure the plants, “the aborigines come suddenly upon them and take away their lives.” ainters in southern China in the swampy forests of Taiwan and south- The 29 paintings, a photograph of the the nineteenth century created ern China, it could grow in subtropical re- elusive pith plant, and more about the the images of their flora and gions such as the Texas coast, should mysteries of “rice paper” may be found in fauna shown above probably as readers there wish to make pith paper. It an online exhibition, arranged by Lisa Ptrinkets for the tourist trade. These are is a shrub or small tree, usually 4 to 12 DeCesare, head of archives and public among 29 botanical paintings in two feet tall but capable of reaching 30 feet, services at the Botany Libraries, at www.- bound volumes acquired around 1912 by and its wood is hard and dense. But a huh.harvard.edu/libraries/Tetrap_ex- Charles Sprague Sargent, the first director worker with rare skill and a big knife can hibit/ChineseBotanicals.html. of Harvard’s Arnold Arboretum. Starting slice its pith, as demon- about 1825, Westerners in China snatched strated at right in Hooker’s up such artworks, depicting local cus- Journal of Botany and Kew toms, costumes, birds, bees, and flowers. Garden Miscellany (1850), They were pretty souvenirs as a rule (al- into a sheet of smooth, though the National Anthropological bone-white paper. The Archives has a group devoted to Chinese paper has great strength in torture). Tourists called them rice-paper its youth, and when damp paintings from the mistaken notion that may be stretched and their distinctive paper was made of rice. folded into almost any The elegant paper in fact came from the shape, which is why Chi- pith of the Tetrapanax papyriferum plant, a nese for centuries have

member of the ginseng family. Native to used pith paper to make COURTESY OF THE LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM

72 March - April 2009

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