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The Importance of Dune Vegetation Strandline Zone the at accuracy ensure steps reasonable all taken has author the information, The loss of dune vegetation is a major trigger Incipient Dune this compiling In advice. appropriate seek please circumstances specific For only.

for dune erosion as dune vegetation traps Primary species advice general as intended is publication this in Information Disclaimer. General windblown sand and holds it on the Fore Unstable zone of colonising A guide to selection for Dunes. Exposed, dry sand is easily grasses, herbs & creepers revegetation projects mobilised by high-velocity winds and Foredune Zone large volumes of sand can be be rapidly Frontal Dune Communities of that grow on beaches and dunes are transported, sometimes forming large large Secondary species known as dune vegetation. There are usually three main zones depressions in the dunes (blowouts). A semi stable zone of shrubs,

of dune vegetation that are arranged roughly parallel to the groundcovers & short lived trees waste. post-consumer from recycled

coastline namely Strandline, Front Dune and Hind Dune. Downwind from blowouts, drifting sand can

smother surrounding vegetation and cover roads Hind Dune Zone 100% paper ecoStar on Printed

Zone patterns may be more complex than the three zones and properties. Dune vegetation also contains many Tertiary species 2013. February Printed

of vegetation shown in the list. The zones reflect changes in native species and is valued as habitat and for its A stable zone dominated by www.clarencelandcare.com.au

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the nutrient status and moisture content of dune soils, which own intrinsic biodiversity. Beaches and dunes are trees with an understorey of shrubs,

Phone: 5009 6643 02

increase in a landward direction and changes in the degree important feeding, breeding and roosting grounds heaths & groundcovers.

of exposure to strong winds, salt spray and sandblast, which for sea turtles and shorebirds. Landcare. Clarence contact guide the

decrease in a landward direction. Dune vegetation is also of copy a or information further For subjected to the constantly changing nature of the beach and dune environment.

Hind Dunes usually remain fairly intact when they are protected by a stable frontal dune and the plants in this zone have better access to soil moisture and nutrients than plants that colonise the fore dunes and strandline. Plants that colonise the strandline are extremely hardy and can tolerate salt spray, strong winds and sand abrasion. The common species found in these zones along the Clarence Coast are listed in the main table.

The zones generally consist of:

1. Strandline. Herbaceous stabilising plants tolerant of strong winds, sandblast, salt spray and occasional inundation by seawater form the strandline/incipient zone which is nearest the sea e.g. Pigface, Beach Spinifex, Guinea flower, Sesuvium.

2. Front Dune. Scrub or woodland plants on frontal sand dunes, including windswept shrubs and stunted trees e.g. Casuarina, Coastal Beard-heath Cheese Tree Ruddy Turnstone Golden Everlasting , some heath species, vines and herbs. Leucopogon parviflorus Glochidion ferdinandi Arenaria interpres Xerochrysum bracteatum 3. Hind Dune. Coastal heath or forest plants consisting of stunted trees and low shrubs e.g. Melaleuca sp. in swampy areas and Eucalyptus, Banksia and Acacia spp. on higher ridges, behind the frontal dunes.

Some of the less resilient species may be added to a planting area when vegetation is suitably established to provide protection. Other species may start to colonise the area naturally because of favourable conditions created e.g. ferns, scramblers and lilies or they may be planted at the secondary stage. Pied Oystercatcher Spiny Mat Rush Beach Spinifex Beach Birds-eye Littoral Rainforest Haematopus longirostris Lomandra longifolia Spinifex sericeus Alectryon coriaceus Littoral Rainforest mostly occurs within 2 kilometres of the sea, but can be found further inland where there is maritime influence. These endangered forests have a moderate to low species-richness with similar species to Subtropical Rainforests sometimes grading into other Rainforest systems with increasing distance from the coast. Urban development and sand mining have considerably reduced the naturally fragmented distribution CLARENCE COAST of Littoral Rainforests along the coast. Please refer to the listed publications for further reading and specific Littoral Rainforest DUNE PLANTS species selection. Pig Face Coastal Wattle Coast Banksia Pandanus Blady Grass, Imperata cylindrica and Bracken, Pteridium Carpobrotus glaucescens Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Pandanus tectorius esculentum tend to dominate disturbed and frequently burnt sites and don’t usually need to be planted.

A guide to selection for revegetation projects STRANDLINE ZONE A~Z FOREDUNE ZONE L~Z HIND DUNE ZONE B~L HIND DUNE ZONE L~P HIND DUNE ZONE P~Z SWAMP & SEEPAGE ZONE

Myoporum boninense subsp.australe Casuarina glauca Leptospermum polygalifolium Polyscias elegans Primary species S T LR Species located in this zone Swamp Oak T Celery Wood, Silver Basswood Unstable zone of colonising grasses, Coast Boobialla subsp. cismontanum T Chrysocephalum apiculatum Tantoon herbs & creepers Pimelea linifolia Pteridium esculentum Adiantum hispidulum H Lomandra filiformis Bracken Rough Maidenhair Slender Rice Flower (Helichrysum apiculatum) HB GC G Carpobrotus glaucescens Yellow Buttons Wattle Mat Rush Rhubus parvifolius Banksia ericafolia G Rhagodia candolleana V T H Pigface S Clerodendrum floribundum Lomandra longifolia Native Raspberry (scrambler) Heath-leaved Banksia Seaberry Saltbush T G Canavalia rosea Smooth Clerodendrum Spiny Mat Rush Ripogonum album V Scaevola calendulacea V T Coastal Beach Bean G Commelina cyanea Mallotus discolor Supplejack Swamp Banksia Beach Fan Flower GC T Carex pumila Australian Commelina White Kamala Senecio lautus Smilax glyciphylla V Blechnum indicum Dune Sedge HB Corymbia intermedia Melaleuca nodosa Sweet Sarsparilla Bungwahl Fern Coastal Fireweed T T Ipomoea pes – caprae subsp. Pink Bloodwood Yellow Paperbark Sophora tomentosa ** Crinum pedunculatum Sophora tomentosa ** S T brasiliensis V T S Cryptocarya triplinervis Melaleuca quinquenervia Coastal Sophora, Silver Bush River/Spider Lily Native Morning Glory Coastal Sophora, Silver Bush T T Three-veined Laurel Broad-leaved Paperbark Stephania japonica Gahnia sieberiana V Sesuvium portulacastrum Stackhousia spathulata H Cupaniopsis anacardioides Myrsine variabilis (Rapanea variabilis) Stephania, Snake Vine Red-fruited saw-sedge Sea Purslane T T LR Stephania japonica Tuckeroo Muttonwood Synoum glandulosum subsp. Melastoma affine Spinifex sericeus V S G Stephania, Snake Vine (& hind dune) Dodonaea triquetra Monotoca elliptica glandulosum T LR Blue Tongue Beach Spinifex Hop Bush T Monotoca T Scentless Rosewood Zoysia macrantha Gleichenia dicarpa Tetragonia tetragonioides HB G Elaeocarpus obovatus Notelaea longifolia Syziium oleosum Pouched Coral Fern NZ Spinach, Warrigal Green Prickly Couch T LR T LR T Hard Quandong Large-leaved Mock Olive Blue Lily Pily Gleichenia microphylla Vigna marina V Elaeocarpus reticulatus Oplismenus aemulus Syzigium luehmannii Scrambling Coral Fern Yellow Beach Bean HIND DUNE ZONE A~B T T LR Blueberry Ash O.imbecillis GC Riberry humilis subsp. maritime H S Elaeodendron australis Basket Grasses Themeda australis Angourie Grevillea (moist coastal) FOREDUNE ZONE A~L Tertiary species H (Cassine australis) T LR Pandanus tectorius var australianus Kangaroo Grass (headlands) Hydrocotyle acutiloba A stable zone dominated by trees with an T G Red Olive Plum Pandanus, Screw Pine (& Fore Dunes) Viola hederacea Hydrocotyle Secondary species understorey of shrubs, heaths & groundcovers. GC HB Endiandra sieberi Pandorea pandorana Ivy-leaved Violet Olax angulata * A semi stable zone of shrubs, groundcovers Acacia suaveolens T V S Hard Corkwood Wonga Wonga Vine (sandy soils and woodland near S Sweet Scented Wattle & short lived trees Euroschinus falcata var. falcata Parsonsia straminea swamps) Acacia ulicifolia T LR V Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae S Ribbonwood Common Silkpod Vine Xerochrysum bracteatum S Prickly Moses Coastal Wattle Eucalyptus tereticornis stradbrokiensis Golden Everlasting HB Actinotuis helianth T T (headlands and other niches) Actites megalocarpa H Forest Red Gum Geebung Flannel Flower (Sonchus megalocarpus) HB Eucalyptus robusta Persoonia virgata Acmena smithii T T Beach Sow Thistle T LR Swamp Mahogany Pine-leaved Geebung Lilly Pilly This list may be useful as a guide to species selection for revegetation projects and is not a full list Carpobrotus glaucescens Eustrephus latifolius Pittosporum undulatum G Aotus ericoides V T LR of all coastal species. Further reading is recommended to identify plants that you may find growing Pigface H S Wombat Berry Sweet Pittosporum Common Aotus within the dune systems including weeds. See reference and resource list for further information, Canavalia rosea Ficus rubignosa V Allocasuarina littoralis T LR reading and contacts. Coastal Beach Bean T Port Jackson, Rusty Fig Black She Oak Carex pumila Geitonoplesium cymosum Acronychia imperforata V LR Scrambling Lily Dune Sedge Beach Achronychia T Glochidion ferdinandi Dianella congesta T LR Alectryon coriaceus Cheese Tree A comprehensive listing and description for threatened plant Flax Lily Beach Birds-eye T Glochidion sumartranum var. parakense species and communities, including Littoral Rainforests can be Dianella caerulea Alphitonia excelsa T LR T Umbrella Cheese Tree Blue Flax Lily (& hind dune) Red Ash found at; http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov. Glycine tomentella Enchylaena tomentosa Angophora costata V au/tsprofile/home_species.aspx S T Woolly Glycine, Twining Ruby Salt Bush Smooth-barked Apple Hardenbergia violacea CRC for Australian Weed Management at Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana V References and Resources T Angophora subvelutina False Sarsaparilla Horsetail She-oak T www.weedscrc.org.au Broad-leaved Apple Homoranthus virgatus Books Hibbertia scandens S H V Breynia oblongifolia Homoranthus Carolin, R & Clarke, P., (1991), Beach Plants of South Eastern Weeds Australia at www.weeds.org.au Climbing Guinea Flower (& hind dune) T Breynia Hoya australis Australia, published by Sainty & Associates, Potts Point NSW Ipomoea pes – caprae subsp. V LR Native Hoya Useful local contacts brasiliensis V T Australia. Wallum Banksia Hydrocotyle acutiloba Clarence Landcare Inc. Native Morning Glory Hydrocotyle Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, W. (2006) Banksia integrifolia www.clarencelandcare.com.au Ischaemum triticeum T Imperata cylindrica G Coast Banksia G Rainforest trees and shrubs: A field guide to their identification, Thigh-socket Grass Bladey Grass Phone: 02 6643 5009 Gwen Harden Publishing Nambucca Heads. Isolepsis nodosa T Kennedia rubicunda Clarence Valley Council Knobby Club-rush Old-man Banksia V Dusky Coral Pea Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, W. (2007) www.clarence.nsw.gov.au Leucopogon parviflorus S Rainforest climbing plants: A field guide to their identification, S H Hairpin Banksia Lepidosperma laterale (sedge) Phone: 02 6643 0200 (general enquiries) Coastal Beard-heath Gwen Harden Publishing Nambucca Heads. Melanthera biflora Callitris columellaris Lophostemon confertus Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority HB T T LR Sea Daisy Coastal Cypress Pine Brush Box Websites www.northern.cma.nsw.gov.au PlantNET National Herbarium of NSW Flora Online Phone: 02 6642 0622 LEGEND http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au Strandline Zone H Heath * Minnie Water only Acknowledgement The Importance of Dune Vegetation, in Coastal Sand Dunes - Thanks to Dennis Milne for his Sandon to Wooli sharing of Foredune Zone LR Littoral Rainforest ** Iluka, Sandon, Brooms Head, Minnie Waters mainly. their vegetation and management. QLD EPA & Beach Protection plant species knowledge. Authority. http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/coastal/ecology/beaches- Hind Dune Zone V Vine All other plants listed are found growing along the This publication was funded by an Australian Government Clarence coast from Iluka to Red Rock. dunes/beach_conservation.html Swamps & Seepage Zone GC Groundcover Caring for Our Country Community Action Grant. Some species that grow in the Hind Dune may also Coastal Dune Management; a series of technical notes be found in other zones. T Tree G Grasses http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/coastal/ecology/beaches-dunes/

S Shrub HB Herb beach_conservation.html#coastal What is coastal dune vegetation? http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/indicators/beach_dune.jsp Publication Reference: Mousley, J.G. (2012). Clarence Coast Dune Plants - A guide to selection for revegetation projects, Clarence Landcare Inc., Grafton NSW & Australian Govt. Caring for Our Country Program.