iopscience.org journal of Physics B Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Highlights 2010 Cover image: Discrete variable representation of nine wavefunctions of a harmonic oscillator L Lodi and J Tennyson 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 133001. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Paper Dear colleagues, Special issue 2010–2011 marks a transition for Journal of Physics B between two * FTC Editors-in-Chief, both eminent atomic, molecular and optical physicists – our Topical review outgoing editor, Professor Jan Michael Rost (MPI for Physics of Complex Systems, Tutorial Dresden, Germany), and Professor Paul Corkum (NRC Steacie Institute and 0 200 400 600 800 University of Ottawa, Canada), our new editor. This time is therefore filled with mixed average downloads per article emotions, nostalgia and excitement about what the future will bring. J. Phys. B has already seen many changes under Jan Michael’s leadership, some fundamental such as the merger with Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics in 2006, the introduction of new article types, namely fast track communications and tutorials that have been so popular among our readers, and the implementation of subject sections, which have helped clearly set out the journal’s scope. Changes of Impact Factor an aesthetical nature have also been made with our new format and more recently our web platform. We are now enthusiastic to start working with Paul. Certainly the 1.910* journal will benefit from his expertise and connection with the community. As Paul * As listed in ISI®’s 2009 Science wrote in his recent editorial, “…it is therefore a special pleasure to be entrusted with CitationAsia 48% Index JournalMiddle citation East reports 3% Africa 1% North America 21% continuing the tradition of excellence established by Jan Michael and the Editorial Australasia 1% Europe 25% Central/South Board. I intend to build on this foundation by ensuring that the journal makes full use America 1% Full-text downloads of these tools.” These tools, as Paul refers to, are the combination of topical reviews, tutorials and special issues. They give a unique flavour to the journal and are an 600000 opportunity for all to communicate the latest news and developments in their field at
400000 all levels. They reach a wide audience who shares a similar passion for science and in particular atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) physics – the community that downloads 200000 J. Phys. B has been thriving to serve for the last 44 years. 0 06 07 08 09 10 year This new edition of our Highlights brochure gives you a taste of some of the most outstanding and excellent research published in J. Phys. B in 2010. All highlights articles have been selected by our Editorial and Advisory Boards. To illustrate why Average downloads per article particular articles have been chosen, we have invited some board members to send Paper in their own views on the articles as we did last year. Have these articles also caught Special issue your attention? Don’t worry if you have missed them as they will be free to read for FTC* the whole of 2011 to allow you time to catch up. Topical review Our team would like to take this opportunity to thank the Board for having once Tutorial again worked incredibly hard throughout the whole of last year and for their input on 0 200 400 600 800 this particular project. Finally we are indebted to you, the AMO community, authors average downloads per article and referees, who by your creativity and innovation contribute to the development * Fast track communication of this exciting area of physics. We look forward to another fruitful year and your support in 2011.
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Highlights 2010 3 Asia 48% Middle East 3% Africa 1% North America 21% Australasia 1% Europe 25% Central/South America 1%
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Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief Paul Corkum, NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences and University of Ottawa, Canada
Editorial Board Charles S Adams, Durham University, UK Stefano Longhi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Vladimir M Akulin, Université Paris-Sud, France A J McCaffery, University of Sussex, UK Doerte Blume, Washington State University, USA J William McConkey, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada Luiz Davidovich, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Christopher Monroe, University of Maryland, College Park, USA Helen Fielding, University College London, UK Chang Hee Nam, KAIST, Taejon, South Korea Franz X Kärtner, MIT, USA Jean-Michel Nunzi Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada Marek Kus´, Centrum Fizyki Teoretycznej PAN, Warsaw, Poland Tilman Pfau, Universität Stuttgart, Germany Thomas Möller, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany William P Reinhardt, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Yuri Ralchenko, NIST, Gaithersburg, USA Kazimierz Rza˛˙zewski, Centrum Fizyki Teoretycznej PAN, Warsaw, Poland Kalle-Antti Suominen, University of Turku, Finland Horst Schmidt-Böcking, Universität Frankfurt, Germany Kiyoshi Ueda, Tohoku University, Japan David Schultz, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA Mark Vrakking, Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Moshe Shapiro, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany Isao Shimamura, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan Tim Softley, University of Oxford, UK International Advisory Board Bernd Sonntag, II Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany David L Andrews, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK José W R Tabosa, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil Igor Bray, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia Ken T Taylor, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Jorgen E Hansen, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands Harald Weinfurter, Universität München, Germany Zdenek Hradil, University of Palacky, Czech Republic Jim F Williams, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Gershon Kurizki, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Kaoru Yamanouchi, Tokyo University, Japan Gaetana Laricchia, University College London, UK Shi-Yao Zhu, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
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4 Highlights 2010 Paper Special Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics issue FTC* Topical review Tutorial Journal0 200 400 scope600 800 average downloads per article
Readership by regions in 2010 Published twice-monthly (24 issues per year), Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics covers the study of atoms, ions, molecules and clusters, and their structure and interactions with particles, photons or fields. The journal also publishes articles dealing with those aspects of spectroscopy, quantum optics and non-linear optics, laser physics, astrophysics, plasma physics, chemical physics, optical cooling and trapping and other investigations where the objects of study are the elementary atomic, ionic or molecular properties of processes.
Papers are published under the following subject sections: • Atomic physics •Molecular and cluster structure, properties and dynamics •Atomic and molecular collisions •Cold matter •Optical and laser physics Asia 48% Middle East 3% Quantum optics, information and control Africa 1% North America 21% • Australasia 1% Europe 25% •Ultrafast, high-field, and x-ray physics Central/South •Astrophysics and plasma physics America 1% More information on each of these sections can be found at iopscience.org/jphysb. 600000 J. Phys. B publishes research papers and fast track communications (FTCs). FTCs are outstanding short papers reporting new and timely developments. FTCs are processed quickly, free to publish, and free to read. 400000 The journal also publishes special issues, topical reviews and PhD tutorials details of which can be found on pages
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Highlights 2010 5 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Contents
2010 Highlights
Multi-pulse scheme for enhancing electron localization through vibrational wavepacket manipulation 9 C R Calvert, R B King, W A Bryan, W R Newell, J F McCann, J B Greenwood and I D Williams
A two-centre convergent close-coupling approach to positron–helium collisions 9 R Utamuratov, A S Kadyrov, D V Fursa and I Bray
Atom chip for BEC interferometry 9 R J Sewell, J Dingjan, F Baumgärtner, I Llorente-García, S Eriksson, E A Hinds, G Lewis, P Srinivasan, Z Moktadir, C O Gollasch and M Kraft
Photoionization of N3+ and Ar8+ in an electron beam ion trap by synchrotron radiation 10 M C Simon, M Schwarz, S W Epp, C Beilmann, B L Schmitt, Z Harman, T M Baumann, P H Mokler, S Bernitt, R Ginzel, S G Higgins, C H Keitel, R Klawitter, K Kubicˇek, V Mäckel, J Ullrich and J R Crespo López-Urrutia
Phase sensitivity of high harmonic transient grating spectroscopy 10 Y Mairesse, N Dudovich, D Zeidler, M Spanner, D M Villeneuve and P B Corkum
Collapse and revival in inter-band oscillations of a two-band Bose–Hubbard model 11 Patrick Plötz, Javier Madroñero and Sandro Wimberger
Search for interference effects in electron impact ionization of aligned hydrogen molecules 11 A Senftleben, T Pflüger, X Ren, O Al-Hagan, B Najjari, D Madison, A Dorn and J Ullrich
Interplay between entanglement and entropy in two-qubit systems 11 L Mazzola, S Maniscalco, J Piilo and K-A Suominen
Electron angular distributions in near-threshold atomic ionization 12 T Marchenko, H G Muller, K J Schafer and M J J Vrakking
Weakly bound cluster states of Efimov character 12 Javier von Stecher
Dynamics of entanglement between two free atoms with quantized motion 13 F Lastra and S Wallentowitz
Lyman–Birge–Hopfield emissions from electron-impact excited N2 13 J A Young, C P Malone, P V Johnson, J M Ajello, X Liu and I Kanik
Extending the strong-field approximation of high-order harmonic generation to polar molecules: gating 13 mechanisms and extension of the harmonic cutoff Adam Etches and Lars Bojer Madsen
6 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Absolute triple-differential cross sections for intermediate energy electron impact ionization of neon and argon 14 L R Hargreaves, M A Stevenson and B Lohmann
Sympathetic cooling in a mixture of diamagnetic and paramagnetic atoms 14 S Tassy, N Nemitz, F Baumer, C Höhl, A Batär and A Görlitz
Photoionization of laser-excited caesium atoms above the 4d ionization threshold 15 Angelica Moise, Michele Alagia, Lorenzo Avaldi, Vitaliy Feyer, Kevin C Prince and Robert Richter
2010 Special issues
High precision atomic physics 16 Guest Editors: Alan Hibbert, Walter Johnson and Wolfgang Wiese
Spectroscopic diagnostics of magnetic fusion plasmas 16 Guest Editors: Rudolf Neu, Hugh P Summers and Yuri Ralchenko
Intense x-ray science: the first 5 years of FLASH 16 Guest Editors: H Chapman, J Ullrich and J M Rost
2010 Topical reviews
Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly 17 T Cˇižmár, L C Dávila Romero, K Dholakia and D L Andrews
Strong-field rescattering physics—self-imaging of a molecule by its own electrons 17 C D Lin, Anh-Thu Le, Zhangjin Chen, Toru Morishita and Robert Lucchese
Theory and applications of atomic and ionic polarizabilities 18 J Mitroy, M S Safronova and Charles W Clark
The solar UV–x-ray spectrum from 1.5 to 2000 Å 18 G A Doschek and U Feldman
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Highlights 2010 7 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
2010 PhD tutorials
A newcomer's guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization 19 Antoine Monmayrant, Sébastien Weber and Béatrice Chatel
Theoretical methods for small-molecule ro-vibrational spectroscopy 19 Lorenzo Lodi and Jonathan Tennyson
An introduction to the formulation of steady-state transport through molecular junctions 20 Uri Peskin
Discrete optics in femtosecond-laser-written photonic structures 20 Alexander Szameit and Stefan Nolte
High-order harmonic and attosecond pulse generation on plasma mirrors: basic mechanisms 20 C Thaury and F Quére
The 30 most downloaded articles published in 2010 21
8 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
energies and all transitions, including breakup, which is associated with q 2010 Highlights excitation of positive-energy helium and positronium pseudostates. Generally, good agreement between calculated cross sections and available experimental data has been found across all incident energies.
Multi-pulse scheme for enhancing electron Total e+–He scattering cross sections using the localization through vibrational wavepacket convergent close-coupling approach, compared with manipulation theory by Campbell et al and experimental data by Stein et al, Sullivan C R Calvert1, R B King1, W A Bryan2, W R Newell3, J F McCann1, J B Greenwood1 et al, Kauppila et al and and I D Williams1 Caradonna et al. 1 School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK 2 Department of Physics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 011001
Abstract Atom chip for BEC interferometry A novel scheme for enhancing electron localization in intense-field dissociation is outlined. Through manipulation of a bound vibrational R J Sewell1,3, J Dingjan1, F Baumgärtner1, I Llorente-García1, S Eriksson1,4, wavepacket in the exemplar deuterium molecular ion, simulations E A Hinds1, G Lewis2, P Srinivasan2, Z Moktadir2, C O Gollasch2 and M Kraft2 demonstrate that the application of multiple phase-locked, few-cycle 1 Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, IR pulses can provide a powerful scheme for directing the molecular London SW7 2BW, UK dissociation pathway. By tuning the time delay and carrier–envelope– 2 School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, phase for a sequence of pulse interactions, the probability of the electron Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK being localized to a chosen nucleus can be enhanced to above 80%. 3 Present address: ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranian Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona) Spain 4 Present address: Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 051003
Abstract We have fabricated and tested an atom chip that operates as a matter wave interferometer. In this communication we describe the fabrication of the chip by ion-beam milling of gold evaporated onto a silicon substrate. We present data on the quality of the wires, on the current density that can be reached in the wires and on the smoothness of the magnetic traps that are formed. We demonstrate the operation of the interferometer, showing that Wavepacket dissociation and electron localization for a range of time delays around the we can coherently split and recombine a Bose–Einstein condensate with vibrational ‘revival’ of the D+ wavepacket. A pump pulse creates a bound vibrational wavepacket, 2 good phase stability. which is propagated and dissociated at a chosen time delay (τd) by a second pulse of carrier- envelope phase φ. (a) Dissociation yield. (b) and (c) Absolute asymmetry parameter. Board member’s comments ‘Atomic matter waves have a high potential for practical applications A two-centre convergent close-coupling if one can provide means for simple and reliable manifacturing of electromagnetic traps. Researchers from Imperial College and University of approach to positron–helium collisions Southampton report in this paper their success on preparing an atom chip trap for ultracold Rb atoms. The magnetic fields needed to trap the atoms R Utamuratov, A S Kadyrov, D V Fursa and I Bray just above the chip surface are provided by a set of gold wires on a silicon surface, designed to carry the required strong electronic current. The Centre for Antimatter–Matter Studies, Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, Perth 6152, Australia successful operation of the trap is demonstrated by beautiful interference patterns for the matter waves.’ Kalle-Antti Suominen, University of Turku, Finland 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 031001 Absorption image of an atomic cloud showing interference Abstract fringes formed when the trapping potential is turned off A two-centre convergent close-coupling method, which includes the and the two arms of the Bose– positronium-formation channel, has been developed for positron scattering Einstein condensate (BEC) on helium. Convergent, pseudoresonance-free cross sections have been interferometer are allowed to obtained. This is only possible if complete expansions are used on both overlap in free fall. the positronium and helium centres. The method is valid for all projectile
Highlights 2010 9 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Photoionization of N3+ and Ar8+ in an electron Phase sensitivity of high harmonic transient beam ion trap by synchrotron radiation grating spectroscopy
M C Simon1, M Schwarz1, S W Epp1,2, C Beilmann1, B L Schmitt1, Z Harman1,3, Y Mairesse1,2, N Dudovich2,3, D Zeidler2,4, M Spanner2, D M Villeneuve2 T M Baumann1, P H Mokler1, S Bernitt1, R Ginzel1, S G Higgins1, C H Keitel1, and P B Corkum2,5 1 1 1 1 R Klawitter , K Kubi´cek, V. Mäckel , J Ullrich and J R Crespo López-Urrutia 1 CELIA, Université Bordeaux 1, UMR5107 (CNRS, Bordeaux 1, CEA), 351, cours de 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, la libération, 33405 Talence, France Germany 2 National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, 2 Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Canada Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany 3 Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 3 ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany Rehovot 76100, Israel 4 Carl Zeiss SMT AG, D-73447 Oberkochen, Germany 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 065003 5 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 065401 Abstract Photoionization (PI) of multiply and highly charged ions was studied using an electron beam ion trap and synchrotron radiation at the BESSY II electron Abstract storage ring. The versatile new method introduced here extends the range of We study the spatial profile of high order harmonics generated by ions accessible for PI investigations beyond current limitations by providing a transient grating of rotational excitation. We show that the phase a dense target of ions in arbitrary, i.e. both low and high charge states. modulation of the harmonic emission as a function of molecular alignment 3+ 8+ Data on near-threshold PI of N and Ar ions, species of astrophysical is encoded in the diffraction pattern. In molecular nitrogen, the phase and fundamental interest, show high resolution and accuracy allowing difference between aligned and isotropic molecules decreases from 1.6 rad various theoretical models to be distinguished, and highlight shortcomings for harmonic 19 to less than 0.3 rad for harmonic 27. In CO2 we observe of available PI calculations. We compare our experimental data with our a strong phase jump for the highest harmonics. The position of this phase new fully relativistic PI calculations within a multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock jump in the harmonic spectrum depends on the laser intensity, reflecting approach and with other advanced calculations and find generally good the contribution from multiple molecular orbitals to the harmonic emission. agreement; however, detailed examination reveals significant deviations, especially at the threshold region of Ar8+.
Photoionization spectrum on Ar8+ showing Ar9+ photoion counts from experiment (top) compared to theory (bottom) from our multiconfiguration Diruc–Fock calculations and by the Opacity Project and Liang et al.
Illustration of the experimental setup. A grating of molecular excitation is created by the two synchronized crossed laser pulses. The delayed central pulse generates high harmonics in the excited medium. The harmonics are spectrally resolved in the horizontal plane by an XUV spectrometer, and spatially resolved in the vertical plane.
PEER-REVIEW TIMES IN 2010 PUBLICATION TIMES IN 2010 First-decision times* Online publication times* FTCs Papers FTCs Papers 19 DAYS 35 DAYS 54 DAYS 106 DAYS
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10 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Board member’s comments Collapse and revival in inter-band oscillations ‘This is the most-challenging state-of-the-art e-impact five-fold differential cross section measurement for the fixed-in-space H molecule. This work of a two-band Bose–Hubbard model 2 clearly tells us what can be done with the cutting-edge experimental technology, how the experiment and theory can cooperate, and also the Patrick Plötz1, Javier Madroñero2 and Sandro Wimberger1 future direction of this field.’ 1 Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 19, Kiyoshi Ueda, Tohoku University, Japan 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 2 Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 081001
Abstract We study the effect of a many-body interaction on inter-band oscillations in a two-band Bose–Hubbard model with an external Stark force. Weak and strong inter-band oscillations are observed, where the latter arise from a resonant coupling of the bands. These oscillations collapse and revive due to a weak two-body interaction between the atoms. Effective models for Following electron impact ionization of H2, measured kinetic energy released to the fragments of oscillations in and out of resonance are introduced that provide predictions + the dissociating H2 ion versus the emitted electron’s energy for molecules aligned parallel (a) and for the system's behaviour, particularly for the time scales for the collapse perpendicular (b) to the momentum transfer q. and revival of the resonant inter-band oscillations.
Occupation of the upper band of a two-band Bose Hubbard model with an external Stark force as Interplay between entanglement and entropy a function of time for a resonance of order r = 2. in two-qubit systems
L Mazzola, S Maniscalco, J Piilo and K-A Suominen Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 085505
Abstract Search for interference effects in electron We study the exact entanglement and entropy dynamics of two qubits impact ionization of aligned hydrogen interacting with a common zero-temperature non-Markovian reservoir. It is a commonly held view that entanglement loss due to environmental molecules decoherence is accompanied by loss of purity of the state of the system. We demonstrate that such an intuitive picture does not always apply: the deterioration of entanglement and purity does not necessarily come A Senftleben1, T Pflüger1, X Ren1, O Al-Hagan2, B Najjari1, D Madison2, A Dorn1 together; i.e. revivals of entanglement can be accompanied by deterioration and J Ullrich1 of purity. To complete our investigation on entanglement–mixedness 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, interplay we consider the case of initial mixed states and study how the Germany entanglement dynamics and its revivals are related to both the initial purity 2 Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, and the initial entanglement. MO 65409, USA
Board member’s comments 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 081002 ‘Using a simple, but fundamental model of qubits interacting with a reservoir the authors show that two phenomena caused by interaction with the Abstract environment, decoherence, i.e. a decrease of the amount of entanglement, and a loss of purity, i.e. an evolution towards a statistical, incoherent mixture, Five-fold differential cross sections (5DCS) for electron impact ionization are independent processes. In particular the latter need not be accompanied of a diatomic molecule have been explored experimentally as a function of by the former, which is a bit surprising (at least it was for me).’ molecular alignment. Using H as a test system, we exploited dissociative 2 Marek Kus, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland ionization by 200 eV electrons to obtain the alignment of the internuclear axis. Separation of ground-state ionization from autoionization is discussed. Concurrence as a function of scaled time and r 5DCS are investigated for the direct channel and found to be in good for two atoms prepared in the Werner state with 2 agreement with M3DW calculations discarding at the same time a simple α = 1/2 and θ = 0. two-centre interference model discussed recently in the literature.
Highlights 2010 11 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Electron angular distributions in Weakly bound cluster states of Efimov near-threshold atomic ionization character
T Marchenko1,2,3, H G Muller1, K J Schafer4 and M J J Vrakking1,5 Javier von Stecher 1 FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Science Park 113, JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA 2 Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, UMR 7639 CNRS-ENSTA-Ecole Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, F-91761 Palaiseau, France 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 101002 3 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614 UPMC Univ Paris 6-CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France Abstract 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001, USA We study the behaviour of weakly bound clusters and their relation to the well-known three-body Efimov states. We adopt a model to describe the 5 Max-Born-Institut, Max Born Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany universal behaviour of strongly interacting bosonic systems, and we test its validity by reproducing predictions of three- and four-body universal states. 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 095601 Then, we extend our study to larger systems and identify a series of universal cluster states that can be qualitatively interpreted as adding one particle at a time to an Efimov trimer. The properties of these cluster states and their Abstract experimental signatures are discussed. We present angle- and energy-resolved measurements of photoelectrons produced in strong-field ionization of Xe using a tunable femtosecond laser. An occurrence of highly oscillatory patterns in the angular distribution at Board member’s comments: low photoelectron kinetic energy is observed that correlates with channel ‘Over the past few years, it has become clear that signatures of Efimov closing/opening over a wide range of laser parameters. The correlation states cannot only be found in three-body systems but also in larger is investigated both experimentally and by means of systematic analysis systems. This paper takes a look at universal features of weakly-bound of numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Our clusters with up to 13 particles. It nicely illustrates that universality extends experimental and numerical results are in quantitative agreement with beyond the three-body system!’ the semi-classical model introduced by Arbó et al (2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 Doerte Blume, Washington State University, USA 013406), which relates the oscillatory patterns to interference between photoelectrons produced during different cycles of the laser pulse in the course of non-resonant ionization of the atom. We observe that an increase of the laser intensity eventually leads to qualitative invariance of the pattern, defining a limit on the applicability of the semi-classical model.
Experimental (left column) and calculated (middle column) momentum maps for ionization of Xe at various wavelengths and intensities ranging from (a) 800 nm, 6.7 × 1013 W cm−2 to (g) 600 nm, 5.7 × 1013 W cm−2. The logarithmic false-colour scale covers four orders of magnitude. The right column shows experimental and calculated angular distributions at a photoelectron kinetic energy of 0.25 eV (p = 0.135 au).
Bosonic cluster energies in the negative scattering-length region for differing cluster sizes (top).
Fast Track Communications FTCs are free to publish and free to read
Over 600,000 Full-text article downloads in 2010
12 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Dynamics of entanglement between two free atoms with quantized motion
F Lastra and S Wallentowitz Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 125501
Abstract The electronic entanglement between two free atoms initially at rest is obtained including the effects of photon recoil, for the case when quantum dispersion can be neglected during the atomic excited-state lifetime. Unlike previous treatments using common or statistically independent reservoirs, a continuous transition between these limits is observed, which depends Electron impact induced LBH emission cross-sections of Ajello and Shemansky (1985 on the inter-atomic distance and degree of localization. The occurrence of J. Geophys. Res. 90 9845) and Young et al. (2010 J. Phys. B 43 135201) (normalized at entanglement sudden death and birth as predicted here deviates from the ~200 eV). Also shown is a typical auroral (secondary) electron flux distribution (at 120 km altitude) from Jones et al. (2006 Planet. Space Sci. 54, 45) scaled to illustrate the abundance of case where the inter-atomic distance is treated classically by a static value. low energy electrons. Inset: strong auroral and dayglow LBH emission intensities in the terrestrial Moreover, the creation of a dark state is predicted, which manifests itself northern hemisphere [credit: NASA]. Featured in Europhysics news, 41/5, p18 (2010). by a stationary entanglement that even may be created from an initially separable state.
Dissipative dipole–dipole pattern for atomic dipoles being perpendicular (solid Extending the strong-field approximation curve) and parallel (dotted curve) to the inter-atomic of high-order harmonic generation to distance vector. In the inset, the dependence polar molecules: gating mechanisms and of the averaging over inter-atomic distances is extension of the harmonic cutoff illustrated.
Adam Etches and Lars Bojer Madsen Lundbeck Foundation Theoretical Center for Quantum System Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 155602 Lyman–Birge–Hopfield emissions from electron-impact excited N Abstract 2 Polar molecules such as CO are interesting target systems for high-order harmonic generation (HHG) as they can be oriented with current laser J A Young1, C P Malone1,2, P V Johnson1, J M Ajello1, X Liu1 and I Kanik1 techniques, thus allowing the study of systems without inversion symmetry. 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, However, the asymmetry of the molecule also means that the molecular Pasadena, CA 91109, USA orbitals are Stark shifted in energy due to their interaction with the driving 2 Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA laser. We extend the strong-field approximation of HHG by incorporating the Stark shift into the Lewenstein model and discuss its impact on two 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 135201 different gating mechanisms in CO. In system-induced gating an oriented target molecule serves as a gate by selecting every other half-cycle due to an increased (decreased) ionization rate. In field-induced gating the waveform Abstract of the driving laser is tailored such that the harmonic emission from an 1 aligned molecule is damped (enhanced) every other half-cycle. We show Relative electron-impact-induced emission cross sections for the a πg 1 + 1 1 + that the Stark shift weakens the strength of system-induced gating and also (v' = 3)–X Σ g (v'' = 0) and a πg (v' = 2)–X Σ g (v'' = 0) transitions are presented. Critical comparison is made with existing cross sections showing determines the relative contribution from opposite orientations in field- significant discrepancy with the widely accepted excitation function of induced gating. Finally, we propose a novel scheme for extending the high- Ajello and Shemansky (1985 J. Geophys. Res. 90 9845–61) at energies order harmonic cutoff by letting the two gating mechanisms counteract each other, thus allowing for a higher below ~80 eV. A series of extensive measurements are presented that were performed to rule out any possible systematic or random errors in the laser intensity without increased present experimental apparatus and methodology. These efforts lead to the ionization of the target gas. conclusion that the current measurements are robustly reproducible and, Gabor analysis of high harmonic thus, should supplant the LBH cross-section shape of Ajello and Shemansky generation in CO molecules illustrating (1985 J. Geophys. Res. 90 9845–61). the different dynamics of opposite orientations in field-induced gating. Panels (a) and (b) show cases where the HOMO dipole is oriented in opposite directions to eachother, along the polarization of the linearly polarized driving pulse.
Highlights 2010 13 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Board member’s comments: Absolute triple-differential cross sections ‘Two electron atoms generally offer new possibilities for interesting physics for intermediate energy electron impact beyond what is available with single electron atoms, for example using their narrow intercombination lines for clock or quantum information ionization of neon and argon applications. The combination of both ultra-cold single and two electron systems as demonstrated in this experiment at Düsseldorf offers the best L R Hargreaves, M A Stevenson and B Lohmann of both worlds, as one has both the convenience of large atom numbers achievable with Rb and the many degrees of freedoms, e.g. boson or ARC Centre of Excellence for Antimatter-Matter Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia fermion, or metastable excited states offered by Yb. We are likely to see more and more experiments on such interesting mixtures of one and two electron atoms but at the moment the Düsseldorf team are one of a few 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 205202 groups leading the way.’ Charles Adams, University of Durham, UK Abstract Absolute triple-differential cross sections for intermediate energy electron impact ionization of neon and argon are reported. The data highlight ongoing challenges for theory in the description of this ionization problem and the immense value of absolute measurements over relative data in guiding the ongoing development of theory.
Temperature evolution for the thermalization of 176Yb (•) and 87Rb (×). The inset shows the atom numbers for sympathetically cooled Yb (°) and for Yb without Rb present (•).
Absolute triple-differential cross section, in atomic units, for ionization of the 2s orbital of neon by 150 eV electrons, with ejected electron energy of 10 eV and scattered electron detection angle of −15°. DID YOU KNOW? Sympathetic cooling in a mixture of diamagnetic and paramagnetic atoms Following publication all articles are free to S Tassy, N Nemitz, F Baumer, C Höhl, A Batär and A Görlitz Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, read for Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 205309 30 days
Abstract We have experimentally realized a hybrid trap for ultracold paramagnetic rubidium and diamagnetic ytterbium atoms by combining a bichromatic optical dipole trap for ytterbium with a Ioffe–Pritchard-type magnetic trap for rubidium. In this hybrid trap, we have investigated sympathetic cooling for five different ytterbium isotopes through elastic collisions with rubidium. A strong dependence of the thermalization rate on the mass of the specific ytterbium isotope was observed.
14 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Photoionization of laser-excited caesium atoms above the 4d ionization threshold
Angelica Moise1, Michele Alagia2,3, Lorenzo Avaldi4, Vitaliy Feyer1, Kevin C Prince1,3 and Robert Richter1 1 Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy 2 CNR-ISMN, Sez. Roma 1, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy 3 CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy 4 CNR-IMIP, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CP10, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 215001
Abstract The photoionization of the ground state and 6p laser-excited caesium atoms was studied above their 4d ionization thresholds. The 4d photoelectron spectrum of 6p laser-excited atoms shows a stronger excitation of satellites upon ionization than its ground state counterpart. The relative intensities of satellite and main photolines show a slow variation with the incoming photon energy for both the ground state and the 6p laser-excited states. An Relaunched and repackaged assignment of the excited state spectra, supported by recently published ground state photoionization spectra and calculations, is given and a What has changed? preliminary analysis of the 4d Auger spectrum of laser-excited atoms is also presented. • Free access to the news section • Multimedia channel with video interviews and webinars • Simplified registration process to access the full content on the site
The website that connects physicists and engineers to a wide range of employers Comparison of ground state (bottom trace, black), D1 (middle trace, red) and D2 (top trace, blue) excited Cs 4d photoelectron spectra recorded at 145 eV photon energy. The ground state ionization contribution has been subtracted from the excited state spectra. The figure (bottom panel) also includes an expanded view of the caesium atom ground state spectrum.
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Highlights 2010 15 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
2010 Special issues
Special issues feature a concentration of papers on a subject of current topical interest.
The special issues are commissioned by the Editorial Board with the contributions invited by the guest editors of the issue or through our online call for papers. All of these special issues can be accessed via iopscience.org/jphysb.
High precision atomic physics
Guest Editors: Alan Hibbert, Walter Johnson and Wolfgang Wiese 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 issue 7
Accurate atomic collision and structure data are an essential ingredient for a wide range of research fields as well as for major technological applications. Areas from laboratory physics to quantum processing, from plasma research applications in nuclear fusion to lighting research, as well as astrophysics and cosmology, depend critically on such data. This special issue focuses on many of the new sophisticated theoretical and experimental approaches being developed that have made Contraction of the correlation orbitals when going from valence to high precision atomic physics a reality. core-valence and core-core correlation MCHF calculations of Be 1s2 2s2 1S. S Verdebout et al. Exploring biorthonormal transformations of pair-correlation functions in atomic structure variational calculations 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 074017
Spectroscopic diagnostics of magnetic fusion plasmas
Guest Editors: Rudolf Neu, Hugh P Summers and Yuri Ralchenko 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 issue 14
Spectroscopy has always been an integral part of the diagnostic systems of super-hot fusion plasmas − elucidating their key physical properties and providing crucial input for development of new tokamaks, stellarators and other advanced devices. The papers collected in this special issue provide an extensive representation of the state of the art in spectroscopic diagnostics of magnetic confinement fusion plasmas.
The ITER machine. P Beiersdorfer et al. The ITER core imaging x-ray spectrometer 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 144008
Intense X-ray science: the first 5 years of FLASH
Guest Editors: H Chapman, J Ullrich and J M Rost 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 issue 19
The Free electron LASer in Hamburg, FLASH at DESY, is the first user facility which has, over the last five years, delivered short (10–50 fs) and intense (up to 1016 W cm-2 peak intensity) x-ray pulses. How matter behaves and what the fundamental mechanisms and phenomena are when illuminated with such pulses, are questions that have been addressed in this time. This special issue presents a compilation of results from FLASH that provide an overview of different types of pioneering experiments, including the highlights and surprises. The articles are kept at a tutorial level in order to be accessible for the non-specialist.
Single-shot scattering patterns of large Xe clusters. C Bostedt et al. Clusters in intense FLASH pulses: ultrafast ionization dynamics and electron emission studied with spectroscopic and scattering techniques 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194011
16 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
2010 Topical reviews
Topical reviews present a snapshot of recent progress in a particular field. Written by leading researchers in their respective fields, these articles present the background to a particular field and the current state of the art.
Topical reviews are normally commissioned by the Editorial Board. If you have a suggestion for a review, the J. Phys. B team would be happy to pass your idea on to the Editorial Board, so please contact us at [email protected].
Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly
T Cˇižmár1, L C Dávila Romero2, K Dholakia1 and D L Andrews2 1 SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK 2 Nanostructures and Photomolecular Systems, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Typical assembly of holographic optical tweezers. The first diffractive 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 102001 order of the hologram on the spatial light modulator (SLM) chip is imaged onto the objective back aperture by relay optics. The SLM Abstract hologram in this case is the Fourier conjugate of the optical pattern The impact of optical forces in the physical and biological sciences now enables the manipulation created at the sample plane. of objects ranging in size from a cell down to a single atom. The mechanical effects of optical fields have profound and far-reaching consequences, and attention is increasingly focused upon the opportunities for the non-contact assembly of particles into specific geometries. The present overview focuses on the two aspects of multi-particle trapping and optical binding. These can broadly be grouped as methods based on light-mediated inter-particle interactions, offering potential for the organization of large numbers of micro- or nano-particles using optical forces alone.
Strong-field rescattering physics—self-imaging of a molecule by its own electrons
C D Lin1, Anh-Thu Le1, Zhangjin Chen1, Toru Morishita2,3 and Robert Lucchese4 1 J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-2604, USA 2 Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan 3 PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan 4 Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA Calculated photoelectron momentum distributions following strong- field electron rescattering. 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 122001
Abstract When an atom or molecule is exposed to a short intense laser pulse, electrons that were removed at an earlier time may be driven back by the oscillating electric field of the laser to recollide with the parent ion, to incur processes like high-order harmonic generation (HHG), high-energy above-threshold ionization (HATI) and nonsequential double ionization (NSDI). Over the years, a rescattering model (the three-step model) has been used to understand these strong field phenomena qualitatively, but not quantitatively. Recently we have established such a quantitative rescattering (QRS) theory. According to QRS, the yields for HHG, HATI and NSDI can be expressed as the product of a returning electron wave packet with various field-free electron–ion scattering cross sections, namely photo-recombination, elastic electron scattering and electron-impact ionization, respectively. The validity of QRS is first demonstrated by comparing with accurate numerical results from solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for atoms. It is then applied to atoms and molecules to explain recent experimental data. According to QRS, accurate field-free electron scattering and photoionization cross sections can be obtained from the HATI and HHG spectra, respectively. These cross sections are the conventional tools for studying the structure of a molecule; thus, QRS serves to provide the required theoretical foundation for the self-imaging of a molecule in strong fields by its own electrons. Since infrared lasers of duration of a few femtoseconds are readily available today, these results imply that they are suitable for probing the dynamics of molecules with temporal resolutions of a few femtoseconds.
Highlights 2010 17 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Topical reviews (continued) Theory and applications of atomic and ionic polarizabilities
J Mitroy1, M S Safronova2 and Charles W Clark3 1 School of Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA 3 Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8410, USA
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 202001
Abstract Atomic polarization phenomena impinge upon a number of areas and processes in physics. The dielectric constant and refractive index of any gas are examples of macroscopic properties that Magic wavelengths for the 2s3p transition in Lithium. 1/2 are largely determined by the dipole polarizability. When it comes to microscopic phenomena, the existence of alkaline-earth anions and the recently discovered ability of positrons to bind to many atoms are predominantly due to the polarization interaction. An imperfect knowledge of atomic polarizabilities is presently looming as the largest source of uncertainty in the new generation of optical frequency standards. Accurate polarizabilities for the group I and II atoms and ions of the periodic table have recently become available by a variety of techniques. These include refined many-body perturbation theory and coupled-cluster calculations sometimes combined with precise experimental data for selected transitions, microwave spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms and ions, refractive index measurements in microwave cavities, ab initio calculations of atomic structures using explicitly correlated wavefunctions, interferometry with atom beams and velocity changes of laser cooled atoms induced by an electric field. This review examines existing theoretical methods of determining atomic and ionic polarizabilities, and discusses their relevance to various applications with particular emphasis on cold-atom physics and the metrology of atomic frequency standards.
The solar UV–x-ray spectrum from 1.5 to 2000 Å
G A Doschek1 and U Feldman2 1 Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA 2 Artep, Inc., 2922 Excelsior Spring Ct, Ellicott City, MD 21042, USA
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 232001
Abstract This review illustrates the potential of UV–x-ray spectroscopy for determining the physical conditions in the solar chromosphere, transition region and corona, and how spectroscopy can be used as An image of the Sun recorded by the soft x-ray telescope on the a tool to understand the physical mechanisms governing the atmosphere. It also illustrates the Yohkoh spacecraft. potential for understanding transient events such as solar flares. This is a vast topic, and therefore the review is necessarily not complete, but we have tried to be as general as possible in showing in particular how solar spectra are currently being used to understand the solar upper atmosphere. The review is intended for non-solar physicists with an interest in spectroscopy as well as for solar physicists who are not specialists in spectroscopy.
18 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
2010 PhD tutorials
PhD tutorials are of a pedagogical nature. Designed to guide newcomers into rapidly developing fields where textbooks are still missing, they allow interested researchers from more distant fields to gain an insight into what they see as a new subject. PhD tutorials are generally based on either an excellent PhD thesis or an outstanding lecture series at a graduate winter/summer school.
PhD tutorials are normally commissioned by the Editorial Board. If you have a suggestion for a tutorial, the J. Phys. B team would be happy to pass your idea on to the Editorial Board, so please contact us at [email protected].
A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization
Antoine Monmayrant1,2, Sébastien Weber3 and Béatrice Chatel3 1 CNRS-LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse, France 2 Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE ; LAAS, F-31077 Toulouse, France 3 CNRS-Université de Toulouse; UPS, Laboratoire Collisions, Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, F-31062 Toulouse, France
Principle of frequency optical gating: the test pulse E(t) is temporally 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 103001 sliced (or gated). The spectrum of this gated pulse is measured as a function of the delay τ between the gate G(t) and the test pulse. Abstract This tutorial gives an overview of the most widespread techniques of both ultrashort pulse shaping and pulse characterization.
Theoretical methods for small-molecule ro-vibrational spectroscopy
Lorenzo Lodi and Jonathan Tennyson University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 133001
Abstract The solution of the first principle equations of quantum mechanics provides an increasingly accurate and predictive approach for solving problems involving atoms and small molecules. A general introduction to the methods used for the ab initio calculation of rotational–vibrational spectra of small molecules is presented, with a strong focus on triatomic systems. The use of multi-reference Illustration of the magnitude of relativistic corrections for a set of electronic structure methods to compute molecular potential-energy and dipole-moment surfaces is geometries of the water molecule. discussed. Issues related to the construction of such surfaces and the inclusion of corrections due to relativistic and non-Born–Oppenheimer effects are reviewed. The derivation of exact, internal- coordinate nuclear-motion-effective Hamiltonians and their solution using a discrete-variable representation are discussed. Sample results for the water molecules are used throughout the tutorial to illustrate the theoretical and numerical issues in such calculations.
Highlights 2010 19 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
PhD tutorials (continued) An introduction to the formulation of steady-state transport through molecular junctions
Uri Peskin Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 153001 Resonant tunnelling through a single-level conductor. Abstract A basic theoretical introduction is given for the phenomenon of electronic transport through molecular junctions. The electrode–molecule–electrode system is represented using a model Hamiltonian framework based on separation between the molecular and the electrode single- particle subspaces, using projection operators. The Landauer formulation of the steady-state current through the junction is introduced and the transmission function is derived from basic single-particle quantum scattering theory. Detailed implementations to a generic tight-binding model demonstrate the typical characteristics of the transmission function, and resonant transport through discrete quantum molecular states is analysed in detail. An alternative formulation based on the time-dependent Liouville–von Neumann equation leads to a quantum kinetic representation of the current in terms of rate constants for electron hopping between the molecule and the electrodes. The generalization of this approach to inelastic transport is discussed.
Discrete optics in femtosecond-laser-written photonic structures
Alexander Szameit1 and Stefan Nolte2 1 Physics Department and Solid State Institute, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel 2 Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 163001
Abstract Over the last few years arrays of evanescently coupled waveguides have been brought into focus as a particular representation of functionalized optical materials, in which the dispersion and diffraction of propagating light can be specifically tuned. Moreover, it turns out that the light evolution in these systems shares fundamental similarities to the quantum evolution of particle wavefunctions, so that waveguide arrays can act as a model system for emulating quantum mechanics. Recently, a novel technique was developed with which waveguides can be directly 'written' into various optical bulk materials using femtosecond laser pulses, which allows for the realization of a variety of innovative concepts which are Experimental excitation of a discrete soliton. not feasible using other fabrication methods. The aim of this tutorial is to give an introduction to this topic.
High-order harmonic and attosecond pulse generation on plasma mirrors: basic mechanisms
C Thaury1,2 and F Quéré1 1 Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Commissariat l’Energie Atomique, DSM/IRAMIS, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France 2 Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 213001 Simulation of excited plasma oscillations by an injected electron bunch. Abstract When an intense femtosecond laser pulse hits an optically polished surface, it generates a dense plasma that itself acts as a mirror, known as the plasma mirror. As this mirror reflects the high- intensity laser field, its nonlinear temporal response can lead to a periodic temporal distortion of the reflected wave, associated with a train of attosecond light pulses, and, in the frequency domain, to the generation of high-order harmonics of the laser. This tutorial presents detailed theoretical and numerical analysis of the two dominant harmonic generation mechanisms identified so far, coherent wake emission and the relativistic oscillating mirror. Parametric studies of the emission efficiency are presented for these two regimes, and the phase properties of the corresponding harmonics are discussed. This theoretical study is complemented by a synthesis of recent experimental results, which establishes that these two mechanisms indeed dominate harmonic generation on plasma mirrors.
20 Highlights 2010 Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
The 30 most downloaded articles published in 2010
Coherence measurements and coherent diffractive imaging at FLASH Geometric potential for plasmon polaritons on curved surfaces G Della Valle I A Vartanyants, A P Mancuso, A Singer, O M Yefanov and J Gulden 2010 and S Longhi 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 051002 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194016 Collapse and revival in inter-band oscillations of a two-band Bose–Hubbard A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization Antoine model Patrick Plötz, Javier Madroñero and Sandro Wimberger 2010 Monmayrant, Sébastien Weber and Béatrice Chatel 2010 J. Phys. B: At. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 081001 Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 103001 Dynamical control of soliton formation and propagation in a Y-type atomic Photoionization of laser-excited caesium atoms above the 4d ionization system with dual ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency threshold Angelica Moise, Michele Alagia, Lorenzo Avaldi, Vitaliy Feyer, Liu-Gang Si, Xin-You Lü, Xiangying Hao and Jia-Hua Li 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Kevin C Prince and Robert Richter 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 065403 215001 Lyman–Birge–Hopfield emissions from electron-impact excited N2 J A Young, Multiple optical trapping and binding: new routes to self-assembly T Cˇižmár, C P Malone, P V Johnson, J M Ajello, X Liu and I Kanik 2010 J. Phys. B: At. L C Dávila Romero, K Dholakia and D L Andrews 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 135201 Opt. Phys. 43 102001 Single molecule detection using graphene electrodes Norma L Rangel and Strong-field rescattering physics—self-imaging of a molecule by its own Jorge M Seminario 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 115101 electrons C D Lin, Anh-Thu Le, Zhangjin Chen, Toru Morishita and Robert Time-dependent analysis of the mechanism for two-photon double escape in Lucchese 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 122001 helium: from very long to attosecond time scales E Foumouo, A Hamido, Ph Theoretical methods for small-molecule ro-vibrational spectroscopy Lorenzo Antoine, B Piraux, H Bachau and R Shakeshaft 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Lodi and Jonathan Tennyson 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 Opt. Phys. 43 091001 133001 Low-energy symmetric coplanar and symmetric non-coplanar (e,2e) studies
Exploring few-photon, few-electron reactions at FLASH: from ion yield and from the 3a1 state of H2O Kate L Nixon, Andrew James Murray, Ola momentum measurements to time-resolved and kinematically complete Al-Hagan, Don H Madison and Chuangang Ning 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. experiments A Rudenko, Y H Jiang, M Kurka, K U Kühnel, L Foucar, Opt. Phys. 43 035201 O Herrwerth, M Lezius, M F Kling, C D Schröter, R Moshammer and Diabatic electronic states from many-body perturbation theory Marcin J Ullrich 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194004 S Kaczmarski and Michael Rohlfing 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 High-order harmonic and attosecond pulse generation on plasma mirrors: 051001 basic mechanisms C Thaury and F Quéré 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. Multi-pulse scheme for enhancing electron localization through vibrational 43 213001 wavepacket manipulation C R Calvert, R B King, W A Bryan, W R Newell, High quality factor, small mode volume, ring-type plasmonic microresonator J F McCann, J B Greenwood and I D Williams 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. on a silver chip Yun-Feng Xiao, Bei-Bei Li, X Jiang, Xiaoyong Hu, Yan Li and Phys. 43 011001 Qihuang Gong 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 035402 Two-photon double ionization of the helium atom by ultrashort pulses Search for interference effects in electron impact ionization of aligned A Palacios, D A Horner, T N Rescigno and C W McCurdy 2010 J. Phys. B: At. hydrogen molecules A Senftleben, T Pflüger, X Ren, O Al-Hagan, B Najjari, Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194003 D Madison, A Dorn and J Ullrich 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 Study of high-order harmonic generation from nanoparticles H Singhal, 081002 R A Ganeev, P A Naik, A K Srivastava, A Singh, R Chari, R A Khan, Relativistic atomic structure: past, present and future I P Grant 2010 J. Phys. J A Chakera and P D Gupta 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 025603 B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 074033 The carrier-envelope phase dependence of above threshold dissociation Atom chip for BEC interferometry R J Sewell, J Dingjan, F Baumgärtner, for HD+ driven by the modulated laser field Zheng-Tang Liu, Kai-Jun Yuan, I Llorente-García, S Eriksson, E A Hinds, G Lewis, P Srinivasan, Chuan-Cun Shu, Wen-Hui Hu and Shu-Lin Cong 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Z Moktadir, C O Gollasch and M Kraft 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. Opt. Phys. 43 055601 43 051003 Attosecond correlation dynamics during electron tunnelling from molecules Theory and applications of atomic and ionic polarizabilities J Mitroy, Zachary B Walters and Olga Smirnova 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. M S Safronova and Charles W Clark 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 43 161002 202001 FLASH—from accelerator test facility to the first single-pass soft x-ray free- Electron angular distributions in near-threshold atomic ionization electron laser Jochen R Schneider 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 T Marchenko, H G Muller, K J Schafer and M J J Vrakking 2010 J. Phys. B: 194001 At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 095601 Signatures of projectile–nucleus scattering in three-dimensional (e,2e) X-ray laser spectroscopy of highly charged ions at FLASH S W Epp, cross sections for argon Xueguang Ren, Arne Senftleben, Thomas Pflüger, J R Crespo López-Urrutia, M C Simon, T Baumann, G Brenner, R Ginzel, Alexander Dorn, Klaus Bartschat and Joachim Ullrich 2010 J. Phys. B: At. N Guerassimova, V Mäckel, P H Mokler, B L Schmitt, H Tawara and Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 035202 J Ullrich 2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194008
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