Scientific Nursing Journal

Role of Perceived Social Support on Self-Esteem and Aggression among Adolescents

Amal Ibrahim Sabra1 , Lulah Abdelwahab Abdelaty Hassan2

1Assistant Professor of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University,

Egypt, 2 Assistant Professor of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, Abstract: Adolescence period is a critical one in an individual's life. So, the need to study social support as a buffer against negative and psychological problems as aggression and as a key construct in increasing positive psychological outcomes as self-esteem is becoming urgent among adolescents. The aim of the study was to: explore the influencing role of perceived social support on self-esteem and aggression among adolescents. Study design: - descriptive correlational study was used. Settings: This study was conducted at 7 preparatory and secondary governmental schools in Tanta City that were chosen randomly according to Tanta city districts. Subjects: The total number of the study sample was 500 students. It was obtained by multistage random sampling technique from the previously mentioned settings. Study tools: four tools were used; Tool I: Socio-demographic characteristics of the adolescents, Tool II: The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Tool III: Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and Tool IV: The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Results: results pointed out social support have a statistically significant positive role on enhancing self-esteem and reduction of aggression among studied adolescents. Conclusion & Recommendations: adolescents who have proper social support are having high self-esteemed and less liable to develop aggression. So, programs that deal with adolescent self-esteem and aggression have to emphasize on the role of perceived social support.

Key words: Social support, Self-esteem, Aggression, Adolescent students

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 174

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Introduction Adolescence is a term derived from the rely upon whenever they need any Latin word 'adolescere'. It means grow up assistance in social life. It also denotes or reach adulthood. This term symbolizes having someone as family and friends the period where adult attitude and during the time of crisis that enhance behavioral patterns start to replace a sense of belongingness and the inner childish ones. Adolescence is unique, positive self-image (5,6) .The support potentially stressful periods in which there and assistance can be in many forms are dramatic changes as marked physical, as help in emotional support i.e. cognitive, emotional and social changes nurturance from closed ones, advice in are experienced(1,2). The rapid changes form of the information, financial during adolescence can trigger inner support, and sense of conflicts or conflicts with adolescents‟ belongingness(7,8). environments and as a result of such The potential positive influences of changes psychological wellbeing levels social support for individuals in tend to decrease during this period. It is different age groups have been well documented that many mental health demonstrated by research in the last problems tend to emerge and can be two decades however, social support predictive of occurrence of mental illness may be particularly important for in later adulthood and with an estimated adolescents. For adolescents, to solve prevalence of psychiatric disturbance of problems concerning this transition about 15 - 20%. Therefore, studying period, adapt to their environment, promoting factors for mental health of keep themselves psychologically well adolescence is becoming the major issue and quietness transition from for nurses' studies (3,4). childhood to adulthood are obtained , Of all the protective mental health factors perceived social support is imperative of adolescence, studies presented that (5,9). Furthermore, social support is perceived social support plays a major generally linked to many benefits for role in lowering the incidence of adolescents 'mental health and it is a adolescent mental health problems. Social key construct in contribution to an support can be defined as the assistance individual‟s positive psychological available to an individual or a circle of an outcomes such as self-esteem and the individual‟s life on which he or shecan reduction of psychological problems

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 175

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

such as aggression.(3,6). among adolescents is aggression. It is One important aspects of positive mental well-recognized that, aggression is a health among adolescence is self-esteem major public health problem in the and it is crucial for the youths‟ mental world. The use of aggression in health. Self-esteem is the extent to which achieving ones goals has become individuals believe they are capable, rampant among adolescents all over significant, successful and worthy. the world. Aggression is a term used Associations between low self-esteem and to describe any behavior by an a variety of psychological problems individual against another with the among adolescents including criminal sole aim of inflicting pain (physical behavior, substance abuse, academic and psychological) (12, 13). Adolescence failure, as well as risky behaviors as is being perceived as a period of aggression, sexual abuse, or being a “storm and stress” which predisposes member of gang (10,11). Consequently, them into more serious aggression and before reaching adulthood, it is imperative violence and higher vulnerability for for the adolescent to develop high self- future negative mental health esteem. For that, possible associations of outcomes.(4,6). The prevalence of low or high self- esteem which are crucial aggression is increasing in developing during adolescence period have to be and developed countries. More acknowledged. In this respect perceived specifically in Egypt the risk of social support is known as a virtual issue aggression and criminal tendencies in enhancing and maintenance of self- among adolescents is significant as esteem in adolescence since support from stated by Wahdan etal. (2014) & family, peers and significant others has Elmasry etal., (2016). Given the negatively or positively influencing role high prevalence of aggression in on the development of adolescent‟s self- Egypt and its dramatic consequences, esteem.(10,11). Hence, the influencing role studying factors that are influencing of social support on adolescent self- aggression among adolescents has esteem is an important area for research become an increasing concern for studies. promotion mental health of Today, one of the serious mental adolescence (14,15). health problems which have captured Literatures indicated that, perceived the attention of many researchers social support play a significant role to

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 176

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

in adolescents‟ aggression. Social outcomes as self-esteem is urgent. support from different sources, such as The worldwide guidelines assure the family members or peers can help vital role of nurses' in psychological buffer the effects of stressful events health promotion especially with young and support serves as a protective people as they experience critical phase agent decreasing the possibility of the of life. Community mental health nurses emergence aggression on adolescent work in a variety of settings, and are one of development. It also has been linked the largest groups of health care in psychosocial and behavioral professionals who come into contact with adjustment problems in the adolescent adolescents. They are in the right place to period like aggression. Indeed, for an enhance the psychological and emotional adolescent to prevent aggressive well-being of adolescents and to prevent behaviors and gain adaptive ones, it is the development of mental health problems crucial that s/he be provided with by being aware of factors that can put social support to make changes in the adolescents at risk. As a result nurses have psychological environment (3,16). a golden chance and a unique Significance of problem opportunity to assess and enhance social Adolescents constitute nearly 18% of the supports of adolescents which it can world‟s population. In Egypt, boost their self-esteem and reduce adolescents amount to nearly 20 million aggressions and in turn results in and consequently represent a substantial psychological wellbeing. proportion of the country‟s human Aim of the study potential. Yet, despite the importance of The aim of this study was to:- adolescents as the future generation of Explore the role of perceived social adults, their mental health concerns support on self-esteem and aggressive receive less attention than other age behavior among adolescents. groups. Therefore, considering the Research question adolescence is a critical period in - What is the role of perceived social individual's life, the need to provide support on both self-esteem and social support as a buffer against aggression among adolescents? negative and psychological problems as aggression and as a key construct in increasing positive psychological

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 177

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Subjects and Method:- disorder and chronic medical disease was Research design excluded from the study. Descriptive correlational study design Tool of the study was used. A structured questionnaire schedule was Setting of the study:- developed by the researchers based on a The study was carried out at preparatory thorough review of literatures (18-20). It and secondary governmental schools in consisted of four tools as follows: Tanta city. Schools included in the study Tool I: Socio-demographic were 7 schools from total of 24 schools (3 characteristics of the adolescent: secondary schools out of 9, and 4 It developed by the researchers to illicit preparatory schools out of 15). According data about socio-demographic to Tanta districts, the study was carried out characteristics of studied subjects. .This in east and west districts. The schools were part consisted of 9 items such as age, sex, chosen randomly according to each district grade of education, residence, parent's and type of school. education and occupation, and family Subjects of the study: income. The total number of the study sample was Tool II: The Multidimensional Scale of 500 students (both sexes). The study Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) subjects were obtained by multistage The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived random sampling technique from the Social Support (MSPSS) was developed previously mentioned settings. The sample by Zimet etal 1988(18). It was adopted by size was calculated using Epi-Info software the researchers in this study. It is statistical package created by World Health designed to measure perceptions of organization and Center for Disease support from 3 sources: Family, Friends, Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and a Significant Other. This is 12 items USA version 2002(17). The criteria for answered on a 5-point Likert scale with sample size selection are 95% confidence response options ranging from 1 denotes limit and 80% power of analysis. The very strongly disagree, 2 strongly sample size was found at N>384. To disagree, 3 neutral, 4 strongly agree and 5 increase validity of the results it was very strongly agree. increased to 500. It classified into three subscales, each Exclusion criteria subscale composed of four items: - -Adolescent student who had psychiatric (1) Family social support subscale:

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 178

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

containing items such as „„I can for a possible range of 0 to 30. High self- discuss my problems with my esteem is reflected by higher score. family‟‟, and „„I get help and Scoring system:- emotional support from my family‟‟. The total score of self-esteem was (2) Friends’ support subscale: consisting classified as follows: of items such as „„I have friends with - Low self-esteem from 0 -10. whom I can share my happiness and - Moderate self-esteem from 11 – 20. pain‟‟, and „„I can count on my - High self-esteem from 21 -30. friends when problems arise‟‟. Tool IV: The Buss-Perry Aggression (3) The significant other’s support Questionnaire (BPAQ) subscale: with items such as „„I have The Buss–Perry Aggression a close person who can encourage Questionnaire was developed by Buss & me‟‟, and „„I have a close person who Perry (1992) (20). It was adopted by the supports me when I am in need‟‟. researchers in this study. The Scoring system:- questionnaire composed of a 29 The total score of the scale ranged from statements. The participants rate 12 to 60, a higher score refers to higher statements along a 5-point continuum social support and the total score was from 1=“extremely uncharacteristic of classified as follows: me” to 5=“extremely characteristic of - Mild social support ≤ 36. me.” The questionnaire consisted of four - Moderate social support 37-48. dimensions of aggression: - High social supports 49-60. - Physical aggression (9 items): e.g. “If I Tool III :The Rosenberg Self esteem have to resort to violence to protect my Scale rights, I will”). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is most - Verbal aggression (5 items): e.g. “I tell widely used self-esteem measure. It was my friends openly when I disagree with developed by Rosenberg (1965) (19). It them”). was adopted by the researchers in this - Anger (7 items): e.g., “Some of my study. This is a 10-item measure of self- friends think I am a hothead”. esteem answered on a 4-point Likert scale - Hostility (8 items) e.g., “When people with response options ranging from are especially nice to me, I wonder what strongly agree (0) to strongly disagree (3) they want”.

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 179

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Scoring system 0.974 and 0.87) for tools II, III, and IV Overall score of the scale ranged from 29 respectively. to 145 and was categorized as the 5. A pilot study was carried out on a following: sample of 10 % of adolescents to - Mild aggression from ≤ 87. ascertain the clarity and applicability of - Moderate aggression from 88- 116. the study tool. In addition, it severed to - High aggressions from 117 -145. estimate the approximate time required Method for the studied subject as well as to 1. An official permission letter to carry identify any obstacles that might be out the study was obtained from Dean faced during data collection and these of the Faculty of Nursing to manager of subjects were excluded later from the the settings of the study. study. 2. Ethical considerations: 6. The actual study: - An informed consent of the studied - Collection of data for the present study subjects was obtained after appropriate was done during the period from explanation of the nature and purpose of February to May 2019. The average the study. time for filling questionnaire of the - Anonymity and confidentiality of the study was approximately 15 to 20 collected data. minutes for studied subjects. - The right to withdraw from the study at 7. Researchers arranged with the any time was assured. headmasters of selected schools to meet - Nature of the study was not cause harm with studied subjects in breaking time and/or pain to the entire sample. of school and then researchers 3. Developing the tools: - Tool I was distributed the questionnaire of the study developed by researchers, tools II, III, on the individual basis and asked and IV of the study were translated into participants to fill it in the presence of Arabic language by the researchers and the researchers for any clarification. were tested for its face and content 8. Statistical analysis: validity by five experts in the related The data were coded, entered and analyzed fields and the necessary modifications using SPSS (version 20). Descriptive were done. statistics (frequency numbers and 4. The reliability of tools was tested by percentages) identified demographic using the Cronbach‟s alpha (0.865, characteristics and students responses to

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 180

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

the questionnaire. Pearson's correlation Figure (1) shows distribution of the studied was used to examine the correlations subjects in relation to levels of the between social support, self-esteem and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived aggression. Linear regression was used to Social Support (MSPSS). It is clearly explore the prediction role of social observed that, more than half (54.0 %) of support on self-esteem and aggression. the studied subjects had moderate level of Statistical significant was set at P value social supports followed by 38.8 %of them <0.05% and highly significant at P < 0.001 had high social supports. Results Figure (2) illustrates distribution of the Table (1) presents distribution of the studied subjects according to levels self- studied subjects according to their socio- esteem. Findings reported that, (65.8% ) of demographic characteristics. The table the studied subjects had moderate level of showed that, 43.8% of the studied subjects self-esteem meanwhile only 4.6% of them was 12 +years and 17 + years with Mean had low level of self-esteem. 15.948± 2.609 years and more than half Figure (3) shows distribution of the studied (54.8%)of the studied subjects were subjects according to their levels female. Regarding educational level, aggression. It pointed out that, 64.2% of (49.0% & 51.0%) of studied subjects were the studied students had moderate level of belonged to preparatory and secondary aggression followed by 30.4% had low education respectively and 74.0% of them level of aggression and only 5.4% had high lived in rural areas. Concerning father level aggression. occupation of the studied subjects, 40.4% Table (2) shows the correlation between was professional and 30.4% had university total scores of social support with self- education. In relation to mother education, esteem, and aggression among the studied about one third (33.4%) of them had subjects. The table illustrated that, secondary education and most (74.6%) of perceived social support had highly mother of studied subjects were house significant positive correlation with self- wives. About half (49.2 %) of the studied esteem ( r=0.127, P < 0.001) and highly subjects reported that they had enough significant negative correlation with total income. score of aggression (r= -0.123 , P < 0.001).This denotes that studied subjects who had high perceived social support are

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 181

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

more likely to have high self -esteem and low aggression. Table (3) describes the correlation between social support dimensions with self-esteem and aggression among the studied subjects. The table illustrated that, among perceived social support dimensions only family support dimension is significantly correlated with self-esteem and aggression. Family support dimension had positively correlation with self-esteem and negative significant correlation with aggressions. Table (4) illustrates the prediction role of perceived social support on self-esteem and aggression among the studied subjects. It can noticed that perceived social support has a significant positive prediction role on self-esteem (F=8.188, P=0.004). It also found that a significant negative effect for social support on aggression (F=18.508, P=0.000. This means perceived social support had significant positive role on enhancing self-esteem and reduction aggression among studied adolescents.

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 182

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Table (1): Distribution of The Studied Subjects According to Their Socio- demographic Characteristics

Socio-demographic characteristics Studied students (n=500) No % Age in years  12 +years 219 43.8  15 +years 62 12.4  17 + years 219 43.8 Mean 15.948± 2.609 years Sex  Male 226 45.2  Female 274 54.8 Residence  Rural 370 74.0  Urban 130 26.0 Educational level  Preparatory 245 49.0  Secondary 255 51.0 Father education  Illiterate /read and write 73 14.6  Basic education 82 16.4  Secondary 145 29.0  University 152 30.4  Post –university 48 9.6 Father occupation  Professional 202 40.4  Employee 78 15.6  Craft man 129 25.8  Workers 91 18.2 Mother education  Illiterate /read and write 142 28.4  Basic education 67 13.4  Secondary 167 33.4  University 87 17.4  Post –university 37 7.4 Mother occupation  House wives 373 74.6  Professional 94 18.8  Employee 16 3.2  Workers 17 3.4 Income  Enough and save 202 40.4  Enough 246 49.2  Not enough 52 10.4

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 183

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Mild social support

Moderate social support

High social supports

Figure (1) : Distribution of the Studied Subjects in relation to their Levels of Perceived Social Support

4.6% low self-esteem Moderate self esteem High self-esteem 29.6%

65.8%

Figure (2):- Distribution of the Studied Subjects According to their Levels of Self- Esteem.

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 184

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

5.4% Mild aggression Moderate aggression 30.4% High aggressions

64.2%

Figure (3):- Distribution of the studied Subjects according to their levels of aggression Table (2): Correlation between Total Mean Scores of Perceived Social Support with self- esteem and Aggression among the Studied Subjects

Total score of social support Variables r p Total score Self-esteem 0.127 0.004** Total score of aggression -0.123 0.006** **Highly Significant at P < 0.001 Table ( 3): Correlation between Perceived Social Support Dimensions with Self-esteem and Aggression among the Studied Subjects.

Aggression Self-esteem Social Support Dimensions r r P P

Family social support -0.219 0.154 ** 0.000** 0.001 Significant persons social 0.05 0.110 * support 0.903 0.114 Friends social support 0.69 0.042 0.125 0.346

Table (4):- The prediction role of perceived social support on self-esteem and aggression among the studied subjects Variable Self-esteem Aggression Social AR2 F β P AR2 F β P support 0.014 8.188 0.127 0.004** 0.034 18.508 -.189 0.000**

**Highly Significant at P < 0.001

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 185

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Discussion perceived acceptance, empathy, emotional Perceived social support assists warmth, respect, attention and adolescents to promote a sense of trust and nonjudgmental from social support can enables them to cope with this critical lead adolescents to feel good about period more healthily. Perceived social themselves and paint positive portray for support is a key factor in helping themselves which form a fertile adolescents navigates the major life environment for development and changes and a key construct in increasing enhancing their self-esteem. In the same positive psychological outcomes (5, 21). line of rationalization , an adolescents Data of the present study could answer the whose self-esteem is low believes that, research question of the study that important people who for them do not love perceived social support has significantly and appreciate him/her as consequently positive correlation with self-esteem and leading to feelings of being neglected, negative correlation with aggression and rejected, insecurity, and uncertainty, which perceived social support had statistically in turn, they capsulated these negative significant positive role on enhancing self- perceptions toward themselves into low esteem and reduction of aggression self-esteem. Alongside with this among studied adolescents. justification Wang etal., (2018 ) stated that Self-esteem could be said to be an attitude interactions with others influence and may towards oneself along positive or negative determine the way adolescents perceive dimensions. It could also see as the themselves in relation to others, their subjective evaluation of self in in relation attitudes, and their behaviors. (22) to social networks belongings to. In line This result is consistent with previous with that, significant influencing role of research results conducted on these perceived social support on enhancing self- constructs. Kumar, etal., (2014) assessed esteem may be justified (8, 21). From the multidimensional perceived social researcher's opinion, adolescents can support and self-esteem among 100 school formulate their thoughts, feelings and students , the study has revealed that, experiences they had through interaction there is statistically a positive relationship with others around them then in the between the social support that a person shadow of these formulated experiences, received through various sources and self- they judge and evaluate themselves esteem that in turn influences the self- positively or negatively. In other meaning , esteem (3). Additionally, Tahir etal (2015)

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 186

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

in an influential study examined the impact a reliable one at times of stress. As result of perceived social support on self-esteem of this adolescent experience emotional found out that, individuals with high self- security and containment, feel less esteem are more likely to have more social threatened, appraise and cop with situation support (23). Another study conducted by healthy and consequently less need to have Bhat (2017) to evaluate the relationship of aggression. social support with self-esteem among Similar findings linking perceived social adolescents' students and concluded that, support and aggression have been self-esteem is influenced mainly by social documented in the national and support and adolescents who are receiving international scientific researches that good social support from various sources included adolescent participant samples. At are having better view of themselves (11). the national level, Elmasry etal., (2016) Adolescents are more susceptible to conducted study on Egyptian adolescent aggression. It stem from various stressors involvement in violent behavior ,the faced them. When faced with these findings were thirty-one percent of stressors, adolescents who have social adolescents reported being involved in a support from different sources of support physical fight and social support was as parents, teachers, peers, and schools will selected as the most predictors linked with seek advice easily, feedback, and solutions reducing aggression by studied to cope such stressors (2,4). In the same line, adolescents(14). Another Egyptian study the result of present study revealed conducted by Ali et al (2018) to assess perceived social support has statistically the effect of social skill training program significant positive role on the reduction on aggression among adolescents in of aggression among studied subjects residential institutions in Port-Said City. .From perspective of researcher this result They found that the social skills training may be justified as when adolescent feels program has a positive effect of decreasing overwhelmed by stress, he /she tend to use aggression (24). aggressive behavior in dealing with At the international level, a study was done situations. In case of presence of social by Samadifard & Damirchi (2018) on support that means, presence of someone social support and aggression. The study who can provide assistance, or someone found that, social support sources who can touch on adolescent's shoulders at positively affect the individual‟s adaptation times of stressful situations or presence of in a positive way and aggressive

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 187

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

expression has been linked to reduced Therefore, Egyptian family is still basic social support (25). and fundamental social unit support in all For better and for worse, family support stages of life that fosters the stability, well- play a central role in shaping an being and sustainability of its members. individual‟s psychological make-up across So, it is not surprising for the researcher the life course. The current study indicated that family has the most influencing role the correlation was high with only family on both self-esteem and aggression as dimension of social support with both self- reported by studied adolescence rather than esteem and aggression. On other words friends and significant others. through the results it can be seen that Another important justification may be among the dimension of perceived social attributed to the nature of the study setting; support family has significant positive the current study was conducted at Tanta influencing role on both self-esteem and city. It is a city lies at midway between aggression among studied subjects. civil and rural life. This city still colored Reasoning for this result from researcher 's by taste of rural life that characterized by view may be related to, the family is the strong ties and cohesive among family first and foremost attribute since the birth members and preferred the concept of day of the person where the person‟s self- extended family that participants can find esteem is shaped and feels very much support from more than one members of secured being close contact to the family. the family as uncle, aunt or grandmothers. Specifically, the result may be largely due This may be supported by most of the to the nature of Egyptian family. Egyptian studied adolescents in the current study family is characterized by cohesion lived in rural area. Additionally, the socio- natures, warming ties, affection, flexibility demographic characteristics of the studied and kindness between their members. In subjects pointed that most of mothers of Egyptian family even family member participants were house wives who may become adolescent, adult or even married have more time to take care and listen to is still emotionally supported by his /her their young than worked mother. Another family and the influence of the family on justification to this result, most parents of the individuals has not weakened. For the studied subjects were educated either some instance, family provides financial secondary or university. Educated parents assistance to its member's even he/she is may be have knowledge and awareness married and departs from the family. about how to treat adolescents and cope

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 188

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

effectively with challenges of adolescence boost their self-esteem and enhance period that in turn lead to adolescent feels their social support circles. secure and crosses this period 2- Educational and counseling programs psychologically well . for supportive system of adolescent in This result is supported by study done by particular family about psychological Bibi & Malik (2016) who found that, challenges and needs of adolescent those adolescents who trust their families especially aggression and self-esteem and have strong relationship with them 3- Community mental health nurse have been observed to rank it as first should encourage adolescents to source of social support. (26). Indeed, Wang negotiate their emotions and problems &Zhou (2016) revealed that, the with supportive ones in particular the continuity of family connections and a family, as it is valuable for mental secure emotional base is crucial for the health and avoidance of aggression. positive development of young people and Reference protective factors against a range of health 1- Zhao J, Wang , Kong F. Exploring risk behaviors. (27). the mediation effect of social support Conclusion and self- esteem on the relationship This study is focused on the young between humor style and life population and provides an insight of satisfaction in Chinese college importance of social support for self- students. Personality and Individual esteem and aggression. Based on the Differences. 2014; 64, 126-130. current resultss, it can be concluded that, 2- Savi Çakar F, Tagay O. The perceived social support has highly mediating role of self-esteem: The positive significant correlation with self- effects of social support and subjective esteem and a negative significant well-being on adolescents‟ risky correlation with aggression and play vital behaviors. Educational Sciences: positive influencing role in enhancing self- Theory & Practice 2017;17 (3):859– esteem and reduction of aggression among 876 studied adolescents. 3- Kumar R . Lal R, Bhuchar V. Recommendation Impact of social support in relation to 1- Nurses working with the adolescent self-esteem and aggression among population at different settings need to adolescents . International Journal of

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 189

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Scientific and Research Publications, European Journal of Public Health. 2014;4( 12):ISSN 2250-3153. 2017; 20(6): 647–652. 4- Triana R & Keliat B .The 9- Salami OS. Moderating effects of relationship between self-esteem, resilience, self-Esteem and social family relationships and social support Support on adolescents‟ reactions to as the protective factors and violence. Asian Social Science. 2010; adolescent mental health. Humanities 6 (12): 1124-1134. & social sciences reviews. 2019;7(1): 10- Ikiz F, Cakar F. Perceived social 41-47. support and self-esteem in 5- Muna S, Jamal M, Al Khateeb KA. adolescence. Social and Behavioral Comparison of social support among Sciences. 2010; 5, 2338–2342. adolescents with and without visual 11- Bhat SA. The relationship of impairments in Jordan: a case study perceived social support with self- from the Arab region. Journal of esteem among college-going students. Visual Impairment & Blindness. International Journal of Advanced 2014;8 (3):667- 775. Research and Development. 2017; 6- Mobasheri M, Yousefi Z, Moradi A, 2(3): 308-310. Mirzaeian R. Exploring the effect of 12- Collins N, Emmanuel E. Effects of social support and religious beliefs on Self-esteem and Gender on Aggressive the life satisfaction among the elderly Behavior among Adolescents, Journal living in Borujen. Life Science of Psychology. 2017; 8(2):61-67. Journal. 2014;11(9):459-464. 13- Mansour HA, Dardas L, Nawafleh 7- Alorani O, Alradaydeh M. Spiritual H, Abu-Asba M. Psychosocial well-being, perceived social support predictors of anger among university and life satisfaction among university students. Children and Youth Services students. International Journal of Review. 2012; 34(2): 474–479. Adolescence and Youth. 2018; 14- Elmasry N, Fouad A, Khalil D, 23(3):889-99. Sherra K. Physical and verbal 8- Veselska Z, Madarasova A, aggression among adolescent school Gajdosova B. Socio-economic students in Sharkia, Egypt: prevalence differences in self-esteem of and risk factors. Egyptian journal of adolescents influenced by personality, psychiatry. 2016; l37(3):166-173. mental health and social support. 15- Wahdan N, El-Nimr R, Wahdan A.

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 190

Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal

Risk of aggression and criminal social support and outcomes of mental behavior among adolescents living in health problems: a systematic review. Governorate, Egypt, BMC Psychiatry.2018; 18 (1):156-17. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 23- Tahir WB, Inam A, Raana T. 2014; 20(4):265-72. Relationship between social support 16- Jun W, Lee G. Comparing anger, and self-esteem among adolescent anger expression, life stress and social girls. Journal of Humanities and Social support between Korean female Science. 2015; 20(2):42-46. nursing and general university 24- Ali SI, Abdel-Fatah SR, Mahmoud students. Journal of Advanced AS, El-Sayad MS. Effect of social Nursing. 2017; 73(12):2914-2922. skill training program on self-esteem 17- Andrew G. Introduction to Epi Info and aggression among children in 2002. residential institutions in Port-Said 18- Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, City. scntific journal of Farley GK. The Multidimensional nursing .2018; 5(2): 105-123. Scale of Perceived Social Support. 25- Samadifard H, Damirchi E. The Journal of Personality Assessment. relationship between perception of 1988;52:30-41 social interaction, perceived social 19- Buss AH, Perry, MP. The Aggression support and social acceptance with Questionnaire. Journal of Personality aggression among adolescents. Journal and Social Psychology. 1992; 63, 452- of Research and Health. 2018; 459. 8(1):38-46. 20- Rosenberg M. Society and the 26- Bibi N, Malik JA. Effect of social adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: support on the relationship between Princeton University Press. 1965 relational aggression and family- (Chapter 2 discusses construct maladjustment: Adolescents‟ validity.) perspective. Pakistan Journal of 21- Dudnx G , Zehra F, Tekgöz A. The Psychological Research. 2016; Vol. relationship between types of humor 31, No. 1, 63-76. and perceived social support among 27- Wangi Q, Zhou T. The impact of adolescents. Social and Behavioral family functioning and mental health Sciences. 2014; 152 .1194 – 1200. condition on the child‟s behavioral 22- Wang J, Mann F, Evans L, problems. International Journal of and Johnson S. Associations Social, Behavior and Personality.2015; between loneliness and perceived 42 (7):556-570.

Vol. 19 No. 2 November, 2020 191