The Black Foresttouristregion

HiroshimaHiroshimaGeographical Geographical Association

begeISt\ voL 64 no, 3 pp. 151-'167, 2009 Geographical Sciences (ChinLKcrgaku)

The Black Forest Tourist Region: Actual Changes of Demand, Supply and Organization

STADELBAUER, J6rg"

Key words: tourism, global change,climate change, Black Forest,accommedation, recreation

'IIhe Black Forest (Schwar2rwald) is one of I IntroduedQn the most important German tourist regions and

1) Position among the German tourist the most frequently visited one among the low

destinadons range mountains (Korff, 2e08). Regarding the

Germany is one of the leading nations in State of Baden-Wttrttemberg, nearly 44.6 per-

the international tourism industry It holds an cent of the registered overnight stays and 39.6

eminent position in a double sense, On the percent of visitors' registrations concentrate in

one hand, Gerrnans like to travel around and this region, which in the delimitation of the 'Iburism are visitors al1 over the world, so that they add Black Forest Ltd includes not only the

the second highest amount to the financial turn- Black Forest mountains themselves, but also

over of international tourism and, therefore, large parts of the Upper Rhine valley 265 com-

sometimes are called vice-champions in tourism. munes are participating in this organization.

On the other hand, Germany otfers many attrac- These tigures only reflect the significance of

tive destinations and hosts a large number of the Black Forest for tourism. Additional impor:

visiters, even if it only occupied the 8tii place in tance is gained by nearby recreation. The

regard to the number of international arrivals in urban agglomerations of Stuttgart in the North-

2006 with 21,5 million arrivals and the 7th place East, of Karlsruhe in the North-West, of

in earnings from teurism in 2005 (29.2 billion Freiburg in the SouthiWest and of Basle and

$-US)i). The international presence of Zurich - both in Switzerland - in the South

Germans is supplemented by a significant direct a part of the nearby recreation demand to

domestic tourism, which experienced a remark- the Black Forest.

able growth in the last few years, since individ- Nearly 80 percent of the guests staying in

ual incornes are shrinking and international trav the Black Forest for at least one night origi-

elling seems to be affected by a higher risk nates from Germany, one fifth are foreigners.

since ll19. They mainly come frorn Switzerland, the

Netherlands and France. To a remarkable

' University of Freiburg, Germany extent, Swiss people visit the Southern Black

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152 thgel{-d};,64-3,2009

Forest where they influence the real estate mar= 3) Images

ket of second homes. In 2e06, continuing It may be asked for which type of land-

demand originating from foreign countries led scape the Black Forest stands in international

to an increase of income gained from tourism in comparison. Each stay in the Black Forest

Baden-Witrttemberg, whereas in 2007 the inner environment generates images, which are

demand increased to ahigher amount. But in gained from the regional potential and commu-

new images Lhe last three years, the Black Forest region nicated to other people and create

received little profit from this increasing themselves. Advertisementandtouristpromo-

demand in the Gerrnan South:West, Taking tion work with such images, which are well

under consideration the high significance of the known to us and are effective through recegni-

Black Forest tourism for the regional economy, tion (Korff, 2005). In the year 2006, even the

it seems worth to exarnine the causes, the con- German Post underlined a certain irnage of the

sequences and the responding strategies. Black Forest by a special stamp. These

images include the rnixed forest of fir, spruce

2) Potentials and beech, which in several cases was super-

I.ooking at the basis of the Black Forest seded by reiorestation of spruce during the

tourism, the main potential consists in the low 19th century. Only in recent decades the for-

range mountain landscape. It is characterized mer composhion has been reaetivated for eco-

by poor soils, positively evaluated qualities ol logical reasons. Among the positive images

fresh air, a scenic landscape mosaic of wooded we find the huge Black Forest fartnsteads,

areas and open-land, low level of urbanisation, which seem to represent a certain rural

good accessibility by highways and railroads, prosperity. Last but not least, the rich cuisine

the old popular traditions and a diverse rural with several regional specialities belongste

structure. At the fringe of the mountains and positive experiences of all visitors.

in the central and northern part mineral and II L£ adingquestions thermal waters are the basis for spa tourism,

namely with health resorts l{ke Baden-Baden, At the first glance, the Black Forest seems

Badenweiler, Wi!dbad, Bad Rappoldsau, Bad to represent a consolidated tourist destination,

Peterstal, Bad Herrenalb and others. In the but there are some problems that cannot be

High Southern Black Forest centres of ski sport ignored. The Black Forest is urged to react to

were established looking for internatienal some actual challenges. Considering that

acknowledgement. Among the urban agglom- middle-income soeial groups dominate among

erations at the fringe of the Black Forest, the visitors, at least three directions of needed

"capital Freiburg considers itself as of the Black adaptation can be identified:

Forest". The town with 218,OOO inhabitants (a) Btack FQrest tourism developed in a rural

less offers 4,900 beds in hotels and guesthouses and environment as economic annex to a

counted 1.28 million overnights in 200S, competitive mountain agriculture based on

livestock farming and forestry. Due to

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scADEIBAUER,J.: The Black Forest [Iburist Region: Actual Changes ef Demand, Supply and Organisation153

external influences, this type of eeonomy be adequate for the urban demand, but

experieneed significant changes during the new challenges result from the second

'Ilie last decades. agrarian politics of the demographic transition in poseindustrial

European Union, a surplus of woed and the societies (relative over-aging), the recent

competition of less expensive foreign tour- diversification of lifl}-styles (which causes a

ist destinations reduced the tourist demand. diffuse structure of demand) and the actual

The adaptation caused a series of strate- climatic change Cglobal warming, increase

gies aiming at a realistic presentation of of winter precipitation in a phase of

the regional stru ¢ ture to tihe visitors. rusk reduced snow security) .

scenarios like winters poor in snowfall for Therefore the following paper is concen-

the future are postponed because they trated en answers given by the regional tourism

wottld create negative images counterpro- industry to the named challenges ei socio-eco-

ductive for tourism. Therefore, the con- nomic rural development, globalisation and

cepts fer actual tourism are derived frem global change.

general regional development strategies for III Methodologyanddataproblems Central European low range mountain

reglons. The paper is based on an overview of dfier-

(b) The Black Forest is well known on a ent studies concerning the Black Forest

national and international level, but the tourism. It analyzes statjstical data, follows

pressure exerted by globalisation needs approaches of qualitative empirical study and

new, interregional marketing strategies. aims at a complex problem analysis. [Ihe main

"Black It seems necessary to develop a fecus is less a detailed case study than a gen-

Forest" brand, Such a strategy does not eral overview referring to some problems of the

always correspond to the aims of individual Centra] European low range mountains. Never-

communes and groups of communes, theless, the case study of Hinterzarten shall

which aim at their own profile in competi- deepen the general approach.

tion with neighbeuring communes. For Unfortunately, statistical data suffer from a

example, at present, ten communes of the remarkable insufficiency: The official statistics

High Southern Black Forest sub-region try in tourism only register the number of guests

"High to develop their own brand Black and overnights of accornmodations offering

Forest"2). The organisation of the BIack more than eight beds. But it is a specialty of

Forest marketing must develop a product the Black Forest tourism, that private accommo-

which fits to the market in the balance dation and holiday apartrnents cover a high

between regional and eommunal marketing share of the supply. Te alarge extent, they

efforts. are not included into the official statistical data

to cope with phenomena of global change. than eight beds. A rough calculation supposes

The tourist region Black Forest seems to that the official data have to be corrected by an

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154 ttLeeptip64-3,2009

additional third up to a half if all overnight eign gnests, but meanwhile the small rise jn the

opportunities wi11 be taken into ac ¢ ount. number of visitors is mainly caused by domes-

tic tourists. IV A short view back to the history Whereas accommodation was primarily

Black Forest tourism has a long tradition cencentrated in rural inns, soon supplemented

going back to Roman times, when thermal by prjvate ac ¢ ommodation and guesthouses,

springs at the eclge of the mountains were used the supply meanwhile is more and more

for recreatien (e.g. Baden-Baden, Badenweiler), differentiated. Big hotels for the mass tourism

In medieval times some more thermal springs stand side by side with exclusive four and five

in the Northern Black Forest were developed. star hotels and exclusive restaurants operating

'rhe This tradition experienced a first culmination in in a high price segment. private accommo-

the 19Lh century, when high society members datien in welLknown recreatlon resorts was

regularly visited the health resorts. At that completed by accommodation on a farmstead,

time the first summer recreation resorts arose. furthermore holiday apartments in a rural and

Their significance increased with railway con- non-rural environment, The informal sector

struction to the mountains (Korff and Mohr, like holiday settlements and apartments, camp

2008, p. 278). At the beginning of the 2eth cen- ing places and youth hostels thus adds to the

tury winter tourism added new accentuations forrnal sector of accommodation.

because of a remarkable snow security in the V Actual structures, tendeneies and Black Forest. As a consequence, a bi-seasona]- problems ity developed which remained dominant after

World War II, in the first half of the 20th 1) Destinationsandaccommodations

century. Two decades of nearly unbroken The Black Forest is not a homogenceus

increase followed during the 1960's and 1970's, tourist region but shows a remarkable spatial

Beneath new guesthouses and hotels the addi- differentiation (Fig. 1):

"holidays tional offer at a farmstead" gained in (a) In the Northern Black Forest, health tour-

importance, followed by holiday apartments. ism in spas and exelusive gastronomy pre-

The decline of the tourist demand starting at dominate, well known even beyond the

the end of the 1980's caused the closing ef sev- boundaries of Baden-WUrttemberg and

eral guesthouses and hotels with lowLstandard dependent on a well-situated inner and for-

rooms and reduced the number of guestrooms eign clientele.

and apartments which dicl not meet the chang- (b) In the Southern Black Forest health tour-

ing pretensions of visitors. This decline was ism concentrates in climatically favoured

postponed for a few years by tbe reunification spas and highly certified health climate

oi Germany when the Black Forest ranged high resorts, which orientate themselves to the

in the demand of visitors from Eastern bi-seasonality of summer recreation and

Germany The short increase at tihe beginning wlnter sport.

of the 21st century was brought about by for- (c) In the transitional area between Northern

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tsu]ADL] BAUER, Jlhe BlaLk Foregt Lounst Rogion lk.tual Changes ot Demancl, Supply and Oigamgattgn 155

" Number of overnight stays Karlsruhe {only accommodatFons with more V-Kt than 8 beds incl camping) EttiingenC-:/tit,)?(2iidfobrrOz""heim-. loeoo to 3o ooo as

' 30 000 to 50 000 mp sve"e zaza{t/t ･,

m ta nt m.Sk va}rkt za 50 OOO ''''' IMx vek" ger {IF . { et rv wttar 200 OOO' tstatt:eqelff, ex ge vl gi.I,;.ig' >lj "'iiig'Sli 400 OOO Baden-stIS/i:'.w i ,Les e... :.'. rm ' " ts 'g' 600 OOO za///1' ･ / i isl.e,".zeii teinach 800OOO965580(FreEburg) li:Tiiil/i･:il:li/iti･fili/;l elsteLn vt 'i l fth(Iiil"agHer,,e.",,O' g･1･t.$eetxx,,,,ff,.,/x,lllti,i iil $Ii,iillkIa:}-uix #ige1vai･ rge ee grg)i - es" S/･ff,Sl k l: " /wowtfft#t it{w: ' i pmLv,it Is'..ii ur . , S : } Offen- 1 /. Waldachtal `.,i,,i,ILI･in" burg'L tw , .g ytN" Freudenstadt

, .li? ig ( b?x.g. // L thtw 1 ec apsh'dsau

,,il8"ge";?,i 'tk/ny91eg, th?:. C>ge"v･if tmasiii\litny ikgFl '}" .s " ge ""s` S Oberndorf i iL･ /"'lffXx. ii ';;/iier1iiwa}i'i. gesi}irlek "ua""ii3 ilgl,g ' .i,ill,ii･]il! ljlig' lilli tt,vrili',xtsnif{ i' i "'ts"l ?. l.a 'ntl?.,gsfeld l.:Stfil ::,,".a' WS w k' Z{ ,l/t//1.･i.in's,iiI illi.iljaj Rottweil ew ,.: , ivi/ci{, K,,#ingeI' ?urm : Emmedav:ngelilSi i ee rts: ]dkirc,,9ajeq'op w'gent,,,., i ttlliiill.,,Ylx,,'i'er iis$iliee,IIArm x.ctih"W 1 Freiburg ,kee/fii- Kxeii Bad Durrheim im Br. tw kttILngen - i' Mec, Bad 'ilS ge':, - Donauesch[ngen li"St e ".YO Krozingen \"- - l 20 gtftiag.,siii･issifsull･l!iits,,,,.gii,iiipa-in l SF :-:+:t}FXank/be, de xfi /t} /sl/t Sve aee te k'iX n :m in :esee"gff".g.'lourlst twh･･l･i:･,lill/See# lntenslty /tmwoj 1OO inhabitants) -:/t {overnFghtsper i

,l less than lOOO ixleVllii ';'iitwil,}:,}'estwyk,i,# ;141 () 1000 to 3000 (-* :;,g f twee$gij ee miza i leq/,$li\,eeg

l pu de i inte}es$yee 3000 to 6000 irltglI; ;/int e'?en' pm le /- .tA y, w t imle 6000-20616{Feldberg> ll/wudi as' e etdvde tge;ttwtw'lr:.S,,,neti\w.. ajl e ij naturalregion Bad BeiiE.,eji$9. /l･･;･g,/; `[Black k' S j' ;.:." Forest' ke## pt,l

:. t j.li･ll"{/, data StatisticalOffice Lorrac ' :X g ,, ･twdshut- Baden-Wuerttemberg, eqeq,mp/, "eq oZliex79s'n

-I regional database (2006) i 't;'kgi :" 'Basel -+- nt3: DraftCKoff B Mehr

Cartography B Gaida BadSackingen

Fig 1[[bunsm in the Black Fbrest region, 2005

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156 fumpH-i}g64-3,2009

and Central Black Forest, a group of min- 2) Seasonality

eral and thermal spas reflect a relat,ively The Black Forest started its tourist career

adequate seasona] development of arrivals as summer recreat.ion area. Nearly 100 years

"discevered" and overnights, but they highly depend on ago, the second season was when

the development of the health $ector winter sport became more and more popular

(financial support of cures) . and paintings of the snow-covered landscape

(d)In the Central Black Forest many isolated added new images to the perception. Since

"holidays farmsteads offer on a farmstead" that time, efforts have been undertaken in order

or at least accommodation in guestreoms to extend both, the summer and the winter

or holiday apartments. season. At least in the higbest parts, the Black

If we analyze the number ef guests, the forest tourism consists on the concept of bi-sea-

Southern Black Forest suffered from a decrease sonalily comprehending hiking and recreation

of overnights between 1995 and 2005, the tourism in summertime and ski tourism in

Northern Black Forest from losses of the spas wintertime, This fundamental scheme up to

caused by state measures te reduce the costs in now dominates the rhythm of offers. In the

the health system. Recent changes concern highest parts of the Southern Black Forest

the duration of stay, The trend goes from the approximately one third Qf guests and over- 'IIhe two to four weeks long stay at one place to sev- nights results from ski tourism in winter.

eral short journeys during the year. In 1987 bi-seasonality exists until now a]though the

the mean duration of stay equalized 4.4 days chances for winter sport have decreased in the

whereas today 3days are nermal and only the statistical trend of the last ten to Iifteen years.

older people remain fora longer period at one Some decades earlier, there were intentions to

place. In consequence, the occupancy rate of extent the winter sea$on until Easter, even if

private rooms remains low and rarely exceeds artificial snow-making had to substitute natural

30 percent. snowfall. Increasing demand for wint,er sport

One of the main problems ot the Black opportunities during the 196e's and 1970's

Forest tourism exists in the lew adaptation of caused the construction of many ski lifts, whieh

communes and enterprises to the inter-genera- should be profitable until now, The summer

tien change. One can argue that the relative season has been extended until autumn

over-ageing of the populatien does not need (so£ alled golden Oetoberi. Special offers and

such an adaptation and that an orientation of tariff reduction have attracted more visitors in

the Black Forest to the older generation is a those months that traditionally are weaker in

spechic chance, but there are few attractions for demand.

younger people in the sphere of spert and event

tourism. A certain boom can be observed in 3) Problemsofrecentdevelopment

the field of wellness tourism which in the Black The recent structure of tourism causes sev-

Forest adds to the existing profile. eral problems for the region:

(a) The efforts of communes lying on low alti-

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f 157 SI/ADELBAUER, J.: IJheBlack Forest[[buristRegion:Actual Changes oi Dernand , Supp]yand Organisation

tude to participate in winter tourism are initiated and subsidized by the

neglect the actual climate change. There- Eurepean Union in the frame of the pro-

fore, adaptation is necessary in favour of gramme LEADER, by the Federal pro-

"Improvement those kinds of sperts that de not depend gramme of the agrarian

on snew and ice or must be supported by structure and of coast protection" and by

artificial $now-making. The participation the State of BadenWtirttemberg (measures

of the High Black Forest in international of rural developmenO.

ski events has already lost its significance VI Reactions to general trends during the last years. The winter 20e81

2009 must be seen as exceptional in the 1) Global climate change: Adaptation to

duration of snow cover. global climate change

fo) Most ei the recent offers fit to families with In most of the last winter periods, the

children or the elder generation, but to a Black Forest experienced the risks of actual cli-

minor part younger people and young mate change. In the future, the winter season

adults. Trendy sporls, event and fun tour- will prebably see less snow security. Since

ism or infrastructure premoted by actual more t.hen ten years snow security has been

urestyles are not absent tota11y, but in most reduced above all in the first winter months.

cases are disputed and cannot easily be Therefore the offer of ski recreation during

realized by the communes. Actual prob- Christmas and New Year holidays can only be

lems of growih result from this fact. The maintained artificially by snowLmaking on

project of a large bath centre co-financed slopes and pisten. Tlie main period of natural

by several communes and located at snowfall has switched to late wintertime and

Titisee-Neustadt is a recent attempt to early spring and has been reduced to a shorter

meet some of these wishes. Another path period. The winters of 2006107 and 2008f09,

is initiated by the communes Hausern- which were relatively rich in snow, could dis-

H6chenschwand-Schluchsee, which at pre- tract from this problem for a short period only.

sent analyze the potentials for a barrier Already more than ten to fifteen years ago

free tourism to be developed for handi- it has been seen that this shortening of the win-

capped persons. ter snow security period caused ecological

(¢ ) Tourism is a second basis ef rural farm- damages. Ski 1its are sti11 working even if the

steads whose agriculture does not produce snow depth does not reach the 15 cm minimum

enough income for the survival. In this until the grass is damaged through the thin

context, tourism is the mean strategy of snow layer by the sharp edges of skies. Soil

adaptation based on measures for the devel- erosion and degradation of vegetation are the

opment of rural regions (Mohr, 1998a, beginning of long lasting damages of natural

1998b). Concepts of an ecologically orien- ecosystems (Ries, 1996a, 1996b). Artificial

tated teurism werk to the same direction. snow-making is affected by new challenges

Some concepts realized in the Black Forest caused by the rise of prices for energy. It

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158 twmp$,P#64-3r2009

"High seems inevitable that the raising costs are the brand Blaek Forest". Thus, several

passed on to the users, Until now, an active attempts are working side by side or sometimes

deliberation of potential consequences oi cli- also against each other in order to strengthen

mate ehange is lnsignificarit. Aresearch study the position of Black Forest tourism in the

carried out at the Department of Human Geog- worldwide competition.

raphy of the Freiburg University clearly demon- In this context, it seems interesting to have

strates, that the sensibility of the responsible a short look on the language of advertising and

persons in the cemmunes is still minimal promotion which accompanies the globalisation

(Matern, 2006) . process. Stereotypes based on well-known

objects serve as codes of advertising in different

2) Globalisation of tollrism industries: intensity. Examples are the red Bollenhut, the

Adaptation to globalisation necessities cuckoo clock and the Black Forest cherry

Black Forest tourism cornbines the work of gateau, furthermore as an element of the land-

alot of individual and collective a ¢ tors. We seape the Black Forest farrnstead. In reality,

mention on the one hand suppliers of accommo- the Bollenhut is part of the rural garb in three - dation and food from the private lessors' and neighbouring protestant communes (Gutach,

farmers' families to the entrepreneurs of big Wolfach-Kirnbach, Hornberg-Reichenbach) of

hotels, on the other hand actors in the field of the Central Black Forest only and the red form

management on the communal level, within the is restrictecl to young girls between the ecclesi-

other administrative units or in unions and astical confirmation ceremony and the rnarriage.

companies, abeve all the Blaek Forest Tourism Neglecting the multitude of rural garbs, movies

Ltd. They all recognize that the Black Forest and advertising made the Bollenhut since at

tourism needs support and further develop- least six decades to a symbol and code for the

ment, but the strategies discussed are quite whole Black Forest, The cuckoo clock is only

different. one of several products of the Black Forest

Independently of the adaptation to global wood carving and precision engineering, which

change an internal organisational adaptation to is based on the variety of forestry resources,

"lhis the needs of global presence on the tourism variant of the Bla£ k Forest clock is a wDrld-

market can be observed, e.g. on the big tourism wide known symbol for handicraft so that also

fairs like the yearly International tourism tair in cheap products with plastic parts from the low

Berlin. Acttially, the tourism region is develop- wage countries can be found on the tnarkets

"Black ing a brand Forest" which the Black (Stadelbauer, 2004), The Black Forest cherry

Forest Tourism Ltd intends to establish gateau symbolizes the variety ol the Badish cui-

internationally It partially starts from existing sine as a product of handicraft and taste

stereotypes, but also tries to construct a concise upgraded by the addition of high percentage

pattern of imagery. Most recently, ten com- cherry water ("kirsch"), Recipes are part of

munes of the Southern High Black Forest fatniliar tradition and - at the same time and in - founded another company aiming at promoting difterent quaHty a globalized element ef the

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Organisation 159 Eil/ADELBAUER, J,:The BlackForestlburistRegion:Actual Changes of Dernand , Supplyand

life quality in South West German)L LEADER ef the European Union, This

Finally, the Black Forest farmstead, a man- programme does not finance huge projects,

sion with large hipped roof which can be under- but small exemplary construction works

steocl as safeguard for men, livestock and har- which give some communes in the

vest, became a symbel ef the Black Forest Northern and in the Southern Black Forest

landscape, probably communicated by pictures the chance to realize plans of public or pri-

of some regional painters like Hans Thoma, vate initiatives. Most of them also affect

Karl Hartmann and Hermann Dischler (Mohr tourist goals, An example is the farmers'

and Stadelbauer, 1992; Laule and Mohr, 2002, market at HUchenschwand.

pp, 161f.). It is true again that there exists a (c) The management of two regional nature

large variety of forms (Schilli, 1953, Schnitzer, parks as large scale protected areas

1989). The presentation of this type of farm- (Southern Black Forest since 1999, Black

steads in the open-air museum Vbgtsbauernhof Forest CentrelNorth since 2000) lays spe-

belongs to the main tourist attractions of the cific stress on a combination of a regional

Central Black Forest, development oriented to conservation of

nature and landscape with the demand of

3) Activities in regard of ecology and land-use formulated by the population and

sustainability: Adaptation to the needs the tourist land-use by visitors. Both initia-

of rural development tives may be classified as successful

'Ilie"House There exist several attempts to safeguard attempts. ofnature" (Feldberg)

the sustainability of the Black Forest rural land- and the Nature Park House (Ruhstein,

scape in favour ef tourism: Black Forest highway) try to give the popu-

(al In the sphere of regienal and landscape lation an idea of conservation. Theme

planning, there is no comprehensive plan- trails play an eminent role in the comrnuni-

ning for the Black Forest as a whole sur- cation process. [Ilhey do not only inform

passing the planning on the level of the but they also want to give impulses for own

State of Baden-WUrttemberg, because the explorations.

mountains are part of different planning (d) Since the early 1990's, the idea ofecotouF

regions. But the Black Forest programme ism has been spread in the Black Forest

of 1973 made a first attempt. It is a prod- (Wegner et al. 1996,). Apart from many

uct of the planning euphoria of the 1970's, details the significance of regional agrarian

but the principle to maintain a minimum products and the traditional agriculture

agricultural area which has to bc preserved must be mentioned. The tarms them-

from being re-covered by forest is valid selves and local restaurants try te use this

unti] today potential.

fo) As for the developing progrrammes initiated (e) Another initiative may be mentioned. In

for rural areas two rural regions take profit order to reduce the individual traific, a spe-

from the regional development programme cial mobility card has been introduced, the

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160 akgeFl-\64-3, 2009

so-called KONUS card. Nearly all com- favour the diffusion ot sport tourism. I men-

munes charge a visitor's tax to the guests. tion mountain biking, free elimbing; Nordic

For the payment of this tax, the visitor walking etc. As nature sports may cause eco-

receives a card which allows the free use logical conflicts, special management systems

of nearly all busses and regional trains. must be implemented using modern informa-

This card found a broad acceptance, espe- tion technology, if visitor flow management is

cially among older visitors, intended CKramer et. al., 2004).

As the significance of a combination of agri- VII An example; case study Hinterzarten culture and tourism has been accepted as basis

for the maintenance of mountain agriculture, all Among the Blaek Forest communes,

measures concerning the improvement of tour- Hinterzarten is one of the best studied. There

ist initiatives add to the development of rural only live approximately 2,600 inhabitants3), but

areas. Since 1970, the supply with guest beds the commune made a name for itself in commu-

and the networking of farmstead offering accom- nal politics. The actual significanee of tourism - modation increased to such an extent, that at accerding to the Baden-Wtirttemberg statisti-

present nearly 300 Black Forest farmsteads cal office in 2007 99,056 overnight visitors or

cooperate in the frame of a working grpup cev- 439,733 overnights with small decrease in com- - ering the whole of Baden-WUrttemberg (Korff parison to 2006 is mainly a product ef the

and Mohr, 2008, p. 281). 2qh century. At the beginning of the 1980's,

Niche econorny seems to be a last refuge the number of overnights in accommodations

for all economic branches struggling for with more then eight beds was a little higher

survival. In the Black Forest tourism seeks for and counted nearly 600,OOO (Laule and Mohr,

such niches but tourism itseif is a niche for the 2002, Schr6der, 2002a).

farms (Mohr, 1998a, 1998b). Horseriding for

visitors, Iceland porry riding for kicls, marketing 1) Startingpoint

in favour of regional products within farmers' The accessibility of the high B]ack Forest

shops and on market places, the development. significantly improved after the construction of

of cheese-making and the cooperation of some the so-called hell valley railway in 1887. It

farms on a cheese route, the presentation of improved the connection between Freiburg as

regional products in restaurants are examples nearest central place and Hinterzarten in a way

for a combination between agricultural and tour- that Hinterzarten at the turn of the 19th to the

ist activities. 2eth century developed as destination for excur-

sions and nearby recreation and as place for

4) Demographicchange retired persons, especially for retired academi-

rll)e actual demographic development sees cians from Freiburg (Schrljder, 2002b, p. 153;

a lack of children in an aging society Never- Laule and Mohr, 2002, p. 165). At the sarne

theless, adaptation to the needs of young people time Hinterzarten gained more and more reputa-

is necessary. Trendy kinds of sport may tion as winter sport location. Tlie paintings of

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'Ihe '['ourist Region[ Actual Changes of Demand Supply and Organisation 161 SIrADELBAUER,J,: BlackForest ,

Hermann Dischler and Karl Hauptmann pro- average of the Southern Black Forest.

meted the winter sport (Mohr and Stadelbauer,

1992), The development of restaurants and 2) Communalmeasures

small retail trade enterprises near the railway The development underlines the impor-

station were further steps for the tourist centre tance of communal engagement. At the begin-

between the two world wars, In 1960, Georg ning, the commune had to bear the organisa-

'Ihoma wen the gold medal ef the Nordic combi- tion of tourism. In 1949, the Tourism

nation during the Olympic games of Squaw Association was founded which made progress

Valley and founded the myth of a sport com- with the post=war development. During the

mune continued for over 4e years by other 1950's, the commune fundamentally decided to

sportsmen like Sven Hannawald. Thus, make tourism the basis of cemmunal

Hinterzarten gained more and more popularity. developmenL One of the most prominent deci-

The censtruction of ski trails and significant sions concerned the layout of future construc-

mass events like the Black Forest ski marathon tion works: houses should be built in the tradi-

promoted the development of the winter sport tional Black Forest style with hipped roof.

place. The ski jumping-hill was reeonstructed This decision was opposed to the home-style of

several tirnes. Toclay, the Nordic ski centre ot the architect Vetter who propagated houses

the German Ski Association continues this with uniform inclination and colour of the roofs.

tradition. When the commune was certified as Unlike the neighbouring commune of Titisee,

resort with healthy climate in 1964, the settle new buildings respected the traditional style

ment structure definitively changed toward a and modern materials do not dominate the

tourist destination. The demand for second appearance of the setUement. If the hipped

homes increased rapidly, and the construction roof is one of the Black Forest stereotypes,

of new houses was helpful for the local construc- Hinterzarten was produced as typical Black

tion trade, At the turn from the 20th to the 21st Forest sett]emenL One year before the

centuries, the commune once again experi- healthy climate resort certlfication, a new resert

enced a population gain by immigration. assembly hall was constructed, which since that

Jobs in the tourist industry already time is used for different purposes. The predF

increased between the two world wars. In cation made the commune underline qualitative

1946, only one third of the working force was elements, which $erved as basis for the resort

occupied in agriculture, half of all in services. development plan of 1989 (Laule and Mohr,

The tertiary secter expanded to 78% in 1987 2002, p. 177).

while professional occupation in agriculture and

forestry was reduced to 4.3%. Finally, 3) Changes in supply and demand

Hinterzarten has definitively become a tourist Up to the 1970:s the supply with accommo-

commune. In 1999, it registered 2,897 beds dation has been enlarged centinuously Since

for visitors and 580,093 overnights; the average that time, a shift between different kinds of

duration of holiday stays was longer than the accommodation is obvious: The number of pri-

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162 thveN7 64-3,2009

vateiy offered rooms is decreasing due to the search for an intermediate way.

inter-generation change of the landlords, due to (c) The challenges of future climate change

insufficient modernisation and due to conver- are seen, but they are evaluated less dra-

sion te vacation apartments. The number oi matically in regard of the actual marketing

guesthouses also diminished. Today, nearly strategy/ The commune places its hopes

4,300 beds are available in all kinds ot in bi-seasonality and aims to meet the

accommodation, The number of second wishes of winter sport tourists.

homes also increased; they are mainly used by

former visiters or retired persens. [Ihe respect 5) Andtheneighbourhood

of tourist needs and demands is demonstrated lhere are signMcant contrasts to the neigh-

"four by the actual offer of the beauties": bouring Titisee, part of the township Titisee-

mountain-biking, family vacation, wellness, hik- Neustadt, where mass tourisrn played an impor-

ing and Nordic walking give the main tant role since the late 1930's4). During the

accentuations. Winter sport. is based on a net boom after World War II, a series of modern

of 100 km cross-country skiing trails und an- buildings with retai1 and souvenir shops or res-

other 100 km winter hiking trails. taurants was constructed along the street from

the railway station to the Titisee board. In its

4) Theneedofadaptation marketing strategy, Titisee tries to attract t.our-

We mentioned three aspects of necessary ist groups, including those coming from Japan.

adaptation. EMiich are the re]ated strategies in VIII Perspectives for the future Hinterzarten?

(a) The change of the rural economy has What are the perspectives of the Black

made pregress. Agrieulture dees no Forest as a tourist region? (Fig. 2)

lenger play the predominant role, tourism Tourism meanwhile is the most important

dominates in regard to occupation and economic activity of the Black Forest region,

GDP generation, but the commune but it can only prosper if the rural agrarian

abstained from the locatien of productive basis continues to exist. Therefore, develop-

industries apart from traditional handicrafts ment programmes co-financed by the State of

and these industries related to tourism. Baden-Wtirttemberg and the European Union

fo) Concerning the marketing strategy, are the starting point of adaptation strategies.

Hinterzarten tries to do the splits; On the Even future strategies have to be based on this

one hand advertising is related to the indi- concept. Only if the supply is pluralistic, it

vidual commune and its indcpendence, on meets the differentiated needs, wishes and

the other hand the eommune co-operates demands of the pluralistic, post-industrial soci-

with regional unions up to the Black Ferest ety with very diverse lifestyle concepts. In this

tourism Ltd. The inauguration ofa ncw context, a second resource must be taken

High Black Forest Tourism Association in under consideratien besides agriculture, which

October 2008 is a new attempt in the it comprehends. The Black Forest presents

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' Evr/ADELBAUER, J,: TLie Black Forest fourist Region: Actual Changes of Demand, Supply and Organisation 163

trend

,f/e.in.veli･$$,:{g${//,

ciS' im ss oao f8ny pt

gffcgetf}ew EvffAPe g??diftg'evgtrend

trend

ctgv･ffrsiffc"eg#es tasgsfetgro£ spm$

cha"enges

Fig. 2 Chaltenges and respanses in the system of sustainal)le tourism

itself as a very specific landscape living from sequences of global developments and general

the gentle dramatisation of scenic presentation. trends in tourism. Clearly defined target

The grown-up agrarian and iorest landscape groups or behaviour sehemes do not exist any

needs continuous adaptatien and modernisa- longer, but we can observe a large variety of difi

tion, but must not neglect the traditions of the ferent and rapidly changing patterns. Charac-

cultural Iandscape and the architectural, techno- teristics are reduction of the duration of individ-

'lhe logieal and mental heritage (KoriC 2005). ual journeys in favour of a larger number of

balance of the demands tormulated by different short visits, raising elairns and expectations

liI]estyle groups wi11 cause further differentiatien combined with sharp perception and calculation - - of supply, but these must be subordinated of price and performance and finally short-

under the peculiarities ot the Black Forest land- term booking via internet, in accordance with

scape and its regional diversity, Thus, the land- weather situation.

scape of farmsteads in the Central and High The paper started with mentioning large

Southern Black Forest must not be overleaded numbers and phenomena of mass tourism. It

with unwieldy infrastructure in comparison to cannot be overseen that both exist in the Black

some early industrialised edge locations, but it Forest, But detailed analysis demonstrated

asks for landscape conservation (Konold, 2008). that the region rneets the demands of individual

At present, lhe Black Forest feels the con- tourists too: diversity of potentials, differentia-

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164 ltILifI"764-3,2009

tion of accommodatien supply, different develop /mwpoo2.htm ao.le.2oos)

ment strategies, individuality of communes Laule, J., and B. Mohr (2002): Touristisches Angebot,

Infrastrukturausbau und Siedlungswachstum. even under the common roof of a powerful Schubert, H. (Hgr.): Hintemearten im 2a johrkundert. organSsation seem to correspond Lo the plurality Vbm Baeeerndotf zum heilklimatischen Kurert. of lifestyles, to combine interna- post-industrial Stadler, Konstanz (- Hinterzartener Schriiten; 6), tionality and regienal attachment, to sell ecelogi- 159-184.

Matern, A. PersPektiven und Potenziale des cal adaptation for moderate prices in order to (2006): - wanterto"rismvts im Stidschwarzwald im 1fontext des be attractive in a global market. This proba- globalen Klimawandels. Master t'hesis, Phil. Fak. bly - is a specially of the Black Forest as tour- Unty Freiburg,unpubl. ist region. Mohr, B. (1998a): Aut der Suche nach neuen

Einkemmensquellen. Die Landwirtschaft der Notes Regie tmter Anpassungsdruek. Ragio Basiliensis,

1) http:1/www.tia.orglresearchfpubsfimI-tourism- 39-1, 3-12. world.html<11.10.2008>. Mohr, B. (1998b): Urlaub auf dem Bauernho £ Ein

2) Badische Zeitung 11. 0ct. 2008: 41. Bindeglied zwischen Landwirbschatt und Fremden- 3) 2007i 265Hnhabitants. verkehr im Schwarzwald. Ragio Basigiensis, 39-1, S. 4) KdFLguest of Nazi times; cf. Laule and Mohr Mehr, B., and J. Stadelbauer (1992): H. Dischler

2002: p. 172. und die Kulturlandschaft des Hohen Schwarzwalds.

Stadt i. Freiburg Br.,Augustinermuseum(Hg.}:.O. References Schwamwaldo. HeimatE,, VirrlustoderAnPassung. - Konolcl, W. (20e8): Neue Kulturlandschaften Herma"n Dischler. Maler und Fotogrof (l866- Konflikt mit der Tradition? Schindler, R., J. 1935). Rombach, Fl'eiburg i. Br., 122-153. Stadelbauer, W. Konold (Hg.): Po-ints of View: Ries, J. B, (1996a): Die Entwicklung skitouristischer

- LandschojT verstehen CeograPhie "nd Asthetih, Schtiden am Schauinsland von 1985 bis 1994.

Eneszgie und Technih, Medo:Verlag, Freiburg S. Regio Basitiensis, 37-1, 25-38.

Br., 159-169. Ries, J. B. (1996b): Landscape damage by skiing at

Korif, C. (20e5): Mit den Augen des Urlaubsgastes: Schauinsland in the Black Forest, Germany.

Studien zur Natur- und ifulturlandschaftswainrnehinung Mbuntain Research and DeveloPment, 16-1, 27-40.

am Be}spiel regienskundlicher Themenwege. SchMi, H. (195311977): Das Schwaxgwaidhaus. 1., 3.

Leipzig (Forum Ifi.; 4) Aufl. Kohlharnmer, Stuttgart.

Korfi, C. (2008): Entwicklungen im Touri$mus, Schnitzer, U. (1989): Schwametvaldha'user von gestern

Gebhardt, H. CHg,): Geagmphie Baden-PViintembergs. fiir die Landtvirtschdi von morgen. Stuttgart (-

Kehlhammer-Verlag, Stuttgart, 153-159. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-WUrttemberg, Arbeit-

Korff, C., and B. Mohr (2008): Der Seliwariwald: sheft 2) .

Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtscbaft und Tourismus. Schrtider, E, -J. (2002a): Die Entwicklung der Louris-

Gebhardt H. (Hg.): GeagraPhie Badeei-ualrttembengs. tischen Nachfrage bei sich andernden Rahmen-

Kohlharnmer-Verlag, Stuttgart, 271-284. bedingungen. Hinterzarten im 20. Idhthundert. Krla'mer, A., Roth, R,, Schmidt, A, ancl S. Tifrk (2004): Vbm Bauerndot;f zum heilktimatischen Kttrert.

Evaluation of the success of visitor llow manage- Stadler, Konstanz (= Hjnterzartener Schriften; 6),

ment projectsion the Southern Black Forest Nature 185-197.

Park. Working Papers of the Finnish Research SchrOder, E. J. (2e02b): Hinterzartens derno-

Institute, 2. graphischer und sozio-dkonomischer Wandel von

http:1/ww.metia.fifiulkkaisutfworkingpapers12004 einer Landwirtschafts- zu einer Tourismus-

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'lburi$t SI/ADELBAUER, J.: lhe Black Forest Regien: Actual Changes of Demand,Supply and Organisatien165

- gemeinde. Hinterzarten im 20. Iahrhzandert. Pe?sPeletive. G6ttingen (- ZEIJI/Forum GOLtinger V?)m Bauerndo?:f zum heillelimatischen Kwrort, Sehriften zu Landschaftsinterpretation und Touris- StadLer, Konstanz (= Hinterzartener Schriften; 6): mus; 2),31-46.

153-156. Wegner, M., Strauf, S. and R. Schleicherfl]appeser - - Stadelbauer, J. (2004): Landschatt zur Wiederent- (1996): Umweltfreundlicher Tourismus eine

deckung eines tot geglaubten Begriffs filr Freizeit Chance? Zu den EntwicklungsmOglichkeiten des

und Tourismus. Faust, H., and T Reh, K Gee Fremdenverkehrs im Oberen Wiesental. Regio

(Hg.] : Freizeit und 7'ourismus. KbnxePtionelle und Basiliensts 37-1, 39-47,

regionate Studien aus kulturgeograPhischer

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166 Geographical Sdences vo1 ．64 no ．3pp ．151〜167，2009

黒い森観光地域需要及び供給組織の実態の変化

ーー・＊シュタデルバウアイエルク

ーーーキワド；観光，地球規模の変化，気候変動、黒い森宿泊施設，レクリエション

一黒い森地域は，ドイッにおいて最も重要な観光地のつである。その組織化された範囲には Upper − ー・ Rhine V 詛 ey （上流のライン川渓谷）を含み， Land Baden Wtirttemberg （バデンヴュルテンブル

ク州）（南四ドイツ）に観光で宿泊する人のほぼ半分を受け入れ，自然の範囲の中では約 4 分の 1

の（／，050万人宿泊者）を受け入れる v 潜在する魅力は，新鮮な空気，開かれた 1：地と森がおりなす

モスついザイク，アクセのよさ，占くからの伝統と憩二かな農村部の構造を持低山地の風景にある a ーーーミネラルを含む温泉は，Baden−Baden （バデンバデン）または Badenweller （バデンヴァイーラ）のように国際的にもよく知られた温泉の基盤となっている。

黒い森は，国内外からの客にとって定着した観光地だと考えられているが，次の 3 つの分野にお

いて対外的な問題に対応しなければならない、，ーー（a ）グロバル化の過程では，『黒い森』というブランドに基づいたマケティング戦略が必要で

あるが，それぞれの特徴を生かしたい自治体あるいはコミュニティ協同組合の要望と対立する。

（b）黒い森における観光は，酪農や林業を基本とする山間部農業の経済的な補完産業として発展

してきたが，その重要性はだんだんと失われてきている。観光市場は地域に埋もれているもの

や生産品を求めている。ーー（c ）グロバルな物差しで考える場合グロバルな変化への対応が必要であると考えられる。

．L 業化社会の後にくる人 ri構成の変化ライフスタイルの多様化，地球温暖化の深刻さに対し

ては，地域的な規模での回答が求められている。

黒い森における観光の歴史について簡単な調査を提示し，将来の発展に関していくつかの規制がーあることを指摘するために，最近の構造に関するいくつかの重要なデタを発表した。

（a ） 1 世紀前には，冬の観光は，夏の娯楽的観光に次ぐ 2 番目の季節として発巖していた。しかーーし，近年は，雪があるという保証が減少し，人．L雪を作ることが必要となり，ウインタスポ

ツはその意義を失っていく可能性が高い。ー（b）観光に関するインフラは，主に子どものいる家族及び中高年世代のニズには適合している

ベンいいいっが．おもしろさやイトを求める若匱代の要望に対してはあまり応えてな。したが

いて，伸び率は下がっており．新し戦略が必要である．

（c ）地域発展プログラムは，農業，林業及び観光産業における持続性を求めている。それらは農

村社会全体における収入の重要な資源である、，

重要な対策は，Schwarzwald Tourismus GmbH （黒い森観光株式会社）によるコミュニティ協同組ー合の再糾織化，既によく知られたイメジと新しいアイデアに基づいた観光商品の組み合わせ，世

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厂 STADELBAUKR J．：1］he Black ForestIburist Reglon：Actual Changes of Demand ， Supply and Organisatien 167

ー界的な気候変化に対応するマケティング戦略にみられる v 農村経済は，主に観光客の要望に焦点

いをあてながら，農業と観光を組み合わせたすきま経済に向かって発展してる。一一これらの般的な考察は，High Black Foreg． t （黒い森の中心部）における主な観光自治体のつ

ヒンーーンいである Hinterzarten （タツァテ）の例を取り上げて掘りドげてく。結論として，将来

の発展に向けた影響について議論する。

＊フライブルク大学

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