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Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)

GUIDELINE Version 1.0 Date: 28 April, 2017 PROCEDURAL Publication ID: 3058 Copyright © 2017, Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council Limited All rights reserved. Copyright in this publication is subject to the operation of the Copyright Act 1968 and its subsequent amendments. Any material contained in this document can be reproduced, providing the source is acknowledged and it is not used for any commercialisation purpose whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner. Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council Limited (ABN 52 060 049 327) Level 1, 340 Albert Street East Melbourne, Victoria 3002 Telephone: 03 9419 2388 Facsimile: 03 9419 2389 [email protected] afac.com.au

Disclaimer This document has been developed from consultation and research between the Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council Limited (AFAC), its members and stakeholders. It is intended to address matters relevant to fire, land management and emergency services across Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific region. The information in this document is for general purposes only, and is not intended to be used by the general public or untrained persons. Use of this document by AFAC Member agencies, organisations and public bodies does not derogate from their statutory obligations. It is important that individuals, agencies, organisations and public bodies make their own enquiries as to the currency of this document and its suitability to their own particular circumstances prior to its use. AFAC does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or relevance of this document or the information contained in it, or any liability caused directly or indirectly by any error or omission or actions taken by any person in reliance upon it. You should seek advice from the appropriate fire or emergency services agencies and obtain independent legal advice before using this document or the information contained herein.

Citation Australasian Fire and Emergency Services Authorities Council 2016. Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) (AFAC Publication No. 3058). AFAC, Melbourne, Australia.

Review period This AFAC guideline should be reviewed by the doctrine owner come 1 May, 2022. Contents

Acknowledgements 1 Purpose 1 Scope 1 Statement of engagement 1 Audience 1 Definitions, acronyms and key terms 2 Introduction 3 AFAC’s guideline 4 Supporting discussion 9 Acknowledgements Statement of We acknowledge the technical support provided by engagement Country Fire Authority Victoria, NSW Rural Fire Service, Tasmania Fire Service and . This guideline was developed using member agency Thank you also the members of the AFAC Urban CAFS learning and training resources, as provided by Operations Group and Fleet Technical Group for their the AFAC Urban Operations Group members. Technical oversight and contributions to this publication. support was provided by Country Fire Authority Victoria, NSW Rural Fire Service and Tasmania Fire Service. This guideline was peer reviewed by members of the AFAC Source of authority Fleet Technical Group and Urban Operations Group. Approved by AFAC Council, 28 April, 2017. Audience

This guideline is intended for use by AFAC members, Purpose notably Australian and New Zealand emergency service agencies and operational personnel. Guidelines are a preferred or advisable course of action. Member agencies are expected to be aware of guidelines and to have considered how they best apply to relevant circumstances faced by the agency. Guidelines are addressed to AFAC member agencies, and agency personnel should refer to their agency operating procedures for further information.

Scope

This guideline details the overarching operational and good-practice principles that member agencies should consider when planning and responding to incidents that may require the use of compressed air foam systems (CAFS). This guideline does not provide detailed equipment or appliance options, specifications in relation to CAFS and is best used in conjunction with agency specific operational doctrine. It is recognised that individual agencies may have equivalent doctrine / protocols available to operators when achieving the required outcomes for CAFS use. For that reason, strict compliance with guidelines is not mandatory (except where indicated) in specific aspects, provided that any other method used results in an equivalent to or higher standard of operational outcome than a CAFS baseline.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 1 foam: a process that includes these Definitions, acronyms outcomes; water + foam concentrate = foam solution; foam solution + air + agitation / scrubbing = finished foam NAF and key terms (natural or nozzle aspirated); and foam Solution + injected air + agitation / scrubbing CAF (compressed air foam) In this guideline, the following terms have specific meanings. Scrubbing: the mixing and agitation of foam solution Aeration: the process of mixing foam solution with air and air in the hose or mixing chamber to create an even, (also known as aspiration). uniform bubble structure. This enables a consistent CAF to be delivered at the nozzle. Class A CAF is simply a Class A foam solution that has compressed air introduced to Class A foam: a (essentially, a very high aspirate the solution. At the point of air injection, CAF strength detergent) intended for fires involving Class A is manufactured and then discharged through the hose fuels. These fuels are solid combustible materials such lay, refining and scrubbing the CAF, and finishing it off as wood, paper, fabrics, some plastics, rubber and most with even consistency. CAF can also be delivered from kinds of rubbish. Class A foam can be used for bushfires, appliance monitors (an inline scrubbing / mixing chamber grass fires, structure fires (using defensive tactics and system may be built into the system to scrub and refine not to be utilised for internal attack), vehicle fires, tyre the CAF prior to monitor discharge). fires, deep-seated fires and and coal fires. Finished Class A foam can also be used to protect exposures from radiant heat, flame impingement and ember attack; build containment lines and the creation of defendable space for low intensity grass and bushfires; and extinguish small Class B spill fires involving fuels such as petrol and diesel.

Class B foam: foam intended for fires involving Class B liquid fuels. Class B fuels are classified as water non-miscible – fuels that don’t mix with water (e.g., hydrocarbon fuel, including petrol, kerosene and diesel) – and water miscible – polar fuels that do mix with water (e.g., alcohols and ethanol).

Compressed air foam systems (CAFS): a system that creates high-energy finished foam by injecting air into a mixed Class A foam solution.

Foam solution: a mixture of liquid foam concentrate and water.

Finished foam: the bubble blanket that the foam solution produces.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 2 Introduction What is Class A CAF? Compressed air foam (CAF) is a type of high-energy low- expansion foam. Like all fire-fighting foams, it consists An awareness of CAFS procedures assists in the support of water, foam concentrate and air. What sets it apart of agency personnel and first responders, and in from other firefighting foams is the manner in which it is the efficient and safe use of CAFS whilst mobilising generated. appropriately skilled and equipped resources under the Instead of drawing air into the foam solution via a foam direction of the control agency. aeration tube attached to the nozzle (NAF), compressed air is forced into the solution prior to the nozzle, typically at the pump discharge. This creates a high-energy foam system that uses the Class A concentrate and water more CAFS, a global context efficiently, and allows for a range of foam consistencies to be appropriately applied. Historically, foam has long been added to water to enhance its extinguishing abilities. In the 1930s and 1940s, both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy used CAFS on flammable liquid fires. In the 1960s, low- pressure CAFS was used in car-wash applications. In the 1970s, a Texas Forestry worker, Mark Cummins, developed a Class A CAFS that operated via compressed air cylinders, patenting this in 1982. By the mid-1980s, systems similar to those we have today were developed with rotary vane air compressors, centrifugal pumps and foam proportioning valves. CAFS-enabled appliances are now in widespread use throughout Australia and the world. Vic, QLD, TAS, NSW, SA and ACT all have a level of CAF capability currently being built upon. Many countries in Europe use CAF as an integral part of their approach to firefighting. In the USA, CAF technology has been at the forefront of wild land firefighting for decades, and many brigades are adopting the systems for both urban and interface use with excellent results.

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COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 3 • Always flush system and lines after use with AFAC’s guideline freshwater. • Use hand and verbal signals to pump operator to determine when water, foam solution or CAFS is required. • Never point a CAFS branch or monitor at anyone. How does CAF work? • Wear P2 dust masks and suitable eye protection at all times when applying CAFS. A CAF system comprises a traditional centrifugal pump, • CAFS is not to be used for internal structure attack. an A class foam supply (reservoir) and a mechanism to • CAFS may obscure obstructions or hazards by proportion Class A concentrate foam. A compressor covering the hazard. provides air that is injected into the system at the CAFS may make working areas slippery. required ratio. • • Ensure hose couplings are connected tightly. One of the significant benefits of CAFS is the ability to Hose jackets are more susceptible to heat damage create finished product matched to the specific fuel • when they contain CAFS. type or situation at hand. The ability to deliver differing consistencies of CAFS – categorised as WET through Foam concentrates and, to a lesser degree, foam solutions to DRY – enables the product to be effectively used and finished foam are health hazards because they irritate for protection and suppression, and with superior the skin and lungs, and may seriously damage the eyes. performance. Handling, decanting and pouring foam concentrates The creation of an even bubble structure with a long drain should be carried out in a well-ventilated area. time and high-shear strength provides greater resilience The corrosiveness of Class A foam concentrates is by comparison to NAF and water alone. approximately that of a triple-strength washing detergent. When handling foam concentrates, or cleaning foam- Safety considerations making equipment, it is recommended fire officers wear a minimum of level 4 bushfire PPE with the sleeves rolled down (fully encapsulated gas suits for NZ); chemical Key things to remember protective gloves; bushfire goggles, chemical goggles or other eye protection with side shields; and, if the work • Always be prepared for the greater jet reaction due to area is not well ventilated, or there is a danger of splash, a the pneumatics. P2 particulate and organic vapour respirator. • All members should be CAFS-safety trained prior to the handling of any fire ground hose lines. • Never leave a charged CAFS line unattended. • Always discharge all pressure in hose lines before uncoupling; it is stored pneumatic pressure and not hydraulic pressure in hose lines.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 4 Operational considerations

Types and purpose

WET MEDIUM DRY

Wet CAF Dry CAF Wet CAF has a higher proportion of foam solution to air. Dry CAF is robust foam with a shaving cream-like It has good penetrating and cooling properties, with a consistency that has much less water content than wet relatively quick drain time (25% in less than 30 seconds). CAF. It has a strong bubble structure, which allows a very The bubble structure is small and uniform, allowing rapid slow drainage time. This limits cooling capabilities but heat absorption. dry CAF has excellent adherence so will cling to vertical surfaces much longer than other CAF types. This makes These characteristics make it suitable for: it ideal for exposure protection (insulating the surface • initial attack when extremely difficult to access fires from radiant heat and ember attack and also reducing the (defensive mode – commercial fires); evaporation of moisture from the fuel that it is covering. • deep seated pile type burns; Experience with urban interface firefighting has shown • blacking out during bushfires; and that CAF works best in this situation when applied as • all fires when conducting direct attack. a two-step process – a coat of wet-to-medium CAF to penetrate, wet and cool the surface and then a covering coat of dry CAF to insulate and protect. Dry CAF can be Medium CAF wind affected due to its lightness and low water content. Medium CAF has a thicker consistency and a slower drain This information should be treated as a starting point time than wet CAF. Medium CAF is achieved by reducing only, and some adjustment and experimentation may be the foam solution-to-air ratio. It uses less water than necessary to achieve ideal results. It is an imperative to wet CAF and loses some cooling ability compared to have trained operators who can adjust the CAF type to wet CAF due to the reduced volume of water. It is a good suit the incident and the weather conditions at the time. compromise between wet and dry, suitable for situations where changing types is impractical or where a mix of Many other factors can come into play when selecting the characteristics is desired (such as foam that will penetrate correct CAF type, including: well, but still adheres to vertical surfaces). • weather conditions (e.g. low humidity, strong winds); Medium CAF was used extensively after initial cooling and • foam concentrate type; wash down to control and extinguish the Hazelwood Mine • CAF making equipment; and Fire in February 2014. After plain water application had • branch selection. proved ineffective for several weeks, Class A CAF was used Weather conditions, in particular, will affect CAF drain time. and its penetrating and covering abilities proved ideal for this situation. These characteristics make it suitable for: • containment lines; • direct attack onto a vertical surface fire (has ability to cling to product); and • asset protection.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 5 Incident type / purpose / foam (starting guide only) The percentage of foam solution to air can be manipulated to aid in the creation of wet-dry CAF.

Incident type Purpose Foam type Foam %

38mm hose

Gaps in pile – pallets / tyres Remove heat Wet 0.2% to 0.3%

Vegetation fire Remove heat Wet 0.2% to 0.3%

Vehicle fire Remove heat Wet 0.2% to 0.3%

External structure attack / hand lines Remove heat Wet 0.3%

Control lines Dampen fuel Wet / medium 0.3% to 0.5%

No gap pile, mulch / paper / cardboard / coal Remove oxygen and heat Wet to medium 0.35 to 0.5%

Property / exposure protection (two coat application) Remove fuel Wet then dry 0.3% then 0.5%

Class B, flammable liquid Remove oxygen and heat Medium 1.0%

70mm hose

Aerials / monitors Remove heat / oxygen Wet to medium 0.3% to 0.5%

General settings

Wet CAF Remove heat Wet 0.1% to 0.3%

Medium CAF Remove oxygen Medium 0.3% to 0.5%

Dry CAF Remove fuel Dry 0.5%

Advantages of CAF to greater heights and be projected further. This allows to attack fires from a greater, potentially CAF can improve the extinguishing performance of safer distance. water by: CAF uses significantly less foam concentrate than a • reducing surface tension so that the extinguishing naturally aspirated system. A major advantage of using agent can cling to and penetrate the fuel more CAFS is the ability to produce a wide range of foam effectively; qualities or foam types to provide the most appropriate • reducing density so that the extinguishing agent floats foam response to individual fire situations. This gives the on the fuel; fire officer the advantage of custom tailoring the best • excluding oxygen; foam type for the tactical use and fire problem at hand. • suppressing vapours; • insulating the fuel from heat to reduce fuel Disadvantages of CAFS evaporation; Some CAF equipment can be complex in comparison to • reflecting heat; and traditional water-only firefighting systems. Systems need • cooling. to be well maintained and serviced to ensure reliability. It is easy to visualise where the suppression medium has CAF operators need to be trained to a high standard been applied. CAFS produces more finished foam from to get the best out of the equipment. There are also the same quantity of foam solution than nozzle-aerated operational considerations when using CAF. The act of systems, and the consistency of this finished foam can be ‘energising’ foam solution with compressed air can lead easily manipulated. to a significant jet reaction when opening the nozzle, potentially leading to loss of control and injury. CAF consists of small, tightly packed, consistently sized bubbles, making a slow draining, and durable foam If water and air are introduced into the hose line without blanket. CAF streams contain more air than streams of foam concentrate being added it can lead to ‘slug water or foam solution. This makes hose lines supplying flow’, causing violent oscillation of the hose and no CAF significantly lighter, reducing fatigue. useable product. CAF also has less friction and head loss than water. It can CAF is best applied through smooth bore nozzles, subsequently be pumped through greater lengths of hose, allowing the CAF stream to be discharged unimpeded,

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 6 whereby there are no restrictions that strip the bubble • caution – cage and ladder operators need to be structure. aware of the potential for an increased or exaggerated jet reaction when operating CAF through an aerial The smooth bore nozzles design that maximises CAF does appliance. not allow for a fog pattern to be created as per diffuser branches that are used to provide thermal protection for CAF is also suitable for use with ground monitors. It is interior or compartment firefighting. CAF is therefore not recommended ground monitors are anchored before utilised for internal operations due to safety concerns and use due to the higher initial jet reaction. The use of CAF traditional, proven compartment tactics utilising tactics will compound these effects, and care should be taken and diffuser fog branches. to avoid injury or damage. When using CAF through any monitor, suggest the standard combination nozzle be Transitional attack (from a structural firefighting replaced with a stacked tip or smooth bore nozzle. perspective) is the utilisation of a CAF defensive attack in tandem with an interior attack utilising traditional practices. This procedure requires assessment and Bushfires and grassfires validation to determine viability prior to becoming incorporated into structural tactics. CAF is used extensively in applications throughout the world, especially in the United States where it has been employed in both attack and property Asset protection protection for decades. Studies have shown that the most effective method of directly attacking a fire with When utilised to protect a structure under threat, it CAF is using a wet CAF consistency. This allows maximum is recommended the two-stage application process penetration of the fuel and rapid cooling due to the quick be applied (wet then dry). Timing is important, if the drain time and higher water content. CAF is applied too early it will start to break down and become less effective before the fire front impacts on the To create a control line, a two stage process is the most structure. If the application starts too late the fire will effective. Soak the fuel with wet CAF for penetration, then arrive before the CAF has been adequately applied. seal with a layer of medium to dry CAF to insulate and protect from radiant heat. If time or limited water supply are an issue and makes the two-step process impractical, it is recommended that If time or logistics do not allow this, compromise with a medium CAF be used instead. single medium CAF application. This can be done by hand or truck-mounted monitors. The two part application process involves a medium to wet the fuels; the application of a dry CAF over the surface CAFS in control line use has two primary benefits: increases the longevity of the moisture in the fuels. • relatively quick to apply with the right appliances; and • does not cause lasting damage to land or vegetation. Aerials and monitors CAFS, with its high energy, penetrates the fuels to raise CAF can be used effectively through an aerial appliance, the moisture content and allows for slow release of but the special characteristics of CAFS means the further moisture on the fuels via the bubbles within the following factors that should be considered: CAF. It is important to apply the CAFS with enough force to ensure the CAFS penetrates all the fuels on the control • position – suggest the appliance is positioned upwind line down to ground level. CAFS control lines may require to allow for a downwind CAF stream that is less likely more than one application and success is dependent on to be affected by any significant breeze; weather and fuel conditions at the control line, as well as • height – suggest avoid being ‘too high’ and ‘too dry’ the fire intensity. and, depending on the consistency of the CAF and weather conditions, less CAF may end up reaching the fire; Transitional and internal attack • consistency – generally on a medium-to-wet setting, This guideline acknowledges that while CAF is not to be avoid dry CAF unless access and weather conditions used from an internal position, individual agencies may indicate its use (note that dry CAF has minimal water choose to use CAFS from outside the structure to support by comparison and is generally utilised for insulation internal operations. This is known as a Transitional rather than suppression); attack. Agencies should refer to their own operational • friction – when pumping CAF into an aerial pump, the doctrine and policies in relation to Transitional attacks. tank-to-pump valve should be closed – the reduced friction loss and high pressure of CAFS means the base pump should give ample product at the nozzle; Compatibility of foam concentrates • nozzles – se only a smooth bore or stacked tip on This guideline acknowledges that some concentrates are the end of the nozzle, as he use of fog nozzles are not compatible with each other. The compatibility of foam not recommended as it breaks down the important concentrates will vary from product to product. Because bubble structure of the CAF; and of this, mixing of foam concentrate is not recommended as it can result in concentrate coagulation.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 7 Environmental considerations reducing the desired effects of the CAF and makes dryer foam delivery impossible. All foam concentrates are hazardous materials and CAF is best delivered via a smooth bore aperture. There potentially harmful if released into the environment. It are some important rules of thumb to consider when is recommended the impact of any foam concentrate using CAF nozzles, as follows. release be considered and control measures implemented to manage the risk. It is recommended that agencies • Always have nozzle fully open – partially open nozzles refer to state legislation and agency policies relating will affect the consistency of the CAF produced. to foam and the environment. Where appropriate, it • Always use stacked tip attachments rather than a is recommended the MSDS Compliance Management combination. System is referenced (www.msds.com.au). • Be aware of jet reaction and open and close the nozzle with care. CAF on painted metal surfaces • Always use a nozzle with a controlled and easy-to- operate shut off full handle that ensures the CAF Class A foam can have an effect on painted metal stream can be shut off quickly if required. surfaces. As Class A foam is a weak alkali, it is • Do not apply CAF too thickly or it may slide off the recommended steps are taken to wash down surfaces surface and become ineffective. that have had contact with CAF. As the concentration of the foam solution within a finished CAF product is extremely weak. It is, however, not an urgent priority. Working conditions Any spilt foam concentrate should be cleaned from painted Because foam concentrates and solutions can be metal surfaces as quickly as possible to avoid possible extremely slippery, all spills must be cleaned up paint damage. Refer to agency procedures and guidelines. immediately. Do not apply water directly to the spill area. Foaming and possible contamination to the surrounding area may result. Foam concentrate, and, to CAFS and tank water a lesser extent, foam solution can be mildly corrosive to Due to the effectiveness of CAF in urban interface and equipment. If, for example, foam comes into contact with bushfire operations, there is a high likelihood that a vehicle, that vehicle should be thoroughly washed with finished CAF may be used to protect properties that utilise clean water to avoid damage. rainwater tanks to store drinking water. Any finished foam Foam can also reduce the life expectancy of leather goods that lands on the roof or in the gutters of these properties (e.g., boots), and should be thoroughly washed with could eventually find its way into the drinking water clean water after exposure to foam, particularly foam supply unless steps are taken to prevent this. concentrate. Concentrate spills must not be flushed into Where possible and practical, personnel should drainage ditches or storm drains. Do not flush equipment disconnect roof spouting going into residential water near water supplies, creeks, rivers or other bodies of water. tanks prior to the application of foam. As residents are Care should be taken when working in areas covered with likely unaware of the environmental and health hazards foam, as objects and holes can be concealed. posed by Class A foam, it is recommended firefighters inform residents of the steps they should take to decontaminate any water tank that may have taken in Class A foam runoff. Drinking water contaminated with Class A foam is inappropriate for consumption by both humans and livestock. It is recommended residents are immediately informed of any possible Class A foam contamination. Refer to agency procedures and guidelines for further information.

Nozzle usage Nozzle selection is crucial for producing the best CAF. Normal combination fog nozzles are not recommended as CAF bubbles become ‘chopped’ and lose their uniform shape. If no nozzle is available then fog nozzles can be used but should be placed on the highest flow setting / flush to minimise damage to bubble structure. As the bubbles collapse the resulting discharge is more similar to a foam solution then a fully scrubbed, effective CAF,

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 8 Supporting discussion

References Tasmania Fire Service CAFS L1 Operators Course, Foam Refresh, V1, May 2014. ACT Fire and Rescue CAFS Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS), Level 1 TRK58, Learner’s Guide, V2.3 March 2016. ACT Fire and Rescue CAFS Level 2 Operators Course, V3, Sep 2014. Fire Rescue New South Wales, CAFS Tactics and Techniques, July 2015. Fire Rescue New South Wales, CAFS Appliances, ATU 2015, Version 2. Country Fire Authority, CAFS Level 1 Trial Course, 2015.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS (CAFS) 9 AFAC DOCTRINE

RESILIENT TRUSTED CREDIBLE EFFECTIVE RESEARCH 1 COMMUNITIES 2 RESPONSE 3 INFORMATION 4 GOVERNANCE 5 INFORMED

AL Australasian Inter-service Incident SL Fire Risks from the Management of GE Strategic Directions for Fire and ES in SE Bushfires and Community Safety Management System AIIMS Gamba Grass in Northern Australia Australia and New Zealand 2017-2012

GE Class A Recycled Water for Firefighting ELA Use of Chemicals in Bushfire Control GE What Is Operational Success for Fire SE Classifying Bushfire Fuels in Australia Purposes and Prescribed Burning and Emergency Services?

National Position on Prescribed GE ELA Use of Lookouts, Awareness, Comms, ELA Climate Change and the Fire and ELA Burning Firefighting Water Point Markers Escape Routes, Safety Zones (LACES) Emergency Service Sector

Smoke Alarms in Residential AL Unauthorised or Illegal Use of RPAs in ELA Use of Personal Fire Shelters in ELA Common Hose Couplings for AFAC RS Accommodation or Near Emergencies Members Agencies in Australia DOCTRINE OWNERS Comm Safety Messaging, Catastrophic AL WHS Hazard Management: A Risk SL ELA Duty Death Register Reflected on the SE Bushfires, Black Saturday Lessons* Management Approach to Safety Wind Farms and Bushfire Operations National ES Memorial SE STUART ELLIS Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke AL WHS Hazard Management Framework SL Aerial Appliance Safe Use and ELA Endorsement of Level 3 Incident ELA Alarm Batteries for Emergency Responders Minimum Maintenance Controllers GE GREG ESNOUF for Road Tunnels AL Acetylene Cylinder Incidents ELA Aerial Ignition Operations ELA Identification of Portable Fuel RS Containers AL AMANDA LECK Carparks Incorporating Multitiered AL Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) ELA Case Studies: Sharing and Retaining NK Leadership Capability Framework SL Vehicle Stacking Devices Knowledge by Practice and Research SL SANDRA LUNARDI

AL ELA Conducting Independent Operational ELA SE People in Cars During Bushfires Emergency Medical Response Audits Role of Chiefs ELA ERIN LISTON-ABEL Principles for Educating Children in First Responders Attending a Swift Glossary of Standardised Industry AL ELA AL Emergency Service Vehicle Warning ELA Natural Hazards and Emergencies Water Incident Terms Devices NK NOREEN KRUSEL Managing Bushfire at the Urban-Rural AL Identification of Portable Fuel RS Interface Containers Fire Aviation Training and Assessment ELA RS RUSSELL SHEPHARD Managing Fatigue in Emergency Landscape Fire Performance Measures SL GE Fundamentals of Doctrine: Best NK Response Data Dictionary Practice Creation ALT AMANDA LAMONT Managing Heat Stress in Emergency SL Safety Considerations for Photovoltaic ELA Response Arrays Heavy Tanker Crew Cab Chassis RS

Managing Hydration in Emergency SL AFAC / AIDR Glossary of Standardised ALT Response Industry Terms Medium Tanker Crew Cab Chassis RS CAPSTONE PV Array DC Isolation Switches ELA Member and Stakeholder Consultation NK FUNDAMENTAL Responding to Incidents Involving GE Operational Response Vehicle Tyre RS Landfill Gas Leaching Management PROCEDURAL Use of Temporary Flood Barriers ELA Optimising the Service Life of RS Operational Response Vehicles TECHNICAL Vertical Rescue AL Rural Firefighting Vehicles: Burn-over Protection RS Selection of Appropriate Respiratory Protective Devices During Bushfires* RS Selection, Use, Care and Maintenance of Personal Protective Equipment* RS Australia and New Zealand Qualified Products Fire Chemicals RS

*Accurate as at 1 June, 2017. See www.afac.com.au/doctrine for more information. TRAINING RESOURCES

RESILIENT TRUSTED CREDIBLE EFFECTIVE RESEARCH 1 COMMUNITIES 2 RESPONSE 3 INFORMATION 4 GOVERNANCE 5 INFORMED

Assist with Formulation and SL Assist with Prescribed Burning SL AIIMS Aides-memoire and eBook SL Conduct Briefings and Debriefings SL Implementation of Plans and Policies

SL AIIMS Intelligence Officer Training SESL SL SL Conduct Complex Prescribed Burn Resource Kit Interpret and Analyse Fire Weather Communicate in the Workplace

SL AIIMS Introduction and Principles SL SL SL Conduct Simple Prescribed Burns Online Take Local Weather Observations Lead, Manage and Develop Teams

Develop Complex Prescribed Burn SL SL SL Plans AIIMS Training Resource Kit Manage Financial Resources

Develop Simple Prescribed Burn SL SL SL Plans Check Installed Fire Safety Systems Manage Marketing Requirements

Foster a Positive Organisational Image SL SL Manage Organisational Communication SL in the Community Drive Vehicles Strategies

Participate in Community Safety SL SL SL Activities Employ PPE at a Hazmat Incident Manage Procurement

Inspect Dangerous Goods Facilities SL Work Autonomously SL

Monitor Hazardous Atmospheres SL Work in a Team SL

Navigate to an Incident SL

Operate Breathing Apparatus SL

Operate Communications Systems and SL Equipment

Operate Pumps SL DOCTRINE OWNERS Protect and Preserve Incident Scene SL SL SANDRA LUNARDI Render Hazmat Incidents Safe SL

Respond to Isolated SL CAPSTONE Respond to Urban Fire SL FUNDAMENTAL PROCEDURAL Respond to Wildfire SL TECHNICAL Suppress Urban Fire SL

Suppress Wildfire SL

*Accurate as at 1 June, 2017. See www.afac.com.au/shop for more information.