Standard Procedure for the Identification of Lichen Refuges: a Case Study of the Krajeńskie Lakeland Area in Poland 21

Ecological Questions 30 (2019) 4: 19–27 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2019.025

Standard procedure for the identification of lichen refuges: DFDVHVWXG\RIWKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQGDUHDLQ3RODQG

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1'HSDUWPHQWRI%LRORJ\0RUSKRORJLFDODQG+HDOWK6FLHQFHV)DFXOW\RI3K\VLFDO&XOWXUHLQ*RU]yZ:ONS 3R]QDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI3K\VLFDO(GXFDWLRQ(VWNRZVNLHJR*RU]yZ:ONS3RODQG *e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Humanities, The Jacob of Paradies University, 7HDWUDOQD*RU]yZ:ONS3RODQG Received: 13 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 November 2019

$EVWUDFW7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVJXLGHOLQHVIRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJOLFKHQUHIXJHVEDVHGRQUHVHDUFKFDUULHGRXWLQWKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG region from 2009 to 2014. The main goal of this publication was to establish a methodology to distinguish refuges from other habitats. The main points of this methodology include the precise determination of the research area, comprehensive development of its local lichenobiotic biodiversity, identification of the most valuable species (mainly rare and endangered) and selection of areas with the highest concentration of their stands.

.H\ZRUGV: epiphytic lichens, refuge, endangered species, local biodiversity.

,QWURGXFWLRQ Until now, the problem of refuges and their protection has been treated rather marginally in lichenological lit- The term refugium (from Latin refuge: a place providing erature. This issue is presented as an important research safety, protection, shelter) can be used to describe an area WRSLF LQ RQO\ D IHZ SXEOLFDWLRQV LH &LHĞOLĔVNL or a region where refugees find shelter from areas where &]\ĪHZVND HW DO .RVVRZVND their lives are at risk or even threatened with destruction. .RĞFLHOQLDN:yMFLDN 8UEDQ.DSHN It follows that a refuge is a place where someone (or some- 2014; Gruszka, 2017). Usually, this issue is not subject to thing) escapes to in order to find the possibility of safe sur- detailed analysis, and naming areas refuges is not support- YLYDOZKLFKLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHGHILQLWLRQRI.RSDOLĔVNL ed by unambiguous and convincing justification. In many (2007). In many languages, the term derived from the Latin cases, a set of undoubtedly valuable species is given from word refuge is referred to as a refugee; for example, refu- the studied area; however, due to a lack of proper analysis JHHLQ(QJOLVKUHIXJLDGRLQ6SDQLVKDQGUpIXJLpLQ)UHQFK and interpretation of results, there is a fear that, in some In the natural sciences, a refuge is defined according to cases, assignment of the rank of refuge may be not justified. Mirek et al. (2005) as a “natural or semi-natural site, distin- Due to the decreasing number of valuable sites and guished by an exceptional botanical richness and/or consti- dying and endangered species of lichens in particular, tuting a habitat for a distinctive set of rare, endangered and/ lichenologists are faced with an urgent need to develop or endemic plant species and/or plant communities of high methods to properly distinguish refuges and then postu- botanical value”. late to cover these areas with legal protection. Thus, in this 20 Wojciech Gruszka, Ludwik Lipnicki

publication, suggestions and proposals of procedures to submission of the appropriate postulates to the property help to establish lichen refuges are given, which the au- owners. thors base on results of their long-term observations and studies on changes in the qualitative and quantitative bio- 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUHIHUHQFHDUHD GLYHUVLW\RIOLFKHQVLQVHOHFWHGUHJLRQV$OVRWKHDXWKRUV¶ experience has been used, especially in the organization In the initial stages of work, the boundaries of an area on of the legal protection of these organisms. This research which lichen refuges are expected to exist (e.g. mesore- ZDVFDUULHGRXWPDLQO\LQ7XFKROD)RUHVWDQG.UDMHĔVNLH gion, forest complex, city, etc.) should be strictly defined. Lakeland (Lipnicki, 1991, 1993, 2002a, 2006, 2010, Failure to do so will not only reduce the value of the 2012; Gruszka, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017). work done but may also be the basis for questioning the This publication provides an example of the distinc- results. WLRQRIOLFKHQUHIXJHLQWKHDUHDRI.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG based on the results of an analysis made by Gruszka 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRILQGLFDWRUVSHFLHV (2014). It is also extending the issues discussed in the earlier publication of Gruszka (2017) supplemented with To compile a list of lichen taxa whose occurrence will al- the results of further studies on lichen refugia. The pre- low for the identification of the refuges within the bound- sented scheme of conduct should be treated as material aries of the analysed area, a complete list of species for further discussion. should be created together with the frequency of their occurrence. Among them, select regionally rare, very rare or endangered taxa, including relics of forests (acc. to 6WHSVWRGLVWLQJXLVKDUHIXJH &LHĞOLĔVNLHWDO&]\ĪHZVND &LHĞOLĔVNLE One should be aware that a list created this way will be The basic standard for distinguishing a refuge within unique and characteristic of a given region and cannot be a larger area is the occurrence of valuable, endangered the basis for analysing other areas. If accurate historical and perishing species; however, it should be kept in mind results are available, they should also be analysed. As that the distribution of valuable taxon sites, both on the a result, it will be possible to determine the trends and national scale and in smaller areas (for example in the pace of change in lichenobiotic biodiversity; in particu- mesoregion, in the forest complex, etc.), is not a perma- lar, taxa will be indicated, which deserve special attention nent feature. The richness of species is due to the an- due to the drastic reduction in the number of posts. alysed area, diversity of habitats and lichens available to substrates, microclimate, human pressure, including Stand mapping the nature of land use and its changes, and the degree of urbanization. These dependencies are reflected in re- The indicative taxonomic levels should be marked on the gional lists of endangered species (i.a. Czarnota, 2003; maps of the studied area. Concentrations of points will &]\ĪHZVNDD/LSQLFNL6]F]HSDĔVND indicate the location of those parts of the terrain in which /HĞQLDĔVNL .RĞFLHOQLDN WKHVH GLIIHU QRW there are favourable conditions for the survival of the only in a set of taxa, but in the case of the same species, most valuable lichen taxa; they will be refugees. in a different threat status. The distinction of a lichen refuge can be a very important prerequisite for legal protection and/or indication of the way it is managed in its &DVHVWXG\RIWKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG area. Although this task is not troublesome, it is often overlooked by lichenologists. 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFKDUHD The determination of a lichen refuge should take place in the following stages: 7KHPHVRUHJLRQRIWKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQGLVLQQRUWK 1) indication of the analysed area boundaries; western Poland (Fig. 1). It occupies an area of approxi- 2) creation of the list of lichen taxa, including the re- mately 4380 km2 .RQGUDFNL ,WLVORFDWHGEHWZHHQ sults of previous (historical) studies, if any; WKH*ZGD9DOOH\%UGD9DOOH\DQG&HQWUDO1RWHü9DOOH\ 3) selection of indicator species; surrounded by Charzykowska Plain and Tuchola Forest 4) creation of a map of the positions all indicator spe- LQWKHQRUWK.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQGLVORFDWHGEHWZHHQ cies. ¶DQG¶QRUWKODWLWXGHDQGEHWZHHQ¶DQG Each of these tasks is usually performed as standard ¶HDVWORQJLWXGH 8PLĔVNL .UDMHĔVNLH/DNH- practice during lichenological characterization of an area. land is a typical agricultural land. Forests occupy small An additional analysis of the obtained results will lead areas. A more detailed description of the research area to separation of the refuges, which will allow for the is provided in the article by Gruszka (2017). Standard procedure for the identification of lichen refuges: a case study of the Krajeńskie Lakeland area in Poland 21

0DWHULDODQGPHWKRGV nomenclature follows the Index Fungorum (date of explo- ration 01/07/2019). Field studies of the mesoregion were conducted in the years 2009-2014. These studies was conducted with the same methods to the previous ones, aimed to develop 5HVXOWV a complex characterization of the epiphityc lichenobiotic of the chosen area to determine procedures for identifying In total, 160 species of epiphytic lichens were identified the lichen sites (Gruszka, 2017). LQWKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQGDVDUHVXOWRIWKHSUHVHQWUH- Historical data compiled by Tobolewski (1966, 1971, search (Gruszka 2014). Of all identified species of lichens, 7REROHZVNL .XSF]\N 43 species were identified as indicators of refuges (Ta- DQG )DáW\QRZLF] DV ZHOO DV XQSXEOLVKHG UHVXOWV ble 1); most of them are endangered in the country and by Nafalska (1981), Lipnicki (1998, 2001, 2002b) and WKH\DUHUDUH RUYHU\UDUH RQ.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG1LQH :LQNRZVND*U]HĞNRZLDN ZHUHDOVRDQDO\VHG7KH areas were marked as lichen refuges (Fig. 2).

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)LJXUH 7KH VFKHPH RI UHIXJH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ LQ .UDMHĔVNLH /DNHODQG$ ± ORFDOLWLHV of lichen species, B – localities of selected indicator species, C – refuge areas; D – refuges names. Numbering in accordance with the numbering in Table 1 [22]

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Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal. * Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler * * * * * Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid. * * Arthonia spadicea Leight. * * Arthonia vinosa Leight. * Arthothelium ruanum $0DVVDO .|UE * Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold * * Bacidia circumspecta (Norrl. & Nyl.) Malme * Bacidia rosella (Pers.) De Not. * * * Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. * * Bacidina sulphurella ** 6DPS 0+DXFN 9:LUWK Biatora efflorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen ** Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr. * Bryoria implexa ** (Hoffm.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Bryoria sophiae (Motyka) Bystrek * Bryoria vrangiana ** (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Calicium adspersum Pers. ** * ** * * * * Calicium salicinum Pers. *** * Calicium viride Pers. * * * Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell * * * * Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg. * Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell * * * * * [23]

Table 1 continued

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1234 5 6 789

Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Hellb. * Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon ** * *** * * * Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg * Fellhanera bouteillei 'HVP 9Č]GD * Gyalecta flotovii .|UE * Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf * Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. * Micarea elachista .|UE &RSSLQV 56DQW ** Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl. * * * * Opegrapha vermicellifera **** -.XQ]H -5/DXQGRQ Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. * * * Pertusaria flavida (DC.) J.R. Laundon * * * * Pertusaria leioplaca DC. ** * ** * * ** Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck. ** * * * Pseudoschismatomma rufescens (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler * * Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. * * * * * Pyrenula nitidella * (Flörke ex Schaer.) Müll. Arg. Ramalina baltica Lettau * Toniniopsis subincompta * 1\O .LVWHQLFK7LPGDO%HQGLNVE\ 6(NPDQ Usnea fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Räsänen * Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch * * * * * *

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'LVFXVVLRQ development processes. In practice, however, such actions are taken sporadically in relation to lichens. The authors realise that the presented theses and propositions %DVHGRQWKHDXWKRUV¶RSLQLRQVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHU do not exhaust the whole problem of lichen refuges. They patterns of proceedings are based on: count on their critical evaluation and verification by the – examination of the whole biota of lichens in a spe- OLFKHQRORJLVWV¶FRPPXQLW\DQGWKH\KRSHIRUDVXEVWDQ- cific area; tive discussion, because new conclusions may be formu- – selection of index species (i.e. rare and/or the most lated to complement the discussed topic. endangered), including relics of primeval forests; – prediction of areas with the highest concentration of positions of distinguished species. &RQFOXVLRQV This may look too simplistic, but it allows for the indication of lichen refuges (without resorting to other 1. A complete, even a rich list of currently occurring methods) and it is necessary when considering the im- species cannot be the only or the basic criterion for rec- portance of obtaining appropriate and non-negotiable ognizing the area as a refugee. results. The procedure itself does not require absolute 2. When creating a list of indicator species for the support from statistical analysis, although this can also refuge, each area should be considered individually – this be helpful. will allow protecting the region`s most valuable species. The analysis of relatively little historical data did not Spatial and species variation of lichens are a result of the provide enough information about possible directions operation of numerous factors, related to, for example, of lichenobiotic changes. Based on this, it was also not the size of the area, level of the regional anthropopres- possible to indicate species which, due to the drastic re- sure, microclimate and others. duction in the number of positions, would deserve atten- 3. With respect to refuge typing, complete historical tion. Available data indicate that the few positions are data are particularly valuable, allowing for the tracking located mainly in the central and northern parts of the of the degree and direction of changes in the biota of li- .UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG chens, selection of the most valuable species or the most The eastern and southern regions were less researched, endangered species and indication of the existence of ar- which was probably associated with a greater transforma- eas with the best-preserved biota of lichens. tion of these areas and thus with their lower scientific 4. Since the problem of the refuge is not often dis- attractiveness. Available historical data contained only cussed in the lichenological literature, it is advisable to a suggestion about lichenologically higher values in the continue researching this problem in other areas. YLFLQLW\RI.XMDQLD 1DIDOVND7REROHZVNL 5. Research on lichen refuges, although only related and the Buczyna Reserve (Lipnicki, 2002b). The stud- to epiphytes, may be applied to other habitat groups. ies conducted in 2009-2014 in both areas confirmed the significant lichenological values of these areas. In both DUHDVUHIXJHVZHUHVHOHFWHG.XMDĔVNLH8URF]\VNRDQG 5HIHUHQFHV Buczyna Reserve. This confirms that historical research is valuable for determining refuges only when it has been &LHĞOLĔVNL 6 2VWRMD ELRUyĪQRURGQRĞFL IORU\ SR- carried out comprehensively and with due diligence; ex- URVWyZ Z XURF]\VNX OHĞQ\P Äĩ\]QyZ´ NRáR .OL- tracting conclusions based on fragmented data can pro- montowa [Biodiversity of lichen flora in forest range duce misleading results. µĩ\]QyZ¶ QHDU .OLPRQWyZ@ >LQ@ 7 3XV]NDU HG For each species, there is a population threshold be- %LRUyĪQRURGQRĞüREV]DUyZVW\NRZ\FK.RWOLQ\6DQ- low which the population faces a danger of dying out GRPLHUVNLHM:\Ī\Q\.LHOHFNR6DQGRPLHUVNLHMRUD] (Wilson, 1999). Based on this axiom, documenting the :\Ī\Q\ /XEHOVNLHM PDWHULDá\ ] V\PSR]MXP 6DQG- fulfilment of the function of a refuge in a given area RPLHU]ZU]HĞQLD>%LRGLYHUVLW\RIHFRWRQHV may and should be the basis for legal protection (e.g. EHWZHHQ6DQGRPLHU]9DOOH\.LHOFH6DQGRPLHU]8S- reserve, ecological use, natural monument). When pro- lands and Lublin Upland, Symposium materials, San- posing forms of protection, ecological requirements domierz 23 September 1999], Towarzystwo Naukowe RISURWHFWHGVSHFLHVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG )DáW\QRZLF] Sandomierskie [Scientific Society of Sandomierz], 1997). The most important and the most effective meth- Sandomierz: 10-22. RGLVLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ &LHĞOLĔVNL &]\ĪHZVND &LHĞOLĔVNL6%LDáHàXJL5HVHUYHDUHIXJHRIWKH based on multidirectional actions undertaken for the sake IRUHVWOLFKHQIORUDRIWKH*yU\ĝZLĊWRNU]\VNLH0RXQ- of permanent preservation of all elements of biodiversity tains. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 45(1-2): associated with their natural occurrence and their natural 485-492. Standard procedure for the identification of lichen refuges: a case study of the Krajeńskie Lakeland area in Poland 25

&LHĞOLĔVNL 6 7KH .U]HPLRQNL 2SDWRZVNLH 5H- *UXV]ND : =PLDQ\ ELRW\ SRURVWyZ UH]HUZDWX serve: a refuge of lichen in Central Poland, Nature Ä'ĊELQD´NRáR:ąJURZFD>&KDQJHVRIWKHOLFKHQEL- Conservation 62: 13-25. RWDLQWKHÄ'ĊELQD´QDWXUHUHVHUYHQHDU:ąJURZLHF@ &LHĞOLĔVNL 6 &]\ĪHZVND . 3RURVW\ 3XV] Badania Fizjograficzne, Ser. B Botanika. 1(59): F]\ %LDáRZLHVNLHM QD WOH LQQ\FK NRPSOHNVyZ 173-183. OHĞQ\FK Z 3ROVFH 3yáQRFQR:VFKRGQLHM >/LFKHQV *UXV]ND: %LRWD SRURVWyZ UH]HUZDWX SU]\URG\ RI %LDáRZLHĪD SULPHYDO IRUHVW LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK Ä'LDEOL 6NRN´ NRáR 6]ZHFML SyáQRFQR]DFKRGQLD other forest complexes in north-eastern Poland], 3ROVND >7KHOLFKHQIORUDRIWKHÄ'LDEOL6NRN´UHVHUYH .RVPRV QHDU 6]ZHFMD QRUWKZHVWHUQ 3RODQG @ &KURĔP\ &LHĞOLĔVNL 6 &]\ĪHZVND . )DOLĔVNL -% .ODPD + 3U]\URGĊ2MF]\VWą 0XáHQNR : ĩDUQRZLHF - 5HOLNW\ ODVX Gruszka W., 2012, The protected and threatened lichens SXV]F]DĔVNLHJR=MDZLVNDUHOLNWRZH>5HOLFWVRIWKH RI WKH URDGVLGH WUHHV LQ WKH .UDMHĔVNLH /DNHODQG primeval (virgin) forest: relict phenomena], [in:] [in:] L. Lipnicki (ed.), Lichens Protection – Protected %LDáRZLHVNL 3DUN 1DURGRZ\ Z EDGD- /LFKHQ6SHFLHV6RQDU/LWHUDFNL*RU]yZ:LHONRSRO- QLDFK JHRERWDQLF]Q\FK >%LDáRZLHĪD 1DWLRQDO 3DUN ski: 277-286. LQJHRERWDQLFDOUHVHDUFK@-%)DOLĔVNL HG 3K\WR- *UXV]ND: 5HIXJLD SRURVWyZ HSLILW\F]Q\FK QD coenosis 4: 47-64. 3RMH]LHU]X .UDMHĔVNLP >(SLSK\WLF OLFKHQV UHIXJH LQ &]DUQRWD3&]HUZRQDOLVWDSRURVWyZ]DJURĪRQ\FK WKH.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG@ XQSXEOLVKHGGRFWRUDOGLV- w Gorcach [Red List of threatened lichens in Gorce VHUWDWLRQ 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\7RUXĔ Mts.]. Monographiae Botanicae 91: 159-176. Gruszka W., 2017, The concept of lichen refugia clas- &]\ĪHZVND.&LHĞOLĔVNL60RWLHMǌQDLWơ- .RODQNR sification. A proposal based on the case study .7KH%XG]LVNQDWXUHUHVHUYHDVDELRFHQWUH RI.UDMHĔVNLH/DNHODQG3RODQG(FRORJLFDO4XHVWLRQ RI OLFKHQ GLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH .Q\V]\ĔVND /DUJH )RUHVW 27(3): 65-75. (NE Poland). Acta Mycologica 37 (1/2): 77-92. Index Fungorum, 2019, http://www.indexfungorum.org/ &]\ĪHZVND. &LHĞOLĔVNL6D&]HUZRQDOLVWD names/names.asp [Accessed 01.07.2019]. SRURVWyZ]DJURĪRQ\FKZ3XV]F]\%LDáRZLHVNLHM>5HG .DSHN 0 2SXV]F]RQH ZVLH Z %LHV]F]DGDFK /LVW RI WKUHDWHQHG OLFKHQV LQ WKH %LDáRZLHĪD 2OG MDNRRVWRMH]DJURĪRQ\FKLFKURQLRQ\FKJDWXQNyZSR- JURZWK)RUHVW@>LQ@.&]\ĪHZVND HG =DJURĪHQLH URVWyZZ3ROVFH>9DQLVKHGYLOODJHVLQWKH%LHV]F]DG\ SRURVWyZ Z 3ROVFH >7KUHDW WR OLFKHQV LQ 3RODQG@ Mts as refuges of threatened and protected lichens Monographiae Botanicae, 91: 107-120. in Poland]. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Polon. 21(1): &]\ĪHZVND. &LHĞOLĔVNL63RURVW\±ZVNDĨQLNL 147-164. QLĪRZ\FKODVyZSXV]F]DĔVNLFKZ3ROVFH>/LFKHQV± .RQGUDFNL-*HRJUDILDUHJLRQDOQD3ROVNL>7KHUH- indicators of lowland old-growth forests in Poland], JLRQDOJHRJUDSK\RI3RODQG@3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFW- >LQ@ . &]\ĪHZVND HG =DJURĪHQLH SRURVWyZ wo Naukowe, Warszawa. w Polsce [Threat to lichens in Poland]. Monographiae .RSDOLĔVNL:6áRZQLNZ\UD]yZREF\FKL]ZURWyZ Botanicae, 91: 223-239. REFRMĊ]\F]Q\FK >'LFWLRQDU\ RI IRUHLJQ ZRUG DQG )DáW\QRZLF] : 3RURVW\ 3RPRU]D =DFKRGQLH- phrases]. Wyd. Rytm, Warszawa. go. Studium ekologiczno-geograficzne [The lichens .RĞFLHOQLDN52VWRMDSRURVWyZZGROLQLHSRWRNX of Western Pomerana (NW Poland). An ecogeograph- 6PRUĪNRáR8VWU]\N'ROQ\FK>/LFKHQUHIXJHLQWKH ical study]. Polish Bot. Stud. 4: 1-182. 6PRUĪVWUHDPYDOOH\QHDU8VWU]\NL'ROQH@5RF]QLNL )DáW\QRZLF]: =DJURĪHQLD SRURVWyZ L SUREOHP\ Bieszczadzkie 13: 249-259. ich ochrony [Threat to the lichens and problems of li- .RĞFLHOQLDN57KH%LHV]F]DG\0WVDVD5HIXJH FKHQFRQVHUYDWLRQ@3U]HJOąG3U]\URGQLF]\ for Protected and Threatened Lichens in Poland, [in:] *UXV]ND:3RURVW\UH]HUZDWXSU]\URG\Ä.XĨQLN´ Z. Mirek, A. Nikel (eds.),Rare, relict and endangered ]HV]F]HJyOQ\PXZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPJDWXQNyZFKURQLR- plant species in Poland. Szafer Institute of Botany, Q\FKL]DJURĪRQ\FKZ3ROVFH>/LFKHQVRIWKH1DWXUH 3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV.UDNyZ Reserve µ.XĨQLN¶ZLWKSDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQRISURWHF .RĞFLHOQLDN55HGOLVWRIWKUHDWHQHGOLFKHQVLQWKH ted and threatened species in Poland], [in:] P. Ow- Bieszczady National Park, [in:] L. Lipnicki (ed.), Li- VLDQQ\ HG 5\QQD -H]LRU .XĨQLFNLFK L UH]HUZDW chens Protection – Protected Lichen Species. Sonar SU]\URG\ Ä.XĨQLN´ ELRUyĪQRURGQRĞü IXQNFMRQRZ- /LWHUDFNL*RU]yZ:LHONRSROVNL DQLH RFKURQD L HGXNDFMD >7KH .XĨQLN /DNHV 9DO- .RVVRZVND02VWRMDU]DGNLFKSRURVWyZHSLILW\- OH\ DQG Ä.XĨQLN´ 1DWXUH 5HVHUYH ± ELRGLYHUVLW\ F]Q\FKQDMRGáDFKZ:ąZR]LH6]NODUNL .DUNRQRVNL functioning, nature protection and education]. Wyd. Park Narodowy) [Refuge of rare epiphytic lichens on 0X]HXP6WDQLVáDZD6WDV]LFD3LáD ILUV LQ 6]NODUND *XOO\ .DUNRQRV]H 1DWLRQDO 3DUN 26 Wojciech Gruszka, Ludwik Lipnicki

3U]\URGD6XGHWyZ=DFKRGQLFK>1DWXUHRIWKH:HVWHUQ URQDSU]\URG\Z7XFKROVNLP3DUNX.UDMREUD]RZ\P Sudetes] 5: 85-92. [Nature protection in Tuchola Landscape Park]. Wyd. /HĞQLDĔVNL*7KHOLFKHQELRWDRI2SROH6LOHVLD :\ĪV]HM6]NRá\=DU]ąG]DQLDĝURGRZLVNLHP7XFKROD (South Poland). Part 1. The list of lichen species. 78-95. Wyd. Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, Studia i Monografie /LSQLFNL/3RURVW\Z3DUNX1DURGRZ\PÄ%RU\ 431: 1-162 Tucholskie” [Lichens of Tuchola Forest National Lipnicki L., 1991, Propozycje ochrony stanow- 3DUN@ >LQ@ -0 0DWXV]NLHZLF] HG ĝZLDW URĞOLQ LVND SRURVWyZ $VFRP\FHWHV OLFKHQLVDWL QD WH- L JU]\EyZ 3DUNX 1DURGRZHJR Ä%RU\ 7XFKROVNLH´ UHQLH %RUyZ 7XFKROVNLFK >3URSRVHG SURJUDPPH [Plants and mushrooms of Tuchola Forest Nation- for preserving the lichen stations Ascomycetes li- DO 3DUN@ 3DUN 1DURGRZ\ Ä%RU\ 7XFKROVNLH´ &KDU- chenisati in Bory Tucholskie]. Parki Narodowe zykowy: 316-357. i Rezerwaty Przyrody [National Parks and Nature Re- 0LUHN = 1LNHO$ 3DXO : :LON à HGV serves] 10 3-4): 138-150. 2VWRMH URĞOLQQH Z 3ROVFH >,PSRUWDQW 3ODQW $UHDV /LSQLFNL//LFKHQRORJLF]QHZDUWRĞFL%RUyZ7X- in Poland]. Wyd. Inst. Botaniki im. W. Szafera PAN, cholskich i ich ochrona [The lichen flora of the Tu- .UDNyZ FKROD)RUHVWVDQGLWVSHFXOLDULWLHV@&KURĔP\3U]\URGĊ 1DIDOVND : 3RURVW\ RNROLF =áRWRZD >/LFKHQV 2MF]\VWą 49(5): 43-50. LQWKHDUHDRI=áRWyZ@ XQSXEOLVKHGPDVWHU¶VGLVVHU- /LSQLFNL/,QZHQWDU\]DFMDOLFKHQRORJLF]QDR]yZ WDWLRQ $GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\3R]QDĔ NUDMHĔVNLFK>/LFKHQRORJLFDOLQYHQWRULHVRI.UDMHĔVNLH 6]F]HSDĔVND.$QWURSRJHQLF]QHSU]HPLDQ\ELR- /DNHODQG¶VHVNHUV@ XQSXEOLVKHGreport 9RLYRGHVKLS W\SRURVWyZ0DV\ZXĝQLHĪQLNDL*yU%LDOVNLFK>$Q- Office, Bydgoszcz. WKURSRJHQLFFKDQJHVRIOLFKHQELRWDRI6QLHĪQLN0DV- Lipnicki L., 2001, Lichenologiczna ocena wybranych frag- sif and Bialskie Mountains]. Acta Botanica Silesiaca, PHQWyZ ]DFKRGQLHM F]ĊĞFL 3RMH]LHU]D .UDMHĔVNLHJR Monographiae 4. [Lichenological valorization of the selected parts Tobolewski Z., 1966, Rodzina Caliciaceae (Lichenes) RI ZHVWHUQ .UDMHĔVNLH /DNHODQG@ XQSXEOLVKHG re- w Polsce [The family Caliciaceae (Lichenes) in Po- port 9RLYRGHVKLS2IILFH%\GJRV]F] ODQG@3UDFH.RPLV%LRO3731 /LSQLFNL / D 3RURVW\ UH]HUZDWX Ä'ROLQD 5]HNL Tobolewski Z., 1971, Porosty (Lichenes). Atlas %UG\´Z7XFKROVNLP3DUNX.UDMREUD]RZ\P>7KHOL- UR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH>/L- FKHQV LQ WKH µ9DOOH\RI %UGD 5LYHU¶ 5HVHUYH LQ WKH chens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical distri- 7XFKROVNL /DQGVFDSH 3DUN@ >LQ@ 0 àDZU\QRZLF] EXWLRQRIVSRUHSODQWVLQ3RODQG@9RO6HULHV,,, %5y]JD HGV 7XFKROVNL3DUN.UDMREUD]RZ\ 3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH :DUV]DZD 2000. Stan poznania [Tucholski Landscape Park 3R]QDĔ @8QLZHUV\WHWXàyG]NLHJR Tobolewski Z., 1979, Porosty (Lichenes). Atlas Lipnicki L., 2002b, Wyniki inwentaryzacji przyrodniczej UR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH>/L- U]DGNLFK QDMFLHNDZV]\FK WDNVRQyZ SRURVWyZ RUD] chens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical distri- PLHMVF LFK Z\VWĊSRZDQLD QD WHUHQLH .UDMHĔVNLHJR EXWLRQRIVSRUHSODQWVLQ3RODQG@9RO6HULHV,,, 3DUNX .UDMREUD]RZHJR >5HVXOWV RI WKH LQYHQWRU\ 3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH :DUV]DZD of rare and most interesting lichen taxons and their 3R]QDĔ ORFDWLRQVIURP.UDMQD/DQGVFDSH3DUN@ XQSXEOLVKHG Tobolewski Z., 1981, Porosty (Lichenes). Atlas report 9RLYRGHVKLS2IILFH%\GJRV]F] UR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH>/L- /LSQLFNL/&]HUZRQDOLVWDSRURVWyZ]DJURĪRQ\FK chens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical distri- w Borach Tucholskich [Red List of threatened lichens EXWLRQRIVSRUHSODQWVLQ3RODQG@9RO6HULHV,,, LQWKH7XFKROVNLH)RUHVW@>LQ@.&]\ĪHZVND HG 3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH :DUV]DZD =DJURĪHQLH SRURVWyZ Z 3ROVFH >7KUHDW WR OLFKHQV 3R]QDĔ in Poland]. Monographiae Botanicae 91: 81-90. Tobolewski Z., 1983, Porosty (Lichenes). Atlas Lipnicki L., 2006, Protected lichens in the Bory Tu- UR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH>/L- cholskie Forest (N Poland) and threats to them, chens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical distri- >LQ@ $ /DFNRYLþRYi $ *XWWRYD ( /LVLFNi EXWLRQRIVSRUHSODQWVLQ3RODQG@9RO6HULHV,,, $/L]RĖ HGV &HQWUDO(XURSHDQOLFKHQVGLYHUVLW\ 3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH :DUV]DZD and threat. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca: 331-336. 3R]QDĔ Lipnicki L., 2010, Najcenniejsze porosty Tucholskiego Tobolewski Z., 1988, Porosty (Lichenes). Atlas 3DUNX.UDMREUD]RZHJRLLFKRFKURQD>7KHPRVWYDOX- UR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH>/L- able lichens in Tuchola Landscape Park (N Poland) chens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical distri- DQGWKHLUSURWHFWLRQ@>LQ@$(àDZQLF]DN HG 2FK- EXWLRQRIVSRUHSODQWVLQ3RODQG@9RO6HULHV,,, Standard procedure for the identification of lichen refuges: a case study of the Krajeńskie Lakeland area in Poland 27

3DĔVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH :DUV]DZD± :LQNRZVND*U]HĞNRZLDN $ )ORUD SRURVWyZ 3R]QDĔ SyáQRFQHM F]ĊĞFL 3RMH]LHU]D .UDMHĔVNLHJR >7KH OL- 7REROHZVNL= .XSF]\N%3RURVW\ Lichenes). FKHQIORUDRIWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRI.UDMHĔVNLH/DNH- $WODVUR]PLHV]F]HQLDURĞOLQ]DURGQLNRZ\FKZ3ROVFH ODQG@ XQSXEOLVKHGPDVWHU¶VGLVVHUWDWLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ [Lichens (Lichenes). Atlas of the geographical dis- RI*GDĔVN*GDĔVN WULEXWLRQ RI VSRUHSODQWV LQ 3RODQG@ 9RO 6HULHV :yMFLDN + 8UEDQ ' 6PDOO PLGIRUHVW DQG ,,,3DĔVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH:DUV]DZD midfield peatbogs as a refuge of rare and protected 3R]QDĔ lichens species, [in:] L. Lipnicki (ed.), Lichens Pro- 8PLĔVNL - 3RMH]LHU]H .UDMHĔVNLH >.UDMHĔVNLH tection – Protected Lichen Species. Sonar Literacki, /DNHODQG@:\G377.Ä.UDM´:DUV]DZD *RU]yZ:LHONRSROVNL :LOVRQ 2 5yĪQRURGQRĞü Ī\FLD >7KH 'LYHUVLW\ RI/LIH@3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW:\GDZQLF]\:DUV]DZD