HORN OF • 4 Countries – – Eritrea – Djibouti – Somalia LANDSCAPE • Hot, Dry Coastal Lowlands – Muslim • Ethiopian Highlands – Christian DRY LOWLANDS LOWLANDS

• Muslims ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS BLUE NILE FALLS ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS • Gelada Baboons ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS PLAYFUL BABOONS ETHIOPIA • Highlands  Cultural Isolation • “Galapagos Islands of Religion” – 65% Christian • Mainly Ethiopian Orthodox Christian ETHIOPIA’S RELIGIONS • 35% Muslim ETHIOPIA’S RELIGIONS • Falasha Jews, mostly emigrated… LALIBELA • Holy city for Eth. Christians LALIBELA • Rock-carved churches LALIBELA LALIBELA LALIBELA

ETHIOPIA • Addis Ababa, capital – 8000’ ETHIOPIA • Christian Emperors until 1974 – Close U.S. ties – Last emperor – • Name originally Ras Tafari • Considered God by Rastafarians ETHIOPIA • Military revolt, 1974 – Communist dictatorship til 1990s • Close Soviet ties ETHIOPIA • Poor Land Transportation – Rugged Terrain  Poor Roads – Some good roads built by Italians • 1930s occupation of Eth. • One of the best in Africa ETHIOPIA • Difficult Env: – Deep Canyons  Isolated Villages – Crops Depend on Inconsistent Rainfall ISOLATED ETHIOPIAN VILLAGE ETHIOPIA • Drought, mid-1980s Famine – Civil War impeded food distribution ETHIOPIA • Coffee – Main Export – Originated in Eth. – Major part of culture ETHIOPIA • Great Distance Runners – 1960, Abebe Bikila…

ETHIOPIA ERITREA • ½ Muslim, ½ Christian • Was a province of Ethiopia until 1990s • Fought a 30-year war of secession from 1960s – 1991 – Overthrew Communist govt. of Ethiopia – Became independent 1993 DJIBOUTI • Located on Bab el Mandeb – Southern end of …. • Shipping Terminal for… – Main revenue source… SOMALIA • Homogeneous population – Muslims – Somali Language – But divided into 6 major clans • Civil War since 1990s • Mogadishu, capital – Decimated by fighting SOMALIA • 1993 Somalia Disaster (“Blackhawk Down”) – 18 U.S. servicemen killed in Mogadishu – Public Outcry in US • US Military withdrew – 2 major effects • US more reluctant to assist in humanitarian efforts • Al-Qaeda convinced that US couldn’t accept American deaths SOMALIA’S CURRENT CONDITIONS • National govt. controls ½… • Islamic militants… • Rep. of Somaliland proclaimed independence in 1990s – Not recognized internationally – Peaceful • Somali pirates hijacking ships…