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L'ouragan Betsy, L'administration Johnson Et La UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL TENSIONS RACIALES EN EAUX TROUBLES :L' OURAGAN BETSY, L'ADMINISTRATION JOHNSON ET LA LUTTE POUR L'ÉGALITÉ RACIALE EN NOUVELLE-ORLÉANS MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR GABRIEL SÉGUIN JANVIER 2014 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques · Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le~ respect dea droits de son auteur, qui a signé la formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles r; up~rleurs (SDU-522- Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule qua <<conformément à l' article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l' Université du Québec à Montréal une llc~nce non exclusive d'utilisation et de . publlca'tlon da la totalité ou d'une partie Importante de [son] travail da recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduira, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies da. [son) travail de recherche à des flns non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraTnent pas une renonciation de Oa] part [de l'auteur] à [ses} droits moraux ni à [ses} droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf ententé contraire, [l'auteur) conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.~ -------------------------------- . REMERCIEMENTS Plusieurs personnes ont contribué à la production de ce mémoire. Je souhaite d'abord remercier la bibliothèque présidentielle Lyndon Baines Johnson pour avoir financé mes recherches dans leurs collections, qui sont à 1' origine de ce mémoire. J'ai grandement apprécié les conseils judicieux et la patience infinie d'Allen Fisher et de toute l'équipe d'archivistes de la bibliothèque LBJ. J'exprime aussi mon appréciation pour l'Université du Québec à Montréal et les bourses qu' elle m'a offertes durant ma maîtrise. Mon directeur, Greg Robinson, a su donner clarté et organisation à mon vague désir de comprendre et dénoncer l'injustice. Je souhaite également reconnaître les contributions de David Grondin durant mes recherches. Sophie, ma douce, fut toujours très compréhensive des exigences de ce projet, et son soutien moral et intellectuel fut d'une valeur inestimable. Je remercie également ma famille pour son appui continuel durant mes études et durant la rédaction de ce projet. Finalement, je salue mes amis et mes collègues qui rn' ont aidé, directement et indirectement, à mener ce projet jusqu'à terme. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES TABLEAUX ...................... ........... ... ........ .. .... ................. ........ .. .............. .. v LISTE DES FIGURES .. ..... .... .. .. ... .... ..... .... ....... ........................ .. ............ ... ...... ... ......... vi LISTE DES ACRONYMES .. .... .. .. .. ....... .... ............... ... ... .. ..................... .............. .. .... vii RÉSUMÉ ... .... .. ... ... ....... ............ ........ .. .... .... ..... .... .. .. ..... ... ... ........... .. .... ..... .. ..... ........ .... ix INTRODUCTION .. ..... ............ ... .... ........ ................................... ......... .. ... ... .. ... .. ...... .... 1 CHAPITRE! DESCRIPTION DE LA DOCUMENTATION .. .. .......... .. ....... ... ... ....... ........... ... .. .. .. ... 7 1.1 Documentation primaire ..... ..... ..... .... ...... ..... .. ........................... ..... ................. 7 1.1.1 Journaux .... .. ... ....... .... .... ... .... .... .. ... .. .. ... ......... ..... .. ... ......... .......... .... .... .... 8 1.1.2 Publications gouvernementales .. ................................ .......... ................. 10 1.1.3 Thomas Forrest : analyse organisationnelle de la réponse à Betsy ... .... 12 1.1.4 Archives présidentielles ..................... ..... ........... ... ... ................... .......... 14 1.2 Examen de 1' historiographie .. ................. .............. ............ ...... .... .................. 18 1.2 .1 Edward Haas .................... ... .. ........................ .... ... ..................... .......... .. 18 1.2.2 Kent German y .... ........ ....... ......................... ... .............. ... ... ... .. ....... ........ 22 1.2.3 Autre littérature secondaire ............................... .. .......... ... ..................... 24 CHAPITRE II DANS LA FOULÉE DE BETSY ... ... .... ........ ..... .. .... ... ... ... ......... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ..... ........ 29 2.1 L'ouragan en détails .......... .. ............. ........ ... ..... ... .......... .... .. ....... .................. 30 2.2 Réponse à Betsy ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .............. .... ..... ... ... ...................... ............. .... ..... 34 2.2 .1 Préparation et réaction à l'ouragan, 8-10 septembre .. ... .... .. ......... .... ... .. 35 2.2.2 Visite présidentielle .. ... ................. .. ...... .. .......... .. .. .... ... ... ....................... 3 7 2.2.3 L'efficacité bureaucratique, objectif primordial ... .. ............... .. .... ... ... ... 39 2.2.4 Forces armées .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .... .... .. .. ... .. ... .................. .. ............. ... .... .. ...... 43 2.3 L'aide humanitaire et communautaire .. ... ... ... .. ..... .. ................ .... ... ..... ... ... .. .45 - --- ------ -- ---- - - - - - -- - ---- - - - - lV 2.3 .1 Rôle et sommaire des activités ... ... .. .... ........ .. ............... .. .......... ... ... ...... .45 2.3 .2 Gestion des camps et des sinistrés .... .. ... ........ ............ ................. .. ... .... .48 2.4 Le Southeast Hurricane Dis aster ReliefAc t de 1965 ... ........ .. .... ... ......... ...... 51 2.5 Reproches et critiques au sein de la communauté noire .... .. .. ... .. ... ..... ... ....... 53 2.6 Le Times-Picayune et Betsy ...... .. ... ... ......... ... ... .. ..... .................... ................. 62 2.7 Le Louisiana Weekly et Betsy ............. .. ....... .......... ........ ... ... ... ............... .. .... 65 2.8 Conclusion .. ........ .................. ......... .... .. ... .... ... ... ... ... ..... .. ... ..... ... ..... .. ... ... .. ..... 68 CHAPITRE III LA NOUVELLE-ORLÉANS NOIRE À L'ÈRE DE LA GREAT SOCIETY ... ........ 70 3.1 La communauté noire orléanaise ........ ................ ... ......... .... ......... .. ..... .......... 72 3 .1.1 Démographie et ségrégation ........ ....... ....... .. ..... ....... ... .. .... ... .. ........... ... .. 72 3 .1.2 Le milieu communautaire ........... .......................... ........ ....... ..... .. .... ...... 81 3 .1.3 Tensions raciales .. .... ..... ....... .......... ........... .... ... ..... ..... .. .. ......... .. ...... ...... 85 3.2. Victor Schiro et la politique raciale en Nouvelle-Orléans ....................... ..... 88 3.2.1 Entrée à l'administration municipale et premier mandat ......... ... ... ....... 89 3 .2.2 L'ouragan Betsy et la campagne électorale de 1965 .. ... ... .. ... ...... .. ........ 91 3 .2.3 Second mandat .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ... ........... ..... ....... ..... ... ............................ .. 94 3.3 Les Noirs de la Nouvelle-Orléans et la Great Society .... .................... ... ... ... 97 3.3.1 Les droits civiques ....... .... .... .... .... ....... .. ... ... .. ... ...... .. .. ................ .... ... .. ... 98 3.3.2 Justice et opportunités économiques ........... ... ... .. .. .... ..... ......... ........... 102 3.4 Conclusion ................... .. ... ....... .. ... .. .... ... ..... .. ..... ... ..... .......... .. ..................... 107 CONCLUSION .... .... ... .... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. .. .. ........... .......... ... ......... ... ......... .. ... .......... .. 110 ANNEXES ...... ........ ... ..................................... ..... .. ............................ ... .......... .... .. .... 118 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ... .. ....... ......... ............ .. .. .. .... .. ........ ........ .. .......... ... .... ............ .. ...... 122 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 3.1 Population de la paroisse de St. Bernard selon 1' ethnie, 1960 et 1970 ...... ..... ..... .... .. ..... ... ......... ... ..... ...... ... .. ........ 72 3.2 Population de la paroisse de Jefferson selon l'ethnie, 1960 et 1970 .... .... ................... ...................... .................. 73 3.3 Population de la paroisse d'Orléans selon l'ethnie, 1950, 1960 et 1970 .............. ...... ...... .... .... ..... .. ... ... .... ... .. ... 73 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Inondation de la Nouvelle-Orléans par l'ouragan Betsy, 13 septembre ......... ......... .. .......... .. ... ....... .. ... .......... ... .. ... .. .. 33 2.2 Vue détaillée de la zone inondée, Nouvelle-Orléans, Louisiane ....... .. 34 LISTE DES ACRONYMES ACE Anp.y Corps of Engineers CAP Community Action Program ccc Civilian Conservation Corps CEP Concentrated Employment Program CORE Congress Of Racial Equality FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency HANO Housing Authority ofNew Orleans HHFA Housing and Home Finance Agency HUD Housing and Urban Development IMA Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance LW Louisiana Weekly MRGO Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NWCIL inth Ward Civic Improvement League NOCD New Orleans Civil Defense NYA National Y outh Administration NYC Neighborhood Y outh Corps OCD Office of Civil Defense OEO Office of Economie Opportunity Vlll OEP Office of Emergency
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