CABI in Review 09 09-10 our mission

CABI improves people’s lives worldwide by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment

contents 02 what does CABI do? 21 protecting biodiversity 03 a message from the chief executive 27 providing information 04 delivering a transforming vision 32 financials for improved food security 34 our sponsors and donors 06 issues we address 36 CABI people 07 improving food security 38 active membership 13 supporting farmers 40 liaison officers

KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE

1 what does CABI do?

CABI is a not-for-profit science-based development and information organization governed by 44 member countries from all parts of the world. We create, communicate, and apply knowledge in the fields of agriculture and the environment, working for and with universities, national research and extension institutions, development agencies, the private sector, governments, charities and foundations, farmers, and non-governmental organizations. CABI has over 400 staff operating from bases in nine countries and working in more than 70. Our activities include:

publishing We produce key scientific publications including CAB Abstracts, the world-leading database covering agriculture and the environment, and Global Health, the definitive bibliographic database for public health information. We also publish multimedia compendia, books, eBooks and full text electronic resources which support the practical application of the results of research.

development projects and research Our staff research and find solutions to agricultural and environmental problems. We use science, information and communication tools to help solve issues of global concern.

microbial services We manage one of the world’s largest genetic resource collections: the UK’s National Collection of Fungus Cultures. We conduct microbiological identifications, provide cultures for sale, and offer preservation and consultancy services. We are also screening our collection, looking for natural products such as antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes.

2 a message from the CEO Trevor Nicholls

2009 was a year of continued progress for CABI with a number of very positive developments in our operations and strategic focus. However, in common with many organizations during 2009, we had a difficult year financially and I am disappointed to be reporting a loss for the first time since 2004. The 16th Review Conference was a major highlight of the year, bringing together over 200 senior delegates representing 38 of CABI’s member countries to address the theme of ‘Food security in a climate of change’. The meeting recognized CABI’s positive progress over the last five years, enacted proposals to update our governance, and gave us a unanimous mandate to implement an exciting new strategic initiative to build a comprehensive global information resource on plant health, which we are calling Plantwise. You can read more about this on page 4. We believe that by helping the world lose less of what it grows we can make a major contribution to food security and improve livelihoods.

At a time when global food security is threatened by the spread of pests and diseases due to climate change or trade flows, information needs to be coordinated on a global basis. CABI has worldwide presence with a clear reputation and particular expertise in value-added crops not covered by other international organizations. Plantwise will be a collaborative venture, built upon CABI’s existing information and publishing expertise, augmented by data from partners worldwide, and informed by the unique data flows available through the network of plant doctors trained by CABI’s Global Plant Clinic. This initiative was developed from a review of our business and scientific strategy to identify opportunities for future sustainable growth. This intensive effort reached out to over 180 external stakeholders for their views and advice, but also involved staff, management and Board members. We also identified new opportunities based around our core strengths in knowledge management and biological control. In the face of the difficult economic conditions worldwide, our financial performance for 2009 was less exciting! Operating margins in both the Publishing and International Development business units were maintained or improved. Revenues grew by 9% but were still below expectations while a number of one-off costs during the year caused an operating loss, further exacerbated by the impact of charges to support the CABI UK Pension Scheme. 2010 will be challenging, but at the end of 2009 we secured a number of major new projects from international donors which give us a good start to the year. We expect to see financial improvements and it will be an exciting year as we begin to implement our long-term vision to improve plant health and contribute to food security worldwide.

3 delivering a transforming vision for improved food security

World population is predicted to increase exponentially over the coming decades. Today, we already fail to provide global food security: over one billion people worldwide are going hungry – with the bitter irony that many of those are in rural farming communities. Incredibly, we still lose up to 40% of what is grown due to pests and diseases. Climate change, trade flows and population movement will increase the rate at which these problems arise and spread. But if we were to reduce crop losses even by as little as 1%, we could feed an extra 25,000,000 people today with no extra use of land, water, fertilizers or chemicals. During 2009 CABI began work on a major new initiative which aims to improve food security by tackling crop losses. Plantwise will bring together CABI’s scientific strengths and our skills and expertise in organizing and communicating agricultural information, together with the data provided by our partners, to create a comprehensive global ‘knowledge bank’ of plant health information.

4 This ambitious project will build on our existing collection of the world’s most extensive and trusted agricultural content – the six million records in CAB Abstracts, 30,000 pest datasheets from the Crop Protection Compendium, thousands of images, and almost 2,000 distribution maps – and open access data from authoritative partners, including the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Plant Protection Convention, and various national plant protection organizations. This content will be augmented by data from a significant expansion of CABI’s Global Plant Clinic operation, which works at country level with plant science organizations, agricultural ministries, and extension systems to help farmers by creating a sustainable local plant healthcare system. The results of the clinics are impressive and immediate: a recent impact assessment in Bolivia has shown farmers benefiting by $4 a day from the plant doctors’ advice, allowing them to earn enough to provide for family healthcare and keep their children in school. We plan to grow the programme from the current nine countries and 80 rural clinics to 40 countries and 400+ clinics by 2014. The plant doctors are the first to see where new pests and diseases are appearing, or which existing ones are on the move. They can report this information with pinpoint geographic detail, for any crop and any pathogen. By feeding the data from over 400 clinics into the proposed plant health knowledge bank, and then by communicating the resulting knowledge to farmers, we will create a global vigilance system, enabling accurate pest risk forecasts with mitigation and adaptation planning in good time to respond to pest outbreaks. At last, farmers, extension workers, industrial researchers, risk managers and regulatory personnel will have access to a consolidated global source for authoritative plant health information and advice, together with a global pest and disease warning system to guard against future crop losses, improve livelihoods of poor rural farmers, and deliver an overall increase in food security. Development of the knowledge bank and expansion of the plant clinics schemes is predicted to take five years to reach maturity. CABI is already making significant investment in the database and training staff to run clinics, underlining our absolute commitment to deliver this exciting solution. We are seeking substantial financial support from major donors to fund the project to 2014.

5 issues we address improving food security supporting farmers protecting biodiversity providing information

6 improving food security

CABI contributes to food security by helping farmers lose less of their crops to pests and diseases. Our work covers prevention, control and eradication

improving food security

In sub-Sarahan Africa we are helping local communities understand how to predict the likelihood of outbreaks of armyworms. By understanding the conditions under which crops are likely to be susceptible to this pest, farmers can now implement preventative measures when the time is right and therefore protect their livelihoods. In the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, our focus has been on helping to control the Asian corn borer in a sustainable way by supporting the production and introduction of one of its natural enemies. As a result farmers have experienced significant increases in yields and found they have less need for costly and environmentally damaging pesticides. Over the past few years our scientists have also worked with a number of collaborators to develop Green Muscle™ which in 2009 became the first biopesticide to be successful in controlling a large-scale locust outbreak in Africa. Green Muscle™ eradicated the locusts in a sustainable and safe way and prevented a full-blown invasion that could have affected the food supply of millions.

7 improving food security

halting the march of the armyworm

Sinister columns of marching black caterpillars, called armyworms, regularly munch their way across East and Southern Africa, ravaging crops and threatening the livelihoods of many farmers. And because they appear suddenly and in large numbers, they can catch farmers unprepared. In 2009, to arm farmers against the threat the armyworm poses, CABI and partners were awarded funding to scale-up a successful project that was trialled in Tanzania. The new project taking place in Kenya and Tanzania will provide safe and affordable armyworm control tools to arm poor farmers against future armyworm outbreaks and ultimately improve food security. Part of the project involves community-based armyworm forecasting. This relatively cheap method of predicting when an outbreak may occur gives farmers the advance warning they need to take speedy and effective action against an invasion. Dr Dannie Romney, CABI’s Global Director for Knowledge for Development, said: “National forecasting systems warn farmers about possible outbreaks during the growing season but due to the localized nature of attacks as well as communication difficulties, this doesn’t always give farmers the information they really need when they need it. “Community-based armyworm forecasting has proved to be an effective way of empowering farmers to predict when armyworm outbreaks will occur in their local area, so that they can deal with them before getting overwhelmed.” The forecasting packs consist of a rain gauge, guidance notes and potent traps baited with a chemical that mimics the scent secreted by female armyworms to attract males. The number of males caught provides an indication of armyworm populations. If the populations are rising and rain clouds loom, farmers begin intense monitoring of their fields, and undertake environmentally friendly control measures as soon as they see armyworm larvae on their crop leaves. The results of previous trials have been impressive. After three seasons of community-based forecasting in Tanzania, 70% of farmers were aware that armyworm outbreaks could be forecasted, and 82% of farmers had been able to control the most recent armyworm outbreak. More importantly, farmers were finding and controlling the armyworms before they caused serious damage. Now Tanzania is starting to build community-based pest forecasting into its pest control budgets. Local districts have expressed support for scaling up the approach and NGOs are interested in getting on board and applying the techniques in other rural communities. In Kenya 80 villages are starting community-based forecasting in 2010. This project demonstrates how a technology developed by scientists can be widely used by farmers to help improve their food security. The success of the work shows the importance of empowering rural communities and other stakeholders in getting research results used.

8 improving food security

70% of farmers, in Tanzania, made aware of forecasting

82% of farmers, in Tanzania, controlled recent outbreak

80 villages starting forecasting in Kenya in 2010

Contact: Dannie Romney [email protected] Funded by: Research into Use, Department for International Development (DFID)

9 improving food security

20-40% increase in maize yields

2.8 billion wasps produced every year

6,000 hectares of maize saved from pest damage

Contact: Ulrich Kuhlmann [email protected] Funded by: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation EuropeAid

10 improving food security securing food for the people of North Korea

Food security and sustainable crop production is high on the government’s agenda in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea). The country is home to 23 million people, all of whom are largely dependent on the food the country can produce. Maize is one of their most important crops. It is a valuable source of calories and proteins, and is grown on almost 20% of the total arable land (495,000 hectares). But the Asian corn borer – one of the region’s most prevalent and destructive pests – is threatening the country’s maize harvest. Typically, the borer causes yield losses of 10–30%, although losses of up to 80% are known to occur. “Declining yields are exacerbating nationwide food shortages and leading to increased use of broad-spectrum pesticides,” warns a scientist from the country’s National Plant Protection Institute. To support rapid and sustainable improvement in maize production, CABI is working with local partners to address some of the major problems: poor access to effective pest control methods and the lack of farmer knowledge about alternative control strategies. To help farmers control the pest in a sustainable way, agricultural advisers from CABI are supporting the country to mass-produce and release Trichogramma wasps – natural enemies of the Asian corn borer. With their ability to find and kill corn borer eggs, the wasps can increase maize yields by 20–40% and, importantly, reduce reliance on pesticides. CABI is helping to establish energy-efficient wasp production facilities across the country and providing extensive training to people involved in their production and release. So far, eight facilities have been established which have the ability to produce and distribute 2.8 billion Trichogramma wasps every year, protecting almost 6,000 hectares of maize from pest damage. In 2009 the project set up a training centre at the National Plant Protection Institute and established a team of master trainers. These trainers have already taught around 25 people in eight facilities how to produce high-quality Trichogramma wasps and over 150 farmers how to use them to control the Asian corn borer. Increased harvests are already bringing direct nutritional and economic benefits to the 126,000 farmers and family members on the project farms. “When we released these small , I did not believe that they would be useful against the Asian corn borer”, said one farm worker. “But by the end of the year, it was obvious that our maize plants looked much better than the ones of the neighbouring cooperative, which did not receive Trichogramma.” By 2011, we are aiming to set up a total of 28 Trichogramma production facilities across three of DPR Korea’s regions. The plan is also to spread knowledge about integrated control methods to more than 20,000 farmers across 84 cooperative farms, bringing an anticipated one ton per hectare improvement to annual maize yield. The government is now considering implementing the programme nationally – a tempting prospect given the potential to improve maize production by 500,000 tons per year and contribute significantly to national food security.

11 improving food security

Green Muscle™ the plague of locusts

In June 2009 the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization reported that, for the first time in history, a biopesticide had been used effectively to control a large-scale locust outbreak in Africa. 10,000 hectares of land covered with Red Locusts was treated in Tanzania, markedly reducing locust infestations and preventing Contact: a full-blown invasion that could have affected the food Dave Moore crops of 15 million people in the region. [email protected] The biopesticide is called Green Muscle™ and CABI’s Dr Dave Moore worked on the project that developed it – LUBILOSA (LUtte Biologique contre les LOcustes et les SAuteriaux – biological control of locusts and grasshoppers). “Green Muscle™ is the result of 13 years of collaboration to develop a product that is at least as good at controlling locust as chemicals, and under some circumstances measurably better, but without any of the adverse environmental effects. The project led to many of the scientific improvements seen in biopesticides over the last two decades, greatly improving our understanding of their use as well as increasing their efficacy”, he said. Green Muscle™ is composed of the spores of the fungus Metarhizium acridum and a carrier mixture of mineral oils, and has no side effects on non-target organisms. On the other hand, chemical insecticides, widely used throughout the world to control pests and diseases on agricultural land, adversely affect human health and cause environmental problems. According to the World Health Organization chemical insecticides are responsible for three million cases of severe pesticide poisoning every year, with 99% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Green Muscle™ is non-toxic to humans. The success of the LUBILOSA project has resulted in protecting the crops of some of the most resource-poor farmers in Africa in an environmentally friendly way. The project also led the way for the development of other mycoinsecticides by removing a number of technical barriers.

©Science Photo Library 12 CABI has a long history of providing practical support and guidance to extension workers and farmers in developing nations. Our work covers commodity and food crops supporting farmers

supporting farmers

We recently co-ordinated a large multi-country programme to address coffee wilt disease in Africa. When it strikes, this disease can wipe out entire crops and livelihoods. Our staff studied the causes, distribution and spread of the disease and identified practical techniques to help farmers minimize and control its spread. We also worked with partners to introduce disease-resistant strains of coffee plants into the region. In Papua New Guinea we are working with farmers to help manage and control the cocoa pod borer , which lays its eggs in cocoa plants and makes them more susceptible to disease. Using an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, our staff have used a variety of prediction, detection and sustainable control techniques to help farmers manage the pest. In Pakistan we are currently working to control the country’s most damaging cotton pest, the mealybug. In the past, farmers have had to spend in the region of $20 per acre on pesticides to try to control this pest and it is a significant threat to agriculture in the region. CABI staff have carried out research into natural enemies of the pest and identified a biological control agent which is now being introduced around the country. In Uganda we are helping farmers by training local seed companies to produce higher quality rice seed which can withstand dry conditions and provide high yields so that the increasing demands of a growing population can be met.

13 winning the war on coffee wilt disease

Coffee is a vital cash crop for smallholder farmers across East and Central Africa but production is severely constrained by pests and diseases – and coffee wilt disease is one of the worst. Unlike other coffee diseases, this one kills the plant, causing up to 100% losses on farms when it strikes. Given that it takes five years to grow a coffee plant to maturity, if a farm is infected the impact on the farmer is huge. Farmers in Africa are estimated to have lost more than US$1 billion in earnings due to coffee wilt disease. The disease is caused by a fungus Gibberella xylarioides (Fusarium xylarioides). The first signs of it are curling of the leaves which then wilt, dry up and fall off. Once a tree is infected, there is no cure other than to uproot and burn it in situ to reduce the chances of spreading the infection. An eight-year programme to address coffee wilt disease in Africa was co-ordinated by CABI and supporting farmers involved many partners. There were five projects within the programme which undertook biological and socio-economic surveys, development of a long-term breeding strategy, study of the causes, distribution and spread of the disease as well as dissemination of information and providing training to extensionists and farmers respectively. Project staff identified how the disease moved from plant to plant, farm to farm, and area to area. It is spread through the use of wood from infected trees for fuel and from infected soil and coffee seedlings. Farm tools can also spread the pathogen and are a major cause of disease spread between plants. This and other research done during the project has provided extension workers with the knowledge to

14 teach growers a range of simple techniques for controlling its spread. Practical methods include trying to limit the wounding of coffee trees during weeding, sterilizing pruning tools and painting the coffee tree trunks with fungicides. A farmer from Gera woreda, Ethiopia noted that: “Before… we were simply sitting back and watching when our coffee was being wiped out. Thanks to this project now every farmer knows what coffee wilt disease is, what causes it and what to do about it. We realized that we were the major agents causing damage to our coffee through our own actions by using undesirable practices with our trees.” A recent study has shown that coffee farming practices have changed dramatically since the beginning of the programme – one example being a change in stumping practices. Farmers are now sterilizing saws used for stumping coffee trees and stopping the sharing of farm tools to prevent spreading the disease further. But challenges remain – although farmers are now aware of the risk of using infected coffee wood for fuel, in one of the Ethiopian regions surveyed, fire wood is in short supply and coffee wood is still being used. supporting farmers Genetic testing by researchers has found that there are actually two types of coffee wilt: one that attacks Arabica coffee, and one that attacks Robusta coffee. Disease-resistant robusta coffee seeds have been identified and selected in Uganda, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo and disease resistant arabica seeds in Ethiopia. In Uganda, some resistant seeds will be released to farmers in 2010. Demand for the new seedlings is high and funding is currently being sought so that the plants can be more rapidly produced using tissue culture and vegetative propagation. The new disease-resistant coffee seedlings will be used to replace trees that have died from the disease and get coffee farming in Africa back on track.

Before… we were simply sitting back and watching when our coffee was being wiped out. Thanks to this project now every farmer knows what coffee wilt disease is, what causes it and what to do about it

Contact: Noah Phiri [email protected] Funded by: Common Fund for Commodities UK’s Department for International Development European Commission

15 supporting farmers

Contact: Loke Wai-Hong [email protected] Funded by: Australian Centre for International Research (ACIAR)

16 revitalizing cocoa production in Papua New Guinea

The livelihoods of cocoa farmers in Papua New Guinea are being threatened by the invasion of a tiny mottled brown moth that has a taste for the world’s chocolate-producing bean. Cocoa Pod Borer moth, cramerella, is a devastating pest of cocoa, inflicting 80–90% crop losses if not properly managed. The moth lays its eggs on the cocoa plant, then the larvae hatch and bore into the growing cocoa pods. Here they cause damage and the cocoa beans do not develop properly. Working with local stakeholders CABI has been implementing integrated pest

management programmes to tackle this problem. supporting farmers Cocoa is an important economic crop in Papua New Guinea, contributing more than £75 million per year to the government’s agricultural revenue. About 80% of cocoa is produced by smallholder farmers in 14 provinces, with 151,000 households depending on it for their living. In March 2006 Cocoa Pod Borer was first detected in Papua New Guinea. It is thought the pest migrated from neighbouring where it has already severely affected the cocoa industry. A similar problem also exists in the and . Initial eradication operations were undertaken in Papua New Guinea but did not succeed in completely wiping out the pest and it re-emerged in March 2007. With the re-emergence of the pest came a new approach to tackling the problem. It was now understood that the country would have to live with, and manage the pest. CABI was approached to implement and manage the problem due to our expertise in cocoa pest management. Our scientists set about improving surveillance and monitoring plans. In particular, CABI improved the use of moth traps and sampling methodology. The traps, containing pheromones from the female Cocoa Pod Borer, attract male indicating that the pest is around and infestations are likely to occur. CABI scientists also developed curricula for farmer field-school training and set up ‘best practice’ demonstration plots to show farmers the best ways to prune cocoa trees, harvest the crop and treat the trees using less toxic, and cost- effective, insecticides including biopesticides. Dr Loke Wai Hong, CABI’s lead scientist on the project said: “The knowledge we have gained from this project and the information we have developed will also be useful for other Melanesian cocoa growing countries. We plan to expand this work to other Papua New Guinean provinces as well as to the neighbouring South Pacific countries of , and .” With surveillance and control plans in place and with a good network of support, farmers will be able to take responsibility for their own plots and help Papua New Guinea control the Cocoa Pod Borer. .

17 Pakistan cottons on to the natural control of mealybug

Cotton is a very important crop to the people of Pakistan. Not only is the country the third largest consumer of cotton in the world, it is also the fourth largest producer of cotton – making it a valuable export crop. But yields are not what they could be. A variety of pests and diseases damage Pakistan’s cotton crop but none wreak more havoc than the mealybug. Cotton mealybug was first recorded in Pakistan in 2005. It is now the most damaging pest of cotton in Pakistan. Over the past four years the mealybug has caused massive economic loss to cotton crops, and the Pakistani government

supporting farmers has cited it as a high-priority threat to the nation’s agriculture. Some 3.1 million bales of cotton have been ruined (a bale of cotton weighs 170 kg) and farmers have been spending an additional £13 per hectare each year on pesticides in an attempt to control the pest. CABI has been implementing environmentally friendly ways to tackle the mealybug and reduce the use of pesticides. Showing particular promise are two biological control agents: a tiny parasitic wasp, Aenasius bambawalei, first recorded in Pakistan in 2008 that is thought to have entered from ; and a predator, the mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, introduced from California, USA, under the supervision of CABI. CABI has established mass rearing field reservoirs to produce the biological control agents. More than 10 million agents have been reared and then dispersed either naturally to adjoining farmers’ fields or handed over to the farmers for release in their fields. “Worldwide the trend in crop protection is shifting from chemical control to ecological pest management,” said Dr Riaz Mahmood, the lead scientist on this project. “In Pakistan pesticide use is heavy but we need to reverse this trend otherwise we will face severe setbacks in the trade of farm produce at national and international levels. “Farmers are benefiting free of charge from this programme. If these biological control agents had been purchased from private insectaries it would have cost farmers more than Rs 500 million (£3.9 million) every year.” In 2009 the positive effects of the biological control agents have increased growers’ confidence and the land under cotton also increased – about 395,000 ha more than in 2008 resulting in more than 12.7 million bales of cotton being produced – in line with the government’s revised target. The success of this project shows how effective well managed biological control programmes can be for the benefit of Pakistan’s cotton growers.

18 10 million control agents reared

395 supporting farmers thousand hectares of cotton grown

12.7 million more bales of cotton produced

Contact: Dr Riaz Mahmood [email protected] Funded by: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan

19 Contact: Noah Phiri [email protected] Funded by: Research into Use, Department for International Development supporting farmers (DFID)

providing better rice seed for Uganda’s farmers

Rice is relatively new to Uganda but it is fast emerging as an important crop and the government is keen to increase its production. Rice has the potential to boost incomes of the rural poor, provide livelihoods for those returning after the war, and reduce the need for imports. In a new initiative, CABI and partners hope to overhaul Uganda’s seed production industry, allowing smallholder farmers to produce more rice to feed its growing population. In 2009, National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCCRI) and CABI won funding through DFID’s Research into Use Best Bets programme to find a solution to Uganda’s seed-production problems. NERICA (New Rice for Africa) rice – with high yields and ability to withstand dry conditions – is already in use throughout the country, but although demand is high, farmers are hampered by low availability and poor-quality seed. The joint project will support the production and delivery of high quality NERICA rice seed by local seed companies. This will mean increasing NaCRRI’s capacity to deliver basic seed, establishing better links between local seed companies and seed growers, and training them to produce high- quality seed. CABI experts in seed health and training are supporting the planning and design of training modules and accompanying information material. We are working closely with seed companies and NaCRRI to ensure that materials meet the needs of different stakeholders. Our skilled practitioners are also training trainers and providing them with support. The initiative will directly increase the income of approximately 650 smallholder seed growers. Additionally, companies will be able to produce and deliver larger volumes of improved quality seed to around 100,000 smallholder grain producers. These farmers are expected to be able to produce 70,000 tonnes of grain, more than a quarter of national consumption.

20 a large proportion of CABI’s work is focused on researching and implementing sustainable techniques to support agriculture

protecting biodiversity

CABI also contributes to conserving and keeping variety in the natural world by controlling protecting biodiversity invasive alien species and preserving the largest collection of fungi in the world. In Africa and the Caribbean our staff have set up a number of country-wide initiatives to assess the problem of invasive species and plan and implement activities for their effective control using sustainable techniques. We are also working closely with local communities to raise the profile of this important issue. In the UK CABI scientists have identified a natural enemy to the concrete-cracking superweed Japanese Knotweed. Due for release in 2010, the Aphalra itadori psyllid has co-evolved with its host plant and extensive research has shown that it can effectively control the weed without adversely affecting the native fauna. Although biological weed control has a very good track record around the world, this will be the first time an will be released to control a weed in Europe. CABI and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, have merged their fungal reference collections to create the largest and most comprehensive collection of fungi in the world. The collection now contains 1.2 million specimens, is worldwide in scope and rich in historic specimens. Fungi play an important role in our ecosystem, breaking down biodegradable matter and maintaining plant and health. Their preservation will contribute to advancing knowledge in areas such as biodiversity conservation and climate change.

21 protecting biodiversity

Contact: Arne Witt [email protected] Funded by: Global Environment Faciltiy

22 removing barriers to invasive plant management in Africa

Worldwide, invasive species are considered to be the second biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction. The globalization of trade and travel means more species are moving around the world. This, coupled with changes in land use and climate, is making many habitats more susceptible to invasions. The problem is so serious that the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has called on countries to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate non-native species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. In Africa, both intentionally and accidentally introduced invasive species are having a severe impact on biodiversity, crop and pasture production, water resources, and human health. Prevention and mitigation of the impacts of invasive alien species is especially challenging in Africa. Weak policies, a lack of information and awareness, and inadequate prevention and control programmes all act as barriers to effective invasive species management. With funding from the Global Environment Facility, CABI and partners are aiming to remedy this situation and are working with Ethiopia, Ghana, Uganda and Zambia to remove these barriers. CABI, with assistance from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is supporting the countries to establish standardized strategies and raise public and political awareness of the issues. We are also giving decision-makers the information they need on the risks, impacts and management of invasive species, and setting up training programmes for officials, quarantine officers, community members and other groups affected by invasive species. The project has been active since December 2005. In 2009, publicity campaigns have raised the profile of invasive species and many more people protecting biodiversity are now aware of the issues and how to control them at a local level. Local radio stations in Zambia have aired school debates about invasive species and TV documentaries have been developed and aired in Uganda, Zambia and Ethiopia. Zambia, Uganda and Ghana are also starting to introduce the issues associated with invasive species to school children in the form of information packs and in some cases invasive species issues are being incorporated into the school curriculum. At national level, Invasive Species Strategies and Action Plans have been developed in all four countries, which now need to be adopted by governments and promoted. Each country has now compiled a list of invasive plants which are updated on a regular basis. In addition to this, a variety of training programmes have been developed. Quarantine departments have been provided with equipment and material support and more than 20 post-graduate students have been enrolled at various universities undertaking studies on various aspects related to invasive alien species. The next step is to try to make the management of invasive species sustainable for each of these four countries. If governments don’t commit the relevant resources, then invasive species will continue to threaten their environments, livelihoods, and economies. To this end countries are developing cost-recovery mechanisms which will be implemented on a trial basis in early 2010. Extending our invasive species work, 2009 saw the inception of another Global Environment Facility funded project which CABI is leading. Working with a multitude of partners from island nations across the insular Caribbean, this four- year project aims to foster regional cooperation, through which Caribbean-wide strategies can be developed. 23 psyllids given green light to control Japanese knotweed

Japanese knotweed is one of the most damaging and invasive weeds in Europe. It grows and multiplies at an extraordinary rate, and is extremely difficult to control. But CABI may hold the key to its long-term management – in the form of a tiny insect. After extensive study, CABI scientists have determined that a psyllid from Japan, known as Aphalara itadori, can effectively control the weed in the UK without damaging our native flora. Now the UK’s Minister for Wildlife has granted a licence for its release – the first time an insect will be officially released to control an invasive weed in Europe. Notorious as a concrete-cracking super weed, Japanese knotweed was brought to Britain from Japan as a popular and expensive ornamental garden plant in the mid-nineteenth century. It can grow more than a metre a month and its effect on native species is often devastating. It can also cause serious structural damage to buildings, tarmac and drainage. Current methods of manual or chemical control are both time-consuming and costly: it is estimated that country-wide control of the weed would cost £1.56 billion, were it to be attempted. So other long-term management options needed to be explored. Natural (or biological) control is the use of living organisms to control invasive species. In the case of Japanese knotweed, almost all of the 200 or so insects, fungal pathogens, or nematodes that would normally inflict damage on the plant were lost in its translocation – giving the plant an unfair advantage over its new

protecting biodiversity neighbours. Natural control is a means of redressing the balance by re-introducing one or more of the specialist natural enemies that exert control on it in its native range. In this case, the psyllid lays its eggs on Japanese knotweed and the young then feed on the sap as they develop, significantly reducing the plant’s ability to grow and spread. In the past some of the releases done in the name of biological control were carried out against scientific advice, and undertaken with little or no risk analysis. Today, however, the scientific research and risk analysis process is rigorous. Worldwide there have been over 7,000 introductions of biological control agents to date, of which around 1,300 were to control weeds. CABI has been researching ways of controlling Japanese knotweed since the turn of the millennium. The team paid numerous visits to Japan to find a natural enemy which feeds on or damages the plant in its native range, but does not affect native flora or fauna. Having found 186 species that attack the plant in its native range, our team – through intensive research – narrowed the field to one: the tiny sap-sucking psyllid Aphalra itadori. The psyllid is a true Japanese knotweed specialist having co-evolved with its host plant. Thorough testing using 90 carefully selected UK plants has shown that it can’t feed and reproduce on anything other than Japanese knotweed, even when given no choice.

24 Contact: Dick Shaw [email protected] Funded by: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK Welsh Assembly Government Environment Agency Cornwall Council Network Rail British Waterways South West of England Regional Development

Agency protecting biodiversity

25 Contact: Joan Kelley [email protected] Funded by: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK

CABI and Kew combine to create the world’s largest collection of fungi protecting biodiversity

1.2 million specimens of mushrooms, moulds and other microfungi have been merged to create the largest and most comprehensive collection of fungi in the world. CABI and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew have combined their collections of dried fungi in a central location making it easier for the research community to access. Dr Joan Kelley, Executive Director of Global Operations at CABI, said: “CABI is entrusting its specimen collection to Kew in order to optimize expertise in fungal systematics. This collaboration is an important partnership that will be of great importance to the taxonomic research community.” Kew’s mycology collection consists of more than 800,000 specimens of fungi. This includes the larger species such as mushrooms, toadstools and puffballs, as well as the myriad of microfungi found in all habitats from the tropics to the poles. The collection is worldwide in scope and rich in historic specimens such as those collected by one of Britain’s great scientists, Charles Darwin. The CABI collection moving to Kew consists of 400,000 dried specimens, including plant disease- causing fungi such as moulds, mildews, rusts and smuts. It comprises important historical material including a specimen of Sir Alexander Fleming’s penicillin-producing culture, 138 specimens of the potato blight organism and the key reference sample of the Dutch elm disease that changed the face of the English landscape in the 1970s. CABI is now focusing on its collection of more than 28,000 preserved living cultures and will be stepping up activities to screen these microorganisms for biological activity in the search for new antibiotics and nutraceuticals. Working together CABI and Kew have provided an important service to the research community that will be available for years to come.

26 managing and disseminating knowledge and information are core components of CABI’s activities

providing information

Our long-standing publishing business is highly regarded within the applied life science community and encompasses databases, online products and books. The surplus from our publishing activities is used to deliver our development projects around the world. In 2009 we launched a new platform for our flagship bibliographic databases. CAB Direct provides a more intuitive and user-friendly interface for researchers and students in the fields of agriculture, environment and health. New features such as customized alerts, improved navigation, easy access to full text articles and web 2.0 bookmarking tools ensure that users can keep abreast of the latest developments in their field. In response to the outbreak of swine flu, we offered free access to our specialist public health database Global Health for a limited period to help scientists, medical professionals and health authorities at the front line to investigate the disease. Our staff also developed a ‘swine flu dashboard’ bringing together information on the virus and critical advice from key health organizations. providing information 2009 also saw some significant improvements to VetMed Resource, our comprehensive online information resource for the veterinarian and animal health community. The service now offers cross-searching functionality, improved navigation, and easy access to a wide selection of full text content.

27 In 2009... new CAB Direct launched 304,000 CABI has launched a new and improved version of its database platform CAB Direct, on which customers can new abstracts added to search the leading bibliographic databases in life science CAB Abstracts information – CAB Abstracts and Global Health – as well as a whole range of specialist subset products. “Researcher behaviours and expectations are evolving, and the new CAB Direct has been created to ensure we are evolving with 27,639 them,” said Cristina Ashby, Product Development Manager at full text articles added to CABI. “New technologies have offered an excellent opportunity CAB Abstracts to create a better, more intuitive and effective product.” The new CAB Direct offers a better experience for students and researchers when they search for important life science information. The content delivered by CAB Direct has not changed, but the new 140,000 design has improved its new abstracts added to discoverability – saving Global Health researchers time and effort. The enhancements include a number of new features designed 636,784 to make CABI’s logins to products even more CABI databases useful and relevant to today’s researchers and students. This includes the ability to set up customized alerts, ‘one-click’ access to the large number of full-text documents now included with CAB Abstracts products, and the ability to share favourite items using Web 2.0 bookmarking tools. Overall, the new CAB Direct has a more intuitive interface giving an improved user experience. The feedback from customers using CAB Direct has been very positive. Throughout the process of testing and launch our customers have been kept informed and invited to give feedback on the new resource; their input has helped us to shape CAB Direct according to their needs. CABI’s databases reached two other notable milestones this year, with the addition of the six millionth record to CAB Abstracts, and the collection of full-text documents reaching over 70,000 articles, many of them unique. “These milestones highlight a clear and providing information growing benefit to our subscribers,” said Cristina Ashby. “With the substantial number of articles now available and with further growth planned for 2010, this collection of material is developing into a body of content that is of considerable importance in its own right.” CABI will continue to improve and make enhancements to CAB Direct in 2010 creating a better platform for our users and customers. To see the new CAB Direct in action go to www.cabdirect.org

28 CABI battles swine flu

One of the big topics of 2009 was swine flu (Influenza A H1N1). To assist in the relief effort CABI offered free access to its specialist Global Health database for a limited period over the course of the pandemic. Simultaneously CABI developed a ‘swine flu dashboard’ that brought together up-to-the-minute information on the virus. The dashboard included resources from CABI and critical advice from key health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC). “Our mission is to help people worldwide through the provision of scientific knowledge,” said Dr Trevor Nicholls, CEO of CABI. “We offered our most applicable resource in a timely manner, to help health professionals and others working on the front line.” The Global Health database brings together global knowledge on every aspect of influenza since 1910. The knowledge it contains could provide a key weapon in health researchers’ response in understanding and controlling the virus. Much of the data in Global Health is derived from publications that have long since vanished. They tell us a great deal about past pandemics, from rates and patterns of transmission, duration, timing of epidemiological peaks, and mortality rates. Global Health is the only specialist bibliographic, abstracting and indexing database dedicated to public health research and practice. providing information

29

One simple search across ALL content – the Animal Health and Production Compendium, and results from the abstract database, are now searchable alongside all the other content resultsTabbed separate out the different types of content, making it easier for users get to to exactly what they need One click the to full text Quick access species to and subject-specific information via an expandable browse tree Enhanced searching via the new CAB Direct database platform 30

CABI is constantly looking for ways to improve its products. After consulting with practising veterinarians from around the world and gathering feedback on usability, design,and research needs, we decided to give VetMed Resource, the most comprehensive online veterinary information service, a new look. The authoritative content contained in VetMed Resource – which includes million over records 1.3 covering veterinary and animal health research the to present, from 1972 more than 28,000 full text articles,as well as prepared searches, reviews and news – stayed the same, but it has been made more discoverable due a new to design and improved navigation across the site. The new design included features such as • • • • • “VetMed Resource offers access the to same key veterinary research that most veterinarians would have used duringtheir studies. No other resource out there offers the same breadthcontent, of which makes VetMed Resource the perfect support for continuing education,” said Robert Editor of Taylor, VetMed Resource. VetMed Resource is currently used by thousands of practitioners worldwide through their veterinary associations, and is also widely used in veterinary schools. CABI is pleased have to established productive partnerships and relationships with vet associations worldwide such as The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) in the UK, School for Veterinary Post-Graduate Education in (SCIVAC) Italy and The Finnish Veterinary Association (SELL). VetMed gets a new look look a new gets VetMed

providing information highlights from the books programme

CABI published over 60 books in 2009. Here are some of the highlights…

Human health and communicable diseases list expansion This year CABI continued to develop our Human health and communicable diseases list ensuring that students, researchers and health professionals have access to quality information on current health issues. This included the publication of two new health textbooks in our Modular Texts Series:

Introduction to Pandemic Influenza J Van-Tam, University of Nottingham, UK and C Sellwood, NHS London, UK Following the three global pandemics in the last 100 years (avian flu, swine flu and influenza), this essential textbook provides practical and understandable advice to professionals and organizations as to how to be better prepared for future outbreaks. The global healthcare service Roche recognised the importance of this work and has so far distributed over 1,000 copies to its medical practitioner members.

Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control, 3rd Edition, A Global Perspective R Webber, Formerly of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK This revised and updated textbook examines communicable diseases at the community level from an epidemiological perspective, covering both theory and practice on a systematic and globally comprehensive overview of communicable diseases and their control.

Continued collaborations with organizations The books programme has been closely developing ties with other non- government organizations such as FAO, UNIDO and IFAD – all of which we collaborated with this year for Agro-industries for Development and a further title with FAO, Planted Forests. These types of partnerships enrich the books programme through combining their knowledge with our publishing expertise.

Spotlight on Animal Welfare: 2009/2010 In 2009, CABI produced several books for animal welfare researchers and students including Improving Animal Welfare, a new textbook edited by the academic world’s best known autistic scholar and leading voice on animal welfare providing information issues, Temple Grandin. In 2010, CABI will continue to expand upon the area of animal behaviour and welfare producing several books on the subject. The first of these is the much- awaited Encylopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare, edited by D Mills, followed by two new editions of acclaimed textbooks – Animal Welfare, 2nd Edition, edited by M C Appleby, B O Hughes, J A Mench and A Olsson and The Behaviour and Welfare of the Horse, 2nd Edition by A F Fraser.

31 financials summary 2009 has been a difficult year financially for CABI. As a result of the global economic crisis we have seen slow growth of our Publishing business whilst donors in International Development have been careful when committing to new areas of work. Revenues have fallen short of budget and we have recorded our first operating deficit for five years. Total income grew by 9% to £21.7m. This was helped by favourable exchange rates; on a constant exchange rate basis our revenue growth would have been around 7%. The operating surplus fell from £484k in 2008 to a deficit of £473k in 2009. This is almost entirely due to the reversal of exchange gains of £912k. We have built a stronger project pipeline in 2009 and prospects for 2010 look good, particularly for some major commodities projects in Africa. Our analysis shows that we already have over 70% of budget revenue secured in International Development, a much higher proportion than in the two previous years.

statement of comprehensive income for year ended 31 december 2009

£’000 2009 2008 sales & project income 19,706 17,894 member contributions 700 671 CABITAX recovery 1,015 1,011

income miscellaneous income and recoveries 260 248 21,681 19,824 staff costs 6,668 5,831 direct project costs 7,934 6,947 production 3,178 3,488 facilities and maintenance 1,484 1,304 sales & distribution 614 641 travel 589 595 depreciation and leasehold amortisation 486 344

expenditure consultants, freelancers 543 259 member country arrears 58 46 associated company profits (2) (14) other costs 596 (103) 22,148 19,338 operating (deficit)/surplus before interest (467) 486 interest receivable 7 15 interest payable (13) (17) operating (deficit)/surplus for year (473) 484 cash flow hedges 1240 (1140) actuarial (loss)/gain on defined benefit pension (76) 700 scheme income

other comp. comp. other 1164 (440) total comprehensive income for the year 691 44 32 statement of financial position as at 31 december 2009

£’000 2009 2008

properties 9,560 9,455

plant & equipment 1,191 1,033

investments 174 168

10,925 10,656 non current assets

inventories 1,581 2,017

trade and other receivables 2,761 2,359

financial assets 1,722 2,597

other debtors 696 813

current assets 6,760 7,786

17,685 18,442

revaluation reserve 1,792 1,792

hedging reserve 94 (1,146)

equity accumulated fund 7,055 7,604

8,941 8,250

hire-purchase creditor (1-5 years) 0 20

financial liabilities 20 (56) liabilities

non-current 20 (36)

sales income received in advance 3,127 2,711

member contributions in advance 177 170

sums held on from project sponsors 2,585 3,800

BioNET INTERNATIONAL Fund 308 379

trade and other payables 1,843 1,843 current liabilities financial liabilities 684 1,325

8,724 10,228

total liabilities 8,744 10,192

total equity and liabilities 17,685 18,442 33 statement of cash flows for year ended 31 december 2009

£’000 2009 2008

cash (used in)/generated from (648) 1,956 continuing operations

interest received 7 15

interest paid (13) (17)

cash flows from operating activities net cash (used in)/generated (654) 1,954 from operating activities

payments to acquire tangible (759) (717) fixed assets

receipts from sale of other 10 0 tangible fixed assets

net cash used in investing (749) (717) activities cash flows from investing activities

net (decrease)/increase in (1,403) 1,237 cash and cash equivalents

net cash/(debt) at 1 January 2,039 802

net cash at 31 December 636 2,039 debt during year movement in net cash/

34 with special thanks to our donors and sponsors

The work of CABI is supported by the contributions of governments, corporations, international bodies and regional and local organizations. In 2009 some of our major donors and sponsors included: international • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) • European Commission (EC) • Global Environment Facility (GEF) • World Bank (WB) • World Trade Organization (WTO) national and regional Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Ministry of Forests and Range, British Columbia Provincial Government Malaysia Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Pakistan Government of Pakistan Government of Punjab Switzerland Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

UK Department for International Development (DFID) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Environment Agency (EA)

USA United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Wyoming Biological Control Steering Committee

35 CABI people

At the heart of CABI’s success are the loyal and hardworking people who make it happen. From mycologists, plant pathologists and entomologists to publishers and content editors, we have the scientific expertise to make a real difference to people’s lives worldwide.

CABI Head Office – UK

Over 140 staff are based at CABI’s Head Office in Wallingford, working in Publishing, Sales and Customer Service, IT, Finance, Marketing, and Knowledge Management.

CABI Europe – UK

We hold one of the world’s largest collections of microorganisms, with over 28,000 living specimens. We have 40 staff who are involved in offering microbial services to businesses, academic institutions and researchers worldwide. We also have over 20 highly experienced scientists who are working on scientific projects throughout the world.

CABI Europe – Switzerland

Over 50 CABI staff work on the classical biological control of invasive insect pests and weeds of Eurasian origin, on behalf of the temperate areas of the world, particularly North America, Australia and New Zealand.

CABI North America – USA

Our team of three concentrates on business development, selling and promoting our publishing products, and supporting our North American customers.

CABI Caribbean and Latin America – Trinidad and Tobago

Our seven staff are currently focusing on finding sustainable ways of managing crop pests and invasive species. We’ve also been working to conserve or enhance biodiversity and the commodity chains that flow from farmer to consumer.

36 CABI South Asia – Pakistan

Around 70 staff are based in South Asia. Our main areas of expertise are plant health and SPS capacity building, invasive species management, biological control and integrated pest management, agro biodiversity management, knowledge management in support of systems of innovation and sustainable development programmes.

CABI SE and East Asia –

With four members of staff, our work in China includes analysing the way that ecosystem services contribute to poverty alleviation and food provision, and assessing the readiness of rural communities to adopt innovative information and communication technologies.

CABI South Asia – India

Our growing office in India now has seven staff, who enjoy a close association with many similar organizations such as NR International, CIFOR and IWMI, and work closely with key donor programmes such as the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

CABI SE and East Asia – Malaysia

We have 16 staff specializing in implementing projects on invasive species management, rural knowledge systems, and commodity value chains in pursuit of poverty reduction and sustainable development.

CABI Africa – Kenya

Our 23 staff work in both member and non-member countries and we have active programmes in the invasive species, commodities and knowledge for development areas.

37 CABI’s active membership

CABI is governed by 44 member countries. Each member plays an active part in determining CABI’s governance, policies, and strategic direction. Membership gives representatives of national governments a leadership role in directing and influencing the global development agenda through the work of CABI and its international network of partners. The stakes are high: one billion people regularly go to bed hungry, while 18,000 a day die from malnutrition. And the not-so-distant future holds yet more challenges: by 2050 we will have nine billion people to feed, and even by 2030 the world will demand 50% more food, 50% more energy and 30% more water than now.

CABI global summit food security in a climate of change

19–21 October 2009 Royal Garden Hotel, London, UK To address these issues in October CABI hosted a Global Summit on ‘Food security in a climate of change’. More than 200 representatives from governments, development agencies, NGOs and businesses attended the event in London to discuss ways of meeting the urgent challenges involved in securing the world’s future food supplies. Delegates had the opportunity to listen to international speakers including China’s Vice Minister for Agriculture, Mr Gao Hongbin; the UK government’s Chief Scientific Advisor Professor John Beddington; the UK Department for International Development’s Chief Scientist Chris Whitty; Dr Akinwumi Adesina of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa; and His Excellency Joaquim Chissano, former President of Mozambique.

While many challenges remain, good news is coming out of African agriculture. Change is underway—on many fronts. Let me begin with some spectacularly good news: According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, food production in sub-Saharan Africa grew in 2008 for the first year in decades. It rose 3.5 percent, faster than Africa’s population growth of 2 percent.

Dr Akinwumi Adesina of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa

38 In four informative and thought-provoking sessions, speakers and delegates considered food security issues related to hunger and poverty; climate change; trade and markets; and information and communication technologies. Question and answer sessions gave delegates the opportunity to test the theories put forward and for the panel to debate the issues in more detail. In essence, as a major developing country in the agricultural front, China is ready to work with CABI and member countries, to enhance cooperation, and work for higher agricultural productivity and better food security in the world. Mr Gao Hongbin, Vice Minister for Agriculture, People’s Democratic Republic of China The summit was linked with CABI’s 16th Review Conference which was attended by representatives from 38 of our 46 member countries along with a number of invited observers. The conference gave us the opportunity to report on our achievements over the past five years and to present our plans for the future. We were able to gain valuable feedback about the initiatives implemented since our regional consultations in 2007 as well as input into our planned plant health initiative, Plantwise. new website for member countries CABI has created a dedicated members-only website with easy access for our member countries to find meeting papers, project details, information on benefits and member details. The site can be found at www.cabi.org/membership

I am going to talk about complexity and the need to consider multiple problems, and embrace multiple solutions at the same time, rather than taking a one-dimensional approach to the issues of food security.

Chris Whitty, Chief Scientist, Department for International Development, UK

39 liaison officers Each CABI member country has at least one liaison officer. The role of a liaison officer is to provide a crucial link between their country and CABI.

Anguilla Mrs Patricia McDonna, The Accountant General, The Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance

Australia Dr Mark Lonsdale, Chief, CSIRO Entomology

Bahamas Mr Laurence Cartwright, Minister of Agriculture and Marine Resources, Ministry of Agriculture

Bangladesh Mr Wais Kabir, Executive Chairman, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council

Bermuda Dr Fred Ming, Department of Environmental Protection, Bermuda Government

Botswana Dr Pharoah Mosupi, Director of Agricultural Research, Common Service Division, Ministry of Agriculture

British Virgin Islands Mr Claude Kettle, Finance Officer, Ministry of Natural Resources & Labour

Mrs Hajah Normah Suria Hayati Binti PJDSM DSLU (Dr) Awg Haji Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri, Director, Department of Agriculture, Darussalam Ministry of Industry & Primary Resources

Burundi Ambassador Salvator Nthibose, Director General, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU)

Canada Dr Yvon Martel, Chief Scientist, International, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Chile Dr Andres France, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

China Mme Yao Xiangjun, Deputy Director General, International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Agriculture

Colombia Dr Gabriel Cadena Gómez, Director, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (CENICAFE)

Côte d’Ivoire Dr Yo Tiemoko, Directeur Général, Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA)

Cyprus Mr Panicos Pouros, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Environment

DPR Korea Mr Chae Chun Sik, Department of the International Science & Technology Exchange, Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Gambia Dr Lamin Jobe, Director of Research, National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI)

Ghana Dr Abdulai Baba Salifu, Director-General, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Guyana Dr Dindyal Permaul, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture

India Mr Ajay Kumar, Director, International Cooperation, Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture

Jamaica Mr Donovan Stanberry, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture & Land

Kenya Dr Ephraim A. Mukisira, Director, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)

Malawi Dr Alfred P. Mtukuso, Department of Agriculture Research Services

Ms Yeoh Gim Bee, Undersecretary, Strategic Planning and International Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Malaysia Agro-based Industries

Mauritius Mrs S I Seewooruthun, Chief Agricultural Officer, Agricultural Services

Montserrat Mr Eugene D. Skerritt, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Land, Housing & The Environment

Myanmar Mr U Tin Htut Oo, Director General, Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation

Nigeria Professor B Y Abubakar, Executive Secretary, Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria

Pakistan Mr Mathar Niaz Rana, Joint Secretary (International Cooperation/Plan), Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Papua New Guinea Dr Sergie Bang, Director, Research, PNG National Agricultural Research Institute

Philippines Mr Nicomedes P. Eleazar, Director, Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)

Sierra Leone Dr Alfred Dixon, Director General, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI)

Solomon Islands Mr Edward Kingmele, Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock

South Africa Ms Vangile Titi, Deputy Director-General, Programme Planning, Department of Agriculture

Sri Lanka Dr I. J. de Zoysa, Director, Horticultural Crop Research & Development Institute

St Helena Mr Darren Duncan, Agriculture & Natural Resources Officer, Agriculture Department

Switzerland Dr Carmen Thönnissen, Programme Manager, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

Tanzania Dr Fidelis A Myaka, Director, Division of Research & Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

Trinidad & Tobago Ms Cynthra Persad, Director Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Land & Marine Resources

Uganda Dr Denis Tumwesigye Kyetere, Director General, National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) Council Secretariat

UK Dr Jonathan Wadsworth, Senior Agriculture Research Adviser, DFID Research, Department for International Development

Vietnam Dr Nguyen Van Tuat, Director, Food Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Academy of Agricultural Science (VAAS)

Zambia Mr Albert Chalabesa, Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives, Agricultural Research Institute

Zimbabwe Dr N. R. Gata, Principal Director, Agricultural Research & Extension, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

40 Thanks to all the CABI staff who have provided photographs and contributions to this CABI In Review. contact CABI europe CABI Head Office Nosworthy Way Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UK T: +44 (0)1491 832111 E: [email protected] CABI Europe – UK Bakeham Lane Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK T: +44 (0)1491 829080 E: [email protected] E: [email protected] CABI Europe – Switzerland Rue des Grillons 1 CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland T: +41 (0)32 4214870 E: [email protected] asia CABI South Asia Opposite 1-A, Data Gunj Baksh Road Satellite Town, PO Box 8 Rawalpindi-Pakistan T: +92 (0)51 9290132 E: [email protected] africa CABI Southeast and East Asia CABI Africa PO Box 210, 43400 UPM Serdang ICRAF Complex Selangor, Malaysia United Nations Avenue, Gigiri T: +60 (0)3 89432921 PO Box 633-00621 E: [email protected] Nairobi, Kenya CABI South Asia – India T: +254 (0)20 7224450/62 2nd Floor, CG Block, NASC Complex E: [email protected] DP Shastri Marg Opp. Todapur Village, PUSA americas New Delhi – 110012, India CABI Caribbean and Latin America T: +91 (0)11 25841906 Gordon Street, Curepe E: [email protected] Trinidad and Tobago T: +1 868 6457628 CABI Southeast and East Asia – China E: [email protected] CABI Beijing Representative Office Internal Post Box 56 CABI North America Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 875 Massachusetts Avenue 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie 7th Floor, Cambridge Beijing 100081, China MA 02139, USA T: +86 (0)10 82105692 T: +1 617 3954051 E: [email protected] E: [email protected]