CAST Quarry – Landfill and Mobile Plant Storage

APPENDIX H – HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT December 2013

CAST Quarry - Landfill and Mobile Plant Storage

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Context

This report must be read in conjunction with the ES which contains: • a detailed description of the site, the site location, and the proposed development; and • associated figures.

A full description of the Scheme is given in Section 3 of the ES main text.

1.2 Scope

The objective of this report is to identify and, where possible quantify, the potential impacts on the historic environment resource from the Scheme at CAST Quarry.

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2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND CRITERIA

2.1 Legislation and Guidance

This historic environment impact assessment report has been prepared in accordance with current legislation as well as current and emerging national, regional and local planning policies comprising: • Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; • Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990; • Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2011; • National Planning Policy Framework (2012);

In addition, appropriate regard has been paid to the following guidance documents: • Setting of Heritage Assets: English Heritage Guidance (English Heritage 2011) • Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance (English Heritage 2008).

Relevant extracts from the legislation and policy / guidance documents are included in the appraisal of the baseline below.

2.2 Scoping and Consultation

In addition to the EIA scoping opinion adopted by NCC, the Historic Buildings Leader of NCC and the County Archaeologist were consulted. They requested that particular consideration be given to the potential effects on the setting of i) Pleasley Conservation Area, ii) St. Chad’s Church (grade II listed) and iii) the scheduled monument of Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa.

2.3 Information Sources

In order to establish a baseline of evidence proportionate to the proposed scheme, a search of the National Heritage List (English Heritage) was undertaken to locate designated heritage assets including scheduled monuments, listed buildings, registered battlefields, registered parks and gardens and world heritage sites. The Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record (HER) and the Derbyshire HER were consulted for information on conservation areas and on non-designated assets within the search area including archaeological sites, findspots of archaeological artefacts and buildings of local significance.

A site walkover was undertaken by a Heritage Consultant in June 2013 to assess the site and to inform the assessment. The objectives of this survey were to identify:

• any further non-designated archaeological sites and/or areas of previous ground disturbance; • further non-designated historic buildings and structures and previously unrecorded historic landscape features; and • provide details of site landform and setting.

2.4 Study Area

The study area established for this assessment was defined as that within a 1km radius from the centre of the site. The extent of the study area was determined having regard to the nature of the Scheme and the limited potential for visual impact over a large area (as assessed and described in the LVIA). The study area crossed over the border of two counties, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

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The heritage assets identified within the study area are listed in Annex H1 and shown on Figure H1.

2.5 Assessment Methodology

2.5.1 Significance Criteria

The significance of heritage assets is determined by professional judgement, guided by national and local planning policies and guidance.

Paragraph 132 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) recognises that heritage assets with the highest level of significance comprise Scheduled Monuments, registered battlefields, Grade I and II* listed buildings and registered parks and gardens and World Heritage Sites. At paragraph 139 the NPPF also recognises that non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest may be of equivalent significance to a scheduled monument, and in such cases are to be considered subject to the policies for designated assets.

Table 2.1 summarises the factors for assessing the significance (or importance) of heritage assets.

TABLE 2.1: FACTORS DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HERITAGE ASSETS

Significance Criteria

Remains of inscribed international importance, such as World Heritage Sites. Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings. Grade I and Grade II* Registered Parks and Gardens. Scheduled Monuments. High Registered battlefields Non-designated archaeological assets of schedulable quality and importance. Non-designated buildings, monuments, sites or landscapes that can be shown to have particularly important qualities in their fabric or historical association. Grade II listed Buildings. Conservation Areas. Grade II Registered Parks. Assets of high archaeological resource value as identified through consultation. Moderate Locally listed buildings as recorded on a local authority list Non-designated buildings, monuments, sites or landscapes that can be shown to have important qualities in their fabric or historical association. Historic Townscapes with historic integrity in that the assets that constitute their make-up are clearly legible Non-designated buildings, monuments, sites or landscapes of local importance and of modest quality Locally important historic or archaeological assets, assets with a local value for education or cultural appreciation and of medium archaeological Low resource rating, Assets that are so badly damaged that too little remains to justify inclusion into a higher grade, Parks and gardens of local interest. Assets identified as being of no historic, evidential, aesthetic or communal interest. Not significant Assets whose values are compromised by poor preservation or survival or of contextual associations to justify inclusion into a higher grade.

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2.5.2 Criteria for establishing magnitude of impact

Once a level of significance has been assigned, the magnitude of potential impact from the Scheme is assessed. Potential impacts are defined as a change resulting from the proposed development which affects a heritage asset. These impacts are considered in terms of being either adverse or beneficial and in terms of being direct, indirect or cumulative, constructional or operational. The assessment of impact will include consideration of the setting of a heritage asset, which will vary from case to case and cannot be generically defined.

The magnitude of an impact can be judged on a five-point scale. The impact score is arrived at without reference to the importance of the asset and the impact is assessed without taking into account any subsequent mitigation proposals.

TABLE 2.2: CRITERIA TO ESTABLISH LEVEL OF IMPACT

Significance Criteria

Change such that the significance of the asset is totally altered or destroyed. Comprehensive change to setting affecting significance, High resulting in substantial changes in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its historical context and setting. Change such that the significance of the asset is affected. Changes such that the setting of the asset is noticeably different, affecting significance Moderate resulting in moderate changes in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its historical context and setting. Change such that the significance of the asset is slightly affected. Changes to the setting that have a slight impact on significance resulting in changes Low in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its historical context and setting. Changes to the asset that hardly affect significance. Changes to the setting of an asset that have little effect on significance and no real change in our Minimal ability to understand and appreciate the resource and its historical context and setting. The development does not affect the significance of the asset. Changes to No change the setting do not affect the significance of the asset or our appreciation of it.

2.5.3 Significance of Effect

Only those assets which may experience a significant effect from the Scheme are considered in this report - to ensure that only assets relevant to the assessment are considered.

The assessment of effects has been undertaken in two stages. The magnitude of impact has first been assessed without reference to the sensitivity of the resource. The findings of this assessment have then been cross-referenced to the value of the asset in terms of its sensitivity - in order to categorise the effect that is likely to result from the proposed development.

Following the categorisation of effects using this methodology, further consideration of the significance of an effect (and whether or not it requires mitigation) was carried out using professional judgement. Following the initial assessment of effects, mitigation has been considered where necessary to reduce the significance of any adverse effects. Mitigation is used to reduce or compensate for any adverse effects or to enhance positive effects. Re- assessing impact effects after assessing the likely effectiveness of the proposed mitigation allows the residual effect of an impact to be determined (Table 2.3).

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TABLE 2.3: SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTS

Significance of Magnitude of Impact Asset No change Minimal Low Medium High Neutral Minor Moderate Major Major High Neutral Minor Minor Moderate Major Moderate Neutral Neutral Minor Minor Moderate Low Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Not significant

2.6 Conformity with NPPF

Within the NPPF, impacts are considered in terms of ‘substantial’ or ‘less than substantial’ harm. Paragraph 132 states that substantial harm to a designated asset should be wholly exceptional and, in accordance with paragraph 133 weighed against the public benefit of the scheme.

The NPPF does not provide a quantitative definition of what constitutes ‘substantial’ or ‘less than substantial’ harm. The professional judgement of whether an impact causes ‘substantial’ harm is based upon the wording contained within the NPPF paragraph 133 - where substantial loss is equated to the “total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset”. This definition is stated once again in paragraph 132, where substantial harm is equated to “loss”.

It follows that any assessment of whether the impact would cause substantial harm to an individual asset or a grouping of assets must consider if the impact would cause a total loss of significance.

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3 BASELINE CONDITIONS

3.1 Archaeology

A search undertaken of the Nottinghamshire HER and Derbyshire HER identified one scheduled monument and 49 non-designated archaeological assets, a number of which are located within the boundary of, and are associated with, the scheduled Roman villa.

There are no archaeological assets located within the site. Any archaeological deposits which may have occurred within the site have been removed during the course of past quarrying - meaning that there is no remaining archaeological potential.

The baseline below is presented purely to provide the historical and archaeological context of the Scheme.

3.1.1 Geology

The solid geology of the area is formed by Permian Magnesian Limestone overlying Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures. The superficial or drift geology comprises alluvial deposits within the valley of the River Meden.

3.1.2 Prehistoric (pre-30,000BC – 43AD)

Seven prehistoric findspots have been identified within the study area. The majority of the artefactual evidence from the prehistoric period is in the form of flint objects found during field walking exercises. Four patinated flints and a fabricator (MDR6366) dating to the Neolithic period were found in 1977 at Warsop Park Farm, to the north of CAST Quarry. The discovery of these flints led to the instigation of a field walking exercise in 1978 by the Sherwood Archaeological Society on the fields around Warsop Park Farm. The field walking yielded a number of flint artefacts, as well as pottery sherds from the Roman, medieval and post- medieval periods. Positively dated Mesolithic flints were found at two of the field sites, DE1 (MDR6385) where a flint core, scrapers and a chert scraper were found and field DE2 (MDR6373) where two blunted microliths were found as well as Neolithic flint objects including a leaf-shaped arrowhead. The third site, DE5 (MDR6378) also produced flint artefacts and post-medieval pottery.

An additional field walking exercise (in 1978) was carried out to the north of CAST Quarry in close proximity to the Stuffynwood Hall site (MDR6381). This uncovered a scatter of Mesolithic flints including microliths, waste flints and a utilised flake.

Further prehistoric evidence was discovered to the west of CAST Quarry, around the site of the Roman villa during excavations there. A flint scraper (L9162) was found within charred material at the floor level within the confines of the scheduled Roman villa. The flints have been dated to the Neolithic or Bronze Age period and could be evidence of earlier settlement. Also found within this charred floor layer is the findspot of an Iron Age linch pin (L8569).

Firmly dated evidence from this period is in the form of flint artefacts. There is no definite evidence for settlement activity within the study area. There are however sites of two rock shelters within the river valley which could have been used for shelter during the prehistoric period, specifically the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. The first rock shelter within the study area is located at the eastern end of Pleasley Vale on a grassy outcrop (MDR6363). The opening is south facing, overlooking the Little Matlock Stream. The limited archaeological work which has taken place to date has revealed no evidence of Palaeolithic or Mesolithic activity.

The second set of rock shelters is located to the west of the rock shelter discussed above. These shelters (MDR6362) are located overlooking the Little Matlock Stream within a rock

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face up to 16 metres high. The shelters both have overhangs of 2 metres with the smaller of the caves being 5 metres long and the larger being 32 metres long. Once again, no evidence has yet been recovered for Palaeolithic or Mesolithic activity. It is possible that these rock shelters may only have been used seasonally and for a short period indicating the level of material remains may be low and more difficult to identify accurately. The existence of these rock shelters and the similarity in location and size to many other cave sites which have shown definite signs of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic activity indicates that it is likely these shelters were utilised.

3.1.3 Roman (43AD – 410AD)

There is extensive evidence for Roman activity within the study area and it is likely that this period saw the first permanent settlement in this area.

The only scheduled monument located within the 1km study area is the site of Roman villa (1006387, M4001) dating to the late 2nd century AD and rebuilt in stone in the 4th century AD when ornamental embellishments such as the mosaic floors and painted wall were added. The villa was constructed over the site of an early 1st and 2nd century AD Roman settlement. The site was first excavated in 1786 by Major Hayman Rooke who uncovered two Roman buildings, one with an opus signinum floor of basilican design. The other had a mosaic floor and painted walls and was a corridor house. Rooke discovered a burial vault in a chamber located to the southeast of the buildings. One of the vaults contained an urn with unburnt human bones located in close proximity. Rooke also recorded that between the two tombs lay a pavement with a pedestal in the centre which may have held an inscribed stone. Subsequent excavations failed to locate this pavement and later ploughing around the burial site has caused extensive disturbance to this area.

A later excavation by A. Oswald in 1936-39 confirmed the findings of Rooke and discovered the earlier 1st to 2nd century settlement below the corridor house. This Romano-British settlement was enclosed by a large ditch and contained a number of huts and a smelting furnace. The buildings within this settlement were all constructed from timber and the site was destroyed by fire at some point towards the end of the 2nd century. The ashes from the fire were thrown into the ditch and it is within this ash layer that the Iron Age linch pin referred to above was located. The site was immediately reutilised and the first stone buildings were constructed. It is uncertain if these first buildings were the corridor house or the basilica-type building but it is likely that the ornamental features were added at a later date. The immediate re-use of this site for settlement indicates its importance as an area for agriculture and in an area of good communication routes.

The setting of this scheduled monument is formed by the surrounding agricultural land and the river valley and this setting contributes to the significance of the asset. There are currently views available eastwards from the asset along the river valley and across to the north which contribute to the setting by emphasising the rural, agricultural context of the asset. The significance of this asset lies in its historical and archaeological value with the potential to provide information on Romano-British society, in particular the development and evolution of the settlement and farming practices through the re-use of the site over almost the entire period of Roman occupation in Britain. The mosaics and painted walls of this villa site give it aesthetic value and can also help to provide information on Romano-British society and the spreads of wealth. Archaeological evidence from the villa and settlement can be used to provide insight into the adoption of Roman culture into native life.

The different elements within this Roman site all form the scheduled monument and are grouped under the one reference number, but they have also each been assigned a separate Nottinghamshire HER number (8942, 9150, 9151, 9164, 9146, 9145, 9149, 9148, 9154, 3941, 9161, 9160, 5340, 9153, 9163). To avoid confusion, only the National Heritage List number will be used to refer to all elements of the villa site. A full gazetteer of all the non-designated assets can be found in Annex 1 at the end of the assessment.

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There is evidence for Roman activity outside of the boundary of the scheduled monument. A Roman sestertius of Commodus (186/7AD) was discovered during the construction of Robin Hood School (L5340) and a hoard of 75 coins dating from the 4th century were found outside the corridor house, not within the boundary of the villa (L9153) indicating potential unrest in the area. In close proximity to the villa to the north, a number of linear features have been observed (L9163) through aerial photographic analysis. It is likely that these are associated with the Roman site and may form part of the pre-villa Roman settlement.

To the north of the River Meden, the field walking exercise within field DE2 near Warsop Park Farm (MDR6373) mentioned in the prehistoric section also found 23 sherds of Roman pottery possibly from five vessels.

3.1.4 Early Medieval & Medieval (410 – 1540)

Despite the extensive presence of Roman activity in the area, there is little evidence for the survival and continuity of settlement following the retreat of the Roman army in 410. The first record of the place-name of Mansfield Woodhouse is in 1230 in the Pipe Rolls (Ekwall 1962, 313). The name is derived from the Old English meaning open land around a Mam or hill (ibid). The settlement at Mansfield Woodhouse began to grow during the medieval period, mostly funded by the wealth gained from the quarrying of limestone, which is abundant in the study area.

To the north of the River Meden is evidence for early medieval activity. Like Mansfield Woodhouse, Pleasley is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but the area was established by 1209 when the first documented reference is made to Pleasley Park (MDR6328). The park is referenced as Parco de Pleseleia in a document of agreement between a descendant of the lords of the manor (who changed their name to DePleasley) a John of Aincourt and Robert de Lenington. The park is mentioned again in 1281 when Edward I granted Thomas Bec, the Bishop of St. David’s a number of deer from Sherwood Forest to stock Pleasley Park. Thomas Bec appears again in 1285 when he was granted a license to crenellate his house at Pleasley. There is a record of earthworks (MDR6321) located at the south east end of the park which are purported to be the foundations of the manor house of Thomas Bec. This area is now densely wooded and walkovers of this area during the 1960s revealed evidence of ground undulations, but it was thought by the observer that these were of natural origin (Derbyshire HER Record References MDR6321). After his death, the Pleasley estate passed to Thomas Bec’s brother, Anthony, who was the Bishop of Durham. After Anthony’s death in 1311, the estate passed to the Willoughbys of Eresby who appear to have occupied the hall for some time in the 14th century, but appear to have moved away and not reoccupied the house.

The Pleasley Park deer park occupied a large area to the north of the River Meden. Within the eastern portion of the deer park, but identified as a separate feature, is Warsop Wood or Park (MDR6329). Warsop Wood is first documented in 1372 and it is likely that a small area of Pleasley Park was separated off, or granted to a separate land owner during the medieval period. The parkland is enclosed by a boundary bank with rounded corners and was named in a document of 1373 as a park in Pleasley called Warsop Wood associated with John de Willoughby and Thomas and Margaret de Roos.

3.1.5 Post-medieval (1540 – 1750)

A small number of assets have been identified dating from the post-medieval period within the study area. The majority of these are related to the limestone workings in the area and are evidence of the increase in the level of exploitation of this resource. The desire to extract limestone from this area even led to the destruction of a part of the Mansfield Woodhouse Roman villa. During the excavation of the corridor building, it was discovered that the mosaic had been largely destroyed by a later limekiln (M8959, L9147). Further areas of lime extraction have been identified including the remains of bell pit shafts (L7052) covering a large area to

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the south of the CAST Quarry and bell pit shaft mounds (L7054) located in the open area to the east of the site.

The post-medieval period also saw a general increase in industrial activity in the wider area such as the establishment of Pleasley Colliery to the west of the area. The establishment and expansion of the industrial elements of this landscape was aided by the construction of the Mansfield and Worksop branch line of the Midland Railway (MDR11523). The line opened to passenger traffic in 1875 allowing transportation of workers to the colliery and limestone works in this area. The line was closed to passenger traffic in 1964 but the line remained open to goods traffic.

The estate at Park Hall began to develop during the post-medieval period with the addition of a fishpond and weir (M6065, L6065) indicating the management of water levels within the pond.

Modern (1914 – present)

The evidence for industrial activity within the study area continues into the modern period with further evidence for limestone extraction. To the east of the Littlewood Quarry, two areas of limestone quarrying are recorded (M6066, L6066, M6067, L6067) together with a possible kiln site. Another limestone quarry is recorded to the south of CAST Quarry (M7565, L7565) and evidence for the processing of the quarried limestone is recorded in the site of the Pleasley Junction Lime Works (M7564, L7564). The lime works were situated alongside the former Midland Railway (now the Robin Hood Line) near to the Pleasley Junction branch line. The lime works consisted of a large area for quarrying with a bank of eight lime kilns located alongside the railway junction.

An asset associated with the Park Hall estate is noted as dating from the modern period. A summerhouse (M8949, L9142) is recorded in use from 1916 and is part of the evolving landscape design within the grounds of Park Hall.

A further asset dating to the modern period is recorded within the study area, the site of a possible pillbox (L10562). The record for this asset remains unclear as the landowner refused access and it has not therefore been possible to provide visual confirmation. A description of the pillbox was however provided to the recorder by the security guard on the site. He described it as a small square pillbox which had been demolished in 1995. The asset was located in close proximity to the Pleasley Branch Line and in close proximity to the Pleasley Colliery and other mills along the line of the River Meden. It has been reported that this is actually the site of a former police box, but the record can no longer be verified.

3.1.6 Unknown

A bronze finial with a dragon and a man’s head was found near to the Mansfield Woodhouse Roman villa site (9152). It was uncovered during a metal detecting survey and therefore its context is uncertain. It is most likely associated with the villa site, but may be a chance find.

3.2 Historic Buildings

The Pleasley Park and Vale Conservation Area lies partially within Mansfield and partially within Bolsover. The administrative boundary is formed by the River Meden which runs east- west through the designated area. It is this vale that provides the location for the majority of buildings within the Conservation Area, including the mill which was fed by the river. A large proportion of the designated area comprises Pleasley Park to the north east and open fields to the north west.

The current character of the Conservation Area results from its post-medieval development. Pleasley Park is widely accepted to have origins as a medieval deer park. Currently, however

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it is the woodland management which has taken place since the 18th century which characterises its appearance - with a series of plantations, cut by access tracks. A more significant change in the 18th century was the arrival of the cotton industry into the village and the establishment of the Pleasley mills (12513). Before this date, settlement activity had been purely agriculturally based, as evidenced by the surviving 16th century fabric within the Grade II listed Stuffynwood Farm. The mill took advantage of the natural resource provided by the river. The first mill, Upper Mill, opened in 1785 and Lower Mill opened in 1792. Both were destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the 1840s. Linking the mills in the 1880s was the Tibshelf to Pleasley railway which served the Pleasley Pit. Standing at the Pleasley Vale sidings is a large stone warehouse, now derelict, with a three stage stone water tower. The warehouse was used by the mills for storage before goods were loaded onto the trains.

The mill complexes still stand, dominating the densely wooded vale, although now converted to light industrial use. The industrial character of the buildings typifies the contrast between the natural and man-made environments which define the special interest of the Conservation Area. The influence of the mills extended to include other building types, including Stuffynwood Hall which was erected by Charles Paget, partner in the Hollins Mill. The hall has since been demolished, but elements of its wider park survive, including the icehouse (12536). Despite the demolition of a number of associated structures in the 20th century, the mills remain the focus of historic and architectural value within the Conservation Area.

Continuing to the east of the Conservation Area, within the study area, are a series of structures identified as the estate buildings. These present a distinct character from the utilitarian mill structures with the vale - opening out to provide open green space. The buildings are set apart, principally comprising two terraces of 19th century cottages and the Grade II listed Church of St Chad (NHLE 1251819). The wide spacing of the buildings and abundance of green space have resulted in their classification as estate buildings, rather than their association with a grand stately home. The church was commissioned by Joseph Paget, emphasising the influence the family had over the social running of the village. The building dates to 1881 and represents a simple red brick structure with slate roof and bell turret to the west. The church is set on the southern rise of the vale, surrounded by trees, giving it a secluded character. Its setting is defined by its relationship with the village and the mill. Its secluded location and squat dimensions suggests it was never intended to be a dominant feature within the landscape, its significance instead being associated with the Paget family and their influence over this area. The church shares no tangible relationship with the site.

To the north, the character of the Conservation Area changes again - with a greater survival of the agricultural landscape which defined Pleasley Vale before the arrival of the mills. The area encompasses open fields associated with Stuffynwood Farm, a 17th century farmstead which remains in agricultural use. Also located within this character area is Littlewood Farm (12545) which, although undesignated, is of historic interest as a complete courtyard farmstead. The agricultural association has been lost through the conversion of the farm buildings. They remain of historic and architectural interest however.

The Conservation Area represents a compact linear settlement developed in the 19th century. The balance of built and natural environment creates a pleasant and attractive village which follows the Meden valley. The dominance of vegetation also creates an enclosed character, reinforced by the gentle slopes of the valley and the winding nature of the roads. As such there is little interaction between the Conservation Area and its surroundings, with views outside the designated area largely restricted to the north. This reinforces the significance of the conservation area as an enclosed settlement defined by its association with the 18th and 19th century cotton industry.

The River Meden runs to the north of the site, through the Conservation Area. Along the river are a number of historic structures, including the Grade II listed Church Lane Bridge (NHLE 1262493) and the locally listed Bridge over Meden (2.2.82). Both date to the 18th century and represent single span stone structures. The listed example survives in better condition,

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complete with stone parapet copings. Also located within the river are the remains of weirs and sluices (12513), providing evidence for the industrial use of the river prior to the arrival of the mills. The structures lie within the river valley which defines their setting and significance.

Located to the south of the application area is the Grade II listed North Lodge Farmhouse (NHLE 1251851). The farmhouse dates to the early 19th century and is constructed of stone with ashlar dressings and a replacement concrete roof. The house lies within the farm complex with historic and modern outbuildings continuing to the north and east. The setting of the farmhouse remains the open fields which surround it continuing to the quarry boundary. While adjacent to the buildings this has character has been degraded by areas of storage and the Mansfield to Nottingham Railway (now the Robin Hood Line), which opened in the mid- 19th century, there is the potential for the farmhouse to be affected by the proposals.

Located to the east of North Lodge is the locally designated Sunnydale. Sunnydale represents two large dwellings forming a single two-storey range, lowering at both ends. The building forms the northern boundary of a courtyard with outbuildings to the east and west and an enclosing stone boundary wall to the south along Northfield Lane. The complex represents a self-contained unit, separated from the surrounding countryside to the north.

3.3 Historic Landscape

There are no registered parks and gardens located within the study area. One non- designated park falls within the study area, the former estate of Park Hall (48) located to the east of CAST Quarry. Park Hall itself was constructed by the Digby family (lords of the manor of Mansfield Woodhouse) who took possession of the lands from the Stuffyn family in 1516. The hall was constructed in the 16th or 17th century and it is likely that the parkland surrounding the hall was emparked at this time to create a deer park of hunting grounds. The hall and estate passed out of the ownership of the Digby family in 1684 following the death of John Digby, the last male heir of the line in 1684. The estates were sold by the remaining female members of the Digby family to John Hall Esq in 1736. The estate was sold once again to the Houghton family who constructed the stable block in 1867 - a grade II listed building which is still in existence.

A number of quarries are shown within the parkland on a series of maps and one of the plantations within the park is named Quarry Plantation. It is likely that limestone has been extracted from the park on a localised scale that there could be links with CAST Quarry. The knowledge and exploitation of the limestone reserves in this area funded the wealth of the town of Mansfield Woodhouse in the post-medieval period and has occurred in this landscape for many centuries.

Park Hall is still shown on the 1916 OS map, but by the 1956-60 OS map shows that a portion of the building is in ruins and only an outline of a building is shown on later mapping. The building no longer exists.

The parkland is no longer in private ownership and a number of the service buildings are now in commercial use. The historical extent of the parkland can be seen on historic Ordnance survey maps extending to the north west to the woodland plantation at Hind Car and extending northwards almost to the boundary of Nettleworth Manor. The main bulk of the parkland was a situated to the south and south east of the hall and extended east to Leeming Lane. A large portion of this southern area is now occupied by the Mansfield Woodhouse golf course. The significance of this asset lies within its historic value as part of the history of Mansfield Woodhouse and it also has aesthetic value in the areas of parkland that do remain and the association with the hall and service buildings which still remain, albeit in an altered form. Many of the park elements have been removed and these have been described in the archaeological baseline above. The setting of the asset is the rural landscape within which it sits and this setting has been eroded by the encroachment of Mansfield Woodhouse into the southern boundary of the park. The parkland no longer has an effective function, as the hall

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has been removed and the boundary of the estate is not legible within the landscape, however the aesthetic value of the park remains intact. There is the potential for the proposed development to impact upon the parkland by introducing a new topographical element into the river valley landscape.

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4 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT

4.1 Revised landfill scheme

As there are no heritage assets within the boundary of CAST Quarry, the main potential effect of the Scheme is considered to be the revised final restoration landform proposed and the impact this could have on the following assets nearby, namely:

• Mansfield Woodhouse Roman villa (1006387).

• Pleasley Park and Vale Conservation Area;

• Grade II listed North Lodge Farm (1251851); and

• Park Hall.

Only those assets which have been assessed as having the potential to experience impacts from the proposed development have been discussed below. All other heritage assets, including the Church of St. Chad, have been assessed and they all will experience no impact since the continuation of the present activities represents no change from the current setting and conditions.

The proposed restoration scheme for CAST Quarry will result in the site being restored to an agricultural and grassland landscape. The restoration proposals therefore present no change to all of the non-designated assets described in the baseline.

4.2 Setting of the Roman Villa

The Roman villa is an asset of high value. The significance of the monument lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for knowledge of Roman activity and utilisation of the landscape. Although there are extensive views across the river valley from the villa site, these only add to the aesthetic value of the asset. There are no significant views to be had from the villa site as it was not a defensive asset and there are no other Roman sites within close proximity where views would be blocked or interrupted. The final restoration landform proposed will introduce a topographical element into the landscape which has been designed to respect and mirror the surroundings. Accordingly, the impact on the setting of the Roman villa from this element is assessed to be minimal.

The creation of the agricultural land and the grassland area will represent a restoration of landscape comparable to its form prior to the quarrying activity and to a setting which is sympathetic to the historic value of the asset. The Roman villa was established here due to the fertile agricultural land offered by the river valley and therefore the setting adds to the significance and understanding of this asset. The restoration of the grassland, but in particular the agricultural land will add to the significance of the setting and will add to the ability to understand the asset and its setting.

4.3 Setting of the Conservation Area

The Pleasley Park and Vale Conservation Area shares a boundary with CAST Quarry. Although the Scheme will increase the visibility of the landfill restoration operation from the adjacent parts of the Conservation Area, the woodland in the Meden valley will be effective in blocking views from other parts.

It is considered that the Scheme will not impact on the significance of the asset. The key characteristics of the Conservation Area are associated with its development as a mill village, following the natural vale created by the River Meden, alongside the importance of the

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contrast between the built and natural environment. As these attributes will not be affected, the overall impact on the setting of the Conservation Area is considered to be minimal.

4.4 Setting of North Lodge Farm

The Grade II listed North Lodge Farm (NHLE 1251851) lies close to the site. There is the potential that the final restoration landform proposed will be visible from the listed building. CAST Quarry however is not considered to contribute to the setting of the North Lodge with the area divided off by the introduction of the railway line. The reduction in noise and vehicular movement associated with the restoration will result in a minimal impact upon the setting asset.

4.5 Setting of Park Hall

The asset of Park Hall designed landscape will not be impacted by the proposed development. The proposals will lead to the site being restored to an agricultural and grassland landscape which is in keeping with the original setting. As the site is not visible at present from the asset due to vegetation screening, the Scheme will not change the current visual setting of the asset. The park has a number of disused quarry pits within it and therefore the asset will experience no change from the proposals.

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5 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT

5.1 Mitigation

No further mitigation is considered necessary since the proposed restoration scheme reflects the current surrounding landscape, retains the open nature of the landscape and respects the local form of hedgerows and field boundaries.

5.2 Residual Significance of Effect

All heritage assets which would experience an impact from the proposed development are noted in the residual impacts table below (Table 4).

Major Adverse Effect

There are no assets which would experience a major adverse effect as a result of the proposed development.

Moderate Adverse Effect

There are no assets which would experience a moderate adverse effect as a result of the proposed development.

Minor Adverse Effect

The following assets will experience a minor adverse effect: • Roman Villa ESE of Northfield House – 1006387; and • Pleasley Park and Vale Conservation Area, during the landfill operation.

Neutral

All remaining heritage assets will experience a neutral effect.

Minor Beneficial Effect

There will be a minor beneficial effect on the following assets as a result of the restoration phase: • Roman Villa ESE of Northfield House – 1006387; • North Lodge Farm - 1251851; and • Pleasley Park and Vale Conservation Area.

Conclusion

This assessment finds that the overall residual effect upon the heritage resource from the Scheme will result in less than substantial harm with some minor adverse effects during the landfilling stage but with the resulting effect being assessed as minor beneficial once CAST Quarry is restored.

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TABLE 5.1: RESIDUAL IMPACTS FROM THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

Description Significance Impacts from, Construction and Magnitude Mitigation Significance of Operation, Temporary or permanent of Impact Effects Roman Villa ESE High Asset will experience slight changes in Minimal No mitigation Minor Adverse the setting through the creation of the of Northfield House (including proposed revised landform. This change

1006387 all HER assets will be permanent. within the boundary of the The proposed scheme will re-establish Minimal No mitigation Minor Beneficial an agricultural setting for the asset. SAM) Pleasley Park Medium There will be a change in the setting of Minimal No mitigation Minor Adverse and Vale the asset as a result of the operational Conservation phase. This effect will be temporary. Area 1251851 North Lodge Medium Asset will experience no change in its Minimal None Minor Beneficial Farmhouse setting through the Scheme Park Hall Low Asset will experience no change in its None None None setting through the Scheme

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ANNEX 1 – HERITAGE ASSETS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA

HER Title Period Reference

Nottinghamshire HER Records

Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Settlement - Flint scrapers:In the charred material on the floor levels ... flint scrapers were Neolithic/Bronze L9162 found. Age

L8569 Iron Age linch pin, Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa:In the ashes in the ditch was found a Belgic bronze linch pin. Iron Age Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - Cemetery:100 yds south east (of the villa) were two tombs; of one only the foundations remained, but the side walls of the other were found, and a cement floor. Beneath this was a vault, at the bottom of which stood an urn containing ashes, and some unburnt human bones lay near it. The floor of this tomb consisted of three dressed stones, and its roof must have been of red tiles. Between the two tombs was a pavement 7ft M3941 square, with a kind of pedestal in its centre. On clearing away the earth fragments were found of an inscribed stone, which Roman must have stood thereon, but the inscription is incomplete. (2) Graves to the south (of villa) ... trial holes failed to locate the masonry sepulchres recorded by Rooke, but two graves which had been covered with roofing tiles were found. Both had been extensively robbed. The little dateable material left suggested burial at the end of the third century or beginning of the fourth. (3) Round the burial site which is level, some large stones have been dragged out by the plough.

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HER Title Period Reference Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa: 2 Roman buildings excavated by Hayman Rooke in 1786. One was of basilican design with opus signinum floors; the other a corridor house with a mosaic floor and painted walls. In 1936-9 A Oswald re-excavated the site, and confirmed Rooke's discovery. Below the corridor house was found a C1/C2 Ro occupation site (see M8942). Finds of pottery (including samian at all levels),coins and brooches, suggested …AD 180 first stone building erected, AD 300-360 site deserted. (1) (2) (3) The site is on arable land, on a gentle NorthEast facing slope. The farmer, who had been in occupation only a few years, indicated on the ground a patch of lighter coloured soil which he had been informed was where the villa stood - at the above National Grid Reference. (4) Villa site now almost level. Potsherds and fragments of M4001 Roman tiles remain, and a quantity of stone has been removed and piled at side of field. There are still extensive foundations to be found with the probe. There are more in the next field to the east of the burial site. Round the burial site which is level, some large stones have been dragged out by the plough. The site is now well filled market garden soil bearing rhubarb, tomatoes, strawberries and cabbages. (5) Nothing is now visible on the surface but it is said that numerous coins have been found by metal detector users. I explained the legal position of Scheduled Ancient Monuments to the farmer who did not seem too concerned. (6) After Rooke's excavation the landowner put up a cover building so the mosaics could be viewed. By 1811 this building was ruined and the site had been vandalised, by 1843 the site had been filled in and the cover building demolished. (8) See M3941 for cemetery, M8942 for pre-villa Roman settlement. Mansfield Woodhouse pre-villa Roman Settlement: In 1936-9 A Oswald re-excavated the site, and confirmed Rooke's discovery (M4001). Below the corridor house was found a C1/C2 Roman occupation site, including huts and a smelting furnace, surrounded by a 5ft deep ditch enclosing M8942 Roman about 4 acres. Finds of pottery (including samian at all levels), coins and brooches, suggest the following chronology: AD 80 – Roman wooden huts built. AD 180 - all wooden buildings destroyed by fire and ashes thrown in ditch. (1) (2) See M4001 for villa, L8569 for IA find, M3941 for cemetery. Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - tombs and burials: 100 yards south east (of the villa) were two tombs; of one only the foundations remained, but the side walls of the other were found, and a cement floor. Beneath this was a vault, at the bottom of which stood an urn containing ashes, and some L3941 Roman unburnt human bones lay near it. The floor of this tomb consisted of three dressed stones, and its roof must have been of red tiles. Between the two tombs was a pavement 7ft square, with a kind of pedestal in its centre. On clearing away the earth fragments were found of an inscribed stone, which must have stood thereon, but the inscription is incomplete. (2)

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HER Title Period Reference Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - surface finds: The site is on arable land, on a gentle north east facing slope. The farmer, who had been in occupation only a few years, indicated on the ground a patch of lighter coloured soil which he had been informed was where the villa stood - at the above National Grid Reference. (1) Villa site now almost level. Potsherds and fragments of tiles remain, and a quantity of L4001 Roman stone has been removed and piled at side of field. There are still extensive foundations to be found with the probe. There are more in the next field to the of the burial site. The site is now well filled market garden soil bearing rhubarb, tomatoes, strawberries and cabbages. (2)Nothing is now visible on the surface but it is said that numerous coins have been found by metal detector users Roman coin, Robin Hood School, Mansfield Woodhouse: A sestertius of Commodus, 186-7 AD, was found on the building site of Robin Hood School, Cox's Lane, Mansfield. Obv M L5340 Roman COMMODUVS ANT P FELIX AUG BR(IT). Rev AVCTOR PIETAT PM TR P XIII IMP VIII COX V PP SC Pietas standing front, head left, sacrificing. Mint of Rome. (1)The present location of this coin was not determined. (2) Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - Possible Building south east of villa: Detached building with concrete floors and tiled roof existed, at this time, to the south-east of the main block. Rhubarb crop L9145 prevented any thorough examination, and no plan could be made, although this structure was evidently in occupation, on Roman pottery evidence, from the end of the second century to some time in the fourth century. (1) The crop allowed only two exploratory trenches meeting at an angle, which apparently encountered some mortar flooring but no wall foundations.(2)

Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - Building to north west of villa: Fourteen feet from the north-west corner of the villa was found a small building with flat stone paving. (1) Small detached room, possibly a small bath house, on the north-west of the main block, built directly over the ditch. The date of this building L9146 Roman could only be ascertained by the relation of the footings with the filling of the ditch. On these grounds the most likely date of construction was the beginning of the third century. (2) See M8942 for pre-villa Roman settlement, M3941 for cemetery, M8959 for lime kiln.

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HER Title Period Reference Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - Corridor Building: The discovery of a villa.... was made by Major Rooke in the spring of 1786. At the beginning of the excavations walls were disclosed about a foot below the surface, and then several rooms of a villa of the corridor type, the entrance to which seems to have been by a corridor, 54ft. long and 8ft. wide, on the east side. Reamins of a fine tesselated pavement were unearthed in the centre room, and fragments of wall-plaster painted in stripes of purple, red, yellow, green and other colours were found here and in 5 smaller rooms in which were also ashes and traces of fire. In the corridor were the L9148 Roman remains of a another tessellated pavement, most of which had been destroyed by a limekiln of recent date… At the S end of this corridor was a hypocaust, and adjoining it a small room with a doorway leading into another 24ft square, supposed to have been the kitchen (marks of fire on the floor). (1) First building(s) in stone at the end of the second century...... a rectangular block with wings or corridors in stone, although certain post-holes may represent wooden additions...... Various additions were made to this main block between the years c. 180AD to c.230 AD. (2) See M8942 for pre-villa settlement, M3941 for cemetery and M8959 for Post-Medieval lime kiln. Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - "Basilica" building: In the following autumn (1787) Major Rooke discovered another building. The second dwelling was closely connected with the first; it was only 10yds distant from its NE end, from which it stood in a diagonal line. The wall of the west front was 40ft long, the side walls each 142ft. The space enclosed was occupied by two groups of rooms at the E and W ends, with a court in between. Of the 7 rooms at the W end, 2 had painted walls, but no tessellated pavements were found. At the E end only one room had painted walls; at this part of the building were 2 hypocausts. 15 small copper coins were found in 2 L9149 Roman small rooms at this end. (1) End of C3, or more probably at the beginning of the C4.....was the construction of the basilican building on the east. The dating of this building rests on the comparative stratification at the point where its northern wall crosses the earlier ditch. ... There was definitely no structural connection between corridor and basilican building. C4 additions were made to the basilican building...... the three western rooms are a late addition. The same may apply to the projecting room and bath on the south. (2) See M8942 for pre-villa Ro settlement, M3941 for cemetery and M8959 for Post- Medieval lime kiln. L9150 Mansfield Woodhouse pre-villa Ro settlement, Area A Roman

L9151 Mansfield Woodhouse pre-villa Ro settlement - Area B Roman

L9153 Roman coin hoard, Mansfield Woodhouse villa Roman

L9154 Surface finds at Mansfield Woodhouse villa Roman

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HER Title Period Reference L9160 Mansfield Woodhouse Roman villa - inhumations Roman

Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa - stones: L9161 Roman Round the burial site which is level, some large stones have been dragged out by the plough. Linear features, Mansfield Woodhouse villa: L9163 Roman part of group Roman villa

Mansfield Woodhouse pre-villa Ro Settlement - Enclosure ditch: A drainage ditch, forming an enclosure, possibly one of several ... enclosing about 4 acres ... cut in a V section to a depth of 5ft in the limestone with an average width of eight feet. The bottom deposits contained pottery and terra sigillata. Apparently the ditch was allowed to silt from about 110 AD when the remains of the clay oven in area A were thrown into it. L9164 The ditch apparently drained a spring on the SouthWest. In the ditch ... terra sigillata, brooches and mortaria gave a time Roman range from c 130 - c 180 AD. The debris of the fire was swept into the ditch to make way for the first buildings in stone at the end of C2. (1) It is not entirely clear how much (of the ditch) was actually revealed, and how much was reconstructed by joining the sections across it. There seems to have been an assumption that the ditch was polygonal, comprising a series of straight lengths, whereas experience suggests it is likely to have been more sinuous and irregular than depicted. (2)

Post- M6065 Fishpond, Warsop Medieval/Modern Post- L6065 Fish pond and weir, Warsop Medieval/Modern Possible mining remains, Mansfield: Post- L7052 Mounds, probably the remains of former bell pit shaft mounds. 16 features, varying sizes, distributed over area. Also a light Medieval/Modern toned mounded linear feature which may be spoil from former mining. (1) NB this record covers a large area. Possible mining remains, Mansfield Woodhouse: Post- L7054 Degraded mounds, probably the remains of former bell pit shaft mounds. 3 features, greater than 30m in Medieval/Modern

Lime Kiln, Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa Site: M8959 During excavation of the corridor building, it was found that most of the mosaic in the corridor had been destroyed by a Post-Medieval limekiln of recent date. (1)

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HER Title Period Reference L9147 Lime kiln, Mansfield Woodhouse Roman Villa Site Post-Medieval

M6066 Limestone Quarry and Lime Kiln, Mansfield Woodhouse Modern

M6067 Limestone quarry, Mansfield Woodhouse Modern

M7564 Pleasley Junction Lime Works, Mansfield Modern

M7565 Limestone Quarry, Mansfield Modern

M8949 Summerhouse, Warsop Modern

L6066 Map depiction of Quarry and lime kiln, Mansfield Woodhouse Modern

L6067 Map depiction of Quarry, Mansfield Woodhouse Modern

L7564 Map depiction of Pleasley Junction Lime Works, Mansfield Modern

L7565 Map depiction of Quarry, Mansfield Modern

L9142 Map depiction of Summerhouse, Warsop Modern Pillbox at Pleasly Mills: The recorder visited the site in 1996 and was not given access by a security guard. The guard described a small square L10562 Modern pillbox which he said had been demolished in late 1995. It was located close to a former railway which passed by a number of mills. B. Lowry thinks this was a police post rather than a pillbox. (1) L9152 Bronze finial, Mansfield Woodhouse villa Unknown Derbyshire HER Records Branch line of the Midland Railway running through north-east Derbyshire. Opened in 1875, closed to passenger traffic in MDR11523 1964 but re-opened as part of the Robin Hood Line in 1998. Post-medieval Fieldwalking by Sherwood Archaeological Society in 1978 produced Mesolithic/Neolithic flint, medieval potsherds, and Mesolithic- MDR6385 post-medieval material Neolithic

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HER Title Period Reference Fieldwalking by Sherwood Archaeological Society in 1978 produced Mesolithic and Neolithic flint, Romano-British, Mesolithic - MDR6373 medieval and post-medieval pottery, and 2 pieces of lead Roman

MDR6378 Flint and post-medieval pot recovered during fieldwalking by the Sherwood Archaeological Society in 1978 Prehistoric

MDR6329 Medieval deerpark; mentioned in documents from the 14th century, and shown on a map of 1835 Medieval

MDR6363 Rock shelter site overlooking Little Matlock Stream Unknown

MDR6381 Fieldwalking by C R Hart in 1978 produced Mesolithic flint and possible medieval pottery Prehistoric

MDR6362 Two potential rock shelter sites overlooking Little Matlock Stream Unknown

MDR6321 Series of earthworks, possibly the site of the medieval house of Thomas Bec Medieval Pleasley Park, presumably a deer park, was first mentioned in a document of 1209. The extent of the medieval park is not MDR6328 known. Medieval

MDR6366 4 patinated flints and a fabricator, probably of Neolithic date, found in or before 1977 Neolithic

Scheduled Monuments List 1006387 ROMAN VILLA ESE OF NORTHFIELD HOUSE Roman

Buildings List 2.2.12 (EH (Grade II) CHURCH LANE BRIDGE 18th Century 1262493) 2.2.11 (EH (Grade II) CHURCH OF ST CHAD 19th Century 1251819) 2.2.47 (EH (Grade II) NORTH LODGE FARM HOUSE 19th Century 1251851) 2.2.78 (Local Interest Entry) Sunnydale Chapman

2.2.82 (Local Interest Entry) Bridge over Meden, Littlewood Lane Unknown

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HER Title Period Reference Derbyshire HER Entries

MDR11677 Littlewood Farm, Pleasley Vale - Courtyard farm complex of mainly 18th century date Ice-house, Stuffynwood Hall, Shirebrook - 19th century ice-house; it is believed to be substantially intact although the MDR9059 entrance is blocked Pleasley Vale Works and millponds, Pleasley - 19th century textile mills, now in multiple occupation, with associated

MDR11032 outbuildings and mill ponds. There have been textile mills on the site since 1784.

MDR6364 Little Matlock Dam - Reported remains of mill dam and sough; location uncertain Park & Gardens List – Non designated

48 Park Hall, Mansfield Woodhouse Unknown Conservation Area List

206 Pleasley Park and Vale Unknown

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FIGURES

Figure H1 – Location of Archaeological Assets

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± MDR6329 MDR9059

MDR11523 MDR6366 MDR6378 MDR6328 MDR6373

L6065 L9142 MDR6385 M8949 MDR6381 M6065 MDR11677

MDR6363 M6067 L6067 2.2.82 Pleasley Park & Vale MDR6321 ") MDR6362 MDR6364 MDR6362 M6066 L6066 1262493 Park Hall, Mansfld Wdhse ") 1251819 ")

MDR11032

L10562 L7054

Key L9163 Listed Buildings L9162 L9164 L9153 ") L9154 L9160 L9161 Grade II L9152 ") 2.2.78 Locally Listed ") ROMAN VILLA ESE OF 1km Study Area 1251851 NORTHFIELD HOUSE ") L5340 Monuments - Point Features

Application Boundary

M7564 L7564 Conservation Area

L7052 Monuments - Area Features

Non Designated Park M7565 L7565

Scheduled Monuments

Copyright Text Here: Project Title Drawing Title Purpose of Issue This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Final URS' appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited appointment. URS accepts no liability for any use of this document WESTONE CAST Quarry Figure H1 Drawn Checked Approved Date other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was prepared and provided. Only written dimensions shall be used. Wellington Street GB LG LG 06.11.13 © URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited Leeds, LS1 1BA Client Tel: (0113) 204 5000 Location of Archaeological Assets Drawing Number Rev Midland Landfill Ltd URS Internal Project No. Scale @ A3 Fax: (0113) 204 5001 By Check Revision Details Suffix 47019356/AR/001 0 www.ursglobal.com Check Date 47019356 Scale