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Diverse Views on the Legitimacy of the Ottoman Sultanate Among Greek Chroniclers of the Early Modern Period

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Diverse Views on the Legitimacy of the Ottoman Sultanate Among Greek Chroniclers of the Early Modern Period DIVERSE VIEWS ON THE LEGITIMACY OF THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE AMONG GREEK CHRONICLERS OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD by HENRY R. SHAPIRO Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University Spring 2011 DIVERSE VIEWS ON THE LEGITIMACY OF THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE AMONG GREEK CHRONICLERS OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD APPROVED BY: Prof. Dr. İ. Metin Kunt …………………………. (Thesis Supervisor) Prof. Dr. Nevra Necipoğlu …………………………. Assist. Prof. Hülya Adak …………………………. DATE OF APPROVAL: ………4 July 2011…………………. ii © Henry R. Shapiro 2011 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT DIVERSE VIEWS ON THE LEGITIMACY OF THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE AMONG GREEK CHRONICLERS OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD Henry R. Shapiro History MA, 2011 Prof. Dr. İ. Metin Kunt Keywords: Ottoman History Much research has been done on ways that the Ottoman sultanate sought to boost its legitimacy among its subjects. The degree to which non-Muslims considered the sultanate to be legitimate, however, has not been thoroughly investigated. Rather it has been assumed in literature on the topic that non-Muslims could not fully endorse the legitimacy of the Ottoman sultanate because of religious antagonism. This thesis addresses this question in depth by assessing the views of nine Early Modern Greek chronicle writers regarding the legitimacy of the Ottoman sultanate. The introduction of this thesis provides intellectual contextualization through brief discussions of Byzantine and Ottoman political theory. It is followed by a second chapter that describes the views of Greek chroniclers who did not consider the Ottoman sultanate to be legitimate. The third chapter analyzes the views of one chronicler who accepted the legitimacy of the Ottoman sultanate without justifying his views. Finally, the fourth chapter analyses two groups of chroniclers who crafted legitimizing discourses in support of the Ottoman sultanate. The thesis ends with consideration of the nine chronicles audiences and with questions about the degree to which intellectuals influenced each other across linguistic and religious borders in the Eastern Mediterranean of the Early Modern Period. In sum, this thesis shows that Early Modern Greek chronicle writers had diverse views on the legitimacy of the Ottoman sultanate and that some of them crafted legitimizing discourses in support of their Muslim rulers. A translation of the Patriarchal History of Constantinople appends the thesis. iv ÖZET OSMANLI DEVLETİNİN MEŞRUİYETİNE İLİŞKİN RUM VAKAYİNÜVİSLERİN GÖRÜŞLERİ Henry R. Shapiro Tarih Yüksek Lisans Programı, 2011 Doç. Doc. İ. Metin Kunt Anahtar Kelimeleri: Osmanlı Tarihi Osmanlı devletinin kendi tebaası arasında meşruiyetini nasıl artırmaya çalıştığı üzerine çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Ancak, gayri-Müslimlerin devletin meşruiyeti hakkındaki görüşleri pek incelenmemiştir. Literatürde, dini husumetten ötürü gayri- Müslimlerin Osmanlı devletinin meşruluğunu tamamıyla onaylamadıkları varsayılmıştır. Bu tez, Osmanlı devletinin meşruiyetine ilişkin dokuz Rum vakayinüvisin görüşlerine bakarak bu soruyu incelemektedir. Tezin giriş bölümünde, Bizans ve Osmanlı siyaset teorisindeki argümanların kısa bir özetine dayanarak konunun entelektüel çevresi sunulmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, Osman devletinin meşru olmadığına inanan Rum vakayinüvislerin görüşleri anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise, rasyoneli ifade edilmeyen devletin meşruiyetini destekleyen bir vakanüvisin görüşlerine yer verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde iki vakayinüvis grubunun Osmanlı devletini meşrulaştıran diskurları incelenmektedir. Tezin sonuç bölümünde, bahsi geçen dokuz vakayinüvisin okuyucuları ve Yeni Çağ‟da Doğu Akdeniz‟de entelektüellerin dini/dilsel sınırları arasında birbirlerini ne derecede etkiledikleri incelenmektedir. Özet olarak, bu tez Yeni Çağ Rum vakayinüvislerin Osmanlı devletinin meşruiyeti konusunda muhtelif görüşleri olduğunu ve bazılarının Osmanlıları desteklemek için devleti meşrulaştıran diskurları yarattıklarını göstermektedir. İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesinin Tarihi‟nin çevirisi bir ek olarak sunulmuştur. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am, above all, grateful to my thesis advisor, Professor İ. Metin Kunt, for his careful feedback and encouragement. I made considerable intellectual progress while under his tutelage during my years at Sabancı, and I will always consider him to have been a key academic mentor. I will also always be indebted to my Turkish professor, Hakan T. Karateke, for encouraging my study of Ottoman history and my decision to continue my studies in Turkey at a key juncture in my early career. His article, “Legitimizing the Ottoman Sultanate,” also served as a key piece of inspiration in the production of this thesis. vi Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 The Place of the Emperor in Byzantine Political Thought ........................................... 3 The Place of the Sultan in Ottoman Political Thought ................................................. 7 A Deep Reservoir of Epithets and Images .................................................................. 13 Chapter II: The Ottomans as Illegitimate Rulers .................................................. 15 Doukas and his History ............................................................................................... 16 Georgios Sphrantzes and his Memoir ......................................................................... 21 Makarios Melissourgos-Melissenos and the Chronicon Maius .................................. 24 The Codex Oxoniensis-Lincolnensis .......................................................................... 28 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 29 Chapter III: “Habitual Legitimacy” ...................................................................... 31 The Codex Barberinus Graecus 111 or Chronicle of the Turkish Sultans .................. 31 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 37 Chapter IV: “Normative” Theories of Legitimacy for Ottoman Rule .................. 39 Kritovoulos of Imbros and the Proemium of his History ........................................... 39 Laonikos Chalkokondyles and his Demonstrations of Histories, Books I-III ............ 43 Kritovoulos and Chalkokondyles: A Common Response to a Post-Byzantine Reality .................................................................................................................................... 47 Manuel Malaxos, Damaskenos the Stoudite and the Patriarchal History of Constantinople ............................................................................................................ 48 Papasynadinos and his Chronicle of Serres ................................................................ 57 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter V: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 61 Place, Time, and Audience ......................................................................................... 61 Turks, Greeks, and Italians: A Shared Intellectual World? ....................................... 64 The Patriarchal History of Constantinople: From 1454 until 1578 ...................... 67 Gennadios Scholarios the Wise .................................................................................. 68 Isidoron: Holy Monk and Spiritual [Father] .............................................................. 74 Ioasaf: The Holy Monk Called Kousas...................................................................... 75 Markos, the Holy Monk Xilokaravis .......................................................................... 77 Simeon the Holy Monk from Trabzon ........................................................................ 79 Dionysios Metropolitan of Philippopolis .................................................................... 80 Simeon of Trabzon Again ........................................................................................... 82 vii Raphael the Serbian Monk .......................................................................................... 83 Maximos the Learned and Very Wise ........................................................................ 84 Niphon, Metropolitan of Thessaloniki ........................................................................ 90 Dionysios, the Former Patriarch ................................................................................. 92 Maximos, Metropolitan of Serres ............................................................................... 92 Niphon, the Former Patriarch Again ........................................................................... 93 Ioakeim, Metropolitan of Drama ................................................................................ 94 Pachomios Metropolitan of Zichon ............................................................................ 96 Ioakeim Receives the Patriarchal Throne Again ........................................................ 96 Pachomios, the Former Patriarch Again ..................................................................... 97 Theoleptos, Metropolitan of Ioannina .....................................................................
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