Journalthe Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

THE FLETC AT 40 Celebrating a multicultural workforce

THE FLETC INTERMODAL TRAINING FACILITY THE FIREARMS SIMULATION STUDY 17 Reality based training complex nears completion 26Transforming marksmanship training

VOLUME 9 SPRING 2011 Inside this issue It is a great pleasure for me to be asked to comment on this latest edition of what has matured into a meaningful, quality publication. As I reviewed the FLETC Journal, I was struck by the robust variety and quality of each article. Each law enforcement-related contribution is an excellent product that focuses on a distinct area of concern to the greater community --- our training partners and customers.

KEN KEENE We often tell our counterparts at the Department of Homeland Security that the Deputy Director FLETC has an inexhaustible supply of experts well versed in any law enforcement FLETC topic, which is brought to the table for discussion. This volume is an absolute testament to that expressed position. Likewise, the previous editions of the Journal have served to educate the readers on diverse law enforcement issues and training advances, as well as, to showcase the expertise of the FLETC and Partner Organization staff in this consolidated training environment. Quite frankly, I read the short piece in this edition on Andy Smotzer with particular interest. I was the Assistant Director of Training when the latest request to begin publishing what is now known as the FLETC Journal was submitted for approval. Honestly, I was skeptical that sufficient material and long term commitment could be generated to continue this effort. It is with great pride that I report the FLETC Journal’s perseverance and growth to the relevant status that it holds today. The Director recently talked in a public forum about the “passion” which the work force has demonstrated so often to our visiting dignitaries. Generally that passion is a reference to the commitment the work force has to the students and to preparing them for their journey and career.

Clearly, that passion translates to the topical articles that are presented in each edition of the FLETC Journal. I commend and compliment the authors and other contributors for their continuing efforts, along with the outstanding work of the layout and editorial staff that result in the professional publication we enjoy as the FLETC Journal. It is a job well done that represents the talent and expertise of many of our best and brightest for our most worthy mission --- “Training those who protect our Homeland.”

Ken Keene Keene CONTENTS The FLETC Journal | Spring 2011

17 The new FLETC Intermodal Training Facility under construction

6 36 Smart Phones: Not Your Father’s Phone Ruses: Legal and Effective in Law Enforcement

9 39 Advanced Interrogation Law Enforcement Commitment: The NCIS honors FLETC Director Investigators Training Program 40 12 The FLETC Hosts the Public Safety The Making of a National Leadership Development Consortium

21 41 The FLETC’s 40th Anniversary The FLETC and INTERPOL Team and Nation of Nations Event for Technology and Research Exercise

26 42 The FLETC Firearms Simulation Study The US Capitol Police: An Historical Perspective

33 43 The FBI Underwater Evidence Program Team In the Beginning... Undergo FLETC IBOT Training Journal Founding Member Retires

FRONT COVER: A counterterrorism team uses reality based scenario training at the FLETC’s Counterterrorism Operations Training Facility. byLines The FLETC Journal VOLUME 9 ISSUE 1 | SPRING 2011

SMARTPHONES His law enforcement career Director Vicki“ Bingham is a Senior Instructor includes 20 years as a Connie L. Patrick for the Technical Operations Division Military member in both the active in the Digital Forensics Branch at duty Air Force and the active duty Editorial Team the U.S. Department of Homeland Army culminating in nine years Dominick Braccio Security’s Federal Law Enforcement of investigative experience with Stephen W. Brooks Training Center (FLETC), in Glynco, the United States Army Criminal Preston Farley GA, where she has been an instructor Investigation Division Command Alicia Gregory for the FLETC since 2006. She started as a Special Agent. Farley has Ed McGuire her federal career in Department of served in Germany as a Digital Bobby Masano the Navy at Kings Bay, GA in 1989. Crime Lab Investigator, a General William Norris, Ph.D. In 2008, Bingham became the Crimes Agent and in the Balkans Susan B. Thornton Program Coordinator for the Computer as a War Crimes Investigator. Mr. Darrell Williams Network Investigations Training Farley has specialized training in Kelly Yanko Program which is the advanced Dignitary Protective Services, Child course for server and network live Abuse Investigations, Crime Scene Design acquisitions. She is the Assistant Processing, Death Investigations and Fred Charles Program Coordinator in the Mobile Financial Crimes. Farley retired from Device Investigations Program the U.S. Army in June 2004. (MDIP) which is the introductory cell phone acquisition and analysis class. ADVANCED INTERROGATION Both courses are open to all law Thomas R. Masano is a Senior The FLETC Journal is an unofficial law enforcement enforcement officers/agents at both Instructor assigned to the Behavioral the local and federal level. Science Division were he provides training magazine produced and published by the Preston L. Farley is a Senior Instructor training and develops curriculum in Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. It is for the Technical Operations Division the areas of human communication at the U.S. Department of Homeland and detecting deception including published and printed through the Media Support Security’s Federal Law Enforcement witness, victim, and suspect Training Center, the largest law interviewing. He is also the program Division in conjunction with the Government Printing enforcement training organization coordinator for the Advanced Office. The circulation is 4,000 and is also available in the United States, where he has Interviewing for Law Enforcement been an instructor for the FLETC since Investigators Training Program. electronically by following the links at the FLETC 2004. Masano retired in 2005 as a Special In 2006 Farley became the Program Agent with the Air Force Office of website: http://www.fletc.gov. Coordinator for the Seized Computer Special Investigations (OSI). With OSI Evidence Recovery Specialist Training he held assignments at Anderson AFB, Program (SCERS) which is the Guam; Kadena Air base, Okinawa, Views and opinions expressed in this publication are introductory digital forensic analysis Japan; National Security Agency class open to all law enforcement (NSA), Ft Meade, MD; Andrews AFB, those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the officers/agents at both the local and MD; and the Federal Law Enforcement federal level. Training Center (FLETC). FLETC training policy or doctrine. Articles, photographs,

and other contributions are welcomed from the law

enforcement training community and academia.

Publication depends on general topical interest as

judged by the editors. No changes to submitted copy

will be made without the concurrence of the author(s).

The editors may be contacted at 912.267.2429. Bingham Farley Masano

4 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 CONTRIBUTORS

Masano holds a Master of Arts degree to completion. She formerly worked in advanced programs. in Security Management from American Strategic Planning and Analysis and the Ritacco graduated from Harvard Law Military University as well as a Bachelor Counterterrorism Division as a program School in 2002, and worked in the Boston of Science degree in Criminal Justice, and management analyst and as a project office of Goodwin Proctor as a Litigation cum laude, from the University of manager. Associate. From 2003 to 2007, as an Maryland. He is a Certified Occupational Prior to the government, Dierdre was Assistant District Attorney in Massachusetts. Instructor and a Certified Forensic employed by Delta Airlines in As an Assistant District Attorney, in addition Interviewer (CFI). for sixteen years as a Consumer Affairs to actively prosecuting both felony and Coordinator and Service Recovery misdemeanor cases, she supervised adult and MAKING OF A RANGER Expert. After relocating to Coastal juvenile courts, and participated in the Gang Todd A. Clark is a U.S. Park Ranger for with her family in 1996, she Unit and the Project Safe Neighborhoods the (NPS) and is worked for the Glynn County School initiative. From 2007 to 2009, Ms. Ritacco currently working as a Detailed Instructor System as a Social Worker liaison and worked as an Assistant Attorney General in at FLETC in the Marine Training Branch Counselor for troubled youth. Dierdre Washington D.C. As an Assistant Attorney of the Driver and Marine Division. With has a Master’s degree and is a Certified General, she served as the DUI Prosecutor over 29 total years with NPS, 25 years Acquisition Professional. She earned and was promoted to the position of Traffic of that in Law Enforcement, he started the distinguished credential of Project Safety Resource Prosecutor for which she as a seasonal ranger at Organ Pipe Manager Professional (PMP) in 2005. handled sensitive and serious DUI cases, Cactus National Monument in . trained police and prosecutors, and helped to Prior to arrival at FLETC, Todd spent 18 FBI UEP UNDERGOES FLETC IBOT develop detection and prevention programs years at Gulf Islands National Seashore Jeff DuPont presently serves as the and to draft legislation. conducting marine law enforcement Program Specialist in the Driver and Ritacco graduated from Carleton College operations in and around the over 50 Marine Division’s (DMD) Marine Training in 1999 with a B.A. in Philosophy and a miles of coastline and remote barrier Branch (MTB). Since joining FLETC Certificate in French. She is a member of the islands that extend across the Mississippi in 2004, Jeff has served as a Driving Massachusetts and Washington D.C. bars. Gulf Coast. Instructor and as a Senior Instructor in the MTB. Jeff has over 15 years of uniformed AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE USCP FLETC INTERMODAL FACILITY service as a Sheriff’s deputy and as a Glenn Brogan is a with the Dierdre Brown has been with the Trooper with the Georgia State Patrol. United States Capitol Police (USCP) and he government for over eight years and Jeff is a veteran of the U.S. Navy and is currently the Agency Representative to works for the Chief Financial Officer also holds a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant the FLETC, Glynco, Ga. Prior to his current Directorate. She is currently the project Mariner’s Master’s license. He has a assignment, Lt. Brogan was a detailed manager for the Intermodal Terminal bachelor’s Degree in Criminal Justice instructor to the FLETC’s Physical Techniques Building, an important part of the and is currently enrolled in the Master’s Division from 2002-2007. Practical Applications Counterterrorism program at Troy University. Prior to his assignment to FLETC in 2002, Operations Training Facility initiative. As Brogan was assigned to the USCP’s Uniformed

PM, she is responsible for the facilitation LEGALBRIEFS: RUSES Services Bureau where he worked on the and implementation of the project plan, Poppi Ritacco joined the FLETC Legal Patrol, Senate, House and Capitol Divisions. including the scope, schedule, budget, Division as a Senior Instructor in June Lt. Brogan holds a Bachelor’s Degree from the and the project’s performance from start 2009. She instructs in FLETC’s basic and University of Maryland in Criminal Justice. Clark Brown DuPont Brogan “

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 5 SMART PHONES: NOT YOUR FATHER’S TELEPHONE VICKI BINGHAM & PRESTON L. FARLEY Senior Instructors, Technical Operations

lexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Motorola demonstrated the first cellular phone in 1973 which weighed nearly four and a half pounds. In the year 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had cellular subscriptions. By the end of 2009, only 20 years later, the number of mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide reached approximately 4.6 billion. In the United States today there are approximately 235 million cellular phone accounts. With a population of just over 300 million, and discounting those who are too young or incarcerated, it’sA safe to say that “almost everyone” has a cell phone. Never in the history of technology has a single device so quickly become embedded into the fabric of society. This article will explore the explosive growth of this technology and its impact upon society and law enforcement’s role in cell phone technology. The original cell phone, like the original telephone was designed to do one thing: allow two-way communication between two phones, albeit wirelessly in the case of the cell phone. Once the problems of size and battery life were negated, the move to create additional features for the cell phone took the forefront. Simple texting started the trend which then moved to in-phone cameras and morphed into what we today call the smart phone. Smart phones allow the

6 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 user of these devices to accomplish technology nor addressed the nearly any task which a standard investigative significance of cell personal computer can perform. phones. As a consequence, it is now Smart phones are equipped with playing catch-up. As stated, these web browsers allowing full surfing mobile handheld devices are far more on the internet. Some cell phones than communications tools. Virtually are equipped with Microsoft Office all cell phones are, in fact, personal applications allowing viewing and digital storage devices that potentially editing of files. With the advent retain a substantial amount of of 3G (third generation) and 4G personal and business data. The days cellular networks, real-time video of the “little black book” holding teleconferencing has arrived. Video the names of “customers” of many streaming has been around for a few proprietors of criminal enterprises are years now as well. Both web based gone. Today that database routinely and application based e-mail are resides on a Blackberry, Droid device accessible by today’s smart phones. or an iPhone. Remote Internet Using Bluetooth technology, a cell Protocol cameras can be accessed phone user can interact with an over the internet providing real- external keyboard, mouse, printer, time views of any scene chosen by etc., just as a larger personal the user. Many cities have real-time computer does. In fact, with limited feeds of emergency response radio exception, the modern smart phone channels streaming to the internet, is just a microcomputer with cellular, including police radio. Since 2005, satellite and/or Wi-Fi network all cell phones sold in the United access. It is also much cheaper than States are required to have the ability a traditional PC. This has made to be geolocated to within 300 feet. its popularity soar, not just in the With such a ubiquitous source of United States, but around the globe. information in the hands of so many During a recent interview Bill Gates, people, how does this impact law founder of Microsoft, stated that the enforcement? The ability to identify, future of computers lay in hand-held lawfully seize, capture, and analyze devices. this pool of potential evidence has On another front, many great investigative potential for Americans have terminated their the law enforcement officer. Part landlines entirely, deciding to rely of the answer lies with the Mobile solely on their cellular phones for Device Investigations Program communication in a phenomenon (MDIP), which is a relatively new known as “wireless substitution.” five-day training program taught According to a new Citi Investment at the Federal Law Enforcement Report, nearly 30-percent of all U.S. Training Center (FLETC) in the households have now disconnected Technical Operations Division. their landlines—up from 25-percent The MDIP provides investigators Top Photo: A close-up of a Cellebrite UFED just one year ago. It took more than with training in the art of cellular cell phone forensic analysis tool. This is one of 90 years for landline service to reach acquisitions, understanding the tools issued to students in FLETC’s Mobile cellular Global Systems for Mobile Device Investigations Program. Middle: The 100 million consumers and less than Susteen cell phone forensic analysis tool and 17 years for wireless to reach the Communications (GSM), Code the associated cables. This is one of the tools same number of consumers1. This Division Multiple Access (CDMA), issued to students in FLETC’s Mobile Device Investigations Program. Bottom: Close-up fact further reinforces our theory and Integrated Digital Enhanced of the Susteen cell phone forensic cables. that “everyone” has a cell phone. Network (iDEN) technologies, and Opposite Page: Close -up of how to extract To a great extent, law enforcement the art of framing investigations from phone information from Cellebrite UFED cell phone forensic analysis tool connected to in general has not had the evidence obtained through call detail a Blackberry cellular device.All of the tools opportunity to keep pace with records. Participants receive industry pictured are issued to students in FLETC’s the rapid evolution of cell phone standard hardware and software Mobile Device Investigations Program.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 7 enabled, Bluetooth becomes an “open information? One suggestion: turn port” allowing any other Bluetooth your Bluetooth off when it is not in device to connect to it or “pair” with use. A default Bluetooth pass code it. Most people leave their Bluetooth is not hard to guess (it’s usually four enabled, even when not using this numbers such as 0000) and most feature, out of convenience. Does this people don’t change the default. make them vulnerable? Absolutely! As Protect your information. You don’t the Bluetooth market has increased know who might try to access it, the use of Bluetooth devices, new but you now know how easy it is terms have evolved to describe to compromise. On the up side, differing attacks on Bluetooth. Terms through courses such as the MDIP, such as bluejacking, bluesnarfing, or our law enforcement officers are now bluebugging have been developing for learning not only the value of this ever the last five years. These terms describe expanding pool of information, but theft of information by breaking also how to successfully use it in the into Bluetooth devices by means of investigative process. software that infiltrates a device using The MDIP at the Technical a software exploit. Some websites post Operations Division (TOD) is a information about the vulnerabilities one week program that provides and how to exploit the vulnerabilities investigators with training in using free downloadable software. the art of cellular acquisitions, Recently, co-author Vicki Bingham understanding GSM, CDMA, Top Photo: The Susteen cell phone forensic attended a technology security and iDEN technologies, and the analysis tool connected to a Blackberry cellular conference. Amber Shroader, CEO art of framing investigations from device, pending analysis. This is one of the of Paraben Corporation, spoke about evidence obtained through call tools issued to students in FLETC’s Mobile Device Investigations Program. how she had successfully bluejacked detail reports. Additionally, cell multiple students’ phones with a phone mapping techniques are spyware tool that she had installed on taught and practiced in the course. her mobile phone. When she turned Participants receive training using on the software, it would wirelessly industry standard hardware and interrupt all the students’ phones software most commonly used in most commonly used in cellular that had Bluetooth activated in the cellular acquisitions. As is common acquisitions, in addition to being classroom. The students, who had with all TOD training, the hardware provided training to facilitate their use just been trained about Bluetooth and software used by the student in a mock investigative scenario. vulnerabilities, would start tapping during the training are issued to the As an example, Bluetooth is a low their Bluetooth headsets thinking student upon graduation. These tools power wireless protocol designed to that something was wrong with and techniques are used in a mock allow narrow band communication their connectivity. Indeed something investigative scenario which is the between electronic devices. Today, new was wrong. When they paired their final practical exercise. This course is laptops, cell phones and some cars devices back to what they thought open to any officer, regardless of prior have Bluetooth devices installed to was their headsets, they were instead “computer” investigative experienced. assist us in transferring files or voice/ paired with the spyware-infected While infrequently offered on the audio from a device to a Bluetooth device. The instructor had successfully Glynco campus, this course is most headset. This headset is intended to compromised their cellular devices. often run as an export course, which make our lives “hands free” while we Many people unwittingly chronicle often decreases the costs to the are driving, walking or nearly any their daily lives on their handheld student’s organizations. For current other activity. Bluetooth connectivity devices. People have their calendars, information on this course go to: text messages, contacts, and internet www.fletc.gov/mdip. is normally not enabled on new devices as it takes additional battery on their handhelds. What about 1 Source: CTIA – The Wireless Association, power when activated. However, if passwords and other sensitive Wireless Quick Facts, 100 Wireless Facts, 2009.

8 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 “Twenty years ago, detectives were looked upon totally different than they are now . . . you could be more aggressive and there was more respect coming from the suspect. This thing has changed, 20 years later it has flipped and you have to now show them a lot of respect no matter whether it’s a male or female, young or old, or differentsocio-economic groups, it doesn’t matter. I find myself nowshowing respect to young guys who are hard core, and you didn’t have to do that 20 years ago.”

DETECTIVE JOHN DAVISON DALLAS POLICE DEPARTMENT, HOMICIDE

ADVANCED INTERROGATION FOR A NEW ERA OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

[ FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 9 THOMAS “BOBBY” MASANO Senior Instructor, Behavioral Science

his is how a criminal investigator with over 20 years is entertainment media. Over the past several years law of experience recently described the difference in enforcement television shows have constantly demonstrated interrogationT strategy applied to today’s suspects as opposed wrong, and sometimes illegal, ways of conducting to those of 20 years ago. Because of societal changes, interrogations. Think of Sipowicz from NYPD Blue or the criminal investigators now must be prepared to use a detectives from some of the Law and Order shows. These variety of approaches to overcome resistance during an interrogation styles present a poor example for young and interrogation. Generation X and Generation Y view things upcoming investigators who see these shows and think the differently when it comes to communication and authority methods used to interrogate suspects are normal and proper. which serves as the basis for these societal changes. A study This type of media has also created an expectation on the found that people of all generations want respect; they just part of witnesses and suspects, who are often mentally define it differently. People in positions of authority want prepared to face the stereotypical heavy-handed, badgering, their decisions to be respected, older people want people arrogant interrogator. to respect their experience, and younger people want their Second, the new era of electronic communication outlets ideas and suggestions to be respected (Deal, 2007). In such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, blogging, texting, and support of Detective Davison’s comments, another study dozens of other forums has put our younger generation revealed that Generation Yers “highly valued honesty and of investigators at a disadvantage. These forms of social respect” from authority figures (Smith, 2008). Therefore, networking have become routine activities for young an investigator’s technique must be adapted to build people and have stunted their verbal communication and maintain rapport while maintaining open lines of skills. In 2009, the median age for users of Facebook was communication. This challenge and others like it cannot be 26; MySpace was 27; and Twitter was 31 (Morgan, 2009). successfully met with the interrogation styles of the past. In comparison, the median age of students attending the Two factors play into the needed changes in a criminal FLETC’s Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) investigator’s interview and interrogation strategy. The first during FY10 was 30. Facebook has over 550 million

10 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 users and Twitter has over 98 million users. Twitter’s 360 degrees of Interrogation.” This collaborative effort user population grew by 2 million during the 3rd quarter between the Behavioral Science Division (BSD) and the of 2010, with 13% of users being 18-24 years of age and Dallas Police Department supplements real interrogation 30% being 25-34 years of age. In fact, teenagers are footage with post-conviction interviews of detectives and the fastest growing group of users for both Twitter and suspects in an effort to determine what motivated suspects Facebook (Kiser, 2010). Social networking is creating to talk to the criminal investigators. more introverts instead of extroverts. Consider the rate of With these factors in mind, members of the Behavioral job turnover in the retail industry. Retail, which requires Science Division (BSD) developed a new Federal Law salespeople to communicate verbally, has a 40-60% turnover Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) advanced rate, while some companies using social networking to interview and interrogation program. The Advanced communicate with customers have reported only about an Interviewing for Law Enforcement Investigators Training 8% turnover rate (Maggiani, 2009). Actually talking to Program (AILEITP) will be offered at the FLETC Glynco other people seems to have become the disfavored means campus four times during FY11. A modified version of of communication. With the lack of verbal communication the AILEITP will also be available for export for those skills in today’s society, there has been a steady decline agencies wishing to hold a program at an alternate location. in the quality of law enforcement interviews and Students attending AILEITP in Glynco during FY11 interrogations. Younger, less experienced interviewers have will be part of a 36-hour program that includes 13 separate difficulty establishing rapport or paying attention to non- courses and one interrogation laboratory. The classroom verbal feedback and are sometimes unable (or unwilling) presentations consist of lecture, demonstrations, and to repair communication breakdowns. Some interviewers practice sessions which will help students develop specific end their interrogations abruptly as soon as they meet any interrogation skills to gain admissions and confessions sort of resistance. Rather than continue with patience and from guilty suspects. This includes “The 360 degrees of resilience, they give up. Interrogation” presentation. Some of the areas covered To better understand these new challenges faced include theories and methods of interrogations, advanced by interrogators, and why some suspects talk to law rapport strategies, Miranda warnings, questions to elicit enforcement and others do not, the Federal Law admissions, advanced evidence and theme presentation, Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) partnered with handling suspect denials, and countering interviewee the Dallas Police Department to examine videos from real questions. These courses are designed to improve interrogations to create a 360-degree case study titled “The communication skills and build confidence to conduct tough interviews and interrogations. Other topics, such as behavioral baselines and subject elimination interviews will help students better read verbal and non-verbal indicators of truth and deception. In the laboratory exercise, students will practice these techniques against trained role players during a continuing case scenario. If interested in attending the AILEITP, students must have graduated from a criminal investigations academy such as the FLETC’s Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) and have at least two years field experience conducting interviews and interrogations. For more information on the AILEITP, contact the Behavioral Science Division at: [email protected]. -Kiser, Paul; Social Media 3Q 2010 Update, October 8, 2010 -Maggiani, Rich; Social Media and Its Effects on Communication, 2009 -Morgan, Jacob; Social Media Today, March 5, 2009 Photo Opposite: The author discusses advanced interrogation and communication techniques with a student. This page: Jenna Solari, senior instructor, Behavioral Sciences, FLETC, demonstrates non-verbal indicators with student.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 11 THE MAKING OF A RANGER TODD CLARK Park Ranger, National Park Service

12 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 The creation of our national parks under the Department of Interior is, truly, as much of a uniquely (DOI) in order to bring the 37 American idea as is that of the park already established national parks, ranger who is sworn to protect and monuments and other protected preserve these special places. For lands under one agency dedicated the past 139 years, men and women to the protection and preservation with unique qualities and talents of these treasures. The mission of have been working to preserve these the NPS is provided by law in Title national treasures for all Americans 16, Section 1. It establishes the to enjoy for future generations. National Park Service and provides The National Park Service the fundamental purpose of the (NPS) was established in 1916 National Parks:

“….to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic monuments, and wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 13 basic and advanced training of our Yount is considered by most to be rangers. the first National Park Ranger and is The history of the park ranger is credited with setting the benchmark linked to the formation of Yosemite by which rangers are judged for their and Yellowstone National Parks. performance and public service. The Yosemite was first established by NPS later created the Harry Yount President Abraham Lincoln by Award to honor employees for the art transferring the 60 square mile tract and science of “rangering”. The official of land from the Federal Government title of “Park Ranger” was not officially to the State of in order to designated until 1904 and has been preserve it. The United States set a used since to describe those who wear precedent with this act by being the the “Green and Gray”. first country in the world to set aside The responsibilities have changed a piece of land purely for its scenic significantly over time and have value. Although, not a federally morphed into two specific roles: The protected area when it was first interpretive ranger who provides established, Yosemite was eventually educational experiences in the placed under federal protection with park, and the law enforcement park the Yosemite and General Grant Act ranger…the focus of this article. It of 1890. The state of California hired has been suggested that the job of the t is at the Federal Law caretaker Galen Clark to oversee the park ranger is to protect the park from Enforcement Training Center protection of the park when under the people, protect the people from the (FLETC) where park rangers train state ownership. He was not called a park, and protect the people from the Ifor their law enforcement mission park ranger at the time, but instead, people. Park Rangers today are seeing in protecting our parks. In 1970 the the “Guardian of Yosemite”. increasingly more violent crimes NPS began sending a few rangers to against persons and personal property Washington, DC to attend the Basic Before Yosemite was transferred as well as drug trafficking violations. United States Park Police School. A back to the federal government, This is particularly true in our border few years later all Law Enforcement Yellowstone National Park was the parks such as Big Bend National (LE) rangers were receiving LE first park to be established under Park and Amistad National Park in training at the previously established Federal Protection in 1872 and several Texas, Organ Pipe Cactus National Treasury LE Officers Training School custodians were designated to help Monument and Coronado National (TLEOTS) in Washington, DC. That guard the park. Yellowstone has Monument in Arizona. Park Rangers school soon became the Consolidated been given credit for employing the also fight a continuing battle against Federal Law Enforcement Training first person to conduct the duties of the illegal growing of marijuana in Center, and rangers trained at the what the future title of park ranger parks. The role of the National Park Police School. Eventually, all training would personify. In 1880 former Ranger is ever evolving, but remains was moved to Glynco, GA, and placed and scout “Rocky traditional in the same sense. Law under the FLETC, as we now know Mountain” Harry Yount was hired as Enforcement Rangers remain the it. The National Park Service Law a gameskeeper for Yellowstone. Yount primary providers of emergency Enforcement Training Center (NPS- was responsible for the enforcement medical services, search and rescue, LETC) is located on the campus of of hunting limits and to protect structural and wildfire suppression and the Glynco site and coordinates the the geological features of the park. boating safety in many national parks.

14 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 The quality training that the ranger experience for both commissioned evaluate the trainee’s competency trainees receive at the FLETC and the rangers and special agents at the at conducting law enforcement in on-going law enforcement training FLETC and has the following three the park. The FTEP ensures that all rangers receive in the field throughout components: 1) Ranger Pre-Basic trainees are evaluated in the same their career are fundamental elements Training (RPBTP): The ranger trainee fair and unbiased manner through in the park ranger’s line of work. attends a 1 week agency-specific strict standardization and the use The NPS-LETC is tasked with the training at the FLETC that focuses of highly trained and professional development and provision of the law on NPS law enforcement history, senior field rangers. After successfully enforcement skills needed for our park mission, policies and jurisdiction completing the FTEP, the ranger rangers. As a partner organization presented by the NPS-LETC staff trainees are designated as a permanent with the FLETC, the NPS-LETC and adjunct NPS instructors, 2) commissioned park rangers and return utilizes FLETC facilities and both FLETC Land Management Police to their home park to fulfill their NPS and FLETC staff to conduct its Training Program (LMPT): Next, duties. basic and advanced training. The NPS- the ranger trainee attends the LMPT Seasonal Law Enforcement LETC staff is committed to providing Training. The NPS has traditionally the highest quality, most realistic, utilized seasonal employees to relevant and state-of -the-art training Yellowstone has been given credit conduct a vast array of ranger duties for our rangers, special agents and for employing the first person within the National Parks around the law enforcement managers. The staff country. Seasonal rangers have also oversees the Basic Training Program, to conduct the duties of what been called, “90 day wonders”, due the Advanced Training Program and the future title of park ranger to their employment usually lasting the Field Training Program, The NPS would personify. In 1880 former 90 days during the peak visitation of Firearms Program Manager and the the summer months. The NPS does NPS Commissions Office Program mountain man and scout “Rocky not conduct any of its own seasonal Manager are also based at Glynco. Mountain” Harry Yount was hired law enforcement training but utilizes The majority of men and women various academies around the country seeking a position as a park ranger as a gameskeeper for Yellowstone. that are all affiliated with colleges and typically begin with training at a universities. These institutions provide seasonal law enforcement training which is the core FLETC basic the training recognized by the NPS academy located within colleges training program approved by the as meeting the standards established across the country. Following their Department of Interior (DOI) and in order for a ranger to obtain a Type graduation from the seasonal training utilized by seven other agencies. II seasonal commission. The NPS program, they are eligible to work as a (Special Agents for the NPS attend is currently working to obtain full seasonal law enforcement park ranger, the FLETC Criminal Investigator accreditation for these academies a temporary but annually recurring Training Program). 3) Field Training by the Federal Law Enforcement position. When those individuals Evaluation Training Program Training Accreditation Office are hired as a permanent employee, (FTEP): Following graduation from (FLETA). they must then attend training at LMPT, the ranger trainee departs The curriculum includes traditional the FLETC. Once they attend the for a field training assignment in the law enforcement topics and NPS FLETC the entire training process FTEP to complete the training cycle. specific policy and philosophy. The to become a park ranger will last The trainee is assigned to one of 27 cost for this training is paid entirely approximately 30 weeks. This program field training parks and is assigned to by the student. Approximately provides a complete academy training a Field Training Ranger (FTR) who 90 percent of the permanent,

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 15 commissioned law enforcement Device (ECD) instructors in agency Land Management Investigator rangers for the NPS have attended policy above the standards of Taser Training Program. The NPS- training at these seasonal academies International to ensure the quality of LETC in partnership with the DOI before getting hired permanently and NPS ECD instructors and users. developed a curriculum for a Land then sent to the FLETC for basic Distance Learning. To bring parks Management Investigator Training training. the highest quality training in the Program (LMITP). The program The NPS-LETC also oversees the most cost-effective method, NPS- will provide a training bridge for Advanced Law Enforcement Training LETC uses the NPS TEL network the law enforcement park ranger to Programs for the NPS. This training (satellite) and the agency’s InsideNPS become a Special Agent. The LMITP includes: web site to provide continued state- is designed to address the specific Law Enforcement for Managers. of-the-art law enforcement in-service training needs of a Special Agent that This is a mandated, week-long course training from the FLETC. Broadcasts is assigned to a land management that provides training to non- originate from the FLETC digital agency. This course is tentatively commissioned personnel, primarily studio and go live via satellite and scheduled to be piloted in FY 2011. superintendents, who currently or webcasting to parks. Two-way Department of Interior Motorboat may in the future manage a NPS law communications allow students in the Operator Certification Course (DOI- enforcement program. field to interact with instructors. To MOCC). All DOI boat operators NPS Instructor Training. get the most out of each broadcast, are required to complete this course. Commissioned personnel are they are transferred to digital format at The NPS has MOCC instructors mandated by Departmental and NPS NPS-LETC and are uploaded to our based in various parks around the policy to receive annual in-service web site on InsideNPS for download country that provide their motorboat training in firearms and defensive by the field. Hundreds of rangers operators with this course. The goal tactics, and to participate in a rigorous and special agents tune in throughout of the program over the next year is physical fitness program. NPS- the year. NPS-LETC also offers to coordinate input from all regional LETC provides training to the podcasts from the offices of NPS- MOCC coordinators to identify Service’s firearms instructors, defensive LETC instructors using the Lotus current and future training needs, tactics instructors, and physical Sametime system. These podcasts are and determine the potential for online fitness program coordinators at the especially effective to reach a limited training modules to decrease in-class FLETC. In addition, NPS-LETC audience with specific issues to discuss certifies agency Electronic Control or resolve. See PARK SERVICE page 32

Park Rangers Terry LaFrance and Wendy Bredow, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska.

16 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Realistic Based Venues for Realistic Based Training

A counterterrorism team hone their tactical skills using a plane at the FLETC THE FLETC INTERMODAL Intermodal Training Facility. TRAINING FACILITY

DIERDRE BROWN, PMP Project Manager, FLETC

he Intermodal Terminal Building is well optimally effective in combating transnational crime underway in the construction process. It is a and thwarting international terrorist organizations. That key component of the Practical Applications inter-connectivity begins at the FLETC with a myriad Counterterrorism Operations Training Facility of training programs for law enforcement agencies. (PACTOTF). This state-of-the-art facility boasts a realistic The intermodal training facility provides yet another airportT terminal with all the elements found in actual opportunity for law enforcement to combine resources for airports including: passenger security and boarding areas reality based training. This new site provides a venue where and an authentic jet aircraft, a subway station with a train, law enforcement can rehearse knowledge driven strategies bus depot with busses, railway station outfitted with a to be more tactically sound in their practices. As a result, passenger railcar and a rental car counter in the airport this training methodology will lead to law enforcement terminal. agencies having an even greater inter-operability and “Now, realistic based training will have realistic based will also lead to an increase in the security of our citizens venues” stated FLETC Assistant Director Dominick who utilize airplane, subway, train, and bus modes of Braccio, in a recent interview about the building. “Today’s transportation.” law enforcement must be highly interconnected to be

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 17 ...the idea of an Intermodal Terminal Building was conceived in 2004 when tremendous focus was shifted to the vulnerabilities in America’s transportation modes after 9/11.

Braccio sees “vast potential” in the scenarios – but to other modes of new building. He predicts cross- transportation. All transportation usage of the facility by the training modes are susceptible to counter divisions and partners alike. Braccio measures,” added Braccio. believes that full utilization will Braccio also sees the merits of foster best practice collaborations the Intermodal Terminal Building and the creation of new, innovative for the Behavioral Science Division training programs. (BSD). He noted that BSD will According to Braccio, an have the ability to conduct “field additional benefit of the Intermodal simulated interviews in realistic Terminal will be “the enhancement environments. Unlike 9/11, of existing programs within the students can be trained to detect Glynco Training Directorate. For deceptive behavior in the various example, the Counterterrorism venues before the occurrence of a Division (CTD) already has the potential incident.” Flying While Armed Program, now The Enforcement Operations called Aircraft Counter-Measures Division (EOD) will be another Training. This terminal will make beneficiary of the Intermodal it possible for the CTD to train Terminal Building. Braccio more aircraft counter measures stated that “additional venues will that happen in airport areas, which be available for tactical training will enhance the effectiveness of for the Active Shooter Threat the program by adding additional Training Program. Safe engagement security layers to the training. measures and also drug interdiction “The FLETC is also working techniques can be practiced in on collaborations with the the actual venues in which they Transportation Security are likely to occur.” Braccio Administration and the Federal pointed out that the “Intermodal 2 Air Marshals. Also, Immigration Training Building will provide and Customs Enforcement could the opportunity for the student to use this site for mission related take calculated risks and see results training. The Intermodal Terminal before they go out in the field.” Building will provide venues where In addition, he said, “this facility we can train together. This will will provide opportunities for the apply not just to aircraft and airport Technical Operations Division

1

18 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 The facility boasts a realistic airport terminal with all the elements found in actual airports including: passenger security and boarding areas and an authentic jet aircraft, a subway station with a train, bus depot with busses, railway station outfitted with a passenger railcar and a rental car counter in the airport terminal.

(TOD) to practice surveillance to determine training needs for techniques and how to investigate an Intermodal site. Through an criminals, terrorists or adversaries interactive process, stakeholders were who are seeking to break into able to reach consensus on “must unencrypted devices to compromise have” requirements for the building sensitive information.” and a budget sensitive “wish list” of So where did it all start? Along enhancements. As a result of these with the PACTOTF, the idea of collaborations, a Statement of Work an Intermodal Terminal Building was developed and an Architecture was conceived in 2004 when and Engineering (A&E) firm tremendous focus was shifted to received the contract to design a the vulnerabilities in America’s building that met the standards and transportation modes after 9/11. expectation of the stakeholders. The FLETC dedicated staff, acreage Bill Metcalf, the Facilities Project and facilities to this effort and Manager and subject matter expert conducted a needs analysis with the for the project, recalls the design Training Directorate and the Partner process. “The most challenging Organizations. This Integrated part of the process was to gather Project Team launched the practical the requirements of multiple applications facilities which will stakeholders and to mesh these forever transform the FLETC. By requirements into a workable 2005, the FLETC transported an design.” Metcalf mentioned the fact aircraft, donated by FedEx, to the that since the Intermodal Terminal site that was designated for the is a one of a kind facility that is used Intermodal Terminal Building. exclusively for training, there were They also began construction of no similar buildings that could be the infrastructure for the site and used as models. Nevertheless, the retrofitted the FedEx aircraft for process was a success due to the training. cooperative efforts of all involved. 3 In 2007, comprehensive Metcalf stated that “collaboration discussions began with stakeholders with stakeholder customers and the about the future design for project team was outstanding.” the building. The FLETC Ken Anderson, who was Training Directorate and Partner the Program Manager for the Organizations were surveyed PACTOTF, also commented on

1. The main fusalage of the FedEx plane is towed to the Intermodal site. 2. A tactical counterterrorism team about to tactically engage using the plane at the Intermodal site. 3. The team engages another insert method on the plane.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 19 An artist’s rendering of the FLETC Glynco Intermodal Training Site.

the design process. He stated that Where are we now? The Terminal provide realism for highly “he is looking forward to seeing construction contract for the efficient scenario based training, it the completion of the Intermodal Intermodal Terminal Building was will also provide for experiential Terminal building in order to meet awarded to HITT Construction, training. According to Braccio, the needs of Training and our Inc. from North Charleston, S.C., in “experiential training is a core Partner Organizations.” According December, 2009, and construction methodology for the adult learner.” to Anderson, “it was good working began in early March, 2010. According In fact, it is a highly accepted with subject matter experts, trainers, to Metcalf, “one of the major theory that adults are able to retain and the various disciplines involved highlights of the project has been the and develop better through actual in the process such as the architects hiring of HITT as our construction interactions with their environment. and engineers. Everyone was open- contractor. HITT has demonstrated This facility will offer such training minded and committed to the success total competence and professionalism and will stand as a hallmark of the of the project. It was particularly in their execution of this project and FLETC’s commitment to “train rewarding to have the cooperation is doing so within the confines of the those who protect our homeland.” and commitment of the stakeholder project’s schedule and budget.” The Intermodal terminal facility is customers in trying to explain training Why does the FLETC need an projected for completion in July, 2011. to the non-trainers who would be Intermodal Terminal? It just makes responsible for the final design.” sense. Not only will the Intermodal

20 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 NATION OF NATIONS AND 40TH FLETC ANNIVERSARY

FLETC students and staff in Glynco, vibrations from the music – to a Artesia, Charleston and Cheltenham medley of tunes from a Scottish spent the afternoon of October 7th bagpiper. The Polynesian Islanders learning about other cultures by fascinated the visitors with their sampling a huge array of treats from traditional dancing – complete with around the world and watching blazing fireknives, and the Georgia performances representative of the Geechee Gullah Shouters shared “Nation of Nations” that is populated their customs through dancing and by the FLETC family. singing traditional songs. At Glynco, Deputy Director Ken Visitors in Glynco picked up their Keene introduced Director Connie passports and globe-trotted through Patrick who kicked off the event booths representing 14 countries, Top Photo: FLETC and PO staff and noted, “The FLETC began its populated with staff who displayed enjoyed showing mementos from their “home countries” journey 40 years ago, and during that their personal artifacts and mementos at Glynco, as guests had their time period, we have been able to from Spain, Norway, the Middle East, “passports” stamped as they build a strong and diverse workforce Hispanic, Greece, American Indian, globe-trotted through booths representing 14 countries. which has brought new ideas and African American, Scotland, Ireland, Above: FLETC Cheltenham solutions that have enhanced not Germany, Italy, France, Caribbean staff sampled food and beverages from the African only our institution, but Federal law and Asian Pacific Islanders. The 14 American, Hispanic, American enforcement as a whole.” booths were decorated with flags of Indian and Asian cultures. Guests watched and listened to the 14 regions and colorful banners a wide range of cultural activities specifying the country name. These from Spain’s Flamenco dancers to activities were complemented by the Trinidad’s Caribbean steel drummers staff in the Diversity booth which and from an intricate dance by the included service members from the Florida School for the Deaf and Fort Stewart, Ga., Warrior Transition Blind – based on their sensing Battalion, who are assisting in

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 21 NATION OF NATIONS CELEBRATION The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 1970 2010

T H E FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY

22 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 NATION OF NATIONS CELEBRATION The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 1970 2010

T H E FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 23 1 2

3 4

establishing our Operation Warfighter establishment in the Department of the Intern Program. The FLETC 40th Treasury. Anniversary booth featured a pictorial At Artesia, Assistant Director Woody exhibit – displayed at all sites -- which Wright welcomed staff and local officials celebrated 40 years of including Mayor Phil Burch. The guests “The FLETC began its training and partnerships tasted a sampling of food from the journey 40 years ago, with participating Hispanic, American Indian, African and during that time agencies. The FLETC American, Asian and Greek cultures and period, we have been Recreation Association watched traditional dancers from the able to build a strong provided beverages, food, Zuni Pueblo Sunshine Dance Group, and diverse workforce...” and souvenirs of the as well as FLETC’s own Kina Sands, Connie Patrick event. Among those who Training Administrator, who performed Director, FLETC attended were community Middle Eastern dances during the event officials who were in the Land of Enchantment. instrumental in the initial In Charleston, the staff also sampled move of the FLETC from its temporary food from a variety of cultures where the facilities in Washington, D.C., to the dining hall featured a different nationality Golden Isles in 1975 – 5 years after its each day: German, Italian, American,

24 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 5

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1. Staff at FLETC Artesia watched Kina Mexican and Asian. Dessert was and staff reviewed the FLETC’s history Sands, Training Administrator, perform served mid-week, when South Carolina outlined in a detailed pictorial display Middle Eastern dances. 2. Traditional dances from the Zuni Pueblo Sunshine Lowcountry staff enjoyed slices from a and gained a better appreciation of Dance Group entertain at FLETC 40th anniversary cake, served by Deputy each other’s culture, traditions and Artesia. 3. At FLETC Glynco members Assistant Director Wayne Anderson. backgrounds. of a Middle Eastern belly dance group enjoy the festivitives of the Nations In Cheltenham, the staff sampled The FLETC’s Nation of Nations of Nations event. 4. FLETC Director food and beverages from the African was summed up by Director Patrick Connie Patrick shakes hands with American, Hispanic, American Indian who observed, “Throughout FLETC’s Gordon Davis, who chaired the Glynco Development Authority and worked on and Asian cultures. Deputy Assistant history we have striven to create securing the former Glynco Naval Air Director Ted Sparks recounted the a place where men and women of Station as the permanent home for the FLETC. 5. The main display tent history of Cheltenham since 1936. different backgrounds, genders, beliefs at FLETC Glynco. 6. FLETC and PO Staff enjoyed reading through the and orientations can effectively work staff enjoyed showing his mementos African American history handouts and together toward a common purpose from their “home countries”; at Glynco, the guests had their passports literature provided by the Alexandria – training those who protect our stamped as they globe-trotted through Black History Museum, and looking homeland. The best way to serve our booths representing 14 countries. 7. through Carlan Hinnant’s Native nation is to have an organization that FLETC Charleston Deputy Assistant Director Wayne Anderson talks with American cultural artifacts. reflects and respects the diversity of the a FLETC employee following the 40th At all sites, more than 2,000 students American people.” Anniversary cake-cutting.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 25 FIREARMS SIMULATION STUDY STEVE HAWTHORNE and TERRY WOLLERT, Ph.D. Training Innovation RODNEY BURNETT and KEVIN ERDMIER Firearms

26 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 ust about everyone would agree that technology continues to transform how we live – from cell phones that link to the web, to the laptops and networks that enable us to communicate, work, and even be entertained. The use of technology andJ graphic simulation programs can be large in scale, such as multi-million dollar weapon system trainers for military pilots, to the everyday Xboxes®, PlayStations™, and Wiis™ that entertain us with simulations of military operations, sports, and rock bands. Since 2007, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) has been using technology to enhance student learning through the use of driving and marine simulators. More recently, the Avatar Based Interview Simulator (ABIS) is being studied as a viable training tool for teaching students to conduct an interview using the five-step process they are taught in class. Even the Firearms Division (FAD) uses laser handguns and branching videos to teach the Judgment Pistol Shooting Course. Most recently, the FLETC explored using simulation to teach basic marksmanship shooting skills by conducting a Firearms Simulation study.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 27 ...a major advantage over regular dry fire is that the Laser Shot system provides immediate feedback as to shot placement.

FLETC marksmanship instructors coach basic students using the Laser Shot simulation laser handgun during the Firearms Simulation Study.

AT THE FLETC a basic student’s Next, the TID and FAD began laser insert that would fire an invisible first exposure to the use of handguns looking at various styles of handguns. infrared laser each time the trigger is in the Basic Marksmanship Essentially, there are two styles of was pressed. Therefore, the basics Instruction (BMI) course. BMI handguns available; those with recoil of stance, grip, sight alignment, and includes basic weapons handling and those without recoil. Research by trigger control would be similar to skills, including stance, grip, sight the U.S. Army indicates that recoil is dry firing a real weapon. However, a alignment, and trigger control. So, not necessarily required to teach Basic major advantage over regular dry fire in partnership with the FAD, the Marksmanship (Smith & Hagman, is that the Laser Shot system provides Training Innovation Division (TID) 2000). Other research has found that immediate feedback as to shot began looking at various Firearms though the technology of simulating placement. simulators for the study. recoil has advanced, it’s not always Though basic students enrolled in One such simulator is Laser Shot’s reliable, and can actually hinder the Criminal Investigator Training “FLETC Course of Fire.” As an training (Grant & Galanis, 2009). This Program (CITP) start out in BMI, enterprise supplier at FLETC, Laser is especially true when using a system their real goal is to shoot a qualifying Shot products are used by the FAD in which requires the weapon to be score at the end of the Semiautomatic the Judgment Pistol Shooting Course tethered to a canister that is attached Pistol Course (SPC). After attending and by the Driver Marine Division to the shooters belt and supplies BMI, students receive 18 hours of (DMD) in marine boat boarding the carbon dioxide gas necessary to SPC instruction. At the end, students training. Laser Shot’s “FLETC simulate recoil. Untethered systems, shoot the FLETC SPC Course of Course of Fire” accurately simulates which incorporate carbon dioxide Fire and must achieve a qualifying what a real range looks like, including gas canisters into the magazine are score of 210 out of 300 possible targets that move, turn, and face for available; but at this time, they are also points. Therefore, the real question to specific time intervals. In addition, cost prohibitive. be answered is whether or not the final Laser Shot’s “FLETC Course of Fire” Based on these findings, TID qualifying SPC score of those using a can display practically any target while decided to first conduct research using laser handgun in BMI is significantly accurately simulating target size at a handgun without recoil. Specifically, different from the final qualifying various distances. Finally, the Laser TID, in concert with FAD, decided SPC score of those using a live-fire Shot “FLETC Course of Fire” can to use a 17 R with a resetting handgun in BMI. easily be set up in a large classroom. trigger. Each Glock was fitted with a To answer this question, TID

28 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 ...14 college students initially volunteered to participate. Students were then stratified based on criteria including age, gender, and prior experience CHART 1 with a handgun.

approached the College of Coastal score for those college students USMS CITP students were stratified Georgia (CCGA) about allowing who trained in BMI with a laser into groups based on age, gender, and college students to participate in weapon was 257.8. The average SPC prior Law Enforcement or Military the Firearms Simulation Study. qualifying score for those who trained experience which included training Once approved, TID staff and FAD in BMI with a live-fire weapon was on the use of a handgun. The students instructors met with CCGA students 260.4. Average scores for each group were then randomly assigned to either majoring in Criminal Justice. As a beginning with SPC-4 are shown in train in BMI with a laser handgun or result, 14 college students initially Chart 1, above. with a live-fire Glock 22 .40 caliber volunteered to participate. Students Though there was only a 2.6 point handgun. Specific demographics for were then stratified based on criteria difference, 14 participants were not each group are shown in Table 1, page including age, gender, and prior enough to draw a conclusion about 30. experience with a handgun. The whether or not the difference was As with the college students, students were then randomly assigned statistically insignificant. However, all instruction was conducted in to one of two groups, those who the results were strong enough to accordance with FAD BMI and SPC would use a laser handgun in BMI, suggest that the FAD and TID staff lesson plans. Rod Burnett and Kevin and those who would use a live-fire approach Partner Organizations about Erdmier served as the lead instructors handgun in BMI. All instruction was allowing their students to participate with FAD staff providing all class and conducted in accordance with FAD in the study. (To that end, the FAD line instruction. Given that these were lessons plans and by FAD instructors. and TID want to thank the United regularly scheduled training sessions, After completing BMI, all students States Marshals Service (USMS) for the full 18 hours of SPC instruction participated in the FLETC SPC volunteering three classes of their was provided using the Glock 22. course of fire. students enrolled in the Criminal Those who used a laser weapon Due to the time constraints of Investigator Training Program (CITP) during BMI training shot a SPC the CCGA semester system, SPC to participate in the study.) This average qualifying score of 275.8. instruction was limited to only 14 allowed for a total of 140 students to Those who used a live-fire weapon hours rather than the normal 18 hours. be assigned to either BMI using a laser during BMI training shot a SPC After completing SPC instruction, handgun or to BMI using a live-fire average qualifying score of 278.2. students shot a final qualification weapon. An independent t-test found round. The average SPC qualifying As with the college students, the this difference to be statistically

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 29 insignificant. Average scores for each of 282.5 for those who trained with statistical differences were found. All group during the last seven SPC a live-fire handgun. These differences students in the study group who “Did sessions are shown in Chart 2, below. were also statistically insignificant. Not Qualify” were provided with four To determine if the students in the Those with no prior military and/or hours of live-fire handgun training research study performed differently law enforcement firearms training who on BMI; subsequently, they shot a than students who receive routine trained with a laser handgun in BMI qualifying score during the reshoot. firearms training, data was compared shot an average SPC qualifying score As mentioned before, all training to the three previous USMS CITP of 265.0 compared to an average SPC was done in accordance with the SPC classes. These USMS CITP qualifying score of 266.8 for those applicable lesson plans. However, classes were used as the control group. who trained with a live-fire handgun those training with the laser handguns In total, 138 students in prior classes in BMI. Again, these differences were during BMI did not need to wear who trained with a live-fire handgun statistically insignificant. These results hearing protection. This allowed in BMI shot a SPC average qualifying are presented in Table 3, page 31. instructors to carry on normal score of 275.8. This is the same Based on the score a student shoots, conversations while instructing average as those who trained with a they are given one of five possible students in the proper stance, grip, laser handgun in BMI. Data analysis classifications. Scores below 210 sight alignment, and trigger control. indicated that differences between the are classified as “Did Not Qualify,” Students could freely ask questions control group and the study group scores from 210 to 254 are classified and get answers without having to were statistically insignificant. See as “Marksman,” scores from 255 to “yell” or “read lips.” One instructor Table 2 below for a summary of SPC 284 are classified as “Sharp Shooter,” commented that because he could qualification scores. scores from 285 to 299 are classified get “up close and personal,” he was The students with prior military as “Expert,” and a score of 300 is able to see errors in weapon handling, and/or law enforcement firearms classified as “Distinguished Expert.” especially in respect to grip and trigger training who trained with a laser Results by category are shown in press, that he would not have normally handgun in BMI shot an average SPC Table 4, page 31. Though there is some been able to see. qualifying score of 280.1 compared variation within each classification, Other benefits include both a to an average SPC qualifying score based on the BMI training method, no reduction in ammunition usage,

Firearms Study Participation Demographics BMI Training Group Average No Prior Prior Experience Males Females Method Size Age Experience (Military or LE) Laser 70 29 59 11 20 50 Live-Fire 70 30 61 9 19 51 TABLE 1

SPC Qualification Scores BMI Training Study USMS CITP Method Group Control Group Laser 275.8 N/A Live-Fire 278.2 275.8 TABLE 2

CHART 2

30 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 A FLETC marksmanship instructor helps a student correct shooting position and alignment during the Firearms Simulation Study. accompanying cost savings associated a weapon malfunction that can be replace actual live-fire or “putting with range maintenance, and in freeing cleared by the “Primary Immediate rounds down range.” However, several up valuable range time. This additional Action” procedure and emergency studies, to include the FLETC range time could then be used to teach reloads. However, even the best Live-Fire/Simulation Study, seem to more advanced live-fire courses and/ simulated weapon with recoil cannot indicate that firearm simulation is a or increase the through-put of basic simulate the concussion blast of a viable approach to certain introductory training classes. Furthermore, since live-fire handgun. Still, future research phases of marksmanship training and BMI using a laser handgun can be should be designed to incorporate is on the verge of becoming a valuable taught in a large classroom, those simulated recoil and should seek to tool in both the teaching and learning without an indoor range can still train partner with other agencies in order to of psychomotor skills. no matter what the weather conditions evaluate the success rate with the full might be outside. range of FLETC students. If a laser handgun is to accurately In conclusion, it does appear that simulate a live-fire handgun, the the CCGA students and the USMS -Grant, S. C., & Galanis, G. (2009). Assessment impact of recoil must be considered. CITP students training with a non- and prediction of effectiveness of virtual As mentioned before, there are recoil laser handgun in BMI achieve environments: Lessons learned from small recoil systems that incorporate statistically similar SPC qualification arms simulation. In Cohn, J. & Nicholson, D. & Schmorrow, D. (Ed.) The PSI Handbook of Virtual carbon dioxide gas cylinders into the scores that students training with a Environments for Training and Education, Volume magazine. When the trigger is pressed, live-fire weapon achieve. In addition 3, Integrated systems, Training Evaluation, and gas is released causing the slide to to the potential cost savings, laser Future Directions, Westport, CT. -Smith, M., & Hagman, J. (2000). Predicting operate. This also forces a student to handgun BMI training offers several Rifle and Pistol Marksmanship performance with reacquire their sights. Some of the instructional advantages and also the Laser Marksmanship Training System (Tech. more advanced simulated handguns provides a safer environment than Rep. 1106). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research can even be programmed to simulate live-fire. In the end, nothing will ever Institute for the Behavioral Sciences.

BMI Training 3 Prior CITP Method Classes SPC Classification Laser Live-fire Live-fire SPC Qualification Scores Did Not Qualify 2.9% 0% 0.7% BMI Training No Prior Prior Experience Method Experience (Military or LE) Marksmanship 10.0% 7.1% 10.9% Laser 265.0 280.1 Sharp Shooter 48.6% 47.1% 50.8% Live-Fire 266.8 282.5 Expert 34.3% 37.1% 35.5% TABLE 3 Distinguished Expert 4.3% 8.6% 2.2% TABLE 4

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 31 PARK SERVICE regulations established expressly work in them. The role of the continued from page 16 for the protection of our national park ranger has evolved over parks are contained within Title 16 time…first created to protect time and maximize of the U.S. Code and Title 36 of and watch over these American on-the-water boat the Code of Federal Regulations treasures…now park rangers operations. (CFR). Many parks have conduct duties not too unlike those FLETC promulgated their own special of a city patrolman, responding Advanced regulations designed specifically to to domestic disputes, drunk and Training Programs. NPS-LETC protect certain features particular disorderly calls, Driving Under coordinates access for park rangers to that one park. Park rangers the Influence, gang related crimes, to the FLETC advanced training can enforce all federal law within drug smuggling, etc. The park programs, ranging from physical the jurisdictional boundaries of ranger’s duties are as diverse and security, firearms instructor, driver the park. In addition, the NPS range from structural and wildland instructor, to advanced computer has entered into Memorandums firefighter, to mountain climber, ski forensics and crime scene of Understanding with other patrol, horseback riding, high angle management. land management agencies and rescue, search and rescue, boat The Ranger Honor Guard. The cross-designate law enforcement patrol, river rescue, EMS, SCUBA coordination and deployment personnel to assist each other diver, wildlife management, of the distinct 18 member NPS with routine and emergency law cave explorer, archeologist, Ranger Honor Guard is the enforcement situations. State geologist, paleontologist, biologist, responsibility of the Advanced law is also enforced within the campground manager, fee collector, Program Manager. The national parks through the use of pilot, and airboat operator, just Ranger Honor Guard comes the Assimilative Crimes Act and to name a few. The U.S. Park to the FLETC to train for this adoption process with 36 CFR. Ranger position encompasses prestigious duty. Many park rangers are also either perhaps more diverse functions In addition to protecting the deputized within the states that and responsibilities than any other scenic and natural features of our the park resides, or possess state job within the federal government. park lands, the park ranger also law enforcement powers through The Federal Law Enforcement protects the cultural and historical state statutory provisions. Training Center and the NPS features of these lands by enforcing Our 392 national parks stretch Law Enforcement Training the laws specifically established to from all 4 corners of the United Center form a crucial partnership protect these valuable resources. States and nearly everywhere in in providing the essential law The Antiquities Act of 1906 was a between. From Acadia National enforcement training our park legislative landmark that set aside Park in Maine to Everglades rangers need today to perform and protected historic landmarks, National Park is south Florida; their jobs in our national parks. historic and prehistoric structures from Organ Pipe Cactus National and other objects of historic or Monument in southern Arizona Charles R. “Butch” Farabee Jr. (2003). National Park Ranger: An American Icon. scientific interest. Furthermore, in to Olympic National Park in Roberts Rinehart Publishers. 1979 the Archeological Resource Northwest Washington State; Paul D. Berkowitz. (1995). U.S. Rangers. Protection Act was established to with parks established in San Juan, The Law of the Land. The History of Law Enforcement in the Federal Land protect the ancient and historic Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Management Agencies. CT Publishing remains of cultures on federal and Samoa, Guam and Alaska, our Company. national parks cover every state in William R. Supernaugh. (1998). Enigmatic Native American lands. Icon: The Life and Times of Harry Yount. The overlapping laws of the union except one, Delaware. Annals of : The Wyoming History jurisdiction within the National Our parks are as diverse and Journal, Spring 1998, Vol. 70. No. 2. Parks: The Federal laws and unique as the park rangers who Wyoming State Historical Society.

32 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Members of the FBI Underwater Evidence Program train to locate and recover evidence such as weapons and bodies. FBI UNDERWATER EVIDENCE TEAM UNDERGOES FLETC TRAINING

JEFF DUPONT Program Specialist, Driver and Marine

embers of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Underwater Evidence Program (UEP) recently completed boat operating training at the Federal Law Enforcement The FBI group Training Center (FLETC). The 17 Special Agents are all members of a team whose mission is to locate and recover evidence, successfully completed suchM as weapons and bodies, as well as to assist other law enforcement the rigorous week-long agencies with similar recoveries. The FBI group successfully completed the rigorous week-long Inland Boat Operator Training Program (IBOT) Inland Boat Operator at FLETC’s Glynco site. The IBOT, which was originally developed by the Driver and Marine Training Program (IBOT) Division’s (DMD) Marine Training Branch, provides novice boat at FLETC’s Glynco site. operators with the necessary skills needed to safely operate a vessel in a law enforcement environment. The IBOT is a shortened version of the popular and demanding four-week Marine Law Enforcement Training Program (MLETP). The IBOT course focuses specifically on those agents and officers who will be operating law enforcement vessels on

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 33 inland waterways or those the program, emphasizes “instructor lightning,” a who may have specialty that there is no substitute common teaching technique assignments or collateral for hands-on instruction where the instructor turns marine related duties, such as when it comes to marine off all electronic equipment, the FBI’s UEP. training, “With certain skills thereby forcing the students During the week-long such as vessel handling and to navigate in darkness with IBOT course, students are docking, there is only so only a paper chart and a instructed in the basic, yet much effective training that sharp lookout to safely critical, areas of maritime can be accomplished in the them to their destination. education which includes, classroom” added Bright. FBI Supervisory Special but is not limited to nautical After the basic skills are Agent Kevin Horn is terminology, marlinespike mastered, students are then assigned to the Evidence seamanship (knot tying), taught some of the more Response Team Unit that is navigation rules of the road, technical and advanced based in the FBI Laboratory aids to navigation, piloting aspects of marine training Division in Quantico, & charting, vessel handling, such as night navigation. Virginia. Horn explained that preventive maintenance During the night piloting the UEP, which is composed and electronic navigation/ exercises, students are of a newly-formed full-time radar operations. Following required to safely navigate team of technically trained their first full day in the their vessels in unfamiliar divers who are attached to the classroom, the students are waters, utilizing only their FBI Laboratory in Quantico, introduced to their training visual, radar and paper chart as well as four twelve member vessels, 31’ center console interpretation skills. Senior Underwater Search and Contenders powered by Instructor Mike Evans stated Evidence Response Teams twin 250 HP outboards. that many novice mariners (USERTs) based in the The remainder of the week often rely solely upon their Los Angeles, Miami, New is then spent on the water, GPS and other electronics York and Washington D.C. as students begin applying devices to navigate their field offices, has performed the skills they learned in the vessels; however that is not hundreds of dive missions classroom. Senior instructor the case for IBOT students. throughout the United States Chip Bright, who oversees They may encounter and the rest of the world.

34 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Photos courtesy of the FBI Underwater Evidence Program

Some of UEP’s recent needed to enhance the when searching areas where noteworthy cases were abilities of its boat operators underwater explosive devices evidence recovery in the so all USERT members may be present. 1996 crash of TWA flight were equally adept in their The FBI agents who 800 over the Atlantic Ocean, operating skills when at the attended the course had the 2003 space-shuttle helms of their 27’ custom various levels of marine/ Columbia disaster and the Boston Whalers and other boat handling abilities, with I-35W bridge collapse in vessels. some ranging from little Minneapolis in 2007. In Not all of the USERT’s or no experience to others 2006, the team deployed missions actually involve dive who hold the U.S. Coast to Iraq in order to conduct operations. Their custom Guard’s Master’s licenses. dive operations in the designed boats are equipped The ultimate objective “Triangle of Death” area to transport and deploy the of the IBOT is to have south of Baghdad. Horn team’s technological search everyone who graduates the and members of the UEP platforms, including side scan program leave with newly served a critical role in sonar and Remote Operated acquired knowledge or a recovering key pieces of Vehicle (ROV). The ROV is better understanding of evidence in these and many used in recovery situations prior knowledge. Following other cases. The team is also where it isn’t feasible to use night exercises on Thursday, often requested to assist a diver, such as at extreme the students all completed other agencies such as the depths where decompression a written exam on Friday National Transportation limits would not permit morning. As expected, the and Safety Board with black sufficient bottom time to be class passed with high marks box recovery missions in the able to thoroughly search and then departed back to event of a commercial airline an area. The ROV is also their field offices, ready to Above and Opposite: The mishap. advantageous because it can apply newly obtained boat FBI UEP team conduct When asked why the FBI be deployed in situations operating skills to support an underwater evidence chose to attend FLETC’s where conditions would be their next unknown dive investigation using a IBOT program, Horn hazardous to a diver, such missions. technological search platform. explained that the team as contaminated waters or

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 35 LegalBrief

RUSES: HOW TO KNOW IF YOU’RE GOOD TO GO POPPI RITACCO Senior Instructor, Legal

ies and deception are age-old techniques used effectively and legally in law enforcement. Whether an officer is lying to a suspect in an interrogation room, or an agent is posing as a supplier of government paper for a counterfeiting investigation – deception can be an integral part of an investigation. See Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 739 (1969) (Defendant’s confession was still voluntary and admissible even though police lied to him by telling him that his co-conspirator had confessed). Deception has also long been used as a tool to gain entry into otherwise Linaccessible areas: a suspect’s house or apartment, for example. This type of deception, commonly referred to as a ruse, can assist law enforcement officers by helping them use the element of surprise to gain entry and control of a suspect while minimizing the chance of violence or resistance. Ruses are generally legal as long as they comply with voluntariness requirements. Voluntariness is critical in determining the legality of deceptive police practices. So long as the police don’t do anything that may be deemed to have coerced the action or statements of the target, the deceptive practice is likely to be upheld by the courts. Some situations are easy to assess. If you point a gun at someone and ask that person to open the door, the subsequent door opening is not voluntary. Conversely, if you politely ask someone to open the door, and that person complies, that door opening is voluntary. A voluntariness determination, of course, is not always so simple. What happens if you lie to get someone to open the door? Which lies are permissible, and which are not?

36 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Ruses generally break down into workers who were there to check for the three categories: (1) those that give the leak. Based on their representations, the impression that consent cannot lawfully defendant allowed them inside where they be withheld because law enforcement identified themselves as law enforcement has alternative authority, (2) those that and obtained consent to search. Among use dire or exigent circumstances, and other things, police found cocaine and (3) those that use deception effectively to a large amount of money. Even though obtain voluntary consent. United States the Court found no evidence of coercion v. Montes-Reyes, 547 F. Supp. 2d 281, 287 in the subsequent consent to search, it (S.D.N.Y. 2008). excluded the evidence as the fruits of The first two categories of ruses are involuntary consent obtained through legally impermissible because the type of the coercive use of a ruse that presented deception used is coercive in nature. The the defendant with a “life-threatening” seminal case example of the first category situation: the gas leak.” Id. at 154. is Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. There are a number of federal cases 543 (1968). In Bumper, officers told a that exemplify the third category of 66-year-old widow that they had a search permissible ruses. One such very recent warrant when they did not. Based on their case is United States v. Gonzalez, 609 In Bumper, assertions, she allowed them to enter and F.3d 13 (2010), a district court case search her house. They found a rifle that from the District of Rhode Island. In officers told was later used as evidence in a trial of the this case, police pretended to be carrier a 66-year-old widow’s grandson. The Court found the employees delivering a package to the consent to be coerced since the police defendant at his apartment. Posing as widow that they claimed that they had a search warrant carrier employees, police were admitted had a search which would have given them authority to the apartment and subsequently gained to enter regardless of whether the widow consent to search. Although the legal warrant when gave her consent. This type of ruse, lying issue challenged on appeal was not the they did not. about having a warrant, does not present ruse, this is an example of a ruse where a real choice to the consenting party, and, the consenting party is “deceived” but Based on their therefore, is impermissibly coercive. there are no coercive elements to the assertions, she Montes-Reyes exemplifies the second deception. Another example of this type category, a ruse which is impermissibly of lawful ruse can be found in Lewis v. allowed them to coercive because it creates a “false sense United States, 385 U.S. 206 (1966), in of exigent circumstances.” 547 F. Supp. which an officer who posed as a potential enter and search 2d at 291. In Montes-Reyes, DEA agents drug customer was admitted to the her house. identified themselves as NYPD officers defendant’s home because the defendant searching for a missing girl. They thought he was there to buy drugs. showed the defendant an actual “missing Again, the deception used by police was persons” flier with photos of a real not coercive in nature, and the defendant missing four-year-old girl and a woman freely admitted the officer whom he labeled “Abductor.” Id. at 283. The Court believed to be a drug customer. reasoned that “[a] false claim of a missing There has been some recent case law out child is precisely the kind of “extreme” of the United States District Court for misrepresentation of investigatory the Western District of Texas concerning purpose by which a person is “deprive[d] . ruses commonly used by Immigration . . of the ability to make ‘a fair assessment and Customs Enforcement agents. In of the need to surrender his privacy.” Id. United States v. Hernandez-Juarez, 2009 at 291 (citing LaFave et al., Criminal U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22031, the Court found Procedure § 3.10(c)). United States v. consent to enter a home involuntary Giraldo is another example of the second when ICE agents lied about for whom impermissible category. 743 F. Supp. 152 they were there to look. Agents showed (E.D.N.Y. 1990). In Giraldo, agents used the occupant of the apartment, Mrs. a gas leak ruse and posed as gas company Hernandez, a photo of a man, whom they

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 37 did not believe to be at the house, and caveat that, if it were wrong, the agents’ asked consent to enter to search for that search would still have exceeded the individual. They were actually looking for scope of the consent (which was limited her son whom they believed was at the to searching for the man in the photo). house. Agents testified that they used the One is hard-pressed to see how the ruse ruse because they did not think that Mrs. in Hernandez-Juarez is impermissibly Hernandez would give them consent to coercive in and of itself. It is, as the Court search if she knew they were looking for stated, likely a combination of all of the her son. Once inside, agents located yet a circumstances that led the Court to find third individual whom they arrested. Mrs. Hernandez’s consent to have been The Court acknowledged that the ruse coerced. Not only did the court highlight used by agents in Hernandez-Juarez did that she was a non-English speaking alien, not involve “the use of police deception but it also noted that agents acted only on to the degree recited in Montes-Reyes,” a “hunch” and that, once inside, “the agents Of course, law but still analogized the two cases. Citing used their fraudulent entry for a general enforcement Montes-Reyes, the Court further observed roundup…” Of course, law enforcement that the status of the law enforcement officers are free to seek consent when officers are free officer, whether undercover or identified, they have only a “hunch,” and that’s often to seek consent is not singularly determinative of whether exactly when they do because they don’t the consent was voluntary. Instead, the have enough proof to get a warrant. As when they have court found that it is the totality of all far as the “roundup,” the Court did not only a “hunch,” of the circumstances that determines the address the legality of the seizure of the voluntariness of the consent given. Id. defendant or any other aspect of agents’ and that’s often at 9 (citations omitted). In Hernandez- contact with him. Juarez, the Court found that “[t]he ICE So, where does Hernandez-Juarez leave exactly when agents used a ruse upon a non-English us? Keeping in mind that Hernandez- they do because speaking alien to obtain entry. The typical Juarez is a district court case out of the reasonable person would have understood Western District of Texas, San Antonio they don’t have that exchange between the agent and Mrs. Division, it is not binding law for the enough proof to Hernandez would have amounted to at majority of law enforcement. The three most allowing a search of the premises categories set forth in Montes-Reyes get a warrant. for the man in the ruse photo.” Id. at are still good guidelines for permissible 10. The Court subsequently found Mrs. and impermissible ruses. Nonetheless, Hernandez’s consent to be involuntary Hernandez-Juarez reminds us that law and, in the alternative, limited to a search enforcements officers should always be for the man in the photo. Id. careful to evaluate the totality of the Hernandez-Juarez presents an circumstances when employing any interesting set of circumstances in which ruse. What may be permissible in one law enforcement officers used a ruse circumstance with one individual may that neither involved a false assertion of become coercive when applied to another legal authority, as in the first category situation with another individual. A described in Montes-Reyes, nor a false thorough assessment of all of the facts emergency, as in the second category. is in order when lies and deception are Nonetheless, the Court found the used by police. When used correctly, ruses consent to be coerced, citing a number remain a creative tool leading to safer and of factors such as the immigration more effective investigations. When in status and language of the consenter. doubt, law enforcement officers should The Court then quickly followed its always consider contacting their Assistant determination of coercion with the United States Attorney for guidance.

38 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 FLETC DIRECTOR HONORED BY NCIS

ED BUICE Public Affairs, Naval Criminal Investigative Service

ORLANDO, FLORIDA—Director Connie Patrick has been recognized by the US Naval Criminal Investigative Service for a demonstrated commitment to strengthening the working relationship between FLETC and NCIS. Director Patrick was a guest of honor at a breakfast hosted by NCIS in conjunction with the annual International Association of Chiefs of Police conference, held this year at the Orlando Convention Center. NCIS Director Mark Clookie notes that, “Each year during IACP, we hold an event to recognize special partnerships NCIS has with a number of counterpart agencies around the world. The partners we honor at this event underscore the incredibly diverse nature of law enforcement and the global nature of both the threats and solutions. Without our domestic and international partners we simply could not do our job. NCIS wants to be sure the men and women in these organizations – as well as those they

serve – realize just how much we value the working NCIS Director Mark Clookie presents a plaque to FLETC Director Connie Patrick for alliances we have with them.” demonstrated commitment to strengthening the working relationship between FLETC and Mr. Clookie also said, “We believe the ongoing NCIS. partnerships we have and the new ones now being forged are essential to effective law enforcement in today’s highly dynamic global environment. Only through enhanced cooperation and collaboration –including new initiatives in information sharing, training, and more – can we truly succeed in addressing the reality of today’s criminal, terrorist, and other threats.” “In our view, this approach to law enforcement is definitely a win-win relationship for everyone – most of all, for those we are charged to protect and serve.”

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 39 Building quality leadership in public safety

Members of the Public Safety Leadership Development Consortium pause for a group photo during the FLETC hosted conference. FLETC HOSTS PSLD CONFERENCE For three days in December, the Public Safety Leadership Development Consortium (PSLDC) held their 2010 summit in the Golden Isles at the invitation of FLETC Director Connie Patrick. The PSLDC is comprised of police leaders from the U.S., Canada and Germany as well as executives from various universities including Sam Houston State University, Texas Woman’s University, Youngstown State University and Methodist University. The theme of the 2010 summit was “Building Quality Leadership in Public Safety”. The FLETC and PSLDC currently deliver joint leadership training at international venues that will include the International Law Enforcement Academy in Budapest, Hungary in 2011. The PSLDC has various study teams that conduct research in the areas of ethics, competencies, international issues and support and women’s issues in public safety. The summit included a presentation by Director Patrick entitled: “Leadership Training and Development at a Public Safety Learning Institution: Looking Back, Looking Forward”. Other agenda items and topics included Emotional Intelligence, Ethical Issues for Public Safety Supervisors, Women in Police Leadership Roles and the application of the Myers-Briggs Instrument in Leadership Development. The summit also included a tour of the FLETC and a Low Country Boil at the Student Center. Portia Dewhurst, Director of Programs for the Canadian Police Sector Council and chair of the PSLDC, commented, “This was a productive and informative conference, indicative of the power of the PSLDC. This Consortium provides a unique opportunity for professionals working to address pressing leadership development concerns for public safety to network and share information, concerns, best practices, ideas, the very latest research and to explore solutions.” Additional information concerning the PSLDC is available at www.psldc.com.

40 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Khoo Boon Hui, president, INTERPOL, addresses members of the Technology and Research Exercise recently held at the FLETC. Pictured at the conference table are Dale Sheehan, Director, Police Training and Development, INTERPOL, Connie Patrick, Director, FLETC, and Ken Keene, Deputy Director, FLETC. FLETC / INTERPOL TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH EXERCISE

The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) to cooperate more closely with one another by sharing and the International Criminal Police Organization (IN- intelligence, watching for international fugitives, and TERPOL) co-hosted a two-day Technology Research conducting joint enforcement actions,” Khoo stated. Exercise focusing on technological training advancements Rather than meeting for a theoretical discussion of how and examining how criminals leverage cyber-technology to technology and research might benefit law enforcement expand underworld operations. training, the FLETC was able to show its technology In opening remarks to the international law enforcement integration and transformation that has taken place over delegation the FLETC Director Connie Patrick punctuated the past five years at the Center. The two-day exercise the need to give our front-line police force the cyber and allowed the delegation to experience the avatar based technological edge in their training to develop effective law interview simulator, use the marine and driver simulators, enforcers nationally and internationally. make “use of force” decisions, shoot a firearms’ course of “It is critical that we provide our law enforcement officers fire, and conduct an investigative operation – all while on the front-line with the most comprehensive, current using simulation. The delegates also had the opportunity and relevant training to overcome the criminal threats that to hear a presentation by Dr. Bill Norris which described confront us today. By sharing the resources and knowledge the training outcomes from the Survival Scores Research that we have all acquired, we can equip our future law Project. This ten year study focused primarily on improving enforcement professionals for years to come,” Patrick said. decision making under stress, but has also led to improved INTERPOL President Khoo Boon-Hui applauded audio-video feedback of scenario performance, more Director Patrick’s commitment to grooming an consistent scenario scoring, and numerous other technology international police community capable of coordinating, improvements throughout the FLETC. Interestingly, sharing and applying best practices to stay ahead of although these technological devices have dramatically criminal activity and enhance investigative capabilities. improved the decision making capabilities of students, “Law enforcement agencies must raise the capabilities they are not designed to replace the hands on skills such as of their officers, help them to master new tools and always driving, shooting, and handcuffing that must be successfully stay ahead of the criminals. In addition, countries have performed prior to graduation.

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 41 THE U.S. CAPITOL POLICE An Historical Perspective

GLENN BROGAN USCP Representative, FLETC

This excerpt was unintentionally omitted from an article published in the FLETC Journal, fall 2010 issue, which traces the history of the U.S. Capitol Police from its inception to present day.

n August 24, 1984, the Capitol jurisdiction in the city of Washington Capitol Police mobilized to meet Police lost their first officer from the Department’s primary any other attacks that might have inO the line of duty when Sergeant jurisdiction within a 47 square block occurred that day, and since that time, Christopher Eney was killed during radius in and around the US Capitol have reexamined existing policies a training exercise. On October 15, to an “extended jurisdiction zone”. and procedures to ensure that the 1991, the National Law Enforcement This zone involved specific areas of Department is ready to handle future Officers Memorial was dedicated in concurrent jurisdiction that are shared threats. Just over a month after the Washington, DC, to honor the more with other local law enforcement September 11th attacks, the Capitol than 14,000 officers slain in the line of agencies. Complex was again the target of duty. An inscription on the memorial In 1997, the USCP developed the terrorism, when, on Monday, October by Vivian Eney Cross, Sergeant Eney’s Advanced Legislative Emergency 15, 2001, the United States Capitol wife, reads, “It is not how these officers Response Team (ALERT), which is Police responded to a report of an died that made them heroes, it is how comprised of specially trained and anthrax exposure in the Hart Senate they lived.” equipped officers who can detect, Office Building. In 1987, Congress authorized the respond to and mitigate the effects of a Although the USCP’s mission to establishment of an Off-Site Delivery chemical or biological release. protect the Congress, its legislative Center as a screening facility for The year of 1998 was a tragic one processes, members, employees, the the delivery of goods to the Capitol for the USCP, when a gunman entered over 3 million annual visitors, and Complex, which brought about the Capitol Building and killed Officer facilities from crime, disruption, or the expansion of the K-9 unit. The Jacob J. Chestnut and Detective terrorism has never changed, the Capitol Police K-9 units’ primary John M. Gibson on July 24, 1998 methodology, tools and training by responsibility is the detection of (pictures from Odmp.org). In 2005, which the Department’s employees explosives and their duties include Members of Congress and Members are equipped to accomplish this conducting explosive detection sweeps of the USCP began a yearly event to task has greatly evolved. The USCP of congressional buildings, commercial raise money for the Capitol Police continues to accomplish their unique and private vehicles, and public Memorial Fund, which benefits the mission today by using a number of assembly areas. The USCP K-9 unit families of Officer Chestnut, Detective means. The Patrol/Mobile Response also has Urban Search and Rescue Gibson and Sergeant Eney. The Division (PMRD) provides police (USAR) Teams who have been trained event is entitled “The Longest Yard services through motorized, bicycle to locate victims trapped in the rubble Football Classic” and it pits Members and foot patrols, prisoner processing of a catastrophic building collapse. of Congress and former NFL players and transportation, drug and alcohol In December 1988, renovation of against Capitol Police Officers in a enforcement, crime scene search and the old Immigration Building located game of flag football. a very active Civil Disturbance Unit. at 119 D Street, NE, Washington, On September 11, 2001, America The HAZMAT team and bomb DC, was completed and the Capitol was rocked by the devastating terrorist squad routinely respond to calls for Police Headquarters was moved from attacks against New York and the suspicious packages. its previous location at the old Plaza Pentagon. The Capitol Building, Hotel located at 331 First Street, NE. and other sites around the city, were In 1992, Congress passed legislation targets of the terrorists, but they were Editor’s Note: To read the entire article, go that expanded Capitol Police not successful. The United States to www.fletc.gov/reference/reports

42 FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 Andy Smotzer began his career with the Secret Service Uniform Division. He transferred to the FLETC as a firearms instructor. Promoted to branch chief, Smotzer served in various FLETC divisions until his recent retirement.

IN THE BEGINNING...

STEPHEN W. BROOKS, J.D. Chief, Property Management and Founding Member, the FLETC Journal

round 1993 Andy Smotzer picked up an idea that had but Andy was always there, and probably not known been “floating” around the FLETC for a few years and to most at the FLETC one of the last two original decidedA to make it a reality. It wasn’t long the before the members still with the publication and without his hands- FLETC Journal as we know it today was born. The Journal on involvement the FLETC journal would not be the has had its ups and downs, plenty of high quality articles respected, professional publication it is today, read literally to edit and at other times the Editorial Board would sit by thousands of officers and agents around the world. around the conference room on the second floor of the With Andy, working on the Journal was a true labor of Media Support Division wondering if the issue of the love and I tell you my friends Andy has passion for the journal in development would have enough articles prior to FLETC Journal as no other and dearly believes in the going to print. core mission it was designed for: to provide a venue for We shouldn’t have worried as much as we did because FLETC instructors, staff and Partner Organizations to not without fail Andy Smotzer would come though and only share law enforcement training information, but to write an article or two himself . . . always. What Andy showcase their individual talents. contributed was not mere fluff to fill pages, but rather While no one person is indispensible, Andy Smotzer will substantive articles relating to law enforcement training, surely be missed, and the FLETC Journal will be the lesser regardless what division he was assigned to or the position for his retirement. So readers as the saying goes, “we are he held within them. Andy is a prolific and gifted writer looking for a few good men and women” to pick up where that always had a smile and a good word for everyone. Andy has left off and write about what is happening in your With Andy the glass was not only always half full, it was topical areas in training, or what you are doing to support about to be topped off. the law enforcement training mission. During the years, editors of the journal came and went

FLETC JOURNAL | SPRING 2011 43 Firearms simulation training at the FLETC

We train those who protect our homeland

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center U. S. Department of Homeland Security 1131 Chapel Crossing Road Glynco, Georgia 31524 www.fletc.gov