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Current Status of Western Blue Groper at Selected Locations in South Australia: Results of 2013 Survey and Comparison with Historical Surveys

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Current Status of Western Blue Groper at Selected Locations in South Australia: Results of 2013 Survey and Comparison with Historical Surveys Current status of western blue groper at selected locations in South Australia: results of 2013 survey and comparison with historical surveys Report to the Conservation Council of South Australia Simon Bryars and James Brook 2013 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia This publication should be cited as: Bryars, S. and Brook, J. (2013) Current status of western blue groper at selected locations in South Australia: results of 2013 survey and comparison with historical surveys. Report to the Conservation Council of South Australia. Dr Simon Richard Bryars and J Diversity Pty Ltd, Adelaide. Cover photo: Female western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii) at Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island. Photo credit: Simon Bryars. Disclaimer The findings and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Conservation Council of South Australia. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the contents of this report are factually correct, the Conservation Council of South Australia and the authors do not accept responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the contents. The authors do not accept liability for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this report. 2 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia Acknowledgements The current report was funded by a State Community NRM Grant through the Conservation Council of South Australia (CCSA). Thanks to Alex Gaut (CCSA), Steve Leske (Reef Watch), and all of the volunteer divers who collected the 2013 data. Many thanks to Dr Scoresby Shepherd AO (SARDI) for providing historical data and reviewing a draft of the report. 3 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Non-technical summary .......................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2013 survey ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Historical surveys ................................................................................................................................ 7 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 2013 survey ......................................................................................................................................... 9 2013 survey versus historical surveys ............................................................................................... 12 Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 13 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 15 References ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 17 4 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia Non-technical summary The western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii) is the largest resident reef fish in southern Australian coastal waters. The species is long-lived (up to 70 years), slow-growing, sex- changing and site-attached with a small home range. The life history traits of western blue groper (WBG) renders the species as highly vulnerable to the effects of localised over-fishing and the species has been fully protected in the central part of South Australia (SA) since the 1980s. The WBG is currently included on the Reef Watch ‘Feral or In Peril’ species list as a species of conservation interest. Historical diver surveys for WBG showed that the species is more abundant in the western parts of SA; this may have been due to a combination of natural distribution patterns and fishing effects. During 2013 a new set of surveys was undertaken by community divers at 25 sites across SA specifically targeting WBG. The surveys were funded by a State Community NRM Grant administered through the Conservation Council of South Australia. Analysis of the 2013 survey data and comparison with historical survey data revealed a number of key points in relation to their conservation status: (1) a lack of adults in areas outside of the protection zone including at sites where they had been scored previously, (2) the ‘appearance’ of adults at a number of sites inside the protection zone since previous surveys, and (3) juvenile recruitment at many sites across the entire State, not just in the western part of SA. Preliminary conclusions are that the protection zone is being effective in allowing recovery of populations at some sites and that localised depletion of adults is occurring at some sites outside of the protection zone. However, the 2013 data and historical comparisons have a number of limitations and further surveys are required to clarify the status of WBG in SA. 5 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia Introduction The western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii) is the largest resident reef fish in southern Australian coastal waters (Bryars et al. 2012). The life history traits of western blue groper (WBG) renders the species as highly vulnerable to the effects of localised over-fishing: they are long-lived, slow-growing, sex-changing (Coulson et al. 2009), and site-attached with a small home range (Bryars et al. 2012). Indeed, numbers of large WBG declined in parts of South Australia (SA) due to fishing during the 1950–70s and this led to their total protection within central SA in the 1980s. Outside of central SA there are recreational and commercial catch limits. Nonetheless, the species is still considered to be of conservation concern due to ongoing fishing interactions (Baker 2012) and because it has poor post-release survival rates (McLeay et al. 2002, Bryars et al. 2012). The WBG is currently included on the Reef Watch ‘Feral or In Peril’ species list as a species of conservation interest. Shepherd and Brook (2007) reported on a spatially-comprehensive set of underwater visual census (UVC) surveys for WBG across SA. Since that time, additional UVC surveys for reef fish (including WBG) have been conducted at some of the same sites, but a more spatially-comprehensive survey specifically for WBG has not been undertaken. The Conservation Council of South Australia (CCSA) received a State Community NRM Grant for community divers to undertake a targeted survey for WBG at selected sites around SA. The results of that survey are documented in the present report which had the specific aims of (1) reporting on the current 2013 status of WBG at selected sites around SA and (2) comparing the 2013 survey data with historical data. Of particular interest to the conservation sector was whether the protection zone in central SA is having a measurable positive effect on the abundance of adult WBG in that region. Methods 2013 survey Twenty five sites were surveyed in SA during 2013 (Figure 1, Table 1). The sites can be grouped into five regions (after Shepherd and Brook 2007); Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, Fleurieu Peninsula and the South East (Figure 1, Table 1). Survey methods were as described in Shepherd and Brook (2007) using either SCUBA or snorkel (Table 1) to collect data on size and abundance of WBG. A varying number of replicate transects were undertaken at each site (Table 1). A survey was also conducted at Rapid Bay (Fleurieu Peninsula) but the data, collected by snorkelling, were considered to be unusable as the site was too deep. While size and abundance data were collected on other fish species, the present report is concerned only with WBG. Size data on WBG were scored into three categories: juvenile <20 cm total length (TL); sub-adult 20–60 cm TL; and adult >60 cm TL (after Shepherd and Brook 2007). Abundance data were analysed using PRIMER 6 with PERMANOVA to test for differences in assemblages (juveniles, sub-adults, adults) and total abundance across sites (25 sites) and regions (five regions). An analysis was also made of adult abundance at sites inside (18 sites) versus outside (7 sites) the protection zone in the central part of SA (see Figure 1), as there has now been sufficient time (>30 years since protection) for growth to the adult stage, which is the most vulnerable to fishing. 6 Bryars and Brook (2013) Status of western blue groper in South Australia Historical surveys Of the 25 sites surveyed in 2013, previous surveys had been undertaken at or near to 22 of them (Table 1). As WBG are site-attached, slow-growing and long-lived, comparisons of surveys that are temporally separated by many years are considered to
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