ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
John Donley Mr. John Kopicki Jason McGinnis Sharon Bream Dr. Betsy Baker Phil Riccio Judy Berryman Dr. Luke Lansberry Patty Burlingame Dutch Brennan Camilla Houy Lori Mangan William Ceglar Kathy Hazenstab Jonathan Klingeman Wayne Hippo Margaret McMinn Haley Fleegle Ron Johnston Paula Foreman Susan Richardella John Klingeman Bryce Cossitor Jill Daloisio Richard Lockard Dr. Donna Messner Cathy Keefe Doug Endler Kelly Clouser Jack Reilly Atty. Dave Andrews News Media
I. OPENING OF MEETING President Donley called the meeting to order at 6:24PM.
II. ROLL CALL OF MEMBERS All members were present.
III. ANNOUNCEMENT OF EXECUTIVE SESSION March 24, 2016 – Personnel April 11, 2016 – Personnel
IV. SPECIAL PRESENTATION(S)
A. Michael Kelly of KCBA Architects presented a feasibility study for the Altoona Area School District. A formal copy will be published at the end of the month.
Capacity is exceeded at the elementary schools. There are no special rooms for art/science/music at the schools. The junior high’s capacity is perfect, and the high school is above capacity.
The buildings were evaluated with the following results:
Baker – poor; Ebner - good; Irving – poor; Juniata – fair; J. Gap – good; Logan – good; Penn Lincoln – fair; Pleasant Valley – excellent; Washington-Jefferson – poor; Wright – poor; AAHS A Bldg. – fair; AAHS B Bldg. – poor; AAJHS – excellent; Stevens – poor; W. P. Kimmel – poor
Discussion was held after the presentation regarding options.
1 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
The estimated cost to replace the AAHS B Building is $75 million. (This cost also includes renovations to the A Building.) The timeline would be 18 months to design the building and obtain permits, and then it would be put out for bid. It would be approximately two years to construct, so this would be 3 – 4 years until there would be a new facility that would be complete, with 9th grade being brought over.
Mr. Donley expressed that this discussion was started approximately 18 months ago, and decisions will now need to be made. There is a lot of work ahead.
V. MINUTES
A. Athletic Council Minutes (2/17/16) SEPARATE REPORT B. Committee of the Whole Minutes (3/14/16) SEPARATE REPORT C. Policy Committee Minutes (03/17/16) SEPARATE REPORT D. Regular School Board Minutes (3/21/16) SEPARATE REPORT
VI. LIST OF PAYMENTS
A. General Fund SEPARATE REPORT B. Athletic Fund SEPARATE REPORT C. Capital Reserve SEPARATE REPORT D. Cafeteria SEPARATE REPORT
There was discussion on specific payments.
VII. FINANCIAL REPORTS
A. Overtime Report (March) SEPARATE REPORT
2 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
VIII. COMMITTEES
A. ATHLETIC
ALL CLEARANCES AND TB TESTS HAVE BEEN RECEIVED FOR THE FOLLOWING VOLUNTEER COACHES:
1. VOLUNTEER COACH(s)
a. Philip Servello – AAHS Boys Volleyball Team for the 2015-16 School Year
B. BUDGET AND FINANCE
1. 2016-17 I.U. 08 GENERAL OPERATING BUDGET SEPARATE REPORT
2. SUBSTITUTE TEACHER SERVICE (STS) AGREEMENT ADDENDUM SEPARATE REPORT
Mrs. Bream questioned whether this is something we could do in- house, and Mrs. McMinn explained that we could not bring in retirees to assist, since emergency conditions could not be established to do this.
3. STA DRIVERS
a. Administration would like to inform you of request for approval of STA Drivers; Vicki Sunderland, Jason Davison, Christopher McGraw, Andrea Butler, Nancy Servello, Taylor Beaver, Ashley Bistline, Daniel Johnson for the 2015-2016 School Year, contingent upon receipt of all required clearances and forms.
Ms. Hazenstab responded to a question regarding STA being a contracted service. Yes, it is; however, School Code requires Board approval for STA drivers.
4. SUMMER FOOD SERVICE PROGRAM
a. Administration would like to inform you of the request for approval to offer the Summer Food Service Program in the
3 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
School District at the following Open and Closed Sites. All sites will be closed on July 4, 2016.
b. From June 13, 2016 through July 29, 2016, Breakfast and Lunch at the following Open Sites:
(1) Altoona Area High School (2) Baker Elementary (3) Irving Elementary (4) Juniata Elementary (5) Logan Elementary (6) Penn-Lincoln Elementary (7) Washington Jefferson Building (8) Evergreen Manor
c. From the dates listed, at the following Closed Sites:
(1) Breakfast and Lunch for the Central Blair Recreation and Park Commission and the Home Nursing Agency from June 13, 2016 through July 29, 2016. (2) Breakfast and Lunch for Ebner Elementary for the following dates: July 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 2016. (3) Breakfast for the Altoona Area Junior High School from June 13, 2016 through July 1, 2016 and Breakfast and Lunch for the following dates: July 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 2016.
d. Administration would like to inform you of the request for approval for our Cafeteria Department to provide breakfast and lunch at two sites for Lilly Pond Daycare from June 13, 2016 through July 29, 2016.
e. Administration would like to inform you of the request for approval to pay the Cafeteria Employees working the Summer Food Service Program the following hourly rates for the positions noted.
(1) Assistant Coordinator/Driver $12.00 per hour (2) Site Supervisor $11.00 per hour (3) Site Cook $11.00 per hour
4 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
(4) Site Security $10.00 per hour (5) Site Labor $ 9.50 per hour
5. COOPERATIVE PURCHASING AGREEMENTS
a. Administration would like to inform you of the request for approval to participate in the following Cooperative Purchasing Agreements for the 2016-2017 School Year:
(1) COSTARS (2) Keystone Purchasing Network (3) PEPPM Program (4) U.S. Communities Government Purchasing Alliance
6. REPOSITORY BID
a. Administration would like to inform you that the Blair County Tax Claim Bureau has received and is requesting approval of the following Repository Bid:
Property: 609 Grand Prix Drive, Altoona Bidder: Tammy Jo Hockenberry & Robert F. Rezac Bid Amount: $ 250 Assessed Value: $7,280
C. CENTRAL BLAIR PARK & RECREATION NONE AT THIS TIME
D. EDUCATION
1. ELEMENTARY VOLUNTEERS
a. Administration wishes to inform you of the following names of those who would like to volunteer for the 2015-16 year. SEPARATE REPORT
2. ELEMENTARY FIELD TRIPS
a. Administration wishes to inform you of the following elementary field trips scheduled outside of Blair County. SEPARATE REPORT
5 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Mr. Klingeman had some concerns with the number of chaperones vs. number of students on a field trip. Mr. Kopicki responded that the principals do a thorough job to make sure appropriate steps are followed.
3. SCHOOL AND PTO ACTIVITIES
a. Administration wishes to inform you of elementary students to participate in school and PTO approved activities during the 2016-17 school year. SEPARATE REPORT
4. LETRS TRAINING
a. Administration wishes to inform you of the following teachers who attended LETRS training January 7 & 14, February 24 & 25 and April 14 & 21 at IU8. All costs reimbursed by IU8.
(1) Sarah Carnicella (Jan. 7 & 14) - $41.37 (2) Julie Koban (Jan. 7 & 14) - $41.37 (3) Nikole Eardley (Jan. 7 & 14 and April 14 & 21) - $82.74 (4) Renata Harpster (Jan. 7 & 14, February 24 & 25) - $82.74 (5) Lauren Rhodes (Jan. 7 & 14 and April 14 & 21) - $82.74 (6) Jennifer Rager (Jan. 7 & 14, February 24 & 25 and April 14 & 21) - $124.11 (7) Amanda Irwin (April 14 & 21) - $41.37 (8) Colleen Milliron (April 14 & 21) - $41.37
5. SECONDARY FIELD TRIPS
a. Administration wishes to inform you of secondary field trips scheduled outside Blair County. SEPARATE REPORT
6. AAJHS SUMMER SCHOOL
a. Administration wishes to inform you that we would like to rescind Patti Wendle’s Board Approval at the March 21 Meeting to teach Science for the 2016 Summer School Term for the Altoona Area Junior High School.
6 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
b. Administration would like to inform you of a request for Jessica Hogan to teach AAJHS Science during AAJHS Summer School from June 13, 2016 – July 1, 2016 from 8:00 AM - Noon.
7. VOLUNTEER(S)
AAHS (1) Michele Dugan (2) Carolyn Kline (3) Rhonda Peterman
8. NEW CLUB REQUEST – AAHS
a. Administration wishes to inform you of a request to start a Mt. Lion Sparkle Club for students. The club would focus on including Special Needs Students as part of our Cheerleading and Spirit Group. The purpose of the club is to build relationships and socialization. This would include an Extra Duty Position under Category G for $1538 (which is the same as the Lioneer Advisor).
Mr. Donley expressed that this club was a great idea. Mr. Kopicki said that Mrs. Burlingame and Dr. Lansberry, plus parents, worked together to see that this club was implemented.
E. IU08 NONE AT THIS TIME
F. LEGISLATIVE NONE AT THIS TIME
G. LIBRARY NONE AT THIS TIME
H. PSBA NONE AT THIS TIME
I. PERSONNEL
1. RETIREMENTS
7 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Administrative
a. Name: William Shawley, Jr. Position: School Psychologist Building: Pupil Special Services Effective: June 30, 2016
Instructional
a. Name: Becky Hamilton Position: Elementary Instructor Building: Juniata Elementary Effective: End of the 2015/16 School Year
Non-Instructional
a. Name: Deborah Bartley Position: Confidential Secretary Effective: May 31, 2016
b. Name: Doris Felty Position: Secretary - Juniata Effective: June 30, 2016
c. Name: William Keirn Position: General Maintenance Effective: May 31, 2016
d. Name: Debra Creamer Position: Attendance Clerk Effective: June 30, 2016
2. RESIGNATIONS
Non-Instructional
a. Name: Marlene Archey Position: Special Education Aide Effective: March 30, 2016
8 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Athletics
a. Name: Paul Hasson Position: AAHS Head Boys Basketball Coach Effective: April 1, 2016
3. CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION
Non-Instructional
a. Name: Kim Dale Dambeck From: Teacher Aide (AAHS) - $16.10 hr To: FT Clerk Typist (AAHS) - $15.57 hr Effective: May 16, 2016 Account: 2380-151-000-30
4. RESCISSION OF ELECTION
Non-Instructional
a. Name: Alvin Hale, Jr. Position: Custodian/Laborer Substitute Effective: March 22, 2016 (previously elected at the March 21, 2016 meeting)
5. CONTINUATION OF EMPLOYMENT
Non-instructional
a. Name: Teresa Cumming Position: Temporary PT Clerical Helper Effective: July 1, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $9.50 per hour (not to exceed 25 hours per week) Account: 2390-151-000-00
b. Names: Connie McElhinney Jackie Julian Gayle Walter Donna Brien Position: Hourly LPN/Health Room Assistants
9 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Location: To be determined Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $19.06 per hour Account: 2440-141-000-10
c. Name: Jennifer Shaffer Position: Hourly RN/Health Room Assistant Location: To be determined Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $22.27 per hour Account: 2440-141-000-10
d. Names: Tom Bennett Patricia Snyder Position: Substitute Hourly LPN/Health Room Assistants Location: Various elementary & secondary buildings where needed Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $19.06 per hour Account: 2440-141-000-30 or 2440-141-000-10
e. Names: Kathy Evans Stephanie Schmidt Position: Hourly LPNs Location: Based upon student IEPs Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $19.06 per hour Account: 10-1211-131-891-00-00-00-627
f. Name: Claudine Ellick Position: Hourly RN Location: Based upon student IEPs Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $22.27 per hour Account: 10-1211-131-891-00-00-00-627
10 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
g. Names: Padget Burkey Position: Hourly RN Location: Based upon student IEPs Effective: August 19, 2016 Terminates: June 30, 2017 Rate: $22.27 per hour Account: 10-1211-131-891-00-00-00-627 (School Age) 10-1281-131-272-00-00-00-640 (Early Intervention)
6. ELECTIONS*
*THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF HIRE WILL COMMENCE UPON RECEIPT OF ALL REQUIRED PRE-EMPLOYMENT PAPERWORK, VALID AND ACTIVE CERTIFICATION/LICENSURE, AND NEGATIVE DRUG TESTING.
***Please note that all Instructional salaries and stipends provided for in the AAEA-AASD Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) are subject to change for the 2016-17 school year, as the current CBA expires August 31, 2016.
Instructional
a. Name: Amy Crum Assignment: Elementary Instructor Placement: To be determined depending upon enrollment needs Salary: Bachelor’s Year 1, Step 1 (16/17 s/y according to negotiated Collective Bargaining Agreement between AAEA and AASD; current CBA expires 8/31/16) Effective: August 23, 2016 Account: 1110-121-000-10
b. Name: Christopher Tromm Assignment: Summer School Instructor Salary: $25.00 per hour Effective: June 13 – June 28, 2016 Account: 1420-121-000-30-50 and/or 1420-121-000-30-80
11 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Mr. Tromm is currently employed with the District as an Athletic Coach, but is certified in Health and Physical Education.
Non-Instructional
a. Name: Elizabeth Cirko Position: Special Education Aide Effective: April 19, 2016
7. RESCISSION OF REQUESTS PERTAINING TO LEAVES OF ABSENCE
Leaves Without Pay
Non-instructional
a. Tina Beals, WPK Cafeteria – April 3, 2016 (previously approved at March 21, 2016 Board meeting)
8. REQUESTS PERTAINING TO LEAVES OF ABSENCE
Leaves Without Pay
Instructional
a. Rebekah Russo, Penn Lincoln – April 7, 8, 2016 b. Katie Moyer, Baker – March 23, 2016 (1/2 AM) c. Stacy Ritchey, Penn Lincoln – May 9, 10, 11, 2016 d. Mackenzie Wilber, AAJHS – March 31 and April 5 (1/2 PM), 2016 e. Shannon Elder, AAJHS – March 31, 2016 f. Paul Neatrour, AAJHS – May 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 2016 g. Lisa Brenneman, Penn Lincoln – April 15 and May 26, 2016
Non-instructional
a. James Bettwy, Sr., AAJHS PT Custodian – July 1, September 2, October 7, and October 10, 2016 b. Tina Beals, WPK Cafeteria – April 4, 2016
12 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
c. Linda Carland, AAHS Teacher Aide – ½ day April 15, 2016; April 18, 2016 d. Barbara Caracciolo, Juniata Gap Teacher Aide – May 24, 2016 e. Johnice Coffee, Penn Lincoln Teacher Aide – May 16 through 20, 2016 f. Lisa Dunlap, AAHS Cafeteria – March 30, 2016
9. ADJUSTMENT OF STIPEND
Instructional
a. Administration wishes to inform you the prorated adjustment of the extra duty stipend that was approved at the August 17, 2015 Board Meeting for Renata Harpster to serve as a mentor for the 2015-16 school year. Stipend is effective through March 30, 2016.
10. STIPENDS AND EXTRA DUTY PAY
Instructional
a. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for LeeAnn Haynal to serve as a Homebound Instructor effective April 1, 2016 thru the end of the 2015/2016 school year at $25 per hour to be paid from Account #10-1430-121-000-30-00-00- 000 for Secondary and #10-1430-121-000-10-00-00-000 for Elementary.
b. Administration wishes to inform you of a request to pay Larry Detwiler, AAHS Band Director, at the contracted hourly rate for summer hours during the summer of 2016 not to exceed 200 hours from Account # 10-3210-191-000-30-13- 00-000. Upon completion of the hours worked, bi-weekly timesheets will be submitted.
c. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for the following individuals to serve as Department Head or Instructional Advisor for the 2016-2017 school year and to receive their respective stipend in accordance with the AAEA Collective Bargaining Agreement:
13 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
(1) Renee Weidlich - School Nurses – Stipend $2150 from Account # 2440-136-000-90-00-00-000 (2) Cindy Kanski – Speech Therapists – Stipend $2250 from Account # 2150-126-000-90-00-00-000
d. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for Josh Hillard, Elementary Music Itinerant, to serve as the Elementary Jazz Band Advisor for the 2016-2017 School Year and be paid in accordance with Category E ($2138) of the AAEA Collective Bargaining Agreement. The stipend will be paid from Account #3210-191-000-10-00-96-000
e. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for the following Junior High School Staff to be compensated for participating in the “train the trainer” session for the Skyward training module to be held this summer on August 17, 2016. They would be compensated at the contracted rate of $25 per hour for this training paid from Account #10- 2270-121-103-30-00-00-000.
(1) Elizabeth Bronson (2) Sandy Catherman (3) Bron Clouser (4) Tim Dzurko (5) John Garlick (6) Keri Harrington (7) Jessica Hogan (8) Eric Kincaid (9) Kenneth Krott (10) Todd Pesavento (11) Wes Rogers (12) Julie Storm (13) Wanda Vanish (14) Justin Welsh
f. Administration wishes to inform you of the Secondary Department Head Recommendations for the 2016-2017 school year. SEPARATE REPORT
g. Administration wishes to inform you the prorated extra duty stipend be paid to Sharon Wallace to serve as a mentor from April 1 through May 30, 2016 for LeeAnn Haynal.
14 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
h. Administration wishes to inform you of the following LEX staff to be paid the hourly contracted rate. Not to exceed 160 hours total and all costs to be paid from the Early Intervention Results Grant.
(1) Adler, Bonnie (2) Barton, Sue (3) Bickel, Abby (4) Bigelow, Lori (5) Boese, Donna (6) Bowser, Janelle (7) Bumberger, Rochelle (8) Carini, Joy (9) Carter, Genna (10) Creamer, Amber (11) Crider, Deborah (12) Cutshall, Melissa (13) Davis, Shannon (14) Dibert, Billie (15) Dorian, Danae (16) Feather, Evelyn (17) Fink, Leia (18) Gahagan, Julie (19) Gailey, Heather (20) Gebhardt, Amber (21) Gibbons, Cynthia (22) Green, Teresa (23) Grove, Jenna (24) Kenion, Tosha (25) Krise, Tasha (26) Leap, Judith (27) Lidwell, Rebecca (28) Lightner, Gail (29) Lockard, Sally (30) McMillan, Jill (31) McNeal, Janelle (32) Pleva, Mary Ann (33) Potter, Sommer (34) Raymond, Carly (35) Rougeux, Cathy (36) Ruggles, Lynne
15 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
(37) Sanders, Beth (38) Schreyer, Ashley (39) Weidlich, Lisa (40) Yeager-McGraw, Jessica
i. Request to pay Pagdet Burkey her hourly rate of $21.62 for parent trainings. Not to exceed 160 hours that are combined with the LEX staff and all costs to be paid from the Early Intervention Results Grant.
Special Education
a. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for LeeAnn Haynal to serve as an Instruction at an Alternate Site/Instruction in the Home Instructor for the 2015-16 school year at $25 per hour to be paid from account #1290- 121-000-30-00-00-000 effective April 1, 2016.
11. CONFERENCES
a. John Roefaro, Uniformed Officer – National Association of School Resource Officers Education & Training – Pittsburgh, PA – June 13 through 17, 2016 - $982.75 + food – Account 2660-580-000-90-99-00-121
J. PHYSICAL PLANT
1. USE OF FACILITIES
a. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for the use of parking lots for use by the Downtown Altoona Business Community from July 13 – July 16, 2016 for overflow parking for a street fair event. A certificate of insurance will be provided.
b. The Athletic Department wishes to inform you of a request for East End Little League to use the Logan Elementary baseball field from April through July for the purpose of the little league baseball practice.
c. The Athletic Department wishes to inform you of a request for the Independent Youth Baseball League to use the
16 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Pleasant Valley Elementary baseball field from April through July for the purpose of little league baseball practice.
d. The Athletic Department wishes to inform you of a request for the Altoona Little League Youth Baseball League to use the Ebner Elementary baseball field from April through July for the purpose of little league baseball practice.
f. Administration wishes to inform you of a request for the rental fee to be waived for Home Nursing Agency Community Services to use a classroom at Penn Lincoln one day a week during the summer to provide outpatient hours for students and parents at school. Hours will be during the day.
There was discussion regarding the softball field at Logan flooding; the fence at Mansion Park (Doug has not evaluated all quotes yet); tree trimming at Mansion, and potholes at Mansion.
Discussion regarding Public Access was held. There are questions regarding funding, and Mr. Cossitor said that the decision ultimately rests with the municipalities. Mr. Hippo said that Mr. Cossitor is doing an outstanding job under difficult conditions.
K. POLICY
1. POLICIES – FINAL READING
a. 818 – Contracted Services b. 824 – Maintaining Professional Adult/Student Boundaries SEPARATE REPORT
IX. FEDERAL
A. SUPPLEMENTAL EQUIPMENT GRANT
1. Administration wishes to inform you of the retroactive approval to submit the CTC Supplemental Equipment Grant. If funded, the grant, which was due March 31, will allow us to potentially provide a Promethean Activtable and a camcorder for our Child Care program and the following equipment for our Business Education programs (Accounting and Administrative Assistant): Document
17 ALTOONA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
APRIL 11, 2016
Scanner, Multi-function Color LaserJet Printer, Automatic Paper Folder, 3D Printer, and a Video Wall. The total cost of this equipment is $56,136; however, this competitive grant is formula funded so, if awarded, the allocation we actually receive could be more or less than requested.
X. OTHER ITEMS
A. Ron Johnston, Board Member – PSBA Spring Legal Roundup – Legislative Update – IU8 - April 21, 2016 (1:30-4:45 PM) – No Cost – PSBA LEARN Pass Member
Mr. Donley announced there will be a Special Board meeting held on Wednesday, April 13, 2016 at 5:30PM in the Board room, to approve a consultant contract for the Superintendent search.
Mrs. Bream expressed thanks for the many condolences for her husband’s passing last week.
XI. ADJOURNMENT The meeting was adjourned at 8:03 PM.
Attest: ______CAMILLA B. HOUY JOHN DONLEY BOARD SECRETARY BOARD PRESIDENT
18