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A Review of Fishing Gear in the Southeast Region and Their NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-449 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service A review of the fishing gear utilized within the Southeast Region and their potential impacts on essential fish habitat by: Michael C. Barnette National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Regional Office 9721 Executive Center Drive North St. Petersburg, FL 33702 February 2001 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-449 A review of the fishing gear utilized in the Southeast Region and their potential impacts on essential fish habitat by: Michael C. Barnette U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Scott B. Gudes, Acting Under Secretary for Oceans and Atm osphere National Marine Fisheries Service William T. Hogarth, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries February 2001 Technical Memoranda are used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim reports, or special purpose information, and have not received complete formal review, editorial control or detailed editing. NOTICE The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, nor to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased b ecau se of this NMFS publication. The views presented are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NMFS. This report should be cited as follows: Barnette, M.C. 2001. A review of the fishing gear utilized within the Southea st Regio n and their potential impacts on essential fish habitat. NO AA Tec hnical M emorandum NMFS-SEFSC-449, 62pp. Copies may be obtained by writing: National Technical Information Service 5258 Port Royal Rd. Springfield, VA 22161 1-800-553-6847 or 1-703-605-6000 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge Jeff Rester of the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Com mission, for his effort in compiling his annotated bibliography of fishing impacts, as well as for his assistance and comments during the development of this paper. ii INDEX Background ..............................................................1 Essential Fish Habitat ........................................................ 2 Fishery-Related Impacts ......................................................5 Regional Fishing Gear ........................................................ 6 Mobile Gear Crab Scrape ................................................... 8 Frame Trawl ................................................... 8 Hydraulic Escalator Dredge ........................................ 12 Otter Trawl ................................................... 13 Oyster Dredge ................................................. 20 Scallop Dredge (Inshore) .......................................... 21 Scallop Dredge (Offshore) ......................................... 21 Skimmer Trawl ................................................ 22 Static Gear Channel Net ..................................................23 Gillnet & Trammel Net ............................................ 23 Hoop Net .................................................... 27 Longline .................................................... 27 Poundnet .................................................... 28 Trap & Pot ................................................... 28 Other Gear Allowable Chemical ............................................. 30 Barrier Net ................................................... 30 Castnet ..................................................... 30 Clam Kicking ................................................. 35 Clam Rake, Scallop Rake, Sponge Rake, & Oyster Tong ...................... 36 Dipnet & Bully Net .............................................. 36 Hand Harvest ................................................. 37 Harpoon .................................................... 37 Haul Seine & Beach Seine ......................................... 37 Hook and Line, Handline, Bandit Gear, Buoy Gear, & Rod and Reel .............. 38 Patent Tong .................................................. 38 Purse Seine & Lampara Net ........................................ 39 Pushnet ..................................................... 39 Slurp Gun ................................................... 39 Snare ...................................................... 40 Spear & Powerhead ............................................. 40 Current Management Measures To Protect EFH ...................................... 41 Summ ary ............................................................... 41 References .............................................................. 44 Definitions .............................................................. 56 Appendix: List of Authorized Gear ............................................... 60 iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Table 1. Estuarine and Marine EFH Components Within the Southeast Region ............. 3 Table 2. Summary of the Potential Physical Impacts to EFH in the Gulf of Mexico, South Atlantic, and Caribbean Developed During the December 1999 NOAA Fisheries EFH Workshop ..... 8 Figures Figure 1. Crab Scrape .................................................. 9 Figure 2. Frame Trawl .................................................. 9 Figure 3. Escalator Dredge ...............................................9 Figure 4. Otter Trawl .................................................. 10 Figure 5. Oyster Dredge ............................................... 10 Figure 6. Scallop Dredge (Inshore) ........................................ 10 Figure 7. Scallop Dredge (Offshore) ........................................ 10 Figure 8. Skimmer Trawl ............................................... 11 Figure 9. Gillnet ..................................................... 24 Figure 10. Trammel Net ............................................... 24 Figure 11. Hoop Net .................................................. 24 Figure 12. Bottom Longline ............................................. 24 Figure 13. Pelagic Longline ............................................. 25 Figure 14. Pound Net ................................................. 25 Figure 15. Fish Trap .................................................. 25 Figure 16. Crab Pot .................................................. 25 Figure 17. Collapsible Crab Trap .......................................... 26 Figure 18. Cast Net .................................................. 31 Figure 19. Bull Rake .................................................. 31 Figure 20. Hand Rake ................................................. 31 Figure 21. Oyster Tongs ............................................... 31 Figure 22. Dipnet ................................................... 32 Figure 23. Tropical Fish Net ............................................. 32 Figure 24. Lobster/Landing Net ........................................... 32 Figure 25. Beach Haul Seine ............................................ 32 Figure 26. Patent Tongs ............................................... 33 Figure 27. Purse Seine ................................................ 33 Figure 28. Components of a Purse Seine Net ................................. 34 Figure 29. Lampara Net ............................................... 34 Figure 30. Pushnet .................................................. 34 Figure 31. Slurp Gun ................................................. 34 Figure 32. Snare .................................................... 35 Figure 33. Speargun .................................................. 35 iv BACKGROUND Habitat is increasingly recognized as critical to maintaining species diversity and supporting sustainable fisheries. The 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson- Stevens Act) mandated that fishery management plans (FMPs) be amended to include the description and identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for all managed species. The Magnuson-Stevens Act defined EFH as “those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity.” The Magnuson-Stevens Act also required that adverse impacts on EFH resulting from fishing activities be identified and minimized to the extent practicable. In order to minimize adverse impacts on EFH resulting from fishery- related activities, an evaluation of the various fishing gear types employed within the jurisdictions of all Fishery Management Councils was necessary. This evaluation developed into a profoundly difficult obstacle given the pauc ity of readily available information on the numerous types of gear utilized within the South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. While there have been hundreds of studies published on gear impacts worldwide, the majority of these focus on mobile gear such as dredges and trawls. Furthermore, in addition to the approved gears within the various FMPs, there are many gears utilized within state and territorial waters that also needed to be evaluated due to the extension of defined EFH into coastal and estuarine waters. However, there are few, if any, habitat
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