Proceedings of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Volume 16 (1981)

Authors Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science

Publisher Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science

Download date 26/09/2021 01:52:01

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/316244 Volume 16 1981 Proceeding Journal Supplemenl

of the

TWENTYFIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

May 1-2, 1981

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

•

1980-81 Annual Reports

•

Participating Societies: Arizona Junior Academy of Science American Water Resources Association

Arizona Research Entomologists

S97�1 A71 S4.j MAY 1981 SPEC COL PROCEEDINGS

of the

25th ANNUAL MEETINGS

of the

'ARIZONA-NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE'

April 30 - May 2, 1981 - University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

INDEX Page

Abbreviated t·1eeting Schedule .• 2 Summary of Section �leetings 3 Spec; a 1 Events • • • • . • • 4

Abstracts of Papers Presented at Section Meetings

An th ropo logy . . . • . .'. . 5

Biology.·. . • •..• '. 13

conserveti on .. . . -. • 27

General . . . . . • • • • 30

Genetics & Developmental Biology •••• 33

Geography • • • . • . • . . • • • . 35, Hydro logy • . . . • . . . . . • • 44

Science Educe ti on • '.' • . • . . . 59

Reports of Officers and Committees of the Academy

Officers .•.••. 63

Committee Rosters ... 64

Section Chairpersons ••.. 65 President's Report •...•• 66 Minutes of the Annual Meeting •. 67 Treasurer's Report ....• 69 Executive Secretary's Report ..•. 70 Nominating Committee •.•.. 71

Fellows Committee ••.••. 71

Editorial Board •••.••••• 72 Arizona-Nevada Junior Academy of Science 72

1 ABBREVIATED SCHEDULE

All events will be held on the second level of the Memorial Student Union Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

April 30

7:30 p.m. Academy Executive Board tv1eeting, t/lemorial Student Union

May 1 7:00 a.m. Registration, Second Level, Memorial Student Union

8:00 - 11:30 Paper Sessions (see Section Schedules)

11: 30 - 12: 00 Academy Business r1eeting, Memorial Student Union

12:00 - 1: 30 Annual Academy Awards Luncheon and Past Presidents Address, Junior Ball room, Memorial Student Union

1:45-5:00 Paper Sessions (see Section Schedules) , 6: 30 Annual Academy Banquet, Terrace Ballroom, Memorial Student Union 7:30 Twenty-Fifth Annual Academy Invited Address, Terrace Ballroom, Memorial Student Union Speaker: Dr. Carl Tomizuka, University of Arizona - Subject: Possibilities and Limitations of Computer-Based Education

May 2 8:00 a.m. Registration, Second Level, Memorial-Student Union

8:00 - 12:00 Paper Sessions (see Section Schedules) 12: 15 Executive Eoard Meeting, Memorial Student Union

2 SUMMARY OF SECTION MEETINGS

Section Day/Date Session Time Room*

Anthropology Fri. 5/1 I 8:00 281 Fri. 5/1 II 1:45 281 Sat. 5/2 III 8:00 281

Biology Fri. 5/1 IA 8:20 251 Fri. 5/1 IB 9:00 256 Fri. 5/1 IIA 1:45 251 Fri. 5/1 lIB 1:45 256

Conservation Fri. 5/1 I 8:00 282

Genetics and Developmental Biology Fri. 5/1 I 10:00 282

Geography Fri. 5/1 I 8:00 285 Fri. 5/1 II 1:45 285 Sat. 5/2 III 8:00 285

General Fri. 5/1 I 8:00 284

Hydrology Fri. 5/1 I 8: 30 283 Fri. 5/1 II 1:45 283 Sat. 5/2 III 8:00 283

* All meetings will be held in the Memorial Student Union

3 SPECIAL EVENTS

Fri day, �1ay 1, 1981

Annual Academy Bus iness Meeting 11: 30 - 12 : Of) Memorial Student Union

Annual Acaderry Awards Luncheon and Past Presidents Address 12: 00 - 1: 30 Junior Ballroom, Memorial Student Union

Annual Acadewy Banquet 6: 30 - 7: 30 Terrace Ballroom, Memorial Student Union

Twenty-Fifth Annual Acadewy Invited Address 7: 30 Terrace Ballroom, Memorial Student Union Speaker: Dr. Carl Tomizuka Subject: Possibilities and Limitations of Computer Based Education

4 ANTHROPOLOGY

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1981, 9:00 A.M.

Room: 281, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Dick Winchell

9:00-9:15 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN

Robert J. Esse (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

A survey of Indian secondary and postsecondary education in Arizona was conducted by Arizona State University1s Center for Public Affairs in the fall of 1980 and spring of 1981. The results indicated that while Indian secondary enrollment was proportional to the statels total Indian population, post­ secondary data showed a much less significant representation. In fact, Indian representation in administration and management programs was negligible. This paper will discuss Indian education in Arizona and the manner in which the Center for Public Affairs is responding to the administrative needs of Indian tribes and urban organizations.

9:15-9:30 HIGH SCHOOL CAREER COUNSELING FOR INDIAN POPULATIONS

Mark Retasket (Navajo Tribal Training Center, Window Rock, Arizona)

There are 54 high schools on or near the Navajo Nation that serve a large proportion of Native American students. There exists a need in these schools for counseling regarding postsecondary and vocational training opportunities available to Indian students. This paper will examine these issues and present preliminary data of a survey that evaluates the effectiveness of high school counseling for Native American students.

9:30-9:45 THE STUDY OF TRIBAL MANAGEMENT AT SCOTTSDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Robert N. Porter and Steven Saffron (Scottsdale Community College, Scottsdale, Arizona)

Since its founding in 1973, Scottsdale Community College has had a direct relationship with the Salt River Indian Community, given its location on tribal lands. Recent planning of Indian programs by the college1s Office of Indian Services, in cooperation with the Salt River, Fort McDowell and urban Indian communities, has led to the formulation of a one-year certificate and two-year degree program in tribal management. The program, which got underway in the fall of 1980, has created an awareness of the need for similar programs else­ where in the Southwest. This paper summarizes the development and present status of the tribal management program at Scottsdale Community College and the implications for its establishment at other community colleges.

5 9:45-10:00 INDIAN EDUCATION IN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: A NEW DIRECTION

Dick G. Winchell (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Since passage in 1974 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, much of the training provided to Native American communities has consisted of job-specific workshops, typically provided by federal agencies. Such training, while serving the immediate need for managerrent skills among tribes, has largely failed to offer a comprehensive solution to the need for formal instruction in planning and management. Such training can be of direct benefit to Indian communities only when it ;s established as part of a broad-based curriculum in tribal management and planning. This paper proposes the formulation of a career ladder structure that facilitates the development of tribal management curricula at local community colleges as well as four-year institutions serving significant Native American populations.

10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK

Chairperson: Skip Heck

10:30-10:45 NAVAJO COMMUNITY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Norma L. Goldtooth and Esther S. Birtcher (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The Navajo Nation has a history of nearly ten centuries. Prior to the mid-19th century they were primarily farmers, hunters and seed gatherers. All of that would change in the 18605, however, as continued conflict between federal troops and Navajos culminated in the Long Walk of 300 miles to Fort Sumner. This paper examines the history of the Navajo Tribe, principally since

the Long Walk .. Topics explored include the role of education and the Bureau of Indian Affairs; the evolution of the Navajo Tribal Council; the era of livestock reduction on the reservation; the construction of health care facil-· ities on the Navajo Nation; and Navajo economic development in the 20th century.

10:45":11:00 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF NR. PETER �1acDONALD, THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NAVAJO TRIBE (1970-1980)

Rosetta- Hubbard (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

This paper examines the life and accomplishments of Peter MacDonald, the ninth Chairman of the Navajo Nation. As Chairman of the Navajos as well as the Counci 1 of Energy Resource Tri bes, �1acDona 1 d has encouraged the deve 1 opment of economic and energy-resource projects on the Navajo Nation and on other reservations. In more than a decade as Tribal Chairman, the paper concludes, �1acDonald has brought the Navajo Tribe closer to economic and political self­ sufficiency in spite of a number of unsolved problems, prominent among them the controversy surrounding the former Joint-Use Area.

11:00-11:15 THE NAVAJO ENVIRONMENT IN A COMMUNITY CONTEXT

Howard Leonard (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

6 To the traditional Navajo, he is part of the land and the land is part of him. The Navajo considers himself in harmony with the land and its resources, and thus views with alarm the contemporary pattern of strip mining and des­ truction of the land. This paper considers these trends and urges planning that takes into account Navajo respect for the land and s11 it offers.

11:15-11:30 CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NAVAJO PEOPLE

Don Benally and Irene Bena1ly (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The Navajo Nation, largest Indian tribe in the country, also has a long and proud cultural heritage. Tribal culture is marked by extensive clan and kinship systems, a strong religious heritage and ceremonies based in religious and curing beliefs. This paper explores the development of these phenomena as well as the dress, language and physical characteristics of the Navajo Tribe.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 AN�UAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALL ROm·i, t1EMORIAL STUDENT UNION

7 Session II: Friday, May 1, 1981, 1:45 P.M.

Room: 281, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Dick Winchell

1:45-2:00 EXCAVATIONS AT FOUR SMALL SINAGUA SITES

John W. Hohmann (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)

Four prehistoric sites located upon the eastern flanks of the San Fran­ cisco Mountains, near Flagstaff, Arizona, were identified from surface remains as field house structures. Field house structures are commonly associated with temporary, seasonal occupation often associated with agricultural sub­ sistance activities. Excavations were undertaken at these sites, revealing two field house structures and two single room, permanent habitation units. The excavation results suggest an error factor in surface site recognition and interpretation for the region. Thus, Sinagua settlement pattern and demo­ graphic studies based principally on surface survey inventories could reflect such errors. However, the study's results also indicate that precise defini­ tions of local field house surface features can be developed and employed which can assist in alleviating such problems.

2:00-2:15 ETHNOGRAPHY FOR PAl ARCHAEOLOGY

Jeanne Swarthout (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona)

This paper will examine the utility of both ethnographic and ethnohistoric models of the northern Pai of west central Arizona. While the literature con­ tains extensive accounts of aboriginal life, models derived from this have not been useful in the testing of archaeological hypotheses. The lack of fit is due to a number of factors including overly simplistic views of native culture and the absence of a full economic pattern represented in the litera­ ture. On the other hand, archaeological data are difficult to fit to any model because the lack of chronological control and multi component sites resting directly on the surface. A full discussion of the discrepancies be­ tween data, models and literature will be made and suggestions to ease the situation presented. Recognition of these problems is needed before real archaeological progress can be made in this area.

2:15-2:30 ARCHAIC HUNTING STRATEGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Carl D. Halbirt (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona)

The seasonal utilization of Sudden Shelter, an Archaic site in central Utah, is interpreted using a model developed by Young (1979). The model compares mule deer (OdOaoiZeus hemionus) hunting records to tree-ring width on the northern Kaibab plateau and establishes a positive correlation between climate and deer hunting success. An examination of the large game/small game fauna ratio at Sudden Shelter shows a similar positive correlation between the pine pollen frequency and the hunting of artiodactyla during periods of increased site utilization. Periods of minimal site utilization show a heavier

8 reliance on small game. Optimal foraging theory provides a framework to interpret the intensified utilization of the shelter during mesic periods.

2:30-2:45 PALEODEMOGRAPHY AMONG THE SAINT JOHNS CIBOLA ANASAZI PEOPLE OF NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Jim M. Smithwick

This constructed a selected Cibola paleodemographic study nonrandomly . Anasazi skeletal population, examined it for sex and age structure, mortality rates and life expectancy, and for evidence of malnutrition. High infant mortality is attributed to infant diseases such as porotic hyperostosis. The incidence of this disease is 50 per cent among young children. Few deaths between seven and seventeen years old suggested this to be the healthiest period of life. For this population higher female mortality over male deaths during the reproductive years is attributed to birth stress. Short life expectancy is observed in all temporal populations, declining through time. These population data are compared to both prehistoric and historic demographic data from populations of a similar subsistence level and level of social complexity. These populations exhibited many identical patterns, suggesting common demographic conditions.

2:45-3:00 PLANT FOLK TAXONOMY OF THE YUROK, TOLOWA, AND KAROl< INDIANS

��arc A. Baker (P,rizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The Yurok, Tolowa, and Karok Indians are three extant, but largely assimilated, native cultures of Northwest California. Their systems of folk taxonomy were similar to one another and to those found in other New World cul tures. Of a total of 328 modern taxa represented by pl ant specimens shown to Yurok, Tolowa, and Karok people, only 39, 21, and 49 names of folk taxa, respectively, were recorded. The fundamental structure of the folk taxonomies was of a generic level, and had less hierarchy than modern taxonon�. The growth of the nomenclature was pri�arily through horizontal expansion. Genera had three main types of etymologies; zoological, cultural, and botanical. Suprageneric and subgeneric taxa were few, although the degree of distinction among gene pools has diminished greatly, making it difficult to speculate about the number of folk species. The structure of the system of life-form names remains largely intact. Varietal names were found to be associated with only one species, Nicotiana bigelovii, which was the only cultivar before Anglo-Saxon encroachment. The structure and development of the folk botanical terminology was similar to that of the taxonomy.

3:00-3:30 COFFEE BREAK

3:30-3:45 THE ORIGIN OF THE INDIAN'S PLIGHT

Gerald Calnimptewa (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The historical development of American policy toward the Indians is no­ where better revealed than in the major congressional legislation dealing with Indian tribes. The existence of entity status for tribes, the limits of tribal

9 self-government and the extent of tribal immunity from state interference are not guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. As a result, these matters have historically been the legislative responsibility of Congress. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the formative era in the development of Indian policy. It includes a brief discussion of major historical events affecting Indians, as well as the impact of the Indian Reorganization Act on Arizona Tribes.

3:45-4:00 SOVEREIGNTY IN TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS

Leo Haven (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

There exists a of concise federal court decisions body strong, upholding - tribal self-government and sovereignty. Despite the presence of these decisions, a number of state entities and individuals have challenged through litigation the "sovereign powers" of tribes. This paper will review prominent Indian-related court 6ases and their on the concept of impact evolving . tribal sovereignty.

4:00-4:15 THE IMPACTS OF COMPULSORY RELOCATION: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND A CASE STUDY OF THE NAVAJO JOINT-USE AREA

Frances Totsoni (Ari zona State Uni vers i ty, Tempe, Ari zona)

Compulsory relocation of population groups seems to be the way of the world. This paper will attempt to present the varied impacts of forced relocation, especially on the estimated 5,000 Navajos who are expected to relocate out of the former Joint-Use Area in compliance with Public Law 93-531, enacted by the Congress on December 22, 1974.

4:30-6:00 SPECIAL SESSION

MOVIE - IIMORE THAN BOWS AND ARROWS"

6:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOM, ME�IDRIAL STUDENT UNION

7: 30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROO�1, t1EMORIAL STUDENT UNION

10 SESSION III: Saturday, May 2, 1981, 8:00 A.H.

Room: 281, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Dick Winchell

8:00-9:30 MOVIE - IIMORE THAN BOWS AND ARROWS" and Discussion of Tribal Government

9:30-10:00 COFFEE BREAK

10:00-10:30, THE LOWRIDER REALITY: SOCIAL RITUAL AND CULTURAL DIAGNOSTICS IN THE BARRIO

Ruben G. Mendoza (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

The purpose of this paper is to provide an anthropological perspective on the social rituals and cultural diagnostics of an urban subculture. From the standpoint of ethnic identity, the "l owrf der" lifestyle is viewed as a dis­ tinctively urban rite of passage involving a complex of culturally mediated signs and symbols. Relevant aspects of contemporary social rituals are viewed in terms of their functions to promote and reaffirm social solidarity and cultural identity among members of the various "Iowr+der" fretern+ttes. Furthermore, the highly distinctive IIlowrider caravan" is herein conceptualized as the primary rite of intensification contributing to the ritual ized atmos­ phere by which social differentiation is accompl ished.

10:30-11:00 REGIONAL ETHNICITY THROUGH MEXICAN-AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR LEADERS

Dick G. Winchell (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Mexican-American groups in the Southwest provide an interesting insight into the relations between ethnic identity and symbolic actions. This paper will present a case study of two such organizations: the Denver-based Crusade for Justice under the leadership of Rudolfo "Corky" Gonzales, and New Mexico's Alianza Federal de Mercedes, led by Reies Tijerina. The paper will describe the development of ethnic identity within these organizations, and the unique regional setting which is in part responsible for that identity.

11: 00-11: 30 BARRIO GRAFITTI: TERRITORIALITY, PAINT INTOXICATION AND SOCIAL SYMBOLISM

Ruben G. Mendoza (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

The purpose of this presentation is to provide an interpretive framework for approaching questions regarding the socio-cultural background underlying the styl ts tlc diversity of "barr-io" grafitti. With regard to the "barrio", or ��xican-American community, the production and distribution of grafitti styles are herein viewed as arising in response to: (1) individual or personal expression; (2) socio-political affiliation and/or identity; (3) territorial

11 sanctions and intergroup rivalries; and (4) "paint" intoxication. The behav­ ioral correlates underlying the production and distribution of "barrio" grafitti are explored in terms of an explanatory-predictive model which attempts to account for extant stylistic variability.

12 BIOLOGY

Session IA: Friday, May 1, 1981, 8:20 A.M.

Room: 251, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Larry J. Paulson

8:20-8:40 SUCCESSION OF DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES IN THE SEDIMENTS OF LAS VEGAS BAY, LAKE MEAD

David R. Hetzel, Larry J. Paulson, John R. Baker (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Sediment cores from three locations in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, were examined for diatom remains. The inner bay receives secondary-treated sewage effluent from Las Vegas Wash. Diatom composition was similar at all stations but abundance did vary among stations. Four diatom species were found to be common in all the cores. The horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of the common species revealed changes due to lake level fluctuations and increases in nutrient loading from the sewage outflow.

B:40-9:00 RECENT CHANGES IN ZOOPLANKTON STANDING CROP IN LAKE MEAD AND THEIR PROBABLE EFFECTS ON LARGEMOUTH BASS FRY

Gene R. Wilde (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Zooplankton standing crop (N·1-1) has decreased by a factor of 10 throughout Lake Mead during the period from 1971 to 1980� This decrease is correlated with similar reductions in nutrient loading by the Colorado River and an apparent decrease in phytoplankton productivity. Largemouth bass (Micropteru8 aalmoides) fry are dependent upon limnetic zooplankton for food in Lake Mead. Survival and growth of bass fry in Lake Mead may be limited by the annually decreasing availability of limnetic zooplankton.

9:00-9:20 THE INFLUENCE OF LAKE POWELL ON THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT-PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS OF THE COLORADO RIVER INFLOW TO LAKE MEAD

Terry D. Evans and Larry J. Paulson (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Lake Mead receives approximately 98% of its inflow from the Colorado River. The productivity and subsequent overall metabolism of the reservoir is dependent upon the amount and availability of nutrients supplied by the Colorado River. Recent work on Lake Mead indicates that phytoplankton productivity in most of the reservoir is phosphorus-limited. Phosphorus limitation and the resulting low productivity probably have been caused by the formation of Lake Powell in 1963. Turbidity measurements and calculated sed­ iment loads show a significant decrease in the suspended sediment below Lake Powell. Phosphorus is known to be closely associated with fine silts and clays. Analysis of water samples taken above and below Lake Powell show a Significant decrease in the annual phosphorus loading to Lake Mead, probably 13 as a result of the decreased sediment load of the Colorado River system below Lake Powell.

9:20-9:40 ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AS AN INDICATION OF PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY IN LAKE MEAD

Kellar and Larry Paulson (University of Nevada. Las Vegas. Las Vegas. NevadaPenelo)e

Discharge of secondary-treated sewage into lake Mead results in a dramatic gradient of orthophosphorus concentrations, ranging from 100 �lgP· C1 at the point of discharge to less than 1 �gP.1-1 in other areas. It was thus possible to investigate the relationship of activity of alkaline phosphatase (an enzyme produced in response to phosphorus deficiency) over a wide range of ortho­ phosphorus concentrattons , In Lake Mead the relationship is negatively exponential; the onset of phosphorus deficiency and production of enzyme above constitutive levels occur in the range of 5-15 �gP.1-1. Levels of enzyme activity correlate well with total N:P and inorganic N:P ratios in indicating phosphorus limitation.

9:40-10:00 THE ABILITY OF TIlAPIA ZIlLII TO CONTROL NON-PREFERRED AQUATIC PLANTS

Charles D. Ziebell and Mohamed O. Saeed (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

The use of Tilapia ziZlii, an herbivorous fish, for aquatic weed control has become quite common in the South'v/estern United States. The degree of control varies and is dependent on plant preference as certain species of plants are eaten more readily than others. Our laboratory study measured the ability of T. zillii to consume non-preferred aquatic plants, Najas ma�ina� Egeria densa, and MYriophyllum exalbesaens and determine the weight change of fish in 56 day experiments. All plants were eaten in different quantities. N. marina was consumed in greater quanti ties than E. denea; and M. exalbeecene proved to be extremely unpalatable as only small amounts were eaten. Fish weight correlated with the amounts of plants consumed. Weight gain in a control group (Charpa sp., a preferred plant) and the N. marina experiment was significant. No weight gain occurred with E. densa and a significant weight loss occurred in the experiments with M. exaZbesaens. These data suggest that N. mapina could be controlled in ponds or small lakes by T. zilZii� but that E. aensa and M. exalbesaens most likely would not be con­ trolled.

10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK

10:15-10:35 THREADFIN SHAD (Doposoma petenense) IN LAKE MEAD

John R. Baker and Larry J. Paulson (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Threadfin shad (Doposoma petenense) were introduced into Lake Mead in 1954 to provide additional forage for largemouth bass (Miapoptepus salmoides).

14 A successful spawn occurred the following spring and threadfin shad became very abundant throughout the lake. We have monitored the threadfin shad pop­ ulation in Lake Mead since 1972 using sonar. During the summer-fall period (June-November) numerous threadfin shad schools were detected in the epilim­ nion until the summer of 1980. At this time threadfin shad were still obser­ ved in coves, but the large schools in the limnetic areas diminished, indi­ cating an appreciable decline in their population. The decline corresponded with a rapidly increasing striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population and was probably due to predation.

10:35-10:55 FOOD PARTITIONING OF THE FISHES OF THE VIRGIN RIVER

Paul Greger (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Food partitioning of one introduced and six native species was investi­ gated from two different sites in the Virgin River. Replicate benthic and drift sampling from riffle areas indicate that chironomid and simuliid larvae comprise the major food base available to fish. Seasonal electivity curves suggest that most feeding patterns are related to food availability in the habitat. Results of stomach analyses reveal seasonal dietary changes as well as inter and intra-specific differences in the foods utilized. Desert and flannelmouth suckers feed on filamentous algae, diatoms and invertebrates� Intra-specific differences in their diets suggest spatial separation of young and old fish in the habitat. Woundfin are opportunistic as evidenced by the wide array of benthic drift and plant materials consumed. Roundtail chubs ingest abundant quantities of Spirogyra spp. and diatoms, often with few invertebrates associated in their diet. Prey switching from simuliids to chironomids is exhibited seasonally by speckled dace. Spinedace appear to have the broadest feeding niche, based on animal prey types consumedG Food overlaps are considerable and suggest that resource partitioning by fish in fluctuating environments is less distinct than patterns of resource utiliza­ tion in more stable ecosystems.

10:55-11:15 HABITAT EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR TWO NATIVE SOUTHWESTERN TROUTS

John N. Rinne (U.S. Forest Service, Tempe, Arizona)

Results of habitat evaluation for the endangered Gila (Salmo gilae Miller) and threatened Arizona (Salmo apache Miller) trouts suggest that several physicohydrorrorphological factors (i.e. cover, depth of water, volume of water) will explain half the variation in numbers and biomass of these two species in headwater tributaries. The close and direct relationship of depth of water and size of fish has implications for potential sport fisheries for these now listed salmonids. Trout habitat can be improved through log dam structures, but their density, dimensions, and maintenance costs must be carefully considered.

11:15-11:35 FISH INVENTORY OF COACHELLA CANAL, IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

William Rinne (Water and Power Resources Service, Boulder City, Nevada) 15 and W. L. Minckley (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

An inventory of the fishery resources of the Coachella Canal was completed November 9-12, 1980. The objectives were to determine species composition and to estimate relative abundance and standing crop of each species in the unlined canal. Three sections of canal were sampled: 1) a .44 km reach with a check drop structure; 2) a .65 km reach with no water control structures; and 3) a 165 m double-barreled box siphon. Each section was isolated prior to samp­ ling by placing 3 X 25 m blocking nets on the upstream and downstream ends. A 5 percent solution of Noxfish Ichthyotoxin was applied at a dosage of more than 1 ppm. An attempt was made to collect and count all fish from each section by netting and seining. Fish were weighed by species, and subsampled for length, weight, age structure and feod habit analysis. Thirteen species of fish, were collected during the inventory. Threadfin Shad (Do�osoma petenense) repre­ sented 47.2 percent of fish collected. Channel catfish (Iatalurus punctatus) accounted for 38 percent of the fish numbers and 53.7 percent of fish biomass. The estimated standing crop for all species was 429 Kg/hectare. A total of 7,332 fish (3,363 fish/hectare) were collected during the inventory.

11 : 30-12 : 00 ACADEt�Y BUS I NE SS ME ETI NG , ROOM MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

16 Session IS: Friday, Nay 1, 1981, 9:00 A.M.

Room: 256, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Katherine L. Bell

9:00-9:20 REVERSE-PHASE HPLC OF ION-PAIRED CACTUS ALKALOIDS

M. J. Knox and W. D. Clark (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

A reverse-phase HPLC-method was developed for rapid screening of S-phenethylamine and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids in Cactaceae. Using ion-pairing and a water-methanol gradient on a microparticular C1S column, constituent alkaloids were resolved from crude extracts of Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro cactus), Mammillaria miarocarpa (fishhook cactus) and Opuntia spinosior (cane cactus). Pure standards and spectrophotometric evidence were used to identify peaks obtained from LC chromatograms.

9:20-9:40 AMINO ACIDS IN THE FLORAL NECTAR OF COTTON (Gossypium spp.)

Martha Gilliam (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona)

In many areas, cotton is a major honey plant. Also, honey bees (Apis mellifera) benefit cotton and are probably the insect that will be used in most cases to pollinate male sterile flowers in hybrid cotton seed production. Because of the importance of floral nectar in attracting honey bees to the flowers for pollination, the free amino acid content of the nectar of three cultivars was determined. Only four amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, threonine, and glutamic acid) were found in nectar of Deltapine 16 and A-line Stoneville 213 cultivars grown at one location. These amino acids were also the predominant ones in the nectar of Deltapine 61 grown at another location. Nectar from Deltapine 61 contained 14 amino acids. Amino acids in nectar from plants sprayed with various levels of 2,4-0 fluctuated with both time and treatment. The herbicide increased the volume of floral nectar and thus the quantity of nectar amino acids per flower. Other researchers had shown that the amounts and kinds of sugars in the floral nectar of cotton differ' with species and time. This is also the case with amino acids. Knowledge of these variations is important in synchrony of cultivation with insect pollin­ ators.

9:40-10:00 URBAN VEGETATION: ITS COMPONENTS AND DISTRIBUTION IN TUCSON, ARIZONA

Mary Kay O·P.ourke (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Tucson is a rapidly growing city of a half million people in the arid southwestern United States. From 1945 to 1975, 62% of the city·s growth has been attributed to migration� The horticultural and landscaping activity of the new residents replaced native vegetation with ornamental plants and thereby altered the pollen rain in the Tucson basin. Changes in the pollen rain can be directly related to horticultural groups within the urban vege­ tation zone. 17 Groundcover, trees and shrubs were tallied from the front yards of 1557 homes ;n the Tucson Bas;n. Homes were selected randomly from six areas (clusters) around Burkard pollen traps. No significant (.05 level) difference occurred between any of the clusters sampled. The clusters of urban vegeta­ tion were then subdivided using principle component analysis on a covarience matrix of the 17 most important plant and groundcover groups. The first eigenvector accounts for a minimum of 40% of the varience, and it represents the limited number of plant types used consistantly for landscaping throughout the city. The second and third eigenvectors represent the horticultural groups which are of major importance within each cluster and are responsible for local differences in the city·s pollen rain.

10:00-10:20 VEGETATION AND FLORA OF THE GRAPEVINE MOUNTAINS, DEATH VALLEY

Margaret Kurzi us (Uni vers i ty 0 f Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

The Grapevine Mountains form the northeastern boundary of Death Valley, including elevations from below sea level to 8738 feet, with several major biotic convnunities represented in approximately 400 square miles. Field and laboratory studies have involved an inventory of plant species. quanti­ tative community analyses and vegetation mapping of the mountain range. The floristic composition of communities within the Grapevine Mountains and of the mountain as a whole were compared to that of other areas in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts of Nevada and California.

10:20-10:35 COFFEE BREAK

10:35-10:55 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON A COASTAL LICHEN COMMUNITY

Lisa Ross and Thomas Nash (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The lichen community on Quercus agrifoZia in the oak woodland ecosystem of the Santa Monica Mountains was examined in relation to the Los Angeles urban environmental impact, particularly oxidant air pollution. Comparison between current and historical collections indicate a marked reduction in lichen species richness as well as morphological alteration of lichen thalli. Control sites in a relatively pollution free coastal range provided quanti­ tative measurements of species sensitivity to the urban environment. Labor­ atory fumigations of native species (ParmeZia perZata and ParmeZina quepaina) with ozone are being conducted. These lines of evidencE, historical, field, statistical, and laboratory indicate that the present lichen community has been affected by the Los Angeles urban environment.

10:55-11:15 SUMMER NITROGEN AND CARBON FIXATION IN AN ARCTIC LICHEN

Astrid Olafsen and Thomas H. Nash III (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Nitrogen is a limiting factor in the arctic, with 70 - 90% of the annual new, biologically available input coming from biological fixation. Lichens with nitrogen fixation capabilities may thus be important contributors to the nutrient status of the system. Diurnal N2 fixation capabilities of 18 Stiereooaulon aZpinurq were measured (acetylene reduction) and photosynthetic patterns analyzed ( 4C02 fixation) for the summer of 1980 at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Carbon fixation occurred primarily in the early morning after dew uptake, ceasing after sufficient solar radiation had dried the thalli. N2 fixation peaks paralleled those for photosynthesis, with additional ff xatfon nocturnally when temperatures were high enough. Any other photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation was of short duration, occurring only after periodic rain or fog events. Estimates of seasonal nutrient inputs were made.

11:15-11:35 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF Parmelia praesignis

Steven O. Link and Thomas H. Nash III (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Net photosynthetic data were collected for Par-melia praesignis Nyl. from the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. These data were collected in the field and in the laboratory. A net photosynthetic data matrix was constructed for various levels of thallus temperature, solar radiation, and thallus water content. The effects of resaturation respiration, carbon dioxide concentration, short term acclimation, and handling on net photosynthesis were examined. Progress on a multivariate regression model to compare fielc and laboratory data is also considered.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

19 Session IIA: Friday, May 1, 1981, 1145 P.M.

Room: 251, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Dean W. Blinn

1:45-2:05 SPECIES DETERMINATION IN THE SYNURACEAE (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)

Michael R. Gretz and Milton R. Sommerfeld (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The protoplasts of the Synuraceae are covered with an armour of over­ lapping scales and bristles. Scale morphology provides a convenient and valid taxonomic criterion for the classification of these organisms. The electron microscope is required to study details of scale structure. Obser­ vations of the Synuraceae are hindered by their extreme fragil ity and short life when removed from their native habitat. As a result of difficulties in preservation and identification scaled Chrysophyceae have been omitted or incorrectly identified in many phytoplankton studies. Species of Mazz,omonas, Synura, ChrysosphaereZZa, Paraphysomonas and Spiniferomonas are described from lakes and ponds of Arizona.

2:05-2:25 CYTOFLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR DNA IN SELECTED ALGAE

Herbert M. Hull and Robert W. Hoshaw (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

In order to examine the possible relationship between ploidy level and nuclear DNA content in algae, intensity of nuclear fluorescence was measured \tiith a Leitz MPV photomul tipl ier following fl uorochroming. Specimens were stained with either 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), bis-(4-aminophenyl) -1,3,4 oxadiazole (BAD), or mithramycin. Of these fluorochromes, mithramycin proved most useful because of its relative specificity for nuclear DNA, thus leaving the extraneous cellular contents and the background quite dark. The staining schedule is relatively simple and slides may be stored several weeks under refrigeration if specimens are mounted in glycerine. Also, fluorescence intensity is not rapidly quenched under the ultraviolet beam following mithra­ mycin staining, as is the case with certain other fiuorochromes. This mini­ mizes error in the quantitative measurement of fluorescence intensity. Current studies involve variations in time, temperature, and concentration of the reagents used in fixation, buffering and staining. Preliminary work sug­ gests that slightly different staining schedules are required for different species to optimize mithramycin-induced fluorescence of nuclear DNA. The technique has the potential to become a useful tool for the rapid determin­ ation of ploidy in algae.

2:25-2:45 PLOIDY AND SPECIATION IN THE ZYGNEMATACEAE

Robert W. Hoshaw and Herbert M. Hull (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Data are limited for the role of polyploidy on speciation in algae. Because of this, polyploidy in the Zygnemataceae (Spirogyra and relative) has not been generally recognized in taxonomic treatments of the family. However, 20 polyploidy is suspected within certain genera, such as Spirogyra� Zygnema and Mougeotia, based mostly on differing widths of filaments collected in the field or developed in cultures during repeated transfer. Variations in the width of filaments in a single clone may suggest the presence of two or more species. Since chromosomes of zygnematacean species are often small and masked by the nucleolar substance, we have demonstrated different levels of ploidy by measuring nuclear DNA with a Leitz MPV photomultiplier following fluorochroming. This indirect method for demonstrating differences in ploidy has revealed species complexes, that is,· the presence of different levels of ploidy for various filaments in clonal cultures or for filaments in different clones of an already described species. Examples of polyploidy in the Zygnemataceae will be described and proposals will be made for taxonomic revisions in the family.

2:45-3:05 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SWI�1ING POOL STABILIZER ON THE ALGICIDAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CHLORINE

Milton R. Sommerfeld and Richard P. Adamson (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The swimming pool stabilizer, cyanuric acid, has a statistically signifi­ cant but relatively small effect on the algicidal efficiency of free chlorine. The toxicity of free chlorine to three swimming pool algae was reduced slightly by the addition of 25 mg/l cyanuric acid, if inhibiting, but less than algicidal concentrations were used. The addition of higher stabilizer concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/l) generally resulted in no further reduction in the algicidal efficiency of free chlorine beyond that observed at 25 mg/l.

3:05-3:20 COFFEE BREAK

3:20-3:40 "HOUSE" SELECTION IN HERMIT CRABS: 2. THE INFLUENCE OF PREDATION

L. F. Delph and C. r4. Lively (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

It is well known that hermit crabs commonly prefer some shell species to others. While the proximate variables influencing optimal shell choice have been considered, little attention has been focused on the ultimate evolution­ ary forces which underlie shell preferences. We suspect that predation is an important factor in this respect. In the present study we show that individuals, of the hermit crab Clibanarius digueti, occupying a preferred shell species have greater survivorship than individuals in non-preferred shell species when subject to predation by the brachyuran crab Eriphia squamata. No difference was observed in the initial handling of shell species by the predator; however, the predator was more successful at crushing non­ preferred shell species and consuming the occupant hermit crab. We suggest that natural selection, via predation, exists for c. digueti to "recognize" and preferentially occupy shell species which are predator-resistant.

3:40-4:00 "HOUSE" SELECTION IN HERMIT CRABS: 3. A GENERAL HODEL

C. t1. Lively (Untversf ty of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

21 A graphical model is presented from which general predictions are made concerning the proximate and ultimate reasons regarding the selection of shells by hermit crabs. A IIshell-space" is generated in two dimensions by graphing shell weight/aperture width against hermit crab withdrawal potential (shell depth)/aperture width. In this way, shell species are organized into general shell types which are independent of shell size. By graphing the two dimensional shell-space against predicted shell preference, I 'generate a qualitative preference plane in three dimensions. This preference plane re­ sults in a general model which considers the constraints of certain shell types on crab mobility, and the effects of predation intensity, on optimal shell choice in hermit crabs.

4:00-4:20 BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF SCAPHIOPUS MULTIPLICATUS

Brian K. Sullivan (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Observations of five breeding aggregations of SaaphiopuB nn�ltipZioatus in southern Arizona are reported. In this "explos lve" breeding anuran, males adopted a stationary calling strategy in low density aggregations and either a calling or active searching strategy in a high density aggregation. In high density aggregation peripheral non-calling males were observed around are calling males. These behaviors previously unreported in Soaphdopue , and their significance, with relation to sexual selection theory is discussed.

4:20-4:40 CHARACTERIZATION OF A NUCLEOSIDE FOUND IN WASTEWATER

Frank Katterman, Vernon Shattuck, Jay Thomas, John Wilson (University of Arizona, ,Tucson, Arizona)

Clarified municiple wastewater contains a very stable organic chemical that seems to regulate plant growth. This compound is believed to be an altered form of a substance present in human urine and E. col i, a common bacteri urn found in human fecal waste. The chemical .ts probably produced during sewage biodegradation. It is hypothesized that this organic compound is a chemically altered form of urido adenosine chromaphore. The objectives of a recent University of Arizona study was to tentatively characterize this factor with cytokinin like activity. This presentation will summarize a series of lab­ oratory and greenhouse assays administered to ascertain the biological influ­ ence and chemical composition of this component.

4:40-5:00 ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF t1At,1MALS OF THE GRAPEVINE MOUNTAINS, DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL MONUMENT

Ken Kingsley (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Distribution of mammals within the five major biotic communities of this 400 square mile mountain range was studied over a period of two years. Mammal community organization was examined and related to vegetation corrmunity and habitat structure. Major patterns in rodent community organization were apparent, but not consistent between sites. Present theories regarding rodent community organization were not upheld by the data. 22 5:00-5:15 A NEW LOOK AT HESPERALOE (AGAVACEAE)

Rodney G. Engard (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Field, laboratory and garden studies of morphology, ecology, distribution and chromosomes were carried out on Hesperaloe, a genus close to Yucca. Hesperaloe, with five ascribed taxa is distributed from southern Texas south through northern Mexico to the state of San Luis Potosi. The distribution is predominantly Chihuahuan Desert with the exception of H. nocturna, a narrow endemic from northwestern Sonora, �'exico. Outlines of the pollination syndrome are presented for some taxa. Four species, including one new to science, and one variety are recognized. Economic potential for the genus concludes the presentation.

6:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

7:30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

23 Session lIB: Friday, May 1, 1981, 1:45 P.M.

Room: 256, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Richard B. Hunter

1:45-2:05 REPRODUCTIVE PLASTICITY IN MOJAVE DESERT WINTER ANNUAL PLANTS

Hermi D. Hiatt, Katherine L. Bell, and Roberta B. Williams (University of Nevada, Las Vegas and Clark County Community College, Las Vegas, Nevada)

Winter annual plants in the Mojave Desert live in an environment that varies greatly from year to year. We tested the hypothesis that this temp­ oral variation selects for plants with plastic reproductive allocation (RA). RA in several species was examined for variability between individuals, pop­ ulations, years, and microsites. We found that: (1) In most, but not all, species RA is unrelated to the total biomass of individual plants. (2) Many species show little variation in RA between populations in similar habitats. (3) Some species vary in maximum RA from year to year; others do not. (4) Comparison of plants in different microsites in the same area suggested that habitat variation may account for most of the plasticity observed; nitrogen availability appeared to have significant effects on allocation for all species examined. The data do not support the hypothesis that temporally heterogenous environments necessarily favor reproductive plasticity.

2:05-2:25 SURVIVAL AND FLOWER PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO GERMINATION TIME IN MOJAVE DESERT WINTER ANNUALS

Katherine L. Bell (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, las Vegas, Nevada)

Between December 1977 and Narch 1978, repeated rains el i ci ted four ger­ mination episodes in Mojave Desert winter annuals near Boulder City, Nevada. Germination, survival, and (for selected species) flower production was determined for each cohort in four habitats: exposed and shrub-sheltered microsites on both sandy and alluvial soils. Generally, the first cohort was the largest; but some seeds germinated after each rain until 18 February. Seedling mortality was 3-20%. Most plants that failed to reproduce died after 2-3 months' growth. Prereproductive mortality was 54% in exposed, sandy plots and 41-41% at all other sites. Survival to reproduction was only slightly poorer for later cohorts than for the first two. In Chaenaatis carphocZinia, Plantago insuZarie, Schismus arabicus, and Cpyptantha angustifoZia, flower production was significantly higher in earlier cohorts.

2:25-2:45 EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND IRRIGATION ON A MOJAVE DESERT ANNUAL POPULATION

Richard B. Hunter, T. l. Ackerman, E. M. Romney and A. Wallace

In 1974 100 kg/ha N was applied to plots in a Mojave Desert shrub commun­ ity near Rock Valley, Nevada .. The plots were irrigated and the annuals cen­ sused for three years. Nitrogen application increased annual biomass for 24 every irrigation treatment, but proportionally greater on irrigated than dry plots. The dominant annual, Bromus rubens� responded to irrigation the first year with a size increase. The second year both average size and density were increased; while the third year density soared, but average size decreased. Over the three year period Bromus markedly increased its dominance and species richness decreased on irrigated plots. The third year Bromus contributed 94% of the population and 97% of the annual biomass on irrigated and fertilized plots; in comparison, control plot populations were 49% Bromus, which contri­ buted 58% of the biomass.

2:45-3:05 EFFECTS OF COAL PRECIPITATOR ASH ON DESERT ANNUALS

Arthur T. Vollmer and Frederick B. Turner (University of California, Los Angeles, California)

Precipitator ash from a large coal-burning power plant in southern Nevada was appl ied to 15 x 15 m experimental plots in Jackass Flats, Nevada, in four equal increments between the winter of 1976-77 and August 1978. Treatment levels were equivalent to 10, 30 and 100 metric tons per hectare (mt/ha). Numbers of annual species were recorded in these and in untreated control plots during the 1977, 1978 and 1979 growing seasons. During the fi rs t year estimates of density, survival and diversity of annuals showed no differences attributable to treatment with ash. However, in 1978 and 1979, numbers and kinds of annuals were reduced in the plots receiving 30 and 100 mt/ha. The 100 mt/ha plots supported, 5% of the number of annuals in control plots. Overall survival of annuals germinating during the three years showed no effects of ash. Some species, e.g., BromU8 ruben8� Camissonia kernensis� Eriogonum reniforme and Monoptil.on belUdiforme, appear more tolerant to ash than others.

3:05-3:25 PHOTOSYNTHETIC GAS EXCHANGE OF DESERT EPHEMERALS FROM SUN AND SHADE ENVIRONMENTS

C'. So' Wallace and S. R. Szarek (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

A comparison of photosyntheti c adaptations was made for desert ephemeral s from s un and shade envi ronments. A dual isotope porometer (THO and :14C02) was used to simultaneously measure gross photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water vapor efflux for ephemerals located on an exposed south facing slope and under a Palo Verde canopy on a north facing slope. Plants from the two environments exhibited differences in magnitude and timing of CO2 assimilation. Photosynthetic rates of species from the sun environment were significantly higher, and observed maximum levels occurred both earlier in the day and ear­ lier in the growing season. A seasonal increase in specific leaf weight was observed for species from both environments, but was not correlated with im­ proved water use efficiency. Throughout the growing season the stomatal con­ ductance of most species was higher than 0.30 em/sec and may permit a maxi­ mization of photosynthesis at the expense of water use efficiency. Differ­ ences among species investigated suggest various adaptive strategies for gas exchange and habitat selection in the desert environment.

25 3:25-3:45 STANDARD t:JETABOLISr� OF CREINICHTHYS BAILEYI

Mark E. �Jells (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)

In studies measuring routine metabolic rate (RMR) in Cpeiniahthys baiZeyi, temperature acclimation has been shown to be rotational (Hubbs et al., American r�idl. Nat. 77:104-115) as opposed to the translational pattern seen in desert pupfish (Steunkel and Hillyard, Copeia 1981, in press). Because standard metabolic rate (SMR) is presumed to more closely approximate the energetic cost of homeostasis than RMR, the present study was undertaken to measure SMR of c. baileyi, utilizing a flow through system with an oxygen electrode. It was found that SMR at 20°C (0.128 ± .039) was less than half previous RNR values and appears to be a more desirable measurement for study­ ing thermal acclimation in this species.

6: 30 ANNUAL ACADH1Y BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOt1, MH10RIAL STUDENT UNION

7:30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MH10RIAL STUDENT UNION

26 CONSERVATION

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1980, 8:00 A.M.

Room: 282, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: David Brown

8:00-8:15 FACTORS OF REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION IN THE DESERT CICADA

Richard L. Glinski and Robert D. Ohmart (Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona; and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The desert cicada (Dieeroprocta apache) locally inhabits the deserts of the Southwest. The annually high population density of this insect is influ­ enced by the structure and species of vegetation available for oviposition. Cottonwood (Populus sp.), willow (Salix sp.), seepwillow (Baccharis sp.) and saltcedar (Tamarix sp.) provide favorable sites for oviposition, but salt­ cedar communities correlate with the greatest cicada reproduction. Although cicadas lay fewer eggs per twig in saltcedar than in other vegetation, the dense branching growth form of saltcedar affords more twigs for oviposition. It is conceivable that the recent increased occurrence of salt cedar in South­ western riparian habitats has resulted in increased annual population densi­ ties of the desert cicada.

8:15-8:30 100 YEARS OF VEGETATION AND LAND USE CHANGES IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Jerry R. Cox and Howard L. Morton (USDA, SEA, Tucson, Arizona)

Much of the semi desert grassland in Southeastern Arizona has changed from a grassland to shrubland during the past 100 years. Past changes in vegetation have been documented. Although not as apparent, changes in vegetation are occurring today. Our purpose is to (1) present a photographic review of what the area was, (2) show past and current land use changes, and (3) project what may happen in the future if current land use patterns are unchanged. Also included are possible alternatives which will aid in the restoration of the fragile environment.

8:30-8:45 A REGIONAL APPROACH TO LOW WATER-USE CROP DEVELOPMENT

William H. Brooks, Kennith E. Foster, Jean L. Mills, B. Kim Mortensen and Jonathan G. Taylor (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Modern agriculture has become dependent on a few crops in major producing areas because of crop specialization by growers. Increasing water demands in many of the Western States by municipalities and industry in water short areas will have to be met by diverting supplies from the agricultural sector. Crops adapted to environmental stresses beyond the range of adaptation of conven­ tional crops can be grown on land where conventional crop production is be­ coming too expensive, on land not presently used, or on land not used effi- 27 c;ently. Some low water use crops that are adapted to arid conditions have good industrial potential and may be grown on land being taken out of pro­ duction due to water shortages or water quality deterioration. The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature and feasibility of a regional approach to low water-use crop development.

8: 45-9: 00 �lODELING POPULATION DYNAMICS FOR WILDLIFE MANAGENENT

Narsha 11 Burke (Un; vers i ty of Ari zona, Tucson, Ari zona)

Construction of an interactive computer model involved the key-species concept to predict changes in select wildlife populations due to biotic and abiotic fluxes. By interacting with the computer to manipulate variables, game managers are able to explore effects of varying management practices to select the one{s) most beneficial to man and his environment. The general population model is considered initially (and lastly) at the single species level. By combining detailed interactive submodels, the behavior of ever­ larger systems may be mimicked. Mathematical parameters are restricted to those which correspond to known or hypothesized ecological processes. The model uses the individual organism as the mediator of all transactions in coupled ecosystem submodels with regulation stemming from a dynamic interplay of processes within the complex system. The focus of this interplay is on energy, both energy budgets and regulation. Mathematical equations are

presented in finite difference form for use in computer s tmul atlon ,

9:00-9:15 REHABILITATION OF INJURED WILD BIRDS IN ARIZONA

Kathryn A. Ingram, D.V.M (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

During 1979, 146 wild birds of 24 species were accepted for care. Eighty-three of these birds were released with US Fish and Wildlife Service bands. Twenty-two were judged not releasable and were transferred to author­ ized persons or institutions for falconry, research, or public display. Forty birds died or were euthanized. During 1980, 310 wild birds were accepted for care. Release data are being compiled at this time for presentation in May. A few band returns have been received which suggest good survival capa­ bility of some released birds and poor survival capability of others. Con­ tinued banding of released birds should eventually provide sufficient data to allow evaluation of rehabilitation efforts.

9: 15-9: 30 AVIAN DENSITIES FOLLOlHNG REVEGETATION ALONG THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER

R. D. Ohmart and B. W. Anderson (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

On two barren dredge-spoil sites and a cleared salt cedar area in the lower Colorado River floodplain, we planted native riparian trees and shrubs. The shrubs initially dominated (1977-78), and seed-eating birds showed high (.> 1000/40 hal winter densities; breeding season densities for all species were Iow, As the trees outgrew the shrubs (1979-80), there was an increase 28 in FHD and foliage density, and a decrease in foliage patchiness and annuals. These changes paralleled an increase in insectivorous and breeding season densities but reduced densities in nonbreeding seasons. Because mature willow trees were left intact at the time of clearing, the salt cedar site (spring 1980) showed high FHD. Clearing the salt cedar trees had little effect on the total number of bird species and densities. As shrubs developed, foliage density and patchiness increased and the number of bird species doubled (from 15 to 30), and densities increased ten-fold (from 180 to 1800/40 hal by the time the shrubs reached maximum density (fall-winter 1980). These densities were higher than in any other vegetation area that we studied along the Colorado River.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

29 GENERAL

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1981, 8:00 A.M.

Room:· 284; Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: R. J. Becker

8:00-8:15 A TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF MEXICAN GUAYULE

Kennith E. Foster, Kim Mortensen, Jean Mills, Milton Jamail, and William G. '�cGinnies (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Guayule is a Chihuahuan Desert shrub that produces a significant amount of rubber and grows wild in large areas of northern r4exico. Mexico is now considering a program to develop a guayule rubber agroindustry based on sus­ tained yield harvest of wild guayule. The harvest, reforestation and process­ ing of guayule is intended to increase the standard of living in the semi-arid rural regions in five northern states. The Office of Arid Lands Studies and Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplicada are performing an assessment of the social, economic, environmental, and political impacts of developing a federally backed guayule industry. The study includes a review of current worldwide and Mexican elastomer supply and demand, and a review of methods for wildstand harvest, irrigated farming, and processing. From this inform­ ation base two scenarios are forecast: wild stand harvest and stimulated development of guayule farming. Potential impacts of guayule commercializa­ tion in both scenarios are analyzed. The heart of the project is the policy analysis which discusses societal goals, issues affected by guayule commerci­ alization and trade-offs in pursuing different commercialization policies.

8:15-8:30 KINEMATICAL ELECTRON DIFFRACTION FROM CLUSTERS

T. L. Groy (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

A property of the diffraction of electrons by crystals which separates it from other scattering techniques such as X-ray or neutron diffraction is that short wavelength electrons are scattered by the potential surrounding each atom that is near their propagation path.· This results in the production of many reflections even in a crystal of very minute depth. A study was done to determine the validity of a kinematical (single scattering) approximation for high voltage electron diffraction from clusters on the order of twenty Angstoms in diameter. Comparisons were made between experimental results and kinemat­ ical calculations and between kinematical and dynamical (multiple scattering) calculations for clusters of platinum.

8:30-8:45 INDIAN WATER RIGHTS

Richard L. Foreman (5826 S. Kenwood Lane, Tempe, Arizona)

To define Indian water rights as an administrative mess as well as a public policy mess is a gross understatement. Indian policy featured annihi- 30 lation in the East, and the crush of the law book and malignant neglect in the West. The combination of actions and policies involving Indians has left their water resources in utter chaos. For example, the Colorado River Tribes could drown themselves in the water from their rights under Arizona vs. California. But, they don1t have the political and economic power to cause delivery of the water. A new threat has arisen. The current proposal to provide to the Central Arizona Indians the salty tasting, highly mineralized Colorado River water, mixed with sewage effluent may quash Winters reserve rights that may other­ wise have applied to the surface waters within the state: these being the five central and southern Arizona streams with water of definitelY higher quality than the Colorado River. The dreary planning process of the federal policy machine has only begun. Clearly, the action needed should involve the states, Indians, and non-Indians to work our the settlement of these problems. Total reliance on the tangle of federal policy mix is not the solution.

8:45-9:00 THE PRESERVATION OF PRIME FARMLANDS

Mark A. Sanchez (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Prepared as a working paper for urban planners concerned with disappear­ ing farmlands, this report emphasizes the need to conserve this natural resource. The main section of the paper presents various techniques used to protect farmlands from premature development. This section also contains case studies of farmland preservation programs from other jurisdictions. The next section reviews federal involvement in farmland preservation, and the concluding section offers recommendations for local government planners con­ sidering establishing farmland preservation programs. While the report ad­ dresses an issue that is national in scope, it also attempts to stimulate thought as to the future of Arizona and the Phoenix metropolitan area. In Maricopa County there is little evidence of action towards minimizing the loss of prime agricultural lands. This could result from a pro-growth atti­ tude, or perhaps the need for farmland preservation activities has not been adequately established. It is hoped that this paper contributes to defining the need for farmland preservation in the face of Maricopa County's urban growth boom.

9:00-9:15 LAND ETHICS IN ARIZONA

R. J. Becker (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

"All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise: that the indivi­ dual is a member of a community of interdependent parts." The first white men into Arizona came from the south with horses, cattle, and sheep, to capture gold and silver, and to mine them. The second movement was from the east with cattle, and railroads. The accumulated damage of these mi grants to timber and grass set the stage for the f1 ood-drouth surface water pattern. The third enterprise was irrigated, intensive farming, launching the ground water problem. The fourth move saw the start of rapid population growth, and the tourist-recreationist bringing to the playground his ORV, and the continuing conversion of prime land to roofs and asphalt. The fifth wave

31 of interest is in energy mining with its exploitation of water and the public interest. Man in Arizona sees himself as independent. IIThere is as yet no ethic dealing with man's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it.1I Quotes from Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS HEETING MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALLROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

32 GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Session I: Friday, May 1" 1981, 10:00 A.M.

Room: 282, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

Chairperson: leonard Storm

10:00-10:15 LIGHT MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF MEIOSIS IN THE FEMALE-SPECIFIC MEIOTIC MUTANT CLARET-NONDISJUNCTIONAL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Mary Kimble, Virginia Sandstedt, Kathleen K. Church (Arizona State University; .

,

Tempe, Arizona) ,

Stage 14 ovarian eggs and uterine eggs were dissected from homozygous mutant females. The eggs were fixed using the Zalokar and Erk method, wherein the· primary fixation is carried out in glutaraldehyde dissolved in heptane for 3-5 minutes. This is followed by 2 hours in buffered 5% glutaraldehyde and a 2 hour post fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide. The eggs were then·stained in bloc with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate at 60°C for 1 hour, after which the eggs were dehydrated and embedded in Epon 812 resin. The eggs were sectioned using glass knives, cutting 1 urn. thick sections. The sections were trans­ ferred to glass slides and stained for light microscopy by hydrolysing in IN HCl for 30 minutes, staining in Feulgen stain fer 3 hours and poststaining with 4% Giemsa for 1-2 minutes. The sections were viewed and photographed with a Zeiss phase-contrast microscope. Our analysis has shown that this mutant is a spindle mutant showing 'a wide range of expression from unipolar to multipolar spindles during both first and second meiosis. In addition multipolar spindles have been seen in fertilized eggs from these mutants.

10:15-10:30 ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE AS A MEASURE OF HEAT TOLERANCE IN PIMA' COTTON

R. L. Turcotte and C. V. Feaster (USDA-SEA-AR, Phoenix, Arizona)

Heat tolerance is an important consideration in American Pima cotton (Go8sypium barbadense L.) cultivar improvement. Strains differ in tolerance to minimum night temperatures in excess of 30°C. Heat tolerance of a'strain is indicated by percent boll set during high temperature periods. As a poten­ tial supplement to this measurement, an electrical conductivity test involv­ ing electrolyte leakage from leaf discs was investigated. Leaf discs were collected from field-grown plants of a heat tolerant (Pima S-5) and a heat sensitive (Pima 5-3) strain at various times during the 1979 and 1980 seasons at Phoenix, Arizona. Differential leakage rates of electrolytes from these discs were converted to percent injury from heat stress and these percentages compared to known fruiting responses of the two strains. Electrolyte leakage did reflect heat stress responses of the two strains, but to a lesser extent than the phenotypic differences observed in the field.

33 10:30-10:45 PACHYTENE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND KARYOTYPING OF PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA

Franc E. Del Fosse, Alan C. Bartlett* and Kathleen Church (Arhona State University, Tempe, Arizona) and (*SEA/AR, USDA, 4,135 East Broadway, Phoenix, Arizona)

The pink bollworm, Peat-inophara gossypieUa, is a ser-ious pest of cul ti- 'vated cotton and concerted efforts have been made to control it. As part of this effort, we have investigated the development of'the ovarioles during , early meiosis and have determined the pachytene karyotype. Due to the large number (n=30) and small size of the chromosomes it has been difficult to karyotype this species by the usual cytogenetic methods, so we applied 'the technique of three-dimensional reconstruction to determine the lengths of the synaptonemal complexes. Ovarioles from pupae were fixed for electron micro­ scopy. Thick sections were taken and surveyed to find areas with nuclei at meio,tic prophase, and these were serially thin-sectioned and examined with the transmission electron microscope. Synaptonemal complexes were reconstruc­ ted fram tracings of e lectron micrographs of nuclei 'which were present in their entirety in the series and a composite of the area of the cvariole from which these nuclei came was constructed. Pachytene karyotypes are reported a· for seven of the eight cystocytes derived from one cystobl as t , enabling compari son between pres umpti ve nurse cells and oocytes. The structure of the' ovariole at this stage in'development is described also.

10:45-11:00 TOPOLOGY OF THE XY BIVALENT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Jeffrey G. Ault, Ksiu-Ping P. Lin, Kathleen Church (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ari zona) -', ,-

Chromosome pairing during the achiasmatic meiosis in D. meZanogasteT' males was investigated ultrastructurally utilizing the technique of three­ dimensional reconstruction from serially cut thin sections. The XY bivalent is known from light microscopy to be morphologically unique in that pairing occurs only within a short interstitial region of both chromosomes. From electron micrographs"material of lesser electron density than the surround- , ing chromatin vias observed between the X and Y half-bivalents at this pairing region even in the case of the X chromosome, In(l)sc4Lsc8R, where the pairing region of the X chromosome is inverted and partially deleted. This material was not seen associated with the other bivalents and may represent a morpho­ logical manifestation of the hypothetical cohesive elements (col1ochores) which are thought to function in conjunction of the X and Y chromosomes (Cooper, K. W.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash) 52,1248-1255 (1964)). This investigation �s supported by NSF Grant No. PCM-7908850.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALLROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

34 GEOGRAPHY

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1981, 8:30 A.M.

Room: 285, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Harold Bulk

8: 30-8: 50 EVALUATION OF IMPACT ON VEGETATION FROM RECREATIONAL USE BY r,1EANS OF A DAMAGE INDEX

Joyce A., Quinn (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

As a major water recreation area for Metropolitan Phoenix, the 21-km stretch of the Lower Salt River around Blue Point Bridge provides a cool retreat for 16,000 visitors every summer weekend. Different activities and numbers of people are concentrated at specific sites instead of being evenly distributed along the river. A Damage Index (01) was devised to compare the amount of damage done to mesquite groves at 6 sites. The difference between' per cent cover at each site and mesquite control is an indication of vegeta­ tion damage, which then is expressed as a ratio of the per cent cover expected under unused or control conditions. The resulting 01 is useful in comparing vegetation damage in unlike eco-systems. After chi-square and t-tests were used to establish a significant difference between the per cent cover in used sites and the control. a series of regression analyses were run to correlate the DI with type of activity and/or number of users. Although neither was significant ,in simple regression, a highly significant correlation resulted when the two were combined in multilinear regression.

8:50-9:10 TP�IL-SIDE VEGETATION DISTURBANCE IN A.DESERT RECREATION AREA

Thomas H. Estabrook (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Recreational activities and vandalism associated with rapid urbanization in the American Southwest are damaging vegetation in many 'areas of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. This study documents the extent of these disturbances along trail-sides in Phoenix South Mountain Park, Arizona. Vegetation was sampled along maintained roads, off-road vehicle trails, and hiking paths. Composition, cover, and density of annual and perennial plants, as well as damage to perennials, were found to vary with slope and terrain, trail type and width, and distance from roads and trails.

9:10-9:30 DISTRIBUTION OF PONDEROSA PINE AT CHAVEZ MOUNTAIN, ARIZONA

Julie K. Sharpe (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The Chavez Mountain area of northern Arizona is characterized by a vege­ tational gradient from ponderosa pine to juniper grasslands. Edaphic and geographic factors of the environment were measured to determine the distri­ butional pattern of ponderosa pine in the area. Edaphic factors measured include depth to bedrock, depth of horizons, bulk density, and particle size. 35 Organic matter, phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen content of the soil were also determined. Geographic factors analyzed were aspect and slope.

9:30-9:50 COFFEE BREAK

Chairperson: Anthony J. Brazel

9:50-10:10 NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES IN THE SALT RIVER VALLEY, ARIZONA

Theodore Keon (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Continuous trace thermograph records at screen height from sites in the arid Salt River Valley of Arizona often reveal slight temperature rises during the night. These rises generally occur on clear, synoptically stable nights when smooth cooling curves would normally be expected. A typical perturbation in temperature takes place between 2100 hrs. and 0200 hrs., varies from 0.6 to 4.4°C and lasts from one to three hours. A change in the wind direction from a westerly component to an easterly one with a slight increase in· velocity accompanies this period of increased temperature. On clear, stable days westerly winds are associated with daytime upvalley winds in the Salt River Valley while a nighttime easterly wind is usually caused by nocturnal air drainage flows. These nighttime increases in temperature are the result of turbulence created by the onset of drainage winds in the Salt River Valley which result in a mixing of the low level inversion with warmer overlying air 1 ayers; thi s process is simil ar to that observed by Dodd (1960) and Von Eschen (1960) on a smaller scale in other arid valleys.

10:10-10:30 THE DECEMBER, 1978 EARLY SEASON FREEZE IN ARIZONA: A CLIMATIC PERSPECTIVE

Anthony J. Brazel (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

During early December, 1978, a major influx of cold, dry air penetrated the soutbwes tern U.S., severely affecting many frost-sensitive agricultural crops. Climatic events such as this early season freeze, which impose climatic impacts on local enterprises, are becoming more the focus of attention under the National Cl imate Program Act of 1978. In addi ticn to meteorology, a c1 im­ atic analysis of the magnitude, frequency, and geographical extent of the freeze event is important in an interpretation of how unusual or anomalous that event was. Estimates of, citrus crop damage for December, 1978 in Arizona were rather tenuous. Regional analyses reported in the Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin pointed to an event that ostensibly had a return period of once in eight years. Most media indicated that the last most comparable early season freeze was in 1971. The analysis and results of the reported study suggest that the 1978 freeze is to be infrequently expected and is close to a IOO-year event.

10:30-10:50 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAXlt1UM WIND GUSTS AT SKY HARBOR AIRPORT

Harold C. Bulk (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

r�aximum wind gusts experienced at Sky Harbor Airport are of interest to 36 a variety of disciplines, including architecture, city planners, designers, etc. This study was undertaken to provide these interests with a summary of the wind experience as measured at Sky Harbor Airport. Daily maximum wind gusts were analyzed for the period 1970-1979, and summarized by direction and wind speed classes both monthly and annually. Special attention was given to winds of 40 and 50 miles per hour and greater. Results show that daily max­ imum wind gusts of less than 25 mph tend to predominate from both the East and the West. Stronger wind speeds may come from any direction, with the East and the Southeast most'probable. Daily maximum wind speeds are also stronger and more variable in direction during the summer months.

10:50-11:10 13C/12C RATIOS IN JUNIPER TREE RINGS: POSSIBLE CLlf1ATIC S SIGNIFICANCE

Steven W. Leavitt and Austin Long (University of Arizona. Tucson, Arizon�)

Wood from Juniper trees was sampled from several sites in Arizona where nearby weather stations had records of 50 years or more. Tree rings were divided into 5-year intervals back to 1930 and wood from each of these inter­ vals was collected from the whole circumference Sf the sample sections. The 13C/12C ratios (expressed as &13C with units of /00) were then measured on the cellulose fraction of the wood subsamples by combustion of CO2 and analy­ sis vi a mass spectrometry. When the s BC vari ati ons of each site were com­ pared to their respective mean temperature and precipitation data no clear relationships were observedl perhaps owing to fossil-fuel burning and its effect on the atmospheric a 3C composition. However, consistent relationships were found when for a given 5-year interval the 813C of all sites were regre­ ssed against their respective weather data. Coefficients determ�ned ,from December temperatures gave best results and averaged about -0.25 /00 813C, similar to experimental values reported in the literature. Deviations from tight, straight-line relationships (typical r1s of 0.7 to 0.9 for n=6) may be largely attributable to (1) overall analytical reproducibility, (2) possible errors in dating of rings, and (3) representativeness of the climate cata i tse 1 f.

11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENTS ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALLROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

37 Session II: Friday, May 1, 1981, 1:45 P.M.

Room: 285, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Rena Gordon

1:50-2: 10 RIPARIAN VEGETATION AND SECIMENTATION. IN A BRAIDED RIVER

Diane Elizabeth Smith (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The Gila River flows through deep alluvial fill in the Basin and Range Province of central Arizona. Major flooding in this area has resulted in damage to valuable agricultural and urban property. The invasion of salt­ cedar or tamarisk, an artificially introduced phreatophyte, has caused serious sedimentary fill ing of, the channel during flood periods.. Tamarisk promotes sedimentation in the channel by increasing hydraulic roughness and reducing flow velocity. Tamarisk has promoted a flood hazard by choking normal chan­ nels and reducing the channel capacity. Including erosion figures, a total sediment budget of +2,740,000 m3 of sediment has been deposited in this reach since the period of dense tamarisk invasion in 1940. As this reach is pre­ dominately characterized by deposition, the channel in this area is unstable and channel migration and continued over-bank flooding is likely.

2:10-2:30 DRUMS ALONG THE SALT

James J. Lemmon (Arizona Dept. of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona)

For many years the Salt River floodplain has been used for the mining of gravel and sand. Disposal facilities for solid wastes and sewage were also considered compatible land uses along the dry river bottom until the floods of 1978, 1979 and 1980 impacted the greater Phoenix, Tempe and Mesa areas. Tons of solid wastes including highly toxic industrial sludges were saturated by rising ground water tables or torn away by the flowing river. Damages occurred at sixteen landfill sites, three waste water treatment plants and several surface impoundments used to dispose of liquid hazardous wastes. At five landfills hazardous materials including pesticides, organic acids, sol­ vents, metallic sludges and infectious hospital wastes were exposed to surface water flows and ground water contact. Monitoring of ground water quality at one landfill has documented offsite movement of landfill leachate that threat­ ens to contaminate the regional drinking water aquifer. Resear.ch indicates that all of the other landfills not being monitored for groundwater pollution have received varying quantities of hazardous wastes over the last twenty years. The cost of cleaning up may amount to several million dollars.

2:30-2:50 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE TUCSON PEAK WATER DEMAND REDUCTION EFFORT ON RESIDENTIAL LAWN USE: 1976-1979

�1ichael C. Parton (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

In 1979, Tucson Water contracted with the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, to evaluate the efficacy of their peak water demand reduction effort by assessing the trends in lawn use and water consumption in

38 Tucson between 1976 and 1979. Tc.assess trends' in' lawn use, 1,500 residences were selected at random from the metropolitan area'and were 'classifted by the presence or absence of irrigated lawns as observed on aerial photographs taken in 1972, 1976, and 1979., Tucson' Water-:supplied-monthly water consumption data for a 300-residence subsample that was used to derive an irrigation increment of res i dent; a 1 water consumpti on and a val ue- .of. reduced demand associ ated \IIi th

. -

" irrigated to non-irrigated lawn 'use transition." -;-' ,;', ' A -1.65' percent increase in irrigated lawn, use be_tween 1972 and 1976'_re­ " versed to a 17.54 percent decrease from 1976 to 1979 •. That was assocfated

with a 20'.6 percent decline in water consumption during the. same period.:, An .. a verage monthly ; ncrement of 1,000 .cubt c feet of water for June and July ; s· attributable to lawn That .ts 27.9 of, the irrigation. figure percent average '

monthly consumption of residences irrigating both front and back lawns. "

2: 50- 3: 10' COFFEE BREAK-

Diane E. Smith . Chairperson:

3:10-3:30 ENERGY CRISIS EFFECTS'ON JOURNEY-TO-WORK DISTANCES IN THE PHOENIX. METROPOLITAN AREA

" Byron Miller (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

"

- A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of workers in the Phoenix metropolitan area to determine if the energy crisis has had an effect on' journey-to-work distances. The research focused on the energy crisis as a factor in the decision to move and as a factor in the selection of a new residence closer to work. The impact of the energy crisis was found to vary with household socio-economic, demographic, and geographic variables; workers· perceptions of the severity of the energy crisis; gasoline prices; and the year in which the most recent residential relocation was made.

3:30-3:50 DEKASEGI AND THE RURAL ECONOMY

Yukiko Kawahara (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Dekasegi is the Japanese term for temporary labor migration. The phen­ omenon has existed in Japan for several centuries, but in the early 1960·s the volume of dekasegi increased greatly and the patterns shifted even more drastically. Previously no particular area in Japan was distinguished by a relative abundance of dekasegi workers. Rural people in all areas left their homes to seek seasonal or other temporary employment nearby. Japan embarked on an industrial boom in the early 1960·s, and dekasegi labor became an im­ portant element in this growth. Dekasegi came to imply migration to the major industrial areas centered around Tokyo-Osaka. The majority of dekasegi workers now migrated from the northern end of the main island, one of the least developed areas of Japan, and also an area of seasonal labor surplus because cultivation is possible only part of the year. Dekasegi remittances have been and remain today a significant factor in the development of the area.

39 3:50-4:10 A LOCATIONAL FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL FACILITIES IN MESA AND TEMPE, ARIZONA

Rena J. Gordon (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

There is growing interest in improving spatial access to medical care, as evidenced by federal health planning legislation. To assess relative patient accessibility to hospitals and physician offices in Mesa and Tempe, a central place theoretical· framework was employed. Hospitals and physicians' offices were ranked by their level of specialization and utilization. Speci­ alization for hospitals was determined by hospital size and for physicians' offices by the number located at a single address. The pattern of primary care services, which are utilized relatively frequently, theoretically was expected to be dispersed among the population. This was not the case as pri­ mary care was not distinguishable from the pattern of more specialized ser­ vices, which tend to cluster near hospitals. To improve spatial access, a more dispersed pattern of primary care services is needed. Findings also suggest that boundaries of medical service areas require more functional rather than the common jurisdictional considerations.

6:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

7:30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

40 Session III: Saturday, May 2, 1981, 8:00 A.M.

Room: 285, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Malcolm Comeaux

8:30-8:50 TUCSON SYMBOLS

Thomas F. Saarinen and Eugene Trobia (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Tucson symbols are explored by means of a slide presentation. Six main symbols and 'their combinations in the Tucson landscape are illustrated. The six symbols are (1) the mountains, (2) the desert, (3) the cowboy�western flavor, (4) the Spanish-Mexican flavor, (5) the Indian, and (6) the sun. The combination of these symbols and their constant repetition help to create Tucson's sense of place.

8: 50-9: 10 HAZARD INFORMATION AND DECISION MAKING IN THE �1T. ST. HELENS EMERGENCY

Thomas F. Saarinen and James L. Sell (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

As part of an ongoing project in the assessment of geologic hazards, the U.S. Geological Survey has taken an active role in the dissemination of information to hazard areas. In the case of Mt. St. Helens, a bulletin on the potential hazards of the volcano was published in 1978 and USGS personnel were actively involved in transmitting information to those concerned with responding to the situation. The information made available by the USGS and other research organizations was unprecedented for a geological hazard; yet problems arose, lives were lost, and property damaged. This presentation gives some results of a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation on the perception of volcanic hazard information by decision makers in' governmental agencies and private industries affected by the eruption.

9:10-9:30 REACTIONS OF CENTRAL ARIZONA "RELIGIOUS" LEADERS CONCERNING SOME' ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES OF THE DAY

L. Mayland Parker (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Religious leaders are presumable more sensitive to both the spiritual and temporal needs, desires and general wellbeing of people, and especially those people who are, for varying reasons, considered to be disadvantaged. How sensitive are rel igious Ieaders.tn this regard? An attempt to answer this question was undertaken via telephone interviews with some eighty religious leaders from the Greater Phoenix area representing some eight different religious denominations. One of the questions asked the respondents if they were for or against, indifferent or undecided concerning the construction of Orme Dam on the Salt River. The respondents were encouraged to elaborate on their response to each question. How many mentioned or were sympathetic to­ wards the plight of the Yavapai Apache Indians, who will have to move if Orme Dam becomes a reality? Not many. Other questions dealt with the

41 construction and operation of the Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant and the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.

9:30-9:50 COFFEE BREAK

Chairperson: L. Mayland Parker

9:50-10:10 COMPUTER GRAPHICS APPLICATIONS IN VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

James Bennett (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

The increasing interest in scenic value, and the permanent impact of landscape alterations, have stimulated the development of computer graphics techniques to enable land managers and the general public to make more in� formed decisions concerning the visual impact of land development. Computer techniques, after combined with photographic and artistic techniques, now provide a more accurate and realistic view of what a scene would look like with proposed changes incorporated. These computer graphics methods range from the relatively simple to implement, already in use, to the experimental and conceptual. Techniques presently utilized by the Bureau of Land Manage­ ment, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Department of Transportation are examined. Power plant plume visualization, image processing, and terrain modelling as well provide for discussion of two and three-dimensional scenic impact visual­ ization by computer.

10:10-10:30 GRAVITY MODELLING FROM MESOPOTAMIAN TEXTS

�1ark Speece (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Interaction models have been so successfully applied in modern geography that a number of other fields have begun adapting them to their particular needs. Textual materials from ancient Mesopotamia can provide data for test­ ing one application of such a model. A simple form of the gravity rrodel was used, with the form: Iij = PiPj / dij2. The frequency of mention of a particular city i in the textual sample is taken as proportional to the pop­ ulation Pi. Frequency of mention of city i with city j in the same text is used as a measure of the interaction Iij between these two cities. The equation is solved for distance, which 1S then expressed in terms of coordin­ ates. A system of equations can then be set up which can be solved to assign each city a set of coordinates. The result is a "map" of the cities repre­ sented in the textual sample. Comparison of this computer-generated map with an actual map of ancient Mesopotamian cities shows that the gravity model may indeed by applicable to such situations.

10:30-10:50 THE ORCHARDS OF OAK CREEK CANYON

S. Harry Tsutsui and George A. Van Otten (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)

The plentiful water supply and mild climate of Oak Creek Canyon attracted settlers interested in establishing orchards. In the late 1800s the farmers 42 of the Canyon began producing a variety of crops. Of these, apples were the most important. By 1949, approximately ten commercial orchards were in existence. Presently, only one small commercial apple orchard remains. Throughout the years of orchard production, farmers here were plagued by a multiplicity of hardships including numerous tree and fruit diseases. r�ore­ over, their economies of scale were too small to be competitive with modern more economically efficient units. With no available land for expansion and in response to rapidly increasing land values, most orchards were sold and converted to other uses.

10:50-11:10 J. W. HOOVER: AN EARLY GEOGRAPHER IN ARIZONA

Malcolm Comeaux (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Jonas Wenger Hoover taught geography at what was to become Arizona State University for nineteen years. He was a prolific writer, widely respected, and very influential, but for the last thirty years of his life he lived in obscurity and poverty. He came to Arizona in 1924 and taught until 1943, when he went to Washington during the war as an arid lands expert. He was an excellent teacher, and was very active in campus activities, especially in supporting the geography club, but he was best known as a researcher and scholar. Because of his publications, almost all of them on the Southwest, he had an international reputation, and brought much recognition to the university. His wife, however, had mental problems. He insisted on caring for her, to the detriment of both. After several teaching positions else­ where, the Hoavers returned to Phoenix in 1950, and they lived in poverty until his wife died in 1959. After her death, his life took a turn for the better, but by this time, unfortunately, he considered his life a failure. He died a forgotten man in November 1979.

43 HYDROLOGY

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1981, 8:00 A.M.

Room: 283, Memorial Student Union'

Chairperson: Kennith E. Foster

8:00-8:20 RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL TEXTURE WITH SOIL WATER CONTENT AND SOIL POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ARIZONA SOILS

Donald F. Post (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

A close relationship exists between the proportion of sand, silt, and clay and other physical soil properties like soil water content and soil porosity. This study took available laboratory measurements made on repre­ sentative Arizona soils and summarized the data soil textural class names. by ' t1eans and standard deviations for soil water content at 0.1, 0.33, and 15 bars of tension and the proportion of various pore sizes were calculated. Correlations and multiple regression relationships between sand, silt and clay and selected soil water contents were also determined.

8: 20-8: 45 WATER YIELD FRO�1 A CLEARED WATERSHED

Mal chus B. Baker, Jr. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Flagstaff, Arizona)

A 184-ha ponderosa pine forest basin in north-central Arizona was cleared and nonmerchantable material piled into windrows. After ten years of observation, the windrows were removed. Annual water yield increased following removal of the overstory. Analysis of all major flow events before and after clearing revealed that quick flow increased 90% and peak discharge 120%. Mean runoff duration, time to peak, and recession time all decreased. After windrow removal, annual water yield response is lost, mean runoff vol urne, is reduced 26%, peak discharge increased 37%, and all duration times are s ti 11 reduced.

8: 45-9: 00 SEDIMENT SOURCES IN MID�JESTERN SURFACE WATERS

Donovan Wilkin (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) and Susan Hebel (University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois)

Sediment may be the most fundamental and serious water quality problem in the midwestern United States. Conventional wisdom lays the blame at the feet of eroding upland farm soils, the predominant land category in most midwestern watersheds. Recent evidence suggests, however, that eroding stream channels, improperly managed flood plains, and the steeply sloping lands bordering the flood plains may be more important. Research and observations will be presented supporting this position.

44 9:00-9:15 WATER YIELD OPPORTUNITIES ON NATIONAL FOREST,LANDS IN ARIZONA .' A METHODOLOGY AND DISPLAY TECHNIQUE

Rhey M. Solomon and Larry J. Schmidt (USDA Forest Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico)

National forest lands in Arizona were evaluated to explore various con­ straints and multiple use tradeoffs that accompany water yield augmentation strategies. The effort incorporates the concept of probabilities to water yield increases and develops a visual display of resource tradeoffs associated with realizing increased water yield. Land and administrative constraints were used·to reduce the land base available for vegetation management. This available land base was then used to evaluate water yield increase opportun­ ities on National forest lands. The methodology outlines a technique for considering and displaying a continuous spectrum of alternatives rather than a traditional evaluation of one or two discrete alternatives. This method­ ology also avoids the necessity of making multiple technical and management, ' assumptions that have been necessary in other projections of water yield improvement opportunities.

9:15-9:30 CANDELILIA - PETROLEUM WAX MIXTURE FOR TREATING SOILS FOR WATER HARVESTING

Dwayne H. Fink (U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona)

A vegetable wax (candelilla), alone or in combination with petroleum waxes, was evaluated for treating soils for water harvesting. Samples were alternately weathered in a freeze-thaw cycle chamber, tested for water re­ pellency and structural stability against water erosion, then subjected to more weathering, etc., until sample failure occurred. Soils treated with candelilla - paraffin wax mixtures were much more resistant to laboratory freeze and thaw cycle weathering than those soils treated with either of the waxes alone. was further and wax reduced Weatherability improved, requirement ' by (1) prior stabilization of the soil with cellulose xanthate made from waste paper; (2) incorporating 2% of a commercial antistripping agent into the wax; and (3) substituting a residual type petroleum wax for the paraffin in the wax mixtures.

9:30-9:45 STORMFLOW AS A FUNCTION OF WATERSHED IMPERVIOUS AREAS

Jan M. Panke (U. S. Forest Service, Phoenix, Arizona) and Richard H. Hawkins Utah State University, Logan, Utah)

Analysis of historical rainfall-runoff data using regression techniques suggests that surface runoff may be expressed as a constant proportion (C) of the precipitation (Q=CP). This implies that a relatively constant runoff source area is contributing all of the stormflow, where the runoff ratio, C, is that fraction of the water-shed which is impervious and is in proximity to a stream channel. C coefficients for eleven high-elevation western watersheds were estimated using an iterative least�squares procedure. Field estimates of the impervious areas of two of those watersheds were found to be within

45 0.3 to 0.5% of the total drainage areas of the:regression estimates. This supports t-e hypothesis that surface runoff is produced by the functionally impervious portions of a watershed.

9:45-10:00 POINT-AREA-FREQUENCY CONVERSIONS FOR SUMMER THUNDERSTORM RAINFALL 'IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA·

Herbert B. Osborn and Leonard J. Lane (USDA Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research'Center, Tucson, Arizona)

Airmass thunderstorm rains dgminate rainfall-peak discharge relationships on small-watersheds (up to 150 km ) in southeastern and south central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Intense rain cells within' these storms usually last only minutes and cover relatively small areas. In the,Southwest, for watersheds larger than 2 km2, estimates of maximum point rainfall are notsufff c tent for most rainfall-peak discharge models. Point values should be converted upward to account for the greater frequency of intense rain recorded within an area as opposed to a point, and then reduced· to allow for point-to-area reduction to estimate rainfall volume within the watershed. A method is presented here to convert point rainfall data for use on water sheds up to 150 km2 in regions of the Southwest which are dominated by airmass thunderstorms.

10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK

. 10: 30-10:45 AN ANALYSIS OF RECESSION FLOWS FRQt.1 DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES

Wan Norazmin bin Sulaiman and Peter F. Ffolliott (University of Arizona, ' Ari Tucson, zona) ,

Quite often recessions of streamflow from a watershed vary with moisture' conditions, time of year, vegetation type, and land use; therefore, it is :' often possible to characterize watersheds in terms of differences in recession flows. To further analyze the extent to which the above variables influence recession flows in Arizona, sample hydrographs from watersheds representing mixed conifer, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, chaparral, and grassland veg­ etation types were exam; ned.· These hydrographs defined summer and \tlinter flows from areas of 15 to over 60 square miles in size. In specific, reces­ sion constants were determined, then grouped according to vegetation type, and finally used for purposes of discrimination among vegetation types with respect to moisture conditions, time of year, and land use.

10:45-11:00 USE OF THE UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION IN THE TROPICS

Todd Rasmussen (University of Arizona, Department of Hydrology, Tucson, Arizona) and Fred Tracy (University' of Arizona, Department of Watershed r1anagement, Tucson, Arizona) ,

Many third world countries situated within the tropics are experiencing rapid economic and agricultural development. Large' areas which had previously been native jungle are being converted to .agricultural or grazing uses.

46 Attendent with the rapid conversion is loss·of. soil fertility onsite and the offsite impacts of reservoir sedimentation and flpodi.ng.�· Recent +nves tf qa­ tions by the authors in two Central American countries,' Honduras and El Salvador, yielded estimates of the parameters required to use the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), an equation which �stimates the' sediment produced from an area as a result of climatologic, edaphic, topographic and land use factors. Extension of the model could be made to other regions with similar developmental problems.

11:00-11�16 EVALUATION OF THE USE OF SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE SNOW COURSE DATA TO DESCRIBE LOCAL CONDITIONS

Gerald J. Gottfried (USDA Forest Service, Tempe, Arizona) and Peter F. Ffolliott (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Snowmelt is the major source of runoff from forested watersheds. in Arizona. The USDA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) maintains a system of snow courses to provide an index of snow conditions within river basins. Data from individual snow courses are used in local land management and engineering planning when a knowledge of the climate is needed. They should be represen­ tative of conditions in the surrounding area; however, this may not have been verified. Several experimental watersheds in central Arizona are near the SCS snow courses. These watersheds, which were established to evaluate the effects of forest management practices on water yields, usually contain intensive snow survey grids which sample a range of topographic and forest stand conditions. Comparisons were made between data from the two types of snow courses to determine whether the SCS courses adequately represent con­ ditions in surrounding areas.

11:15-11:30 ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT

Zbigniew Osmolski and Lloyd W. Gay (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

A number of well-known equations were evaluated for their use in predict­ ing potential evapotranspiration (PET) from climatological data in the warm and dry conditions that characterize the climate of the southwestern deserts. Equations tested included the combination method, a solar radiation method, and a radiation/temperature method. Daily means of temperature, humidity, wind and solar radiation needed as data inputs in this analysis were obtained from two sources in Blythe, California, in the center of an important irrig­ ation district in the arid valley of the Lower Colorado River along the Arizona-California border. Daily and monthly PET totals were compared between methods for consistancy, and against a limited number of direct measurements of evaporation for accuracy. The comparison measurements were from an evap­ oration pan and from an energy budget study of evapotranspiration from a phreatophyte community on the Colorado River flood plain. The standard PET equations did not function well in these tests. We describe modifications that were used to enhance their consistancy and accuracy in the extremely warm and dry conditions of the test site.

47 11:30-12:00 ACADEMY BUSINESS MEETING MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

12:00-1:30 ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PASt PRESIDENTS ' ADDRESS, JUNIOR BALLROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT ,UNION

48 Sess i on II: Fri day, May 1, 1981-, .2: 00, p�.M,·

Room: 283," Memorial Student Union.

, .

Cha i rpersonr Edwi n K. ' SwanSon.·

2:00-2:15' EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, FROM·IRRIGATED ALFALFA.NEAR TUCSON,ARIZONA

W and Robert K. Hartman of Tucson., Lloyd .. Gay '(Univers,ity Ar+zona, Arizona)' Evapotranspiration from irrigated alfalfa in Avra Valley was evaluated. for several days in June 1980, using the Bowen ratio energy budget method.' The approximate energy flux totals were (in MJ/m2): net radiation, 20; soil heat flux, -1; convection, 6; and latent energy, -25 (equivalent to the evaporatton. of about.10 mm of water per day)'. The energy that was available from radiation was augmented substantially by the convection of sensible energy to the crop canopy from the air warmed by the surrounding desert. Air entering -the field from the desert with an initial temperature bf about 42°C was cooled as much as 5°C in traversing several hundred meters; the moisture content increased noticeably as well. Despite the hot, dry conditions that prevailed during these measurements, the daily evaporation totals (about 10 mm per day) were considerably lower than the record rates of as much as 14 mm per day that' have been reported for al fal fa ; n the:;mi dwest. The accuracy of our Bowen ratio,measurements is discussed.

2:15-2:30 ARIZONA SOLAR POWERED PUMPING PROJECT: OPERATING· EXPERIENCES

. . . . Dennis L.·Larson (SWE Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

. . .Construction of a 150 kW solar thermal electric power plant on a-farm in central Arizona was completed .tn October 1979. 'The solar installation' over consists of 2100 m2 of single axis tracking, parabolic trough ccl lectors ,, a 190 m3 thermal energy storage tank and an organic Rankine cycle turbtne- _. generator set. Electricity produced is input to the local utility grid. The plant was built by Acurex Corporation and is operated by The University of' .. Arizona with technical assistance from Sandia Laboratories. Operational objectives incl uded eval uating component performance to de­ termine desirable improvements, characterizing plant subsystem performance, determining operational and. maintenance requirements and evaluating on-farm siting. The solar plant operated over 90 percent of the possible time, but some desirable equipment improvements were noted during the year. Collector subsystem energy collection was less than predicted; thermal ,energy storage ' and power conversion system performances 'were about as anti cipated. Operating' and maintenance personnel 'and material requirements were' recorded to provide. bases for cost es timates. Thi s paper presents fi rst year operational, exper­ iences and performance data.

2: 30-2: 45 SOME EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED ;BURN ING ON.. SURFACE· WATER QUAL !TV

Bruce D. Sims and Peter F. Ffolliott (University of Arizona, Tucson9 Arizona)

49 Controlled burning in Arizona1s ponderosa pine forests often reduces excess fuels (thereby decreasing the likelihood of destructive wildfires), thins overdense tree stands, and increases forage production. But, little quantitative information is currently available to describe the effects of this practice on water quality of surface runoff originating from these forests. To provide insights to the latter effects, preburn and postburn water samples were collected from surface runoff plots in the Santa Catalina Mountains, near Tucson, that were subjected to controlled burning. In general, fiuoride, calcium, magnesium, and pH increased and the sodium absorption ratio decreased following the burn. These changes were not detrimental in terms of acceptable quality standards for drinking water and water for irriga­ tion, however.

2: 45- 3: 00 CORRECTING TIDAL RESPONSES IN OBSERVED WATER-�JELL LEVELS DURING COASTAL AQUIFER TESTS

Barney P. Popkin (Environmental Research Lab., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

A modified tidal efficiency algorithm, ESTA, was developed to correct observed "later-well levels in tidally responsive coastal areas for best estimates of aquifer properties. The algorithm, derived during groundwater studies in Puerto Peftasco (northeastern Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico), predicts standing water-well levels in response to tides. It requires initial sea and well calibration data, from which sea-well relationships are calcula­ ted. It needs tidal data for the time period when standing water-well levels are desired. ESTA uses a single cosine or sine function for rising or falling tides respectively. It overpredicted "later levels on the average by 0.05 f't , as shown in analyses at five coastal well sites. When ESTA was applied to a test in highly permeable coral near Kahuku (northshore Oahu, Hawaii), rising­ tide water-well levels were overpredicted and falling-tide water-well levels were underpredicted by 0.10 and 0.33 ft. respectively. Error analysis reduced these errors to 0.06 and 0.16 ft.

3:00-3:30 COFFEE BREAK

3:30-3:45 ASPECTS OF AQUIFER TEST ERROR ANALYSIS

Ahmed f1. BenBarka and Donald R. Davis (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Errors in the estimation of the aquifer pararr.�ters T and S as derived from aquifer test data are examined as to their cause and effects. The analy­ sis is based on the Theis equation and the Jacob approximation. The basic causes of error are in the measurements of drawdown and pumping rate, in fit­ ting the model to the data and in violations of model assumptions. Measure­ ment errors were studied experimentally. Curve fittings by hydrologists were compared to lIautomaticll curve fits obtained by nonlinear regression. The covariance matrix of T and S obtained in this manner was used, in conjunction with sensitivity analysis, to estimate the error in prediction of future drawdown.

50 3:45-4:00 DRILLERS' LOGS USED TO ANALYZE AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS

K. G. Kisser and J. S. Haimson (Arizona Department of Water Resources, Phoenix, Arizona)

In an effort to utilize the lithologic information contained within the tho�sands of drillers' logs on file with the Arizona Department of Water. Resources (DWR), a computer program was developed to analyze the logs for basic aquifer characteristics'. These.characteristics, estimations of specific yield, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, are calculated for each well log by comparing drillers· descriptions of alluvial sediments to standar­ ' dized drf l l ers terms that have predetermined specific yiel d val ues. These. values approximate conditions in alluvial basins in Arizona. This information �nd identified hydrostratigraphic units are then coded into computer terms. This program can calculate estimated aquifer characteristics for the total depth of the saturated sediments and hydrostratigraphic units. Where a sufficient density of acceptable drillers' logs exists in the area being studied, the logs are used to define the extent and depth of the hydrostratigraphic units present, The gross morphology of features, such as large clay bodies, which can have a significant effect on a hydrologic system, can also be evaluated. This program has proven to be a valuable asset when used as a preliminary overview of a hydrologic system and in DWR computer modeling efforts.

4:00-4:15 1979 PROGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES IN THE SALT RIVER VALLEY VIA RECOVERY TESTS OF 172 IRRIGATION WELLS

f1ike Long and Mary Ann Niccoli (Department of Water Resources, Phoenix, Arizona)

In the summer of 1979 the Arizona Department of Water Resources (then the Arizona Water Commission) and the Salt River Project (SRP) initiated a coop­ erative \\'e11 testing program in conjunction with the annual SRP well main­ tenance schedule. The objective was to obtain transmissivity data for the on-going digital modeling effort of the Salt River Valley Cooperative Study. The program was initiated after an extensive data search revealed few ral i­ able estimates of transmissivity in the SRV. Between �1ay and September 1979, 172 well recovery tests were performed using standard testing procedures·and consistent methods of analysis. Ground water pumpage was minimal during this period due to surface water available from the previ ous spri ng runoff. Therefore, the SRV aq ui fer sys tern was not being heavily stressed and interference from pumping wells was minimal. A summary of the testing procedure is as follows: wells were pumped continuously for 24 hours; recovery measurements were taken until field plots indicated stabil ized recovery (2-6 hours ) ; or until the well fully recovered; transmissivities were calculated by straight line techniques of direct re­ covery and residual drawdown. The final map was zoned according to low (0-25,000), medium (25,000-100,000) and high (>100,000) transmissivity values.

4:15-4:30 GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INVERSE MODELING OF THE AVRA VALLEY AQLlIFER

51 Peter N. Cl ifton and Shlomo P. Neuman (Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

The geostatistical method of kriging is used to analyze log-transmissivity data from aquifer tests conducted in Avra Valley. This analysis yields est­ imates of spatially averaged log-transmissivities over finite subregions of the aquifer, plus the variance of the error of each estimation, as well as the covariance of the errors of each pair of estimated values. This information together with measured groundwater level data form the input for the statist­ ical inverse model. The output from the inverse model is a modified set of log-transmissivity estimates for each subregion plus the covariance matrix of the corresponding estimation errors. The magnitude of the errors derived from the inverse model is less than that derived from the kriging analysis. Thus the modified log-transmissivity estimates can be used to model the aquifer with greater certainty than would be possible without the statistical inverse procedure.

4:30-4:45 SOME BIOHYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF LAND IMPRINTING

Robert M. Dixon and J. Roger Simanton (USDA, SEA-AR, Tucson, Arizona)

The land imprinter is a unique new tillage implement that molds above­ ground plant materials and soil surface particles into mulch-lined, rainwater irrigated seedbeds and seedling cradles to increase the probability of crop stand establishment in arid and semiarid regions. This conservation tillage implement is designed to increase surface microroughness and macroporosity to, in turn, beneficially control infiltration, runoff, and erosion within plant­ sized areas. Preliminary testing of an experimental rangeland imprinter sought to determine (1) several floral responses; (2) imprintability of land as a function of load-bearing capacity or penetration resistance; and (3) penetrability, infiltrability and erodibility of imprinted soil surfaces. Results indicate that (1) biomass concentration at the soil surface, biomass production, and plant community diversity are all increased; (2) proving ring penetrometers can be used to determine the imprinter loading required for adequate penetration of imprint angles; and (3) interconnected downslope and cross-slope imprinted furrows form rainwater shedding and absorbing systems having the capacity to concentrate and conserve both rainwater and soil re­ sources during intense rainstorms.

4:45-5:00 AVAILABILITY OF SALINE GROUNDWATER FOR SALT-WATER AGRICULTURE IN ARIZONA

E. P. Glenn and B. P. Popkin (Environmental Research Lab, University of Ariz- ona, Tucson, Arizona) .

Salt-water agriculture may be an economic, if innovative, new use of sa­ line groundwater where freshwater is limited or unavailable. Arizona has large supplies of shallow saline groundwater that are easily accessible in parts of the Gila River Basin; near Safford's heavy soils; near the Gila River Indian Reservation's loarns; and near the Wellton Mohawk Irrigation District's sandy soils. Less accessible or less abundant saline groundwater is available

52 in northeastern Ari zona on the Navajo and 'Hopi Indi an. Reservations, at Buckeye. near Phoenix, and south of Tucson. Other saline-water sources include mineral bath and geothenna1 waters, cool tns- and mining-·. water effl uent, treated municipal and industrial wastewaters, brines from potential oil and gas production, agricultural runoff and process wastes; and deeper groundw�ter.

6: 30 ANNUAL ACADH1Y BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

7:30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROor�, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

53 Session III: Saturday, May 2, ·1981, 8:30 A.r�.

Room: 283, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Milton R. Sommerfeld

8:30-8:45 USE OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF THE EAST VERDE RIVER

Patrick V. Athey, Marilyn J. Urbina and Milton R. Sommerfeld (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)

Enumeration of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in the East Verde River was performed intermittently from June 1979 through January, 1980. Fecal coliform and streptococci densities were positively correlated with visitor use. During the summer, at locations near heavy visitor use, fecal coliform numbers often exceeded recommended water quality standards. During the winter, coliform numbers were low or undetectable and streptococci numbers also decreased. Calculated fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratios sug� gest that stream fecal contamination comes from both humans and other warm­ blooded animals. Speciation of isolated fecal streptococci revealed appreci­ able numbers of Streptoaoaaus faeaalis, a bacterium characteristic of human fecal matter, and low numbers of S. bovis and S. equinus, which are charact­ eristic of livestock.

8:45-9:00 NUTRIENT LEVELS ON iHE VERDE RIVER WATERSHED WITH RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR P AND N

Timothy D. Love (Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona)

Data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) STORET computer system was analyzed to determine the present nutrient concentrations in the Verde River watershed and concentrations were found to be high. Total phosphate"concentrations were found to be at or above the standards set by EPA. The limited data indicate that nitrogen is probably the limiting nut­ rient, but other factors are probably involved. It was found that the major­ ity of the nutrient loadings occurred during high runoff events indicating most of the nutrients are from nonpoint sources. New standards for total phosphate and total nitrogen are recommended for this watershed.

� 9:00-9:15 A STUDY OF SALINITY IN EFFLUENT LAKES, PUERTO PENASCO, SONORA, MEXICO

Alison L. Dunn (Department of Hydrology .and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

An investigation of salt build-up in two saline discharge lakes was conducted during 1979 in Puerto Penasco, Mexico. Salt water was discharged to the smaller deeper Lake I from a shrimp aquaculture prototype at an aver­ age rate of 4.2 cubic meters per minute. Water flowed to Lake II through a short channel, and exited the system through either evaporation or infiltra- 54 tion into the underlying sandy soil. In an attempt, to confirm the resu1 ts of an earlier, simplified water budget, salt budget equations have been derived for the two-lake system. These equations are approximated in a series of monthly time steps, using averages of weekly salinity and water level measure­ ments. The results 'of these calculations indicate a rate of infiltration of about 0.02 meters per day, with no appreciable difference between the two lakes despite evidence for greater siltation and clogging in Lake I. Exam­ ination of·the salt budget equations shows that, under steady-state conditions, the ultimate salinity is finite. Thus, the maximum expected salinity of a lake may be calculated from worst-case (summertime) values of lake volume, inflow, evaporation, and salinity of incoming water.

9:15-9:30 RANGELAND RAINWATER QUALITY IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

H. B. Osborn, L. R. Cooper, and J. F. Billings, (USDA, Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Arizona)

The effect of "acid rainll en southwestern rangeland watersheds is being studied by the USDA Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center. Rainwater samples have been collected at the Center1s field station in Tombstone, Arizona, since 1970. In general, summer rains have been more acid than winter rains (and snows) with pH's ranging from 4 - 8. The electrical conductivity (EC) averaged about 25; sulfate and nitrate contributions averaged about 12, and 3 kg/hect/yr, respectively. Since most southwestern soils are basic, basic precipitation may be more of a problem than acid rains ,in this region.

9:30-9:45 'HALOFORMS AND HALOFORM PRECURSORS IN RAW, TREATED AND WASTE WATERS IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA

Cornelius Steelink, f4ichael �'ikita, Suzanne Lo, Kevin ·Thorn and James Hobson (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Chloroform and other'toxic haloforms are produced when drinking water is treated with chlorine. Many naturally-occurring aquatic compounds are· known to produce haloforms when chlorinated; the most cowmon of these are certain polyphenols and humic acids. In order to trace the origin and fate of these compounds in a municipal water system, we sampled waters from the entire City of Phoenix water supply. Samples were collected from the Salt and Verde Rivers, treatment plants, secondary effluent and ground-recharged water from the secondary effluent. These waters were analyzed for haloform, phenols, humic acids and total organic matter. When the raw and treated water samples were chlorinated (10 ppm) under laboratory conditions, 200-400 ppb of chloroform was produced. On the other hand, the secondary effluent and ground recharged waters produced only negligible amounts of chloroform under the same conditions. New methods for the analysis of phenols and humic acids were developed and are described.

9:45-10:00 TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF A GROUNDWATER PROTECTION STRATEGY FOR ARIZONA

55 Marc Bennett and Ph.D. of Health Larry Stephenson, (Arizona. Department Services, Phoeni�, Arizona)

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has mandated as a critical element in the recently publ ished Nattonal Groundwater Protection Strategy the development of state groundwater protection strategies by. the states. The development of such a strategy for Arizona is essential for insuring continuity between diverse agencies and interests in formulating the state1s groundwater protection program. However, the implementation of such a strat­ egy in Arizona is expected to encounter major institutional barriers within the state. Hence, the paper will discuss: 1) the purpose and· goals of such a strategy, 2) the elements that need to be addressed in the strategy, 3) the major institutional obstacles expected in implementing the strategy and possible solutions for overcoming these obstacles.

10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK 10:00- 10:30-10:45 FEDERAL RESERVED WATER RIGHTS OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN COLORADO

Richard A. Herbert and Anthony L. Martinez (Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, Denver, Colorado)

Water rights reserved for use by the Federal Government are of tremendous concern to western state water rights administrators and water users .. These Federal Reserved Water Rights are frequently characterized as a vast body of claims which could dewater major western rivers. However, Reserved Rights of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), are proving to be diminutive in Colorado. For example, in Water Division 2, BLM manages about 200 water sources which total only 0.18% of the water diverted from the Arkansas River Basin. Most of these sources are springs whose flow rarely leaves the public land. Furthermore, those portions not consumed by wildlife and evapotrans­ are used the for recreation and domestic piration by public livestock, pur­ . poses. The BLM is identifying and quantifying the reserved rights of the United States on 8.2 million acres of public land in Colorad�. The major reserved water right administered by the BLM is Public �later Reserve 107 which was established to prevent individuals from controlling vast amounts of land by monopolizing the only water source in an area. Today BLM serves as the trustee of this water to insure that it is available for the users of the public land. Upon completion of the inventory, BLM and the State of Colorado will be able to more effectively manage their valuable water resources.·

10:45-11:00 INDIAN WATER RIGHTS: THE BUREAUCRATIC RESPONSE

Daniel McCool (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

Althouqh there is a considerable body of literature available concerning the legal development of Indian water rights. there has been vecy little re­ search into the implementation of these r.ights. This paper briefly reviews the literature on the legal development of Indian water rights, then proceeds to discuss the response to these rights by relevant federal agencies such as the Justice Department, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Corps of Engineers.

56 The paper is also concerned with the conflict between state and federal water law and 'their corresponding water development �gencies. This emphasis on the politics of' bureaucratic implementation of Indian water rights allows us to analyze the actual impact of the inconsistencies and unresolved questions which characterize, western water law. The concluding section of the paper discusses the potential long-term social and political consequences that may arise out of the conflict over Indian water rights •.

11:00-11:15 THE PRICE OF WATER IN WESTERN AGRICULTURE

David L. Wilson and Harry W. Ayer (Agricultural Economists. NRED-ESS-USDA)

Estimates of the effective price of water applied in irrigated agriculture, by subregions of the west, are made. The acreage subject to different effec­ tive prices of irrigation water is also estimated. Estimates as based upon the source of water (surface or groundwater). pumping lift depths, the price of fuel used in pumping, the methods or water distribution (unlined canal, lined canal, pipe, etc.). and the methods of application (flood, sprinkler, etc.). Price estimates based on alternative sources of data are evaluated. Policy implications suggested by the estimates are given: Federal and regional pol­ icies to conserve water through subsidies on water saving technologies (canal linings, etc.), extension-type efforts to promote water saving practices (ir­ rigation scheduling, etc.), and water pricing policies are briefly evaluated vis-a-vis the estimates of the effective price of irrigation water. The est­ imated prices may be used in future, more rigorous eval uations of water con­ servation policies and policies to obtain a more efficient distribution of water among economic sectors and over time.

11:15�11:30 RANKING ALTERNATIVE PLANS THAT MANAGE THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER BASIN BY USING Q-ANALYSIS AS A MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING AID

Ron Pfaff and Lucien Duckstein (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

. This paper introduces an intuitive, multicriteria decision making aid utilizing Q-analysis. a technique based on topological algebra and set theory. This aid ranks twenty-five alternative plans for the water resource management and flood control of the Santa Cruz River Basin. These twenty-five plans have been described in terms of thirteen weighted criteria. Q-ana1ysis is used to investigate a series of binary matrices formed over a range of threshold levels (TLs), indicating different levels at which the plans satisfy the criteria. A computer package performs both Q-analysis and slicing over the TL range, then ranks the plans by calculating an index. This index compares the number of criteria that each plan satisfies dver the entire TL range. A short dis­ cussion concerning additional information that can be drawn from multi­ criteria Q-analysis has also been included.

11:30-11:45 THE ALTERNATIVES AND IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH A FUTURE WATER SOURCE TRANSITION FOR TUCSON WATER

Thomas M. McLean, P.E. and Stephen E. Davis, P.E. (Tucson Water. Tucson, Arizona)

57 Anti cipating a surge in the future. growth of the Tucson urban area accompanied by a need for the preservation of the local. groundwater resource, Tucson Water is planning for a'major transition in its source of supply during the next fifty·years. The completion of the Central Arizona Project to the Tucson area repre­ sents the primary ingredient to the formulation of a future water supply. plan for the community. Tucson, which presently relies totally upon groundwater for its potable water supply, is diligently preparing to accept its first surface water source. The task of planning for this event is extremely com­ plex and is further hampered by the fact that many critical factors relating to the Tucson Division of the Central Arizona Project are yet undefined. Tucson Water engineers utilize contemporary computerized hydraulic models as tools to define an array of technical solutions to the problem of accomplish­ ing a major conversion from a multi-point system source to a predominantly single source of supply. Elements such as construction, operation, and main­ tenance costs associated with water treatment and delivery systems are addressed.

11:45-12:00 MICROTRAC: A RAPID TECHNIQUE OF PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

R. L. Haverland (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) and L. R. Cooper (USDA-SEA-AR, Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Arizona)

The routine, yet essential determination of particle size parameters has previously been conducted principally by sieving and sedimentation methods. Now a rapid means of particle size analysis is available as an attractive alternative. An analysis of soil and sediment particle �ize distribution was conducted over a two-year period by use of a Microtrac Model 7991-0 Particle Size Analyzer. Results have shown the instrument to be a rapid, accurate and precise alternative method of particle size analysis. The Microtrac measures the particle size by low angle forward-scattering of laser light which has passed through a sample cell. This model provides data on 13 channels between 1.9 and 176 microns. along with common statistical measures of size distribu­ tion. Successive samples may be analyzed every two minutes with printout repeated or a single sample may be analyzed repeatedly as often as every three seconds. Microtrac varf abf l ity due to operator skill is significantly reduced, as compared to most methods, due to the inherent simpl icity and automaticn of the unit.

58 SCIENCE EDUCATION

Session I: Friday, May 1, 1981, 1:45 P.M.

Room: 284, Memorial Student Union

Chairperson: Scott M. Savage

1: 45-2: 15 Cm,1PUTERS IN THE CLASSROOM: RENAISSANCE OR RELAPSE?

Don D. Gilbert (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)

The technological revolution of the micro-computer has given·cowputer­ aided-instruction (CAl) another chance to fulfill its promise of the 1960's to "revolutionizell the learning process. An analysis of the various uses of computers in the classroom wi l l be made in an effort to put them into a realistic perspective.

2:15-2:45 MICROCOMPUTERS AND SPECTROSCOPY IN HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY II PROGRAMS

John Friend (Coconino High School, Flagstaff, Arizona) and Gerald Caple (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)

The economic advantage of using a microprocessor to simulate information collected from expensive instruments not readily available to high school and corrmunity college programs is that it allows these institutions to keep pace and upgrade their programs without the expense of the instruments. The introduction of microprocessors and their widespread availability to high school and community colleges has opened new vistas in the high school chem­ istry curriculums. In efforts to improve laboratory work with very limited instrumentation in our Chemistry II program, the microprocessor was used to simulate the spectra of organic compounds. Students were introduced to simple absorbtion spectroscopy using a Sargent-Welch ChemAnalR system. The micro­ processor, along with new laboratory experiments, was used to introduce the student to infrared spectroscopy dealing with organic functional groups rather than individual compounds. The students' wet experiments paralleled the introduction of simulated infrared spectra. The discussion will include the student response to this type of labor­ atory instructional experience. A physical demonstration of a typical m1cro­ processor and programs will follow.

2:45-3:00 COMPUTER USAGE IN A HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRYCLASS

Joan A. Ramsey (t"ingus Union High School, Cottonwood, Arizona)

Four Apple computers are available at the high school. Student aware­ ness of their uses is developed through an elective computer programming class and classroom demonstrations of computer applications. Chemistry students from the computer class had developed two applied programs: a drill

59 and practice in ion names, symbols, and charges and a temperature conversion program. The class was given some elementary pr.ogrammi.ng instruction and given tiw.e to do programs on the computer. Games were also shown. Student reaction was amazingly varied. Other applications of the computer to the chemistry class curriculum are still in the developmental stages.

3:00-3:15 MULTI COURSE SCIENCE LABS AT NORTHLAND PIONEER COLLEGE

Frank Plucker (Northland Pioneer College, Holbrook, Arizona)

Science at Northland Pioneer College, (N.P.C.) is taught in as many as local Centers in a rural area 90 twelve miles wide and 230 miles long. . Sixty percent of the enrollment is in four main centers. In these four main centers, biology, chemistry, geology, and physics are taught in multi-course, individualized labs. There may be three to six different classes offered at one time in the lab. This approach is used to meet the needs of the small population centers in our area. Biology at N.P.C. is taught with individual­ ized courses that are commercially available. Chemistry and geology are offered together. The chemistry and geology courses were developed by the author. These courses are best described as directed study. The physics courses have also been developed at N.P.C. Some classes are individualized. General Physics is a directed studies class. At N.P.C. we have found ,that offering science classes with this format has given more students the opportunity to study science than a conventional format.

3:15-3:30 THE JUNIOR HIGH: AN INTRODUCTION TO ("REALII) SCIENCE

David T. Smith (Townsend Junior High School, Tucson, Arizona)

There is no consistant junior high school science curriculum. It varies from school to school and district to district. One three year school may require a program consisting of an overview of Life, Earth, and Physical Sci ences in those grades. Another may have two years and provi de general science in both. Some have even less, requiring but one year or less. The author's school provides nine weeks in the seventh grade and a half year (eighteen weeks) in the eighth. In any case, the junior high years usually provide the first organized sequence of science taught by a science trained person that an elementary school student has yet met. The author has been the Coordinator of Science and worked closely with the junior high teachers in the Tucson schools for over twenty years and has this year returned to the classroom. He is teaching a nine week sequence consisting of forty-five, period long, activities based on currently avail­ able science programs. The scope and sequence of these activity-centered lessons might prove useful to other teachers with similar age students.

3: 30-3:45 CIRCUr4VENTING STUDENT INDIFFERENCE IN THE SCIENCE CLASSROOM

6C Susan C. Reed (Payson High School, Payson, Arizona)

Science education in a majority of high schools .and junior high schools across the nation is suffering from the five "tns", insufficient funding, inadequate lab facilities, inappropriate student groupings, inoperative classloads and indifferent students. The first four are 'all primarily fin­ ancial problems with no easy solutions but the fifth "tn", the one pertaining to student indifference does have solutions and the only cost to science educators is their time. By eliminating boredom, providing direction, teaching acceptance of responsibility and promoting pride in accomplishment, science teachers can teach all levels' of subject matter regardless of class size, groupings and facilities. Organization and planning are time consuming but they are the best investment a teacher can make to eliminate boredom. Beginning the first day of class by acquainting the students with classroom procedures and a few basic rules can provide direction for them throughout the year. By attempting each project, regardless to degree of difficulty, completing assignments and meeting' deadlines, the student can learn to accept responsibility. Each student can be active every day in the science classroom, can accept responsi­ bility, can'meet class requirements and take pride in his accomplishments.

3:45-4:00 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AT NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY

Richard D. Foust, Jr. (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)

The NAU environmental science program is a successful interdisciplinary approach to science education. The program philosophy is to provide the student with a rigorous science background in a traditional science discipline whil e provi ding him ,�ith the necessary breadth to study envi ronmental prob­ lems. Environmental science classes are not taught by a separate faculty but by members of traditional academic departments (i.e., chemistry, physics, biology, geology, microbiology, engineering and legal assistants). This prevents the curriculum from becoming a series of watered down general edu­ cation type classes taught only by a small number of "interdisciplinary" faculty. Professional recognition and advancement for the environmental science faculty is done through the academic department to which that profes­ sor is assigned and the only faculty associated directly with the environ­ mental science program is the program director. Courses include instru­ mental analysis, atmospheric physics, environmental chemistry, ecology, microbiology and environmental law.

4:00-4:15 PLANNING OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Richard Forshier (Shadow Mountain High School, Phoenix, Arizona)

, Discussion of Science activities for the outdoors, Topics will include how to plan short lessons for a' class (one hour or less), how to plan a field trip, how to plan a field experience, how to plan extended trips (2 or more days), how to set up an outdoor school, how to use the school yard for projects in ecology, and how to plan a school site and develop it. Examples of each topic will be available for teachers or interested guests. A slide-

61 tape show will illustrate working examples of these science activities. Students who have participated in these activites will be available for discussion following this talk.

4:15-4:45 THE GRAND CANYON, A REVIEW APPROACH

Elden Walters (T. G. Browne High School, Phoenix, Arizona)

The focus of this paper is to illustrate how the Grand Canyon can be used as a topic for review using laboratory investigations, field,trips. slides and music. In an advanced course of Earth Science a unique way of reviewing the course of study was needed. The Grand Canyon was chosen to review such unit topics covered in the course as mapping, ,weather and climate, and structural weathering erosion, minerals,' rocks, geomorphology, geology and historical geology. Investigations and activites were written concerning the Grand Canyon to review the course content as listed. A most unique pair of investigations dealt with a classroom simulation of a field trip from river to rim followed by an actual field trip. Students experience much of the feeling of the Grand Canyon as they walk down through the living textbook of the Earth's past. The Grand Canyon is more of an experience to many of its visitors and students than just a geologic textbook. To show this, an investigation using slides to interpret Ferde Grofe1s Grand Canyon Suite was undertaken. This gives even the marginal rock hound a chance to see, hear and even feel the majesty of the Grand Canyon, geologically and aesthetically.

6: 30 ANNUAL ACADH1Y BANQUET, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UN ION

7:30 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, TERRACE BALL ROOM, MEMORIAL STUDENT UNION

62 ACADEMY BUSINESS.

and

ANNUAL REPORTS

. Officers, 1980-1981

ELECTED

Leonard Storm . • . Presi dent Helen Guptill. President-elect Ca rl eton Moore Past President

Leo Zonn .. • • · • Corresponding Secretary

Robert Patterson • .Membership Secretary

Ray Henkel . . . . • • • Treas urer

Dean B1 inn . Counsellor-Northern Arizona'

Eleanor Davey • Counsellor-Central Arizona

John Endrizzi .. • Counsellor-Southern Arizona

Fred Bachhuber · . . . . Counse 11 or-Nevada

APPOINTED

Barbara Phillips · • . • • . Ed; tor, _ Journal

A. T. Ellis ••. • . Editor, News 1 etter and Proceed; nqs

R. James Becker . ... Executive'Secretary

Richard Forshier · Director, Junior Academy

63 COM�1ITTEE ROSTER

1980-1981

AUDIT CO�tMITTEE PROGRAM COfylMITTEE Neil Berman Helen Guptill Jacob Fuchs Bud Ellis Francis Nakayama Dave Smith John Endrezzi FELLOWS CO��ITTEE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE Wes Niles James Wick Leo E. Zonn Robert Lundin R.M. HARRIS AWARD COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Barbara Phill ips Robert A. Patterson Patricia Gober SCHOLARSHIP COMMITTEE Robert Harris Anthony Brazel �Jhitehurst NECROLOGY COMMITTEE Harry

Robert A. Patterson STATE SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH R. James Becker COM�1ITTEE Richard Forshier NO�tINATING COMMITTEE Leonard Storm Charles c. l\Very Paul Iverson Carleton. �ioore Leonard Storm

OUTSTANDING SCIENCE TEACHER AWARD COHrHTTEE

B i 11 Ti 11 e ry

64 ARIZONA/NEVADA' ACADENY' OF"SCIENCE Section Chairpersons

1980-1981

.•••••.••.• Dick Anthropology , ••••.•••••.•.•••••• Winchell Department of Public Affairs Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona

"

Bi 0 logy ••• •.••••..•• � •.•••••••••••••••••• John Baker Department of Biological Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada

Conservation •••..••••...•.•••...•••••••.. David E. Brown Wildlife Division Arizona Game and Fish Department 2222 W. Greenway Rd • . Phoenix, Arizona

Genetics and Developmental Biology ••••••. Leonard Storm "Department of Biological Sciences of Las University Nevada, . Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada

Geology·, •• ·.·..••••..•..•.••.•..•.•••.•••••• Ed. McCollough Dept. of Geosciences - U of A Tucson, Arizona

••••••••••••••••••• oj ••••••••• ••• Geography _ Joyce Quinn Department of Geography Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona

Hydrology •••••••.••••.•••••••.••••••••••• Mi 1 ton Sommerfeld Department of Botany and Microbiology

Sci ence ••••.•••..•.•••.•.••••.••••••••.•. Scott Savage Department of Chemistry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona

General Section •..•..••••••••••••••••.•.• Jim Becker Center for Public Affairs Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona

65 PRESIDENT'S REPORT

I have been deeply honored to serve as president of the Arizona-Nevada Academy c of Science for the past year. The president serves for only a year, and al­ though I have been on the board of this academy for several years prior to my election to the presidency, I have never really realized how dependent'this organization is on the long-term members of the board. It is this small group of dedicated individuals that are, and have been, responsible for the welfare of this academy over the years. Not enough can be said in appreciation for their efforts.

There has been a streng Junior Academy of Science in southern Nevada for the last three years and now it appears we are finally developing a junior academy in Arizona. Those of us that have been interested in attracting high school students to science are pleased to see this development within the academy_

This has· not been a good year for the academy financially. We are just holding our head above water. I believe the financial situation will improve as the condition of the national economy improves. We need to recruit more members. If the membership increases some of our financial problems should disappear.

Leonard W. Storm President

66 MINUTES OF THE-ANNUAL MEETING

Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Ari zona-Nevada Academy of Science he1 d at the MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 9-12, 1980.

1. The was called to order at 11:40 A.M. Carleton President meeting by �1oore, I

of the Academy for 1979-1980. .

2. Minutes of the previous meeting, as published in the proceedings were presented by leo E. Zonn. Acceptance of the mi nutes as pri nted was moved, seconded, and approved unanimously.

3. The, reports of the officers of the Academy were presented,as printed in the proceedings. Acceptance of the reports was moved, seconded and approved unanimously.

4. The reports of the Academy Committees were presented as printed in the

Acaderr� proceedi ngs'� . a." The Fellows Committee report as presented in the proceedings was approved without a motion. Elected.to the grade of fellow are: John Anthony, Charles Avery, Donald Elston, Everett Lindsay, John Lounsbury, �1elvin Narcus, Bertram Zaslow.

b. The Scholarship Committee Report, whtch was not included in the proceedings, was approved without a motion. The winners are: �1ary Jo Jarrell (Rancho Hi gh School, North Las Vegas, Nevada), Laura Jean Lindahl (Moon Valley High School, Phoenix, Arizona), Michael John Martin (Reed High School, Sparks, Nevada), and . Renee Denise Rusler (Marcos De Niza High School, Tempe, Arizona).

c. The Outstanding Science Teacher Awards, whtch were not inc1 uded in the report in the proceedings, were announced. The winners fer the Secondary level are: Charles Y. Hoyt (Cortez High School, Glendale, Arizona), Douglas Orr (Chaparral High School, Las Vegas, Nevada), and Mike Hitt (Mountain View High School, Mesa, Arizona). The winners for Junior High School levels are: Howard M. Kum1in (Greenway �1iddle School, Phoenix, Arizona), Lee J. Kerrigan (Hohokam Junior High School, Scottsdale, Arizona), and Becky Pierce (Lookout r10untain School, Phoenix, Arizona).

d. The Report of the Necrology Committee, as stated in the proceedings, was presented. No deaths have been reported among academy members.

e. The Report of the Nominating Committee, as stated in the proceed­ ings. Storm moved (Patterson seconded) that the slate be elected; the motion passed unanimously. Storm moved (Ellis seconded) that the election be made unanimous; the motion passed unanimously. Elected to office for thear 1980-1981 are:

67;.' Presi dent-elect Helen Guptill Tucson Unified School District

Treasurer Ray Pen ke 1. . Arizona State University

�lembership Secretary Robert A. Patterson Arizona State University

Corresponding Secretary Leo E. Zonn . Arizona State University

5. Carleton t�oore presented the new President of the Academy, Leonard Stann, who assumed the position.

6. Storm conducted the new business.

a. A petition from members of the Academy was presented. It. requested . that a General Session for Physical Science be established for the Annual Meeting. t100re moved (Ell is seconded) the motion. be approved; the motion passed unanimously.

7. The meeting was adjourned at 12:30 P.M.

Respectfully submitted

Leo E. Zonn

Corresponding Secretary

68 TREASURER'S REPORT

INCOME: Other Expenses ,$ 24 . I Refund Iverson Junior Membershi ps _' Academy $ 243.36 New $ 315. 00 ' Regi s ration 25.50 Regul ar­ 3450.-00 Ref)Jnd Subscription to Science Family 24.7.00 - Science 80 9.00 Sus tat 90�ob ning Misc. Bank 20.81 Life 300.00 Charges Total Student 152.00 Expe�itu!�� $11,412.05" Contributions FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS Schol arship Fund 25.00 First National Account and Bank Checking Reprints page Balance: charges 65.00 1 January 1980 $5035.00 Add: 8050.00 Sale of 84.00 Deposits Proceedirigs Withdrawals 11432.86 Less: . Balance: Journal 875.00 Subscriptions 31 December 1980 $1652.14,. Net Decrease $3382.86 Registration Ann�al �1eeting 1984·.00 Endowment Fund �Jestern _. Savings.. and Loa�

and Lunch , Fees Banquet Balance: Annual Meeting 463.00 1 January 1980 $9371.81 Total Income $8050.00 Add: Interest 723.57 Balance: EXPENDITURES 31 December 1980 $10095.38 Administration Secretary's Salary $ 376.00 & 351. 07 f5� Postage Supplies Ray Henkel Boa rd r·�eet; ngs 14.81 Arizona State University Treasurer Account 1000.CO

Awards and Grants Scholarships 1000.00 Outstanding Teachers 150.00 Science Fair 150.00

Journal Pri nting 5153.67 Xerox Articles 73.92 Type Proceedings 180.00

Fees AAAS t'1embe rs hip 0 ue s 35.00 Ariz. Corp. Commission 10.00

Annual r·1eeti n9 Banquet, Lunch, coffee, audio visual, etc. expenses 2510.72 69 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY REPORT

I. The status of this Academy in 1973 featured the burdens of prospective fines of $5,000, $50,000 and $60,000 from the IRS; a depleted scholar­ ship endowment fund; an increasing annual financial deficit; insistence by NSF that the Academy owed them $2,500 from misuse in a 1965 grant; the gifting of about 200 copies of the Journal; and, a decl ining) membership. II. Within a year or so the Academy's affairs with the IRS were stabilized; and, the year-end financial deficit has been avoided in most recent

years.

III. By the end of 1980, the Academy had stopped giving away Journals; and

the endowment fund had been built up to $9,000.00. However, the NSF still held the position that the Acaden� owed them $2�500; membership was still declining; and the financial deficit reappeared. A survey shows the membership divided evenly between those who want the Journal* format maintained even if dues are raised to $20 a year, and

those who want dues no higher than $15 even if that means changing the Journal format.

*The Journal is the Academy's biggest expense. I

Annual Report .. December 29, 1980 £J.� R. J. Becker

70 REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE

Members

President-elect Troy L. Pewe Arizona State University

Treasurer Ray Henkel Arizona State University

Membership Secretary Robert A. Patterson Arizona State University

Corresponding Secretary Neil S. Berman Arizona State University

Carl eton B. �1oore, Cha i rperson Charles C. Avery R. James Becker

REPORT OF THE FELLOWS COHfUTTEE

The Fellows Committee has found the follo\�ling member's of the Arf zona­ Nevada Acadenw of Science worthy of nomination and election to the grade of Fell ow.

Dave Brown Barbara Phillips .. Charl es DOl�gl as Linwood Smi th Arthur Phi 11 ips �1i 1 t Sommerfeld.

Each person has been a member for many years, bringing honor to the Acade�y and serving the organization and the scientific cow.munity faithfully in various capacities.

Wes Niles, Chairperson Robert Lundin James Wicks

71 REPORT OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD·

During 1.980 the Journal of the Academy published 9 papers requiring 104 pages. Several papers were of significant length, each representing the culmination of extensive research in the Soutbwes t.. In addition,. two· book reviews were published. The Editor welcomes word of new publications on subjects of interest. to members of the Academy and offers from members to review such new works for the Journal.

This year Classic Printers purchased a new scientific font to save on typesetting time, and the paper was changed from a glossy to a matte finish. These changes plus changes in format instituted previously have meant that in spite of inflation publ ication costs for the Journal have remained essen­ tially unchange for three years. However, the Editorial Board recognizes. that the publication of the Journal is the IT'ajor expense of the Academy and strongly urges authors to find sources of funds to cover full publication costs, if possible.

Many thanks are extended to those members of the scienti fi c communi ty who have so generously given of their time in reviewing manuscripts.

Barbara G. Phillips, Editor

ARIZONA-NEVADA JUNIOR ACADEt1Y OF SCIENCE

This years activities in- the junior academy were highlighted by the annual meetings activities in Las Vegas, where the Nevada students discussed their projects \tlith several students from Arizona. Special speakers in the fields of river as well as student work were discussed computers, rafting I and.the visiting Arizona students put on a presentation dealing with the field experiences ·in all of the life zones in Arizona •.

A system of communic;ation was set up in the Phoenix area in hopes of increasing the Arizona membership in the Junior Academy. Next spring several meetings have been planned with several schools participating. A science olympics is being planned for the Phoenix area in April of the coming year.

The Junior Academy of Science is open to by any tndtvi dual membership . or science club in the state. Information on activities and membership can be obtained from the director, Richard Forshier, 3155 W. Cheryl Dr., Apt. J 8,· Phoenix, Arizona 85021

Richard Forshier Director, Arizona-Nevada Junior Academy of Science

72