B–4 BOARD OF REGENTS MEETING

Review Divestment Proposals, and Take Necessary Actions

ACTION

The Board of Regents may choose to convene an Advisory Committee on Socially Responsible Investing as described below, in response to any petitions received.

BACKGROUND

The University of Washington Advisory Committee on Socially Responsible Investing (ACSRI) is the result of many years of discussion about divestment and ethical investing. Following discussions of socially responsible investing in June 2016 (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp- content/uploads/sites/12/2018/07/23172939/2016-06-B-4.pdf) and of an advisory committee and divestment guideline in February 2017 (https://s3-us-west- 2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp- content/uploads/sites/12/2018/07/23172554/2017-02-G-3.pdf), the ACSRI was established in March 2017 (https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp- content/uploads/sites/12/2018/07/23172508/2017-03-B-2.pdf) as a standing advisory committee to the Board of Regents. In July 2019 (https://s3-us-west- 2.amazonaws.com/uw-s3-cdn/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2019/07/11160748/07- 2019-G-1.pdf) the committee was reestablished as a temporary body convened in response to divestment proposals submitted to the Board that the Governance Committee has judged to meet the criteria described in Board of Regents Governance, Standing Orders, Chapter 4: http://www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/BRG/SOCh4.html#1G.

UWINCO

The Board of Regents has delegated the management of the University’s investments to the University of Washington Internal Investment Company (UWINCO), through its Finance and Asset Management Committee and in accordance with policy guidelines set by the Board, as provided in the Standing Orders, Chapter 4: http://www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/BRG/SOCh4.html#1D. UWINCO’s aim is to support the University of Washington’s teaching, research, and clinical missions by maximizing the return on donated funds.

Regent Policy No. 1 provides that “[t]he primary mission of the University of Washington is the preservation, advancement, and dissemination of knowledge.” The full policy can be found at: http://www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/BRG/RP1.html.

B–4/203-21 3/11/21 BOARD OF REGENTS MEETING

Review Divestment Proposals, and Take Necessary Actions (continued p. 2)

The ACSRI

The Board of Regents has delegated evaluation of proposals to divest from publicly traded companies to the ACSRI, through its Governance Committee on the basis of the guidelines contained in the Standing Orders, Chapter 4: http://www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/BRG/SOCh4.html#1G.

Procedure

Per the Standing Orders, proposals to divest will first be evaluated by the Governance Committee, on the advice of the staff from the Board Office and the Office of the President. Proposals must reflect the following criteria: • “The actions or inactions of the company or companies are deemed ‘morally reprehensible,’ and: o The divestiture will likely have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm and will not result in disproportionate, offsetting societal consequences; or o The company contributes to harm so grave that it would be inconsistent with the goals and principles of the University. • Divestment is seen to be more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement. • The requested action is not likely to impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission (for example, by causing deep divisions within the University community). • There is a broad and continuing base of support within the University community including students, faculty, alumni, and staff who believe that action is warranted. Evidence of support may include the following: o Endorsement from the Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW); o Endorsement from the Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS); o Endorsement from the Faculty Senate; o Endorsements from the Associated Students of the University of Washington, Bothell and the Associated Students of the University of Washington, Tacoma; o General petitions signed by students, faculty, alumni, and staff of the University; and o Endorsements from Registered Student Organizations (RSOs).” If the Governance Committee deems a proposal sufficient to convene an ACSRI, staff will convene an ACSRI. The ACSRI will advise the Board on the moral qualities of a particular investment. The Finance Office will advise the Board on the financial consequences of proposed divestment. The Board will then decide whether to divest, to engage in shareholder activism, or to dismiss the proposal to divest. The final decision belongs to the Board through the full statutory authority

B–4/203-21 3/11/21 BOARD OF REGENTS MEETING

Review Divestment Proposals, and Take Necessary Actions (continued p. 3) granted by RCW 28B.20.130: https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=28B.20.130.

Attachments 1. Staff Analysis of Divestment Proposal #2 2. Proposal received on February 9, 2021

B–4/203-21 3/11/21 Staff Analysis of Divestment Proposal #2 UW Board of Regents Meeting, March 11, 2021

Contents 1. ACSRI Process 2. Summary of Proposal 3. Analysis of Proposal 4. Recommendations

1. The Advisory Committee on Socially Responsible Investing Process (ACSRI)

The ACSRI process separates consideration of the moral or reputational aspects of a divestment proposal from the financial consequences of that proposal. The ACSRI, if convened, will make a recommendation based on the former. UW Finance and UWINCO will provide a financial analysis of potential impact of proposed actions. The Board, in virtue of its undelegated responsibility for the University’s investment of donor and other funds, its fiduciary duties, and its responsibilities under the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA, 24.55 RCW: https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=24.55), must make a final decision on the basis of the determination of the ACSRI, the recommendations of UW Finance and UWINCO, and Regents’ responsibility to the public over the long term.

With regards to the ASCRI, the Board’s Standing Orders emphasize both a strong presumption against divestment and recognition of the needs for a clear process that allows for input. Specifically, the Standing Orders state:

“The Board of Regents is vested by statute with responsibility to manage the investment portfolios of the University of Washington. Decisions regarding the investment portfolios are geared towards maximizing the resources of the University in support of its primary teaching and research mission. The Board is ever mindful of the endowment as a fund established through private gifts which support donor-specified programs today and in the future.

Ethical considerations have led the Board, from time to time, to engage the University in shareholder activism or divestment. Such occurrences are rare. Divestment means the sale of specific companies and/or market sectors from the investment portfolio for financial, ethical, or political reasons. The process involves ongoing portfolio screening and monitoring to ensure compliance. The fiduciary duty of the Board ensures a strong presumption against divestment. Divestment is considered only after all options to address the ethical concern have been reviewed and found unsatisfactory.

In making any determination, the Regents recognize the need for a clear process that allows for University community input, evaluation, and articulated criteria to inform the Board in its decision making. No process or set of criteria, however, can be expected to

B-4.1/203-21 ATTACHMENT 1 Page 1 of 6 3/11/21 address all situations that might arise. The Board reserves the right to interpret these provisions as broadly or narrowly as it sees fit, consistent with the policies of the University and applicable external laws and regulations.”

2. Summary of Proposal

On the afternoon of February 9, 2021, the Board Office received the attached proposal, submitted by Hans Peter Fink, a UW student, on behalf of the UW chapter of Institutional Climate Action (UW ICA), “a climate justice coalition demanding that Washington State’s higher educational institutions begin modeling the urgently-needed ‘just transition’ away from fossil-fuel destruction.”

UW ICA demands that the UW:

1) “declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response;” 2) “implement the tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan;” 3) “divest all endowments & pensions from fossil-fuel industries by 2025,” “defined to include, but not limited to: Coal Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use or digital support for those processes, whether in the form of Stocks, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil-fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil-fuel industry;” 4) “re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions;” and 5) “commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.”

UW ICA specifically asks the Board of Regents to consider, through the ACSRI process, the third and fourth demands:

3) “divest all endowments & pensions from fossil-fuel industries by 2025” and 4) “re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions.”

The following analysis will focus on these requests, which directly pertain to the ACSRI process.

With respect to the other demands, the University adopted a Climate Action Plan (https://green.uw.edu/inform/uw-climate-action-plan) in 2009 and in 2020 adopted a new Sustainability Action Plan (https://green.uw.edu/sustainability-plan), which will specify new actions each fiscal year. Progress toward the University’s sustainability goals is tracked through the Sustainability Action Plan Dashboard (https://green.uw.edu/plan/dashboard). Members of the University community are welcome to bring their concerns to the administration through UW Sustainability and directly to President Cauce, if they feel their concerns are not being addressed.

It is clear that environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues are rising to prominence among investors. UWINCO and the UWINCO Board are currently reviewing ESG issues as they pertain to the UW’s investment philosophy, guidelines, and actions. UWINCO uses a range of tools for promoting ESG considerations other than divestment.

B-4.1/203-21 Page 2 of 6 3/11/21 3. Analysis of Proposal

The Board’s Standing Orders establish the criteria for evaluating proposals. If the proposal appears to meet these criteria, the Board may choose to convene an ACSRI to formally evaluate the proposal. The Board may interpret its own guidelines as broadly or narrowly as it chooses, or take alternate action.

Proposals must reflect the following criteria. (Quoted text in italics comes from the Board’s Bylaws and Standing Orders, otherwise from the UW ICA proposal, unless otherwise noted.)

1) Moral Reprehensibility

“The actions or inactions of the company or companies are deemed ‘morally reprehensible,’ and: • The divestiture will likely have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm and will not result in disproportionate, offsetting societal consequences; or • The company contributes to harm so grave that it would be inconsistent with the goals and principles of the University.”

UW ICA claims that “the actions of the fossil fuel industry and subsidiaries” are morally reprehensible because i) they “eagerly perpetuate known harms” that are “systemic” “in the fields of law, truth, indigenous sovereignty, human rights, health, and safety,” ii) they are the cause of “numerous disastrous effects of climatic shifts on ecologies and humans,” and iii) they “push[] for the continued consumption of their products with deceptive and coercive means despite knowing the associated risks and harms.” UW ICA claims that total divestment is the moral choice and not only does not have adverse consequences but would benefit UW’s investment returns and strategy. UW ICA claims that the fossil-fuel industry’s “ongoing record of suppressing knowledge, disseminating falsehoods, obscuring the truth, and hindering free exchange of ideas, all for the purposes of sustaining their profit extraction,” is inconsistent with the UW’s mission of “the free production of knowledge.”

Staff agree that anthropogenic climate change is real, and that efforts to manipulate climate science or consumer behavior would be dissonant with the University’s primary mission of the “preservation, advancement, and dissemination of knowledge.” However, staff believe there is not general agreement that UW’s divestment from fossil-fuel investments will have “a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm” without impairment of investment returns.

2) Divestment vs. Shareholder Engagement

“Divestment is seen to be more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement.”

B-4.1/203-21 Page 3 of 6 3/11/21 UW ICA claims that divestment “is the prudent path given decreasing returns on fossil fuel investment, and the unreliability of shareholder activism to have tangible outcomes in the face of the prioritization of profits by the industry.”

Staff note that the financial benefits of divestiture from fossil-fuel investments are not a matter of general agreement. Nor is it clear that shareholder activism, depending on the strategy, has no impact, in particular given recent, widespread, and powerful movements toward adopting and measuring progress toward ESG goals within the investment industry. Research on the relative effectiveness of divestment as opposed to engagement is actively evolving. While UW ICA indicates shareholder engagement is “unreliable,” “in practice… isn’t feasible,” and “doesn’t produce tangible results,” a high-level review of studies of ESG investing suggests that “ESG integration as an investment strategy performs better than negative approaches” such as simple divestment.1 Similarly, academic modelling suggests that “in a competitive world exit [divestment and boycott] is less effective than voice [engagement] in pushing firms to act in a socially responsible manner.”2

3) Impairment of Educational Mission

“The requested action is not likely to impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission (for example, by causing deep divisions within the University community).”

UW ICA claims that divestiture from fossil-fuel investments will not impair the University’s capacity to carry out its educational mission because “continued investment in fossil fuels is a deeply financially untenable act” and “because of broad community support among students, staff, and faculty for issues of sustainability and climate justice.”

Staff reiterate that the financial benefits of divestiture from fossil-fuel investments are not a matter of general agreement. The proposed divestment action is broad, and each restriction on an institution’s investments has the potential to dampen returns, although evaluation of this will provided by UW Finance and UWINCO at the issue of the ACSRI process. Investment returns are an important source of funds for university educational and research endeavors. Staff do agree that divestiture from fossil-fuels is unlikely to provoke deep divisions within the University community that impede its functioning.

4) Broad and Continuing Support within the University Community

“There is a broad and continuing base of support within the University community including students, faculty, alumni, and staff who believe that action is warranted. Evidence of support may include the following:

1 “ESG and Financial Performance,” NYU Stern Center for Sustainable Business, February 2021 (meta-study of 1,000+ studies of ESG and financial performance): https://www.stern.nyu.edu/experience-stern/about/departments- centers-initiatives/centers-of-research/center-sustainable-business/research/research-initiatives/esg-and-financial- performance. 2 Eleonora Broccardo, Oliver Hart, and Luigi Zingales, “Exit vs. Voice,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27710 (2020): https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27710/w27710.pdf.

B-4.1/203-21 Page 4 of 6 3/11/21 • Endorsement from the Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW); • Endorsement from the Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS); • Endorsement from the Faculty Senate; • Endorsements from the Associated Students of the University of Washington, Bothell and the Associated Students of the University of Washington, Tacoma; • General petitions signed by students, faculty, alumni, and staff of the University; and • Endorsements from Registered Student Organizations (RSOs).”

UW ICA attached resolutions of the ASUW and GPSS, from other RSOs, and an electronic petition.

Staff agree that the attached documents contain evidence of community support, including ASUW and GPSS resolutions, statements from RSOs, and a petition with 1,001 electronic signatures. Support from ASUW Bothell, ASUW Tacoma, and the Faculty Senate is not yet apparent and UW Medicine appears to be unrepresented. The Board must decide whether submitted materials demonstrate “broad and continuing… support” from the UW’s more than 60,000 students, more than 4,000 faculty members, and nearly 35,000 employees. Given the absence of (potentially pending) support of key University constituencies, staff do not yet believe “a broad and continuing base of support within the University community” to be demonstrated.

5. Recommendations

The Board may choose to convene an ACSRI to evaluate the merits of the proposal, or not. Staff believe that, overall, despite weaknesses and partial statements of evidence, the proposal may in time meet the criteria for convening an ACSRI. However, given those weaknesses, given discussions of ESG at UWINCO and by the UWINCO Board, and given the Board’s undelegated responsibility for setting the University’s investment policy, staff submit following options for the Board’s consideration:

Convene ACSRI? Justification Consequence Notes

No UWINCO ESG actions UWINCO brings a Staff would notify are the most viable and revision of UW ICA that a appropriate response to investment policy to ASCRI will not be a complex and evolving the June meeting of convened, including situation; “broad and the Finance and Asset the rationale, and continuing… support” is Management advise that they may not demonstrated. Committee. submit a revised proposal if there is new or substantive information to consider.

B-4.1/203-21 Page 5 of 6 3/11/21 Defer decision on Allows UW ICA to Board decides in July Staff would request ACSRI to July gather evidence of whether to convene additional “broad and ACSRI with information from UW continuing… support” additional ICA and UWINCO in and Regents to consider information from UW advance of the July UWINCO’s ICA and after Governance meeting. presentation. reviewing/approving To the extent the UWINCO investment information is policy updates in received and June. responsive, staff could also bring a draft ACSRI charge letter for concurrent review.

Yes, ACSRI to Divestment proposal ACSRI is appointed Staff would begin consider merits consideration as and convened with developing a list of divestment only submitted. the narrow task of possible appointees to recommending denial ASCRI and a of the divestment proposed charge proposal as letter for the Board of submitted, Regents to approve. consideration of the proposal as submitted, or shareholder engagement according to the Board’s criteria.

Yes, ACSRI to Divestment and ACSRI is appointed Staff would begin consider alternative ESG and convened with developing a list of divestment + ESG investment strategies the broader task of possible appointees to merits consideration evaluating and ASCRI and a through an ACSRI. recommending an proposed charge approach that letter for Board of considers i) Regents approval. divestment and ii) alternative ESG strategies

B-4.1/203-21 Page 6 of 6 3/11/21 Tuesday, February 9, 2021 at 14:27:08 Pacific Standard Time

Subject: Divestment Proposal Form [#2] Date: Tuesday, February 9, 2021 at 1:34:27 PM Pacific Standard Time From: Wufoo To: Board of Regents

Your Name * Hans Peter Fink

Relationship to the University of Student Washington *

Email * hfi[email protected]

Telephone number * 5037525170

Explain which group(s) you represent I am submitting today on behalf of Institutional Climate Action - a formally, and link to the group's Climate Justice coalition demanding that Washington state's higher website, if possible. * educational institutions begin modeling the urgently-needed "just transition" away from fossil fuel destruction, through divestment.

ICA Website: https://institutionalclimateaction-uw.square.site/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/InstitutionalClimateAction/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ica_uwchapter/

Requested Action, i.e. Do you ask the Board to consider divestiture from a particular investment or sector of investments? Do you ask the Board to consider shareholder activism? *

The following are the 5 demands that ICA has for higher educational institutions. We are submitting this webform proposal on divestment today as the formal outlet to express our our third and fourth demands to the University of Washington and ask that the BOR convene the ACSRI:

ICA Demands: 1.Declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response the university should publicly announce that climate change is a crisis and an imminent threat to humanity and all biological life on Earth and therefore commit to using all available means at its disposal to respond to the threat by decarbonizing its investments, operations, procurement contracts, and supply chain. 2.Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis Implement the tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan which evaluates the sustainability of all university activities, and include current investment practices as an action item for fiscal years 2022-full divestment. 3.Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel industries by 2025 Divest all current holdings and investments in the fossil fuel industry from its endowment, pensions or otherwise, before or no later than fiscal year 2025, (defined to include, but not limited to: Coal, Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use, or digital support for those processes), whether in the form of Stocks, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil fuel industry. 4.Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions Allocate at least 2.5% of its endowment’s new investments towards sustainable solutions, through mutual funds screened to assure no involvement in the fossil fuel industry, through reinvesting in climate change addressing technologies, renewable energy projects, net zero carbon capital projects, infrastructure, real assets, or through revolving loan funds for sustainable and climate smart development on or of campus. 5.Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040 Commit to and implement a strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions on or

B-4.2/203-21 ATTACHMENT 2 Page 1 of 102 3/11/21 before 2040; by bringing its direct and indirect (Scope 1& 2) emissions from campus operations to zero and reduce as much of its upstream and downstream (Scope 3) emissions as possible from its procurement and supply chain, using Carbon Ofsets and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) only as a limited transition step with sunset clause and/or last resort measure after reducing all possible scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions through its operations, procurement and supply chain.

ICA asks the Board of Regents to begin deliberation on full divestment from all fossil fuel holdings and to put a negative screen on any future investments of the endowment and pensions. ICA does not see shareholder activism as a viable substitute to divestment as it has proved unreliable at producing tangible outcomes in the face of the prioritization of profits by the industry.

Explain how your request aligns with the Board's guidelines as described above, namely: 1. How are the actions or inactions of the company or companies "morally reprehensible?" 2. How will the proposed divestiture have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm without disproportionate, ofsetting societal consequences? 3. How is the harm caused by the company or companies inconsistent with the mission of the University, as enunciated by the Board? 4. Why is divestment more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement? 5. Demonstrate how the proposed divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission, whether by financial harm or by creating deep divisions within the University Community? 6. IMPORTANT: Demonstrate broad and continuing support for the proposed action from students, the faculty, alumni, and staf. Please attach in one pdf file evidence such as: -- endorsements, resolutions, or Class C legislation from the ASUW, GPSS, Faculty Senate, ASUW Bothell, ASUW Tacoma; -- general petitions from students, faculty members, alumni and staf; and -- endorsements from Registered Student Organizations. *

A comprehensive response to each section is provided in the attached file, below are the summary statements for each section, as the web format doesn’t allow for formatting, and we thought it best due to the length and number of citations referenced if we submitted it in a formatted pdf version while providing summaries of each section in this text box for the convenience of the Regents and Staf.

1. How are the actions or inactions of the company or companies "morally reprehensible?" We lay out 3 main reasons why the actions of the fossil fuel industry and subsidiaries are morally reprehensible, they are Industry Abuse, Climate Crisis, and Forced Dependency through Propaganda. Under the Moral Reprehensibility of Inaction we discuss how it is the University’s imperative to divest from these morally reprehensible industries. Industry Abuse: It is an unfortunate fact that in today’s world the fossil fuel industry represents a grave threat—perhaps the gravest of all corporate industries—to the welfare of humans and world ecology alike. Although a strong claim, it is founded in not only their ongoing record of direct abuses in the fields of law, truth, Indigenous sovereignty, human rights, health, and safety, but also in the lasting legacy of climate disaster that they continue to eagerly perpetuate despite the known harms. The abuses are systemic in the industry rather than merely a few specific perpetrating companies. Climate Crisis: The fossil fuel industry is responsible for 89% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and resulting global warming. Climate change is characterized by UW Professor Stephen Gardiner as “the perfect moral storm” in that it is spelling disastrous outcomes for those least capable of responding and least responsible for climate change now and in the future. We argue 1) The numerous disastrous efects of climatic shifts on ecologies and humans and their survival, health burdens, security, habitats, and livelihoods around the globe are undeniably “morally reprehensible,” and 2) the fossil fuel industry being the undeniable main source of the greenhouse

B-4.2/203-21 Page 2 of 102 3/11/21 gasses that cause climate destruction, that the fossil fuel industry and continued financial support for them is “morally reprehensible.” Forced Dependency through Propaganda: Building of industry abuses, the fossil fuel industry has pushed for the continued consumption of their products with deceptive and coercive means despite knowing the associated risks and harms. By manipulating markets, lobbying governments and targeted media campaigns directed at shifting consumer behavior, the FFI has created systems of dependency where one cannot access certain vital services or perform daily tasks without relying on their products.

Inaction is Morally Reprehensible: It is morally imperative for the University to stop giving the fossil fuel industry the financial tools used for morally reprehensible destruction. Unfortunately, the Fossil Fuel industry has demonstrated on whole that they won’t take the concerns raised about their impacts seriously. Staying under 1.5° C warming will require commitment and cooperation from all international actors and will only happen when true leaders begin by modeling this transition. The University of Washington is morally obligated to be a leader— to signal its values, to facilitate and normalize this transition through shifting practices and perspectives—because when influential institutions don’t stand up, they are accepting a morally reprehensible future for all of us.

2. How will the proposed divestiture have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm without disproportionate, ofsetting societal consequences? Often there is a concern that moving away from fossil fuels will cause economic and societal harm, but we now know that isn’t true. The transition to a “green economy” is prescient, with millions of new jobs and opportunities for development—and it is spelling disaster for the FFI and its investors. From an individual asset owner’s perspective “getting out” now is the smartest choice for fossil fuel investments. Divestiture is best accompanied by an equitable and responsible reinvestment strategy. Not only does this guarantee the well- being of the University and its financial health, but it contributes to the fast-growing and much-needed climate-smart financial sector. Benefits of Divestment The benefits of fossil fuel divestment have been proven countless times in recent years through anecdote, in theory, in studies, and in practice; in short, the data supports divestment. Moreover the reasons to divest are increasing each day, the longer the delay, the greater losses and risks of financial trouble. Benefits of Reinvestment Countering the falsehoods peddled by the industry for decades that fossil fuels are a necessary component of a developing and growing economy is a vital task. By serving as a model for investments that are needed for a just transition, the University can see greater returns, lower volatility, and both encourage and signal to the world that the time is now to align its mission with its money A Reinvestment Strategy With a well planned sustainable investing strategy, the UW can ensure that it is both avoiding societal harms and financially healthy.

3. How is the harm caused by the company or companies inconsistent with the mission of the University, as enunciated by the Board? The highlight of the UW mission statement is the free production of new knowledge, facts theories and ideas. In direct contrast, the fossil fuel industry has a storied and ongoing record of suppressing knowledge, disseminating falsehoods, obscuring the truth, and hindering free exchange of ideas, all for the purposes of sustaining their profit extraction. Moreover, the impacts of climate change seriously threaten capacities for knowledge production.

4. Why is divestment more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement? Our position is that divestiture, not shareholder engagement, is the prudent path given decreasing returns on fossil fuel investment, and the unreliability of shareholder activism to have tangible outcomes in the face of

B-4.2/203-21 Page 3 of 102 3/11/21 the prioritization of profits by the industry. While leveraging your power as a shareholder to afect the decisions of the Fossil Fuel Industry is in theory an important option to pursue, in practice it isn’t feasible and unfortunately doesn’t produce tangible results. It is imperative to stop financially enabling fossil fuel companies to pursue destruction through investments. Divestment is also vital in that it has successfully shifted discourses and encouraged public support for the transition to a green economy. Shareholder engagement is an avoidant solution presented as an alternative to taking the urgently needed action of divestment.

5. Demonstrate how the proposed divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission, whether by financial harm or by creating deep divisions within the University Community? Divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission by financial harm, because continued investment in fossil fuels is a deeply financially untenable act. In fact, it is imperative that the University of Washington divest from fossil fuels immediately or risk financial harm from the collapsing worth of fossil fuels. Moreover, when taken with a prudently designed reinvestment strategy, the University can work towards financial gains. Divestment from fossil fuels is unlikely to cause large divisions in the campus populace, in part because of the broad community support among students, staf, and faculty for issues of sustainability and climate justice as evidenced by national trends and local action. The support on campus can be found in the more than 1000 petition signatures, the endorsement of the campaign by over 30 RSOs and a joint resolution passed by the ASUW and GPSS, with additional resolutions being considered presently in the faculty Senate and ASUW Bothell Board of directors.

6. IMPORTANT: Demonstrate broad and continuing support for the proposed action from students, the faculty, alumni, and staf. Please attach in one pdf file evidence such as: endorsements, resolutions, or Class C legislation from the ASUW, GPSS, Faculty Senate, ASUW Bothell, ASUW Tacoma; general petitions from students, faculty members, alumni and staf; and endorsements from Registered Student Organizations. See Attached Documentation

the_ica_uw_acsri_final_proposal_1.pdf Attach a File 380.21 KB · PDF

Please include any additional Attached is the full submission detailing answers to each of the statements in this field and attach any BOR's questions. The above submitted section is merely a other supporting documents in a single summary. Please review the submitted documents for a pdf file. comprehensive answer. Also attached are the demonstrations of community support as of 2/8/21.

community_support__fossil_fuel_divestment.pdf Attach a File 4.34 MB · PDF

B-4.2/203-21 Page 4 of 102 3/11/21

Explain which group(s) you represent formally, and link to the group's website, if possible. * Institutional Climate Action​ - ​a Climate Justice coalition demanding that Washington state's higher educational institutions begin modeling the urgently-needed "just transition" away from fossil fuel destruction, through divestment.

ICA Website​: ​https://institutionalclimateaction-uw.square.site/ Facebook​: ​https://www.facebook.com/InstitutionalClimateAction/ Instagram​: ​https://www.instagram.com/ica_uwchapter/

Requested Action, i.e. Do you ask the Board to consider divestiture from a particular investment or sector of investments? Do you ask the Board to consider shareholder activism? *

ICA Demands:

1. Declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response: ​the university should publicly announce that climate change is a crisis and an imminent threat to humanity and all biological life on Earth and therefore, commit to using all available means at its disposal to respond to the threat by decarbonizing its investments, operations, procurement contracts, and supply chain.

2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis

Implement the tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan which evaluates the sustainability of all university activities, and include current investment practices as an action item for fiscal years 2022-full divestment.

3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel industries by 2025 Divest all current holdings and investments in the fossil fuel industry from its endowment, pensions or otherwise, before or no later than fiscal year 2025, (defined to include, but not limited to: Coal, Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use, or digital support for those processes), whether in the form of Stocks, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil fuel industry.

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4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions Allocate at least 2.5% of its endowment’s new investments towards sustainable solutions, through mutual funds screened to assure no involvement in the fossil fuel industry, through reinvesting in climate change addressing technologies, renewable energy projects, net zero carbon capital projects, infrastructure, real assets, or through revolving loan funds for sustainable and climate smart development on or off campus.

5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040 Commit to and implement a strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions on or before 2040; by bringing its direct and indirect (Scope 1& 2) emissions from campus operations to zero and reduce as much of its upstream and downstream (Scope 3) emissions as possible from its procurement and supply chain, using Carbon Offsets and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) only as a limited transition step with sunset clause and/or last resort measure after reducing all possible scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions through its operations, procurement and supply chain.

ICA asks the Board of Regents to begin deliberation on full divestment from all fossil fuel holdings and to put a negative screen on any future investments of the endowment and pensions. ICA does not see shareholder activism as a viable substitute to divestment ​as it has proved unreliable at producing tangible outcomes in the face of the prioritization of profits by the industry. ICA makes three primary arguments for divestiture. The first is that divestment is a moral imperative to maintain a livable planet for current and future generations. The second is that investments in fossil fuel companies are becoming financially unstable, depreciatory and untenable as a long term investment strategy. The third is the legal fiduciary responsibility of the board to manage the fund in a responsible manner which is consistent with the values and mission of UW.

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Table of Contents:

1.​ How are the actions or inactions of the company or companies "morally reprehensible?"

2. ​How will the proposed divestiture have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm without disproportionate, offsetting societal consequences?

3. ​How is the harm caused by the company or companies inconsistent with the mission of the University, as enunciated by the Board?

4. ​Why is divestment more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement?

5. ​Demonstrate how the proposed divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission, whether by financial harm or by creating deep divisions within the University Community?

6. ​IMPORTANT: Demonstrate broad and continuing support for the proposed action from students, the faculty, alumni, and staff.

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1. How are the actions or inactions of the company or companies "morally reprehensible?"

Using an ethical framework that sees unnecessary, unjustifiable, disproportionate suffering and degradation of welfare as morally reprehensible—particularly when such suffering is willingly accepted by actors that see little of the burden themselves, and potentially some gain—this section details how the fossil fuel industry meets such criteria. It then details how continued financial support for the fossil fuel industry is of morally reprehensibility and ergo that divestment is the moral imperative of the university. It further explains the morality of modeling just behavior on a global economic scale in order to facilitate common action.

Industry Abuses

Summary: The fossil fuel industry is characterized by countless ongoing direct abuses in the fields of law, truth, Indigenous sovereignty, human rights, health, and safety. The abuses are systemic in the industry rather than merely a few specific perpetrating companies. Common examples include: ● The manipulation of truth, suppression of scientific knowledge, and corporate lobbying used to drive new capital development, retain short-term profit channels, and silence legitimate discontent ● The devaluation of the health and safety of those employed by the industry and their communities ● The (often extra)legal suppression of Indigenous sovereignty and rights, and disregard for the welfare of those communities ● Environmentally racist practices of oppression that target low-income, BIPOC and other marginalized populations, which are adopted by the industry to minimize backlash and maximize short-term profits ● Further investments in groups that threaten democracy, state stability and rule of law. Including massive capital investments and support for violent systems of police and private militias to suppress resistance and codify their power. In tandem; serious financial support for self-interested lobbying undermining democratic traditions ● Cost-cutting measures that deliver unnecessarily polluting products which are aggressively marketed or involuntarily imposed onto consumers. This has led to excessive world-wide air and plastics pollution that results in millions of excess deaths and health burdens each year on top of untold environmental degradation

Explanation: It is an unfortunate fact that in today’s world the fossil fuel industry represents a grave threat—perhaps the gravest of all corporate industries—to the welfare of humans and world ecology alike. Although a strong claim, it is founded in not only their long-standing record of direct exploitation, deception, and abuses in fields such as human rights, but also in the lasting legacy of climate disaster that they continue to eagerly perpetuate despite the known harms.

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As an industry, gross negligence and intentional, well-informed actions have led to serious human rights abuses by various internationally dispersed corporations seeking profit from fossil fuels. Often this is in the context of ​environmental racism​ and ​climate injustice wherein certain marginalized or vulnerable populations are disproportionately targeted by industry developers who are aware that they will face less pressure from groups whose voices have been structurally oppressed. Indigenous rights and sovereignty have been particularly threatened by new and existing developments. For example, the investment firm KKR has funded TC Energy’s Coastal GasLink LNG pipeline project being constructed on the unceded lands of the Wet’suwet’en First Peoples just a few hundred miles north of our campus.1 Despite failing to receive the UNDRIP mandated Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) of the Wet’suwet’en peoples, the project was carried out; literally burrowing through archaeological remains, culturally significant artifacts, community resource encampments, and peaceful elder and youth protests, who were attacked with dogs and heavily armed officers instructed to use “lethal overwatch.”2 Hardly exceptional, one needs look no farther than the ongoing injustices with TransMountain, Keystone XL, and Dakota Access Pipeline projects, amid numerous others to see similar trends. And unfortunately, even the workers in the FFI are routinely injured or killed with little acknowledgement or compensation.3 The lives of individuals are often threatened more directly as well. For example, more than 4 land defenders are murdered each week for speaking out against resource extraction in their communities; much of it tied to the fossil fuel industry.4 This contracting of militias to silence outcries against the fossil fuel industry is indicative of a larger trend of fossil fuel interests financing increasingly militarized and militant police. The fossil fuel industry has deep ties, donating and investing millions in police departments and unions around the US.5 And the investor firms that back them also have deep ties. BlackRock, in which the UW CEF most recently invested $131 million dollars, is led by CEO Larry Fink who himself has given extensive money to the NYC Police Foundation.6 Take this in light of renewed calls for Racial Justice in response to the continued murdering of Black bodies such as George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Manuel Ellis, and by the violent police repression of protests in response. The UW has publicly tried to communicate a hard stance against institutionalized racism and tackle blatant systemic racism in the UW community. But for the University, reconciling the hundreds

1Bracken, Amber. “'They Are Erasing Our History': Indigenous Sites Buried under Coastal GasLink Pipeline Infrastructure.” ​The Narwhal​, 14 Jan. 2020, thenarwhal.ca/they-are-erasing-our-history-indigenous-sites-buried-under-coastal-gaslink-pipeline-infrastructure/. 2Parrish, Will, and Jaskiran Dhillon. “Exclusive: Canada Police Prepared to Shoot Indigenous Activists, Documents Show.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 20 Dec. 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/canada-indigenous-land-defenders-police-documents. 3 “The Hidden Costs of Fossil Fuels.” ​Union of Concerned Scientists​, 30 Aug. 2016, www.ucsusa.org/resources/hidden-costs-fossil-fuels#19.​ 4Wachenje, Benjamin. “Defending Tomorrow.” Global​ Witness​, www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/defending-tomorrow/. 5Lakhani, Nina. “Revealed: Oil Giants Help Fund Powerful Police Groups in Top US Cities.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 27 July 2020, ​www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/27/fossil-fuels-oil-gas-industry-police-foundations?CMP=share_btn_link. 6Seidman, Derek, and Gin Armstrong. “Fossil Fuel Industry Pollutes Black & Brown Communities While Propping Up Racist Policing.” Eyes on the Ties, 27 July 2020, news.littlesis.org/2020/07/27/fossil-fuel-industry-pollutes-black-brown-communities-while-propping-up-racist-policing/.

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of millions of dollars invested in systems oppressing the BIPOC residents in our cities, with a stated mission of racial justice will be a hard task further complicated by environmental racism. Environmental racism perpetuated by the fossil fuel industry takes many forms, but air pollution is particularly virulent. One example: a study conducted by researchers ​from​ UW (and Stanford) statistically verified what has long been known by BIPOC communities: that they suffer disproportionate rates of chronic health issues caused by air pollution, in this case, from power plants.7 According to a report by the Clean Air Task Force, Latinos are 51% more likely to reside in communities with toxic levels of ozone. More unfortunately, “Latino children are two times more likely to die from asthma white children”8 , and “African American are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack than white children.”9 Yet, the disastrous effects of air pollution from fossil fuels is hardly limited to these communities. The contribution that fossil fuel combustion makes to air pollution has led to some ​four and a half million premature deaths each year​ and just as many new cases of childhood asthma.10 In fact, 8% of childhood mortality is attributable to air pollution. Not only costing the world $8 billion a day as determined by the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air,11 air pollution from fossil fuels has been estimated by the Air Quality Life Index to globally cut life expectancy by almost 2 years.12 There are countless additional health effects associated with air pollution, particularly in the case of pollutants emitted by coal and oil combustion. As such, the global burden of disease is marked by the effects of fossil fuel combustion: air pollution was responsible for 43% of deaths due to lung cancer and over half of COPD related deaths in 2015. 13 Even more recently in 2020, the interim director of the Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment (Harvard Chan C- Change) spoke about how he saw children with COVID - 19, also having asthma, and how both conditions were aggravated by air pollution - particularly “caused by the burning of fossil fuels.” 14 In 2018, WHO released a report stating that more than one in every four deaths of children under 5 years is directly/indirectly related to environmental risks15 . Moreover, they claim that there is “already ample evidence to justify swift action” to reduce air pollution and protect children, our society’s future. The combustion of fossil fuels is just one particularly dangerous form of pollution, however other uses of its derivative petroleum products: plastics have had untold damage. Critically, fossil fuel industries have not just been complicit suppliers but active drivers and

7 Thind, Maninder P., et al. “Fine Particulate Air Pollution from Electricity Generation in the US: Health Impacts by Race, Income, and Geography.” Environmental​ Science & Technology​, vol. 53, no. 23, 2019, pp. 14010–14019., doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b02527. 8Fleischman, Lesley. Clean Air Taskforce, 2016, ​Latino Communities at Risk The Impact of Air Pollution from the Oil and Gas Industry​, www.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CATF_Pub_LatinoCommunitiesAtRisk.pdf. 9Patterson, Jacqui. NAACP, 2014, Just Energy Policies: Reducing Pollution and Creating Jobs, www.naacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/JustEnergyPolicies%20Compendium%20EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY%20FINAL%20FE BRUARY%202014.pdf . 10Farrow, Aidan. Green Peace, 2020, TOXIC AIR: THE PRICE OF FOSSIL FUELS, storage.googleapis.com/planet4-southeastasia-stateless/2020/02/21b480fa-toxic-air-report-110220.pdf . 11ibid 12 Greenstone , Michael, and Claire Qing Fan. “Reports Archive.” AQLI, July 2020, aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/reports/. 13 Landrigan, Philip J., et al. "The Lancet Commission on pollution and health." The lancet 391.10119 (2018): 462-512. 14“During Climate Week 2020, a Focus on How Climate Affects Health.” News, 28 Sept. 2020, www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/during-climate-week-2020-a-focus-on-how-climate-affects-health/. 15AIR POLLUTION AND CHILD HEALTH - WHO. 2018, apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275545/WHO-CED-PHE-18.01-eng.pdf?ua=1.

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paradigm creators of plastic overconsumption and pollution. Again, the FFI targets disempowered communities to do so, and uses corporate lobbying and propaganda to retain and create profit channels when all else cautions against it. A 2020 New York TImes investigation’s subtitle sums up a recent example: “Faced with plunging profits and a climate crisis that threatens fossil fuels, the industry is demanding a trade deal that weakens Kenya’s rules on plastics and on imports of American trash.16 ” Overturning the landmark of Kenya's strict anti-plastic pollution legislation to create a new market as a dumping ground for their plastics and associated pollution, is just the most recent attempt by the FFI’s lobbyists to force their culture of dependency onto the populace.17 It is through the lens of their work on peddling plastics and “individual responsibility” to redirect accountability for their injustices that we can begin to see the pattern of public misinformation, deceit, and propaganda that will be examined with relation to climate change later on in this proposal.18 But needless to say, much like the climate crisis, the FFI chose to create the plastics crisis for the simple reason of profit. Taken together, it is clear that fossil fuel companies willingly threaten the health, safety, and well being of countless communities, particularly when they know they will face little consequence. This is why we demand the University do their part to lay bare those consequences. In the process of exploring indirect actions by fossil fuel companies that cause unjust harms we arrive at the fact that fossil fuels are overwhelmingly responsible for the ongoing and devastating climate crisis we are, and will continue to experience.

Climate Crisis

​Summary The fossil fuel industry is responsible for 89%19 of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) (In fact the top 100 fossil fuel industries are responsible for 71%)20 and resulting global warming. The fossil fuel industry is responsible for the climate crisis and the numerous disastrous effects of climatic shifts on ecologies and humans and their survival, health burdens, security, habitats, and livelihoods around the globe. Some notable examples of climate shifts and the resulting disastrous effects caused by anthropogenic (fossil fuel caused) GHGe include:2122

16 Tabuchi, Hiroko, et al. “Big Oil Is in Trouble. Its Plan: Flood Africa With Plastic.” ​The New York Times​, The New York Times, 30 Aug.​ 2020, ​www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/climate/oil-kenya-africa-plastics-trade.html. 17 “Oil Industry Lobbies US to Help Weaken Kenya's Strong Stance on Plastic Waste.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 1 Sept. 2020, ​www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/01/kenya-plastic-oil-industry-lobbies-us​. 18 Soboroff, Jacob. “The Litter Myth.” NPR, NPR, 5 Sept. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/09/04/757539617/the-litter-myth. 19Hausfather,​ Zeke. “Analysis: Fossil-Fuel Emissions in 2018 Increasing at Fastest Rate for Seven Years.” Carbon Brief, 10 Dec. 2018, www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-fossil-fuel-emissions-in-2018-increasing-at-fastest-rate-for-seven-years#:~:text=2018%20numbers% 20are%20preliminary%20estimates,from%20fossil%20fuels%20and%20industry. 20Griffin, Paul. Climate Accountability Institute, The Carbon Majors Database CDP Carbon Majors Report 2017, 6fefcbb86e61af1b2fc4-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/reports/documents/000/002/327/original/Car bon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf?1501833772 ​. 21“The Effects of Climate Change.” NASA, NASA, 23 Dec. 2020, climate.nasa.gov/effects/#:~:text=Increased%20heat%2C%20drought%20and%20insect,coastal%20areas%20are%20additional %20concerns. 22 Bradford, Alina. “Effects of Global Warming.” LiveScience, Purch, 12 Aug. 2017, www.livescience.com/37057-global-warming-effects.html.

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● Rising average global temperatures, greater global temperature variability, and increase in average daily temperature extremes, Extreme Heat Events and their frequency. ● Regional fluctuations and abnormalities in frequency, intensity and characteristics of precipitation and humidity. These two main changes are associated with further shifts in earth systems: ● Increasing risk of regional drought ● Rapid decrease in arctic sea ice, greenland ice, glaciers and snow pack ● Sea level rise and erosion or loss of landmass ● The thawing of permafrost ● Increase in ground ozone and other air pollutants ● Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events/natural disasters including hurricanes, cyclones, flooding, monsoons, landslides, etc. ● Reduced range of ecosystems and habitats ● Increased prevalence, intensity, and range of wildfires ● Rapid acidification of the oceans ● Increased ocean temperatures ● Reduced freshwater ● Unpredicted climate feedback loops Some associated trends from these climatic changes include: ● Increasing prevalence, range, and human susceptibility to vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (VBZDs), ● Increase in emergence and evolution of new, potentially pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses ● Increased habitats and generally more favorable conditions for pathogens ● Reduced air quality, increased airborne allergens and PM2.5,10 levels and increased respiratory disease ● Crop failure, reduced agricultural production and resultant food insecurity ● Exacerbated water scarcity and water conflicts ● Resultant political and social conflicts, outbreak of violent conflict such as war ● The myriad harms associated with war such as displacement, physical and infrastructural destruction and degradation ● Reductions of potential hours allocatable to work, leisure, sports, family interaction etc. ● Death, injury and displacement during natural disaster ● Regional changes in biomass and biomass diversity affecting the greater ecosystem. ● The loss of entire regional ecosystems such as coral reef networks, tropical forests and boreal tundras ● Reduced habitats for threatened species, helping to cause “the Sixth Mass Extinction” ● Loss of human life and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

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● Massive economic losses from the above outcomes ● Degradation of mental health from the above outcomes

Explanation: Climate change is characterized by UW Professor Stephen Gardiner as “the perfect moral storm” in that it is spelling disastrous outcomes for those least capable of responding and least responsible for climate change now and in the future.23,24 We argue 1) climate destruction being undeniably “morally reprehensible,” and 2) the fossil fuel industry being the undeniable main source of the greenhouse gasses that cause climate change, that the fossil fuel industry and continued financial support for them is “morally reprehensible.” Detailed in the following paragraphs are some of the examples of the immoral and harmful effects climate change is currently having and modelled to have on human and ecological well-being. Millions of otherwise avoided deaths and human displacement in the past quarter century has already be attributed to climate change:25 UN Environment estimated that 1 in 4 deaths in 2012 were attributable to “modifiable environmental risks, with a greater portion occurring in populations in a vulnerable situation and in developing countries” 26 Looking into the future, the WHO estimates that between 2030 and 2050, upwards of an additional​ five million ​human deaths will be attributable to climate change. Trying to put into perspective the role of fossil fuels, one estimate suggests that for every 1,000 tons of carbon burned, someone will die.27 Every day we delay from action on this crisis, countless families lose a loved one from a preventable death, numbers which will only rise with each day of inaction. Simple numbers don’t convey the causes nor the true harm on individuals that these deaths, and the suffering that leads up to their passing, inflicts. So how are people dying from climate change and what does this add to our understanding of the effects? Many of the deaths are related to exacerbations and culmination of an increasing global disease and health burden. In part this is due to increases in the incidence and range of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (VBZDs), which often find favorable conditions in increased temperatures and precipitation for themselves and their vectors. These climatic shifts have already shown and are predicted to show an expansion of their range placing more populations at risk. As the permafrost melts, it is expected that long preserved variants of pathogens will be released, a serious risk for our generations that likely have no immunity. Previously unknown pathogens including fungi, bacteria, parasites, and viruses otherwise incapable of infecting humans may also emerge as increasing frequency and degrees of daily temperatures will naturally select variants that can survive and infect at temperatures nearing closer and closer to the human

23Gardiner, Stephen M. “A Perfect Moral Storm.” ​Oxford Scholarship Online​, Oxford University Press, oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379440.001.0001/acprof-9780195379440. 24 Oswald, Y., Owen, A. & Steinberger, J.K. Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories. Nat Energy 5, 231–239 (2020). ​https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8 25 Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats. Global Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events: Understanding the Contributions to Infectious Disease Emergence: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008. PMID: 20945574. 26 Environment, UN. “Global Environment Outlook 6.” UNEP - UN Environment Programme, www.unenvironment.org/resources/global-environment-outlook-6. 27 Parncutt, Richard. “The Human Cost of Anthropogenic Global Warming: Semi-Quantitative Prediction and the 1,000-Tonne Rule.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 30 Sept. 2019, ​www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02323/full.

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body’s average temperature. And post-natural and conflict related disaster conditions, which are on the rise, serve as ideal breeding grounds for diseases from corona-virus to cholera. Air pollution, which as we have already seen is caused by fossil fuels, is predicted to increase mostly due to wildfires, dust from droughts, allergens from plants seeing extended growing seasons and fungi. This has serious consequences for respiratory and cardiopulmonary health—asthma, lung cancer, alzheimiers, depression, obesity, heart disease all being linked outcomes. These morbidities can accompany a person for lifetimes and do great damage to quality of life regardless of whether they result in early death. Those of us in Seattle and the West Coast can attest to what the scientifically backed findings have shown: reduced quality of life, and physical and mental health effects when thick smoke and ash choke our cities and force those lucky enough to seek shelter as our region was ravaged by massive wildfires which have in part increased due to droughts linked to climate change. Moreover, smoke produced by wildfires affects rates of asthma in children adversely. For example, the “2003 wildfire in southern California resulted in a 25% higher rate of asthma admissions in 5 - to 19- year olds during the fire and a 56 % higher rate after the fires.” 28 Rapid triggering events such as Extreme Heat Events usually kill those with cardiovascular, respiratory or immunological diseases causing cardiac strain, stroke, and heatstroke amid other mechanisms. They are among the most deadly natural disaster events and are increasing: for example climate change has doubled the probability that an event like the 2003 European heat wave, which killed some 70,000 people, will occur again.29 Seattle, for example, sees a month’s-worth of more hotter than normal summer days and 8 more days above 85°F than would normally be expected. Extreme heat events also disproportionately impact BIPOC, low-income, urban, aging, young populations already disproportionately vulnerable to numerous other fossil fuel associated sources of health burdens such as air pollution and infectious disease.30 Extreme Precipitation Events such as Monsoons and flooding, and hurricanes, cyclones, or typhoons are increasing in intensity and frequency and result in direct injury such as lacerations, blunt trauma, and puncture wounds. They also have massive economic tolls on affected communities, through the loss of the means and opportunities for sustaining livelihoods and physical assets. Climate disaster has cost North America $415 billion in the last three years, and moving forward the climate crisis’ toll is estimated in the trillions of dollars.3132 Economic loss and poverty are burdens that are being thrust onto frontline communities already usually the least endowed to cope, and poverty remains a leading social determinant of global health, particularly in the context of displacement. Disease burden is increasing in no small part because rates of undernutrition, starvation, and global hunger are for the first time in a decade, increasing; because of climate

28“Climate Change and Children's Health.” ​AAP.org​, www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/climate-change/Pages/Climate-Change-and-Childrens-Health.aspx. 29 ibid. ​ 30 “Information by Location: Washington Tracking Network (WTN).” Information by Location | Washington Tracking Network (WTN),​ ​fortress.wa.gov/doh/wtn/WTNIBL/. 31 Cho, Renee et al. “How Climate Change Impacts the Economy.” State of the Planet, 20 June 2019, blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/06/20/climate-change-economy-impacts/. 32“Global Economy Will Be 3 Percent Smaller by 2050 Due to Lack of Climate Resilience.” Economist Intelligence Unit, 20 Nov. 2019, www.eiu.com/n/global-economy-will-be-3-percent-smaller-by-2050-due-to-lack-of-climate-resilience/.

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stress.33 This food insecurity is in part linked to crop failure and reduced agricultural production caused by changing environmental conditions, droughts, flooding, or extreme weather onset by climate change.34 But food insecurity is also a result of poverty, political strife, and displacement. An estimated ​143 million people will be displaced by climate change by 2050​, bringing the 22 million current climate refugees who fled the violence of uninhabitable homes and wanton climate destruction up by 650%.35 Deaths, morbidities, and displacement taken together, a world facing climate destruction appears more and more like a world usually only seen in warzones and violent-conflict stricken areas. Notably, climate change is exasperating the risk for both. One such example is the devastating conflict in Syria, which is now the subject of a growing consensus that recognizes changing climatic situations as one of the key factors that led to the outbreak of war.36 37 As we continue in a world marked by climate change from fossil fuel industries, the risk factor presented by increased droughts, water scarcity and freak weather events will bring, and increase, conflict around the world.38 While the worst effects of climate disaster will disproportionately be borne by communities around the world that are more vulnerable, climate change will continue to increase serious issues in our local communities here in Washington. Again, however, many of these effects will be more serious for communities that are already experiencing vulnerability from structural marginalization, such as Low-Income households, BIPOC families, or those who live or work outside. In Washington state, we are seeing increasing wildfires and the toxic smoke it produces drive the 547,000 adult and 119,000 childhood cases of asthma at a rate 2.5 times higher for households making less than $15,000 a year.39 Unfortunately, this smoke is particularly impactful for those who are forced to continue working outside such as Washington’s large agricultural workforce.40 This past harvest season was a reflection and harbinger of the future farmworkers will face41 : performing high intensity work despite “very unhealthy” levels of air quality, in ever rising daily extreme temperatures, which leads to heart attacks, stroke, asthma, cancer and numerous other often fatal conditions for the predominantly Latinx workforce. A study from the University of Washington found the 21 days each year when

33 “Latest Issue: SOFI 2020.” ​FAO​,​ www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/. 34 Doherty,​ Ben. “Climate Change Driving up Malnutrition Rates in Pacific, UN Warns.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 12 Sept. 2018,​ www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/12/climate-change-driving-up-malnutrition-rates-in-pacific-un-warns. 35 Podesta, John. “The Climate Crisis, Migration, and Refugees.” Brookings, Brookings, 4 Sept. 2019, www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/.​ 36 Gleick, Peter H. " Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria". Weather, Climate, and Society 6.3 (2014): 331-340. < https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1>​. Web. 9 Feb. 2021. 37 Colin P. Kelley, Shahrzad Mohtadi, Mark A. Cane, Richard Seager, Yochanan Kushnir Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Mar 2015, 112 (11) 3241-3246; ​DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421533112 38 Theisen, Ole Magnus; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Halvard Buhaug (2013) Is climate change a driver of armed conflict?, Climatic Change 117(3): 613–625. 39 Constible, Juanita. 2019, Climate Change and Health in Washington, www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/climate-change-health-impacts-washington-ib.pdf.​ 40Quinlan, Maggie. “Washington Farmworkers Push through Hazardous Smoke to Feed America with Little Choice.” Spokesman.com, The Spokesman-Review, 18 Sept. 2020, www.spokesman.com/stories/2020/sep/17/washington-farmworkers-push-through-hazardous-smok/. 41“Community and Environment.” Washington State Department of Health, www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/ClimateandHealth/Agriculture.

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the daily heat index exceeds workplace safety standards will double by 2050.42 Washington’s days over 95°— days which see a 10% increase in visits to our hospitals—are expected to quadruple. Urban and low income communities in Seattle are seeing disproportionate effects as well, which is on top of higher rates of the health burdens of air pollution.43

Washingtonian’s economic livelihoods, and physical health are being threatened, and for more susceptible and vulnerable subgroups this will make daily livelihoods a struggle. Moreover, the activities and mechanisms that provide all of us some relief from the daily stress of life here in Washington aren’t excluded. For example, in 2018, “some Washington parks were forced to cancel activities” and “outdoor recreation businesses reported financial losses” due to wildfire smoke in the areas. Air pollution leading to a fall in outdoor activities can be detrimental to public health in general, as lack of exercise or even going outside can “increase the risk of chronic diseases and worsen mental illnesses” in Washington. 44 Sports like marathons and cycling have been cut short in the past due to heat, and it’s becoming more apparent that climate change and sports are intertwined.45 In the 2015 US Tennis Open’s first round, high temperatures caused a record of “10 retirements due mostly to heat stress.​”46

In concert with this, our inland and mountain based communities are also under a different threat caused by climate change, drought and shrinking snowpacks. Between 1900 and 2009 Washington glaciers have shrunk by 56%, and the average spring snowpack, essential for spring crops, has diminished 30% between 1955 and 201647 . This historic decline in snowpack not only threatens our winter recreation economy and all those who love hitting the slopes of stevens pass, but also the agricultural sector. We got a taste of what a future of limited water availability and low snowpack will bring in 2015, in which reduced precipitation and small snowpack led to 17 major crops experiencing reduced yield, totaling over $770 million in lost productivity to the state with some estimates placing that value at almost 1.2 billion48 .

Additionally, local coastal community health and economies are under siege from rising sea temperatures and heights and growing ocean acidity associated with the rising global temperatures from increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations49 . According to recent

42 Tigchelaar, Michelle, David S. Battisti, and June T. Spector. "Work adaptations insufficient to address growing heat risk for US agricultural workers." Environmental Research Letters 15.9 (2020): 094035. 43 “Information by Location: Washington Tracking Network (WTN).” Information by Location | Washington Tracking Network (WTN),​ ​fortress.wa.gov/doh/wtn/WTNIBL/. 44 Constible, Juanita. 2019, Climate Change and Health in Washington, www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/climate-change-health-impacts-washington-ib.pdf.​ 45 Martin, Michel. “Climate Change Threatens Future Of Sports.” NPR, NPR, 26 Jan. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/01/26/799741441/climate-change-threatens-future-of-sports. 46“Climate Change and Sports.” Climate Nexus, 13 Nov. 2019, ​climatenexus.org/climate-issues/climate-change-and-sports/. 47UW Climate Impacts Group, 2018, SHIFTING SNOWLINES AND SHORELINES, https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/CIG_SnowlinesShorelinesReport_2020.pdf . 48 Bain, Kaitlin. “2015 Drought Damage Estimate Was Way off - It's Much Worse.” Yakima Herald-Republic, 8 May 2017, www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/2015-drought-damage-estimate-was-way-off-it-s-much-worse/article_ba6f9188-3156-11e7-878e -5728b528bad7.html.

49 UW Climate Impacts Group, 2018, SHIFTING SNOWLINES AND SHORELINES, https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/CIG_SnowlinesShorelinesReport_2020.pdf​ .

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research from the UW Climate Impacts Group, over 68% of Washingtonians (4.6 Million People) live along or near the coastline, and our marine environments support some of the largest industries in the state including tourism and the maritime industry50 . Rising global temperatures from the continued emissions of fossil fuels, have led to Washington coastal waters warming between 0.9-1.8 degrees fahrenheit from 1990-2012, a rise of average sea level of 10 inches since 1889, and the continued acidification of these waters.51 These trends by 2040 are projected to create 13 more days a year favorable to harmful algal blooms, blooms like those found in the 2015 “blob” which resulted in the death of millions of marine mammals and seabirds including endangered salmon and the orca who rely on them and severely impacted our local shellfish industries which were shut down for months due to the extent and extreme toxic nature of the bloom52 .

These deaths are not limited to the Pacific Northwest but are being felt around the world by wildlife populations. As reported in 2020, the sixth mass extinction of wildlife is “accelerating” as above 500 species of land animals were found to be endangered, and “likely to be lost within 20 years.” 53 According to a study published in 2014, wildlife extinctions are occurring “at a rate of ​at least 1,000 times faster​ ​than the time before humans.” 54 With UW Medicine’s focus on research, it should prioritize the preservation of biodiversity given that the discovery of drugs from wildlife is vital for the advancement of “health care, disease prevention and wellness.” 55 This is but a brief sampling of the impact of fossil fuels on wildlife, which in itself is a multifaceted area of research. Other effects include air pollution and oil spills, such as the thinning of egg shells, leading to the loss of bird species.56 For example, there is a potential for loss of habitats for the North American waterfowl due to drying regions. Rising sea levels also destroy habitats of coastal wildlife. As temperatures rise, pathogens are also able to move to new areas.57 Mass extinction of species is a direct result, as for example, it was reported in 2020 that species of frogs and toads are deteriorating due to the spread of a fungal disease. 58 Moreover, warming temperatures cause the thinning of ice in the Arctic Ocean, leading to the potential loss of “an entire biome” as multiple species depend on living on the ice, from algae, to polar bears. 59

50 ibid 51 ​​ibid 52 ​Carrington, Damian. “​Sixth mass extinction of wildlife accelerating, scientists warn” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, Jun 1 2020. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/new-marine-heat-wave-resembles-killer-blob-that-devastated-sea-life-on- west-coast-noaa-says​/ 53ibid 54 Scuiletti, Justin. “Humans Increased Species Extinction Rate by 1,000 Times, New Study Says.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 29 ​ May 2014,​ www.pbs.org/newshour/science/animal-extinctions. 55 Neergheen-Bhujun, Vidushi et al. “Biodiversity, drug discovery, and the future of global health: Introducing the biodiversity to biomedicine consortium, a call to action.” Journal of global health vol. 7,2 (2017): 020304. ​doi:10.7189/jogh.07.020304 56 Mayntz, Melissa. “How Oil Spills Affect Birds.” Treehugger,​ www.treehugger.com/how-oil-affects-birds-386496. 57 “Climate Change.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/educational-resources/wildlife-guide/threats-to-wildlife/climate-change.​ 58 Kottasová, Ivana. “The Sixth Mass Extinction Is Happening Faster than Expected. Scientists Say It's Our Fault.” ​CNN​, Cable News Network, 1 June 2020, ​www.cnn.com/2020/06/01/world/sixth-mass-extinction-accelerating-intl/index.html. 59 Shah, Anup. “Climate Change affects Biodiversity.” Global Issues, January 19, 2014, https://www.globalissues.org/article/172/climate-change-affects-biodiversity​​ .

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The lack of outlets for relief, major traumatic events, physical health burdens, and the distress of overwhelmingly insurmountable problems like ecological destruction, have all contributed to a climate related mental health crisis emerging in Washington and on a global scale. A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that “For every 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming above 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) during the growing season in India, there are 67 more suicides on average”60 . A graduate student at the University of Washington, Anna Humphreys, was reported to struggle with eco-anxiety in 2019, described “​as an overwhelming sense of despair when thinking about climate change.”61 Professor Atkinson at the University of Bothell even conducted a seminar on climate grief and eco anxiety, helping students “develop strategies to cope with feelings like anger, hopelessness, anxiety and grief” caused due to awareness of the consequences of climate change. 62 Not only this, but extreme weather events can enhance mental health issues. About 25% of survivors from Hurricane Katrina “reported experiencing severe symptoms of PTSD” which can further lead to acts of violence, abuse, fester anxiety. ​56 ​Furthermore, catastrophes caused by climate change have been reported to have disproportionate effects on women and children, as “domestic abuse, which primarily affects women, is heightened following disaster” and children face illnesses such as PTSD, depression, aggression, which “persist and impair children [more] than adults.” 63 From farmers struggling in India, to our own campus community, the impact of climate grief on mental health is widespread and serious6465 .

Forced Dependency Through Propaganda

Summary: Building off industry abuses, the fossil fuel industry has pushed for the continued consumption of their products with deceptive and coercive means despite knowing the associated risks and harms. By manipulating markets, lobbying governments, and through targeted media campaigns directed at shifting consumer behavior, the FFI has created systems of dependency where one cannot access certain vital services or perform daily tasks without relying on their products.

60 Daigle, Katy. “Farmer suicides rise in India as climate warms, study shows.” AP News, July 31, 2017, ​ https://apnews.com/article/d8e92b4799704a0aacf6d9d3dc51efc0. ​ 61 Acone, Abby. “​'Eco-anxiety,' climate change-related depression on the rise.” Komo News, October 29, 2019, https://komonews.com/news/local/eco-anxiety-climate-change-related-depression-on-the-rise​. 62 “​Jennifer Atkinson’s course on climate grief and eco-anxiety featured in New York Times.” UW Bothell IAS News, 5 February, 2021, https://www.uwb.edu/ias-news/february-2021/supporting-climate-a​ nxiety. ​ 63 Gifford, Eva, and Gifford, Robert. “​The largely unacknowledged impact of climate change on mental health.” ​Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, ​vol. 72, no. 5, 2016. ​https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2016.1216505?needAccess=true​. Accessed 8 February 2021. 64Daigle, Katy. “Farmer suicides rise in India as climate warms, study shows.” AP News, July 31, 2017, https://apnews.com/article/d8e92b4799704a0aacf6d9d3dc51efc0. ​ 65 Hoedemaker, Brittany. “​Read it and (Please Don’t) Weep: How to Cope with Climate Grief.” UW SMEA Currents: A Student Blog, May 21 2019, ​https://smea.uw.edu/currents/read-it-and-please-dont-weep-how-to-cope-with-climate-grief/​.

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● Fossil fuel companies were some of the the first to realize the existence and effects of climate change yet have spent billions of dollars on promoting climate denialism; ● They have a strong history of suppressing scientific knowledge, sowing public doubt in science; ● They routinely target consumers through manipulation of the media, suppression of journalists ● They have presented the crisis of plastics as an individual consumer’s littering and “recycling” issue, instead of a “reduce” or “reuse” approach and corporate responsibility for their waste products. ● They routinely shift responsibility for climate change from their industry to individuals, publicly blacklisting their forced dependency efforts ● The FFI lobbies politicians with billions in campaign contributions for reduced standards and regulations on their production, and for subsidies which artificially lower the price of their products in comparison to market alternatives ● Their products often are produced at the lowest possible standards in order to avoid “costly” protectionary or emissions reductions measures vital to human safety

Explanation provided in ​point 3.

Inaction Is Morally Reprehensible

Summary: It is morally ​imperative​ for the University to stop giving the fossil fuel industry the financial tools used for morally reprehensible destruction. Unfortunately, the Fossil Fuel industry has demonstrated on whole that they won’t take the concerns raised about their impacts seriously. In the past 70 years of knowledge about climate change they have chosen, as mentioned above, to focus their efforts on changing the narrative and policies instead of changing their practices. They’ve ignored countless ultimately unsuccessful attempts by stakeholders and shareholders that have demanded companies change their business models. Fossil fuel energy companies have invested negligible amounts in low-carbon and climate-resilient assets key to our (and their) long term survival. Meaningful action is needed. Only with a rapid and truly ​just​ transition can we hope to avoid facing the worst effects. Staying under 1.5° C warming will require commitment and cooperation from all international actors and will only happen when true leaders begin by modeling this transition. The University of Washington is morally obligated to be a leader— to signal its values, to facilitate and normalize this transition through shifting practices and perspectives66 —because when influential institutions don’t stand up, they are accepting a morally reprehensible future for all of us.

66 ​Theodor F Cojoianu, et al. “Does the fossil fuel divestment movement impact new oil and gas fundraising?”, ​Journal of Economic Geography​, 2020; lbaa027, ​https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaa027​. Accessed 9 February 2021.

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Divestment is that action because fossil fuel companies have made it clear they will continue to pursue losing asset investments and developments regardless of to what or whom it will cause harm, and that they either can’t or won't shift their businesses to succeed in a net zero carbon economy. Divestment is necessarily paired with reinvestment, and it is here through socially responsible investments that we see much need ​and​ great potential.

Explanation provide in points 2​ ​and 4

2. How will the proposed divestiture have a meaningful impact toward correcting the specified social harm without disproportionate, offsetting societal consequences?

Often there is a concern that moving away from fossil fuels will cause economic and societal harm, but we now know that isn’t true. The transition to a “green economy” is prescient, with millions of new jobs and opportunities for development—and its spelling disaster for the FFI and its investors. From an individual asset owner’s perspective “getting out” now is the smartest choice for fossil fuel investments. Divestiture is best accompanied by an equitable and responsible reinvestment strategy. Not only does this guarantee the well-being of the University and its financial health, but it contributes to the fast-growing and much-needed climate-smart financial sector. As Kepos Capital’s Risk Committee Chair Bob Litterman put it: “Endowments have a unique opportunity where doing the right thing for the climate—reducing their exposure to stranded carbon asset risk, and investing solutions—is also the smart thing for their investment portfolios.”67

Benefits of Divestment “Investors who are seeking to understand climate risk need first to understand that the fossil fuel sector is no longer a “blue chip” investment in which investors can expect steady, powerful growth in cash and value. The value portion of the stocks, as reflected in the reserve portfolios, is no longer a guarantor of future profitability. The cash flow of the companies is now key, and is tied to an increasingly volatile sector with downward pressure on prices—and, more importantly, profits.” ​— The Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, 2018

The benefits of fossil fuel divestment have been proven countless times in recent years through anecdote, in theory, in studies, and in practice; in short, the data supports divestment. Moreover the reasons to divest are increasing each day, the longer the delay, the greater losses and risks of financial trouble. The list of asset owners—from companies to universities—who have successfully divested from fossil fuels and who can attest to the financial gains they have seen, is growing every day. For years the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) had tried shareholder engagement to

67 ​Intentional Endowments, ​Intentional Endowments​ ​Network​, ​https://www.intentionalendowments.org/​. Accessed 9 February 2021.

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pressure the fossil fuel industry and seen it fail, so in 2014 they made the move to divest. The Rockefellers didn’t know it yet, but after 5 years they would be beating their performance targets with an 7.76% annual return and 27% less standard deviation volatility.68 Moreover, when COVID-19 slammed the financial market last year, RBF and the fossil fuel free portfolios like it saw their losses percentage points lower than benchmark indices.69 The common thinking had told them that a portfolio without the fossil fuel energy sector would condemn them to slow growth, that the FFI’s rapid profit turnover was vital to fiduciary health. But both theory and studies of reality prove this wrong. Thorough analysis of the market showed “Over the 26-year period from 1988 through 2013, an investor could have invested in the broad U.S. stock market (as measured by the Russell 3000 Index) with or without investment in the oil, gas, and consumable fuels industry and achieved the same 10.63% return.”70 A study from 2018 published in the The North American Journal of Economics and Finance found that “the low-carbon portfolio typically earns a slightly higher rate of return than the overall market, due to the poor performance of the fossil fuel industry.”71 By comparing the return on a value-weighted portfolio of the regular S&P500 with a Fossil Fuel-free S&P500 and one solely composed of fossil fuel companies, their data consistently demonstrated that the highest annualized returns percentage was with the Fossil Fuel Free Portfolio.72 Finally, a study from the similarly, carbon-intensive Canadian stock market showed that the highest returns and lowest risk portfolios were those that entirely divested from fossil fuels and reinvested in renewables.73 Divestment has been the economical choice for investors: when one study looked back as far as 1927 they found that “Fossil fuel divestment would not have reduced performance over 1927–2016.”74 How do we understand this trend? In short it is because fossil fuels are an unwise investment. In part, this is because the FFI has always presented “reputational risks,'' both a direct output of their unjust actions and a direct contributor to their unfavorable investment potential.75 Historically this was couched in their propensity for becoming the target of litigation or prosecution due to regulations violations—from scandals surrounding EPA violations, to

68Dieterich,Robert, et al. “Investing in our mission: A Study of Fossil Fuel Divestment at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.” Rockefellers Brother Fund, May 2020, https://www.rbf.org/annual-reports/investing-our-mission?utm_source=Rockefeller+Brothers+Fund&utm_campaign=cf20c75e77-E MAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_05_08_07_48&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d51d1fa0e4-cf20c75e77-428268393​. 69 Ibid 70“Fossil​ Fuel Free Index Performance: U.S. Stocks.” Intentional Endowments Network January 2015, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/intentionalendowments/pages/4965/attachments/original/1563660309/IENFossilFuelDivest ment_011915.pdf?1563660309​. 71Halcoussis, Dennis, and Lowenberg, Anton D. “The effects of the fossil fuel divestment campaign on stock returns.” ​The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, ​vol 47, 2019, Abstract, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2018.07.009​. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021. 72Halcoussis, Dennis, and Lowenberg, Anton D. “The effects of the fossil fuel divestment campaign on stock returns.” ​The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, ​vol 47, 2019, Table 2, ​https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2018.07.009​. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021. 73 Hunt Chelsie, and Weber Olaf. “Fossil Fuel Divestment Strategies: Financial and Carbon-Related Consequences.” ​Organization & Environment​​ , vol 32, no. 1, pp 41-61, May 28, 2018, ​https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1086026618773985​. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021. 74Trinks, Arjan, et al.”Fossil Fuel Divestment and Portfolio Performance.” ​Ecological Economics​, vol.146, 2018, pp 740-748, ​https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.036​. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021.

75ibid

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criminal offences such as the BP oil spill.76 By constantly confronting and pushing ethical, legal, and societal boundaries, today the FFI opens themselves up to, ““pure” financial risk; technology and innovation risk; government regulation/oversight/policy risk, and litigation risk,”’ as summed up by the IEEFA.77 Worse, the volatility and losses of the fossil fuel sector—and thus the benefits of dropping these stocks from one's portfolio—have only increased as the industry’s “quick cheats” and climate wreckage are catching up with them. For example, although the eventual risk of literally running out of carbon product to extract and burn is quite far down the line, all recommendations by the IPCC and climate experts have verified that in order to stem the rise in global temperatures, most of the world’s fossil fuel reserves will need to stay in the ground.78 And while action has been too slow to avoid many of the consequences of the climate crisis, countries and individual actors have reached an inflection point in listening to the calls and policy recommendations made by climate experts. This has placed many fossil fuel producers in a financial conundrum that spells trouble for their investors: their unburnable reserves—whose emissions amount to five times what the our planet can tolerate—are eventually becoming “stranded assets,”79 a term for assets already in the books, but unproductive for the company and worth nothing in the market.80 And yet the industry continues unabated: according to Carbon Tracker Initiative, 20-25% of oil and gas companies’ direct investments support these financially infeasible projects.81 Due to this, the HBSC estimates that fossil fuel companies are currently overvalued by as much as 40-60% since their value is predicated on the ability to sell and use their reserves, which will become increasingly limited, particularly if action is taken to curtail fossil fuel use in line with our carbon budget.82 The understanding of stranded assets is just one indicator of a larger global movement. Capital flow—in which a globe forced to make socio-economic shifts in the face of climatic shifts, redirects capital into a green economy—is threatening the already struggling industry which has remained propped up by massive

76 “​Criminal Press Releases - 2019.” ​United States Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement, https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal-press-releases-2019​. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021. “2013 Major Criminal Cases.” ​United States Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement, https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/2013-major-criminal-cases​. “2017 Major Criminal Cases.” ​United States Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement​, https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/2017-major-criminal-cases​. “2015 Major Criminal Cases.” ​United States Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement, https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/2015-major-criminal-cases​. 77Sanzillo, Tom, et al.”The Financial Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment.” SightLine Institute, Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, July 2018, http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Divestment-from-Fossil-Fuels_The-Financial-Case_July-2018.pdf​. 78 “Terms List.” ​Carbon Tracker​, ​https://carbontracker.org/resources/terms-list/#unburnable-carbon​. Accessed Feb 8, 2021. 79 Makower,​ Joel. “Exxon, Stranded Assets and New Math.” ​Green Biz, ​March 24, 2014, https://www.greenbiz.com/article/exxon-stranded-assets-and-new-math​. 80“Options for Reducing Fossil Fuel Exposure.” MSCI ESG Research, 2013, https://www.msci.com/documents/1296102/1336308/MSCI_ESG_Research_Issue_Brief_Options_for_Reducing_Fossil_Fuel_Exposur​ e.pdf/45df2b96-fb53-43f5-a926-c46e95d74477​. Accessed Feb 8, 2021. 81 “Terms List.” ​Carbon Tracker​, ​https://carbontracker.org/resources/terms-list/#unburnable-carbon​. Accessed Feb 8, 2021. ​ 82 Robins, Nick, “Oil & Carbon Revisited: Value at Risk from ‘Unburnable’ Reserves”SSRN February 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2220738​

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government subsidies and a siphoning of public funds.8384 In a signalling of this shift, the direct U.S. government subsidies which amount to $20bn a year, were cut through a recent Biden Administration executive order.85 Built around the concepts of capital flow and stranded assets one study out of the University of Waterloo analyzed both the green energy and fossil fuel energy industries using OLS regressions and Granger Causality tests and developed a conclusive affirmation of divestment.86 These factors combined have also led to predictions of a bursting “carbon bubble” along the lines of the 2008 collapse of the “subprime mortgage bubble” but roughly ten times as significant with nearly $20 trillion at risk.87 One clear example for the University of Washington to take note of is BlackRock, in which the UW invested $131 million in 2020. Market watch reported that three-quarters of the $90 billion lost by BlackRock over the last decade, was due to its holdings in ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, and BP alone, because BlackRock, “misjudged the pace of the shift to green energy and the collapse in demand for gas turbines and thermal power stations.”88 To top it all off, The FFI may face penalty for their actions, which translates to economic penalization for any remaining investors. Chevron’s own 2016 end-of year report pointed out “Increasing attention to climate change risks has resulted in an increased possibility of governmental investigations and, potentially, private litigation against the company”89 Moreover, the UW’s infrastructure and real assets are threatened by the evermore destructive and variable conditions of climate change.9091 In short, a diligent investor is dropping their fossil fuel investment now and finding opportunities offered by a green economy.

Benefits of Reinvestment How have the endowments of the University of Washington’s close institutional peers in higher education fared after divestment? A study of 11 institutions found that 10: Arizona State University, Becker College, California State University, College of the Atlantic and Cambridge Associates, Hampshire College, North Carolina State University, Rhode Island School of Design,

83Lenferna, Alex. “Fossil Fuel Welfare Versus the Climate.” ​The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions​, edited by Geoffrey Wood and Keith Baker, Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 551–67, doi:​10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_20​. 84 Holden, Emily. “​Over 5,600 fossil fuel companies have taken at least $3bn in US Covid-19 aid.” ​Guardian News​, Guardian News and Media, Jul 7 2020, ​https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/07/fossil-fuel-industry-coronavirus-aid-us-analysis​. 85Mason, Jeff, and Volcovici, Valerie. “​Biden takes sweeping measures to curb climate change, vows job creation.” ​Reuters, ​Jan. 27, 2021,​https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-climate/biden-pauses-oil-and-gas-leases-cuts-subsidies-in-bold-climate-steps-id USKBN29W0YS 86Zhang, Yiping. “A New Perspective for the Rationality of Fossil Fuel Divestment - the Interaction between the Shifting of Capital Flow and Stranded Assets.” 2020, https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/15942/Zhang%20Yiping.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y​. 87Johnson, Brad. “The $20 Trillion Carbon Bubble: Interview with John Fullerton, Part One.” ​Think Progress​, Mar. 26, 2012. https://archive.thinkprogress.org/the-20-trillion-carbon-bubble-interview-with-john-fullerton-part-one-d78e56956793/​. 88Higham, Andrew. “ Opinion: Finance is slowly ​turning green, but fossil fuels still receive too much support.” ​Market Watch​, Aug. 29, 2019, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/finance-is-slowly-turning-green-but-fossil-fuels-still-receive-too-much-support-2019-08-29 89 “2016 Annual Report.” Chevron Corporation, 2016, https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/annual-report/2016/2016-Annual-Report.pdf​​ . “Sec Filings.” ​Chevron, ​https://www.chevron.com/investors/financial-information#secfilings​. 90 Urban Resilience Project. “The climate is changing; colleges and universities must adapt.” ​Medium, ​Dec 3, 2018, https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/the-climate-is-changing-colleges-and-universities-must-adapt-1e4e4605b20a​. 91 Gardner, Lee. “For Colleges, Climate Change Means Making Tough Choices.” ​CHE​, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 23 July 2020,​​ www.chronicle.com/article/for-colleges-climate-change-means-making-tough-choices/.

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Unity College, University of New Hampshire, and the highly comparable University of California, all saw vast improvements and outperformance with their turn away from fossil fuels.92 The 11th: Warren Wilson College, saw their portfolios merely match or slightly outperform their traditional market benchmarks.93 The report looked at the University of California, a large state college with considerable endowment very similar to the UW but about 6 times larger. As they summarized it, the UC system, “set a 5-year goal to invest $1 billion in clean energy solutions by 2020, and announced in 2019 a commitment to fossil fuel free investing. 1-, 3-, and 5-year returns have outperformed its benchmarks.”94 Looking closer to home, Seattle University, one of UW’s higher educational neighbors, announced in 2018 that they would fully divest from fossil fuels.95 Currently on track to achieve these goals, Seattle U serves as a strong example for the UW as both a regional parity and because of many similarities in the institutional mechanisms surrounding finance.96

However, diligent financial experts will point out that these successes are usually not just a factor of divestment. While simply dropping fossil fuels from a portfolio saw outperformance of the MSCI benchmark by 40 basis points a year in one study, there were also marginal increases in volatility.97 This is to be expected: by reducing diversification and failing to make the wise investments in burgeoning industries, there is greater risk of fluctuation. ​But​ by replacing fossil fuels with renewables in the energy sector any disappointments are statistically and empirical anticipated to dissipate.98 So, having divested from fossil fuels through using a negative screening approach, the next step in Socially Responsible Investing, is to begin incorporating ​positive​ screening to bolster the UW endowment’s performance and support the principles enshrined in the University mission. Sustainable reinvestment is again a “win-win” decision in that (because of the massive and steady growth in the renewables and climate resiliency industries), investments in this sector are ensuring high returns and low volatility and risk. From the investors standpoint, a 2016 study with Harvard and Northwestern found that “firms with good ratings on material sustainability issues significantly outperform firms with poor ratings on these issues.”99 Furthering the evidence of the 11 case study universities, the NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments determined that higher educational institutions

92Intentional Endowments Network, 2020, Financial Performance of Sustainable Investing: the state of the field and the case studies for endowments , d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/intentionalendowments/pages/5507/attachments/original/1582238620/IEN_FinancialPerformance_ 2020-02-20.PDF?1582238620. 93 Ibid 94Ibid​ 95University, Seattle. “The Newsroom.” 2020 - The Seattle U Newsroom, www.seattleu.edu/newsroom/stories/2020/ahead-of-schedule-seattle-university-halfway-to-full-divestment-from-fossil-fuels.html 96 University, Seattle. “Finance and Business Affairs.” Treasury And Risk Management - Finance and Business Affairs - Seattle ​ University,​ www.seattleu.edu/finance-and-business-affairs/treasury-and-risk-management/sri/. 97Richardson, David. “The Investment Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment.” ​Institutional Investor​, Institutional Investor, 30 Sept. 2017, www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b14zbh85vtpjlw/the-investment-case-for-fossil-fuel-divestment. 98Ibid 99Khan, Mozaffar, et al. “Corporate Sustainability: First Evidence on Materiality.” ​SSRN​, 11 Mar. 2015, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2575912

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with endowments over $1 billion (which applies to the UW’s CEF) realized a 0.8 percentage point increase in average one-year returns when using a socially responsible investing approach.100 From the perspective of the market demand for capital, sustainable investing is an equally massive and prescient opportunity. One of the most common sectors in which to reinvest while maintaining a similar sector focus is renewable energy. An unfortunate result of fossil fuel industry misinformation campaigns has been popular misunderstanding of the true scope and development of the renewables market which has been astounding in the past years. Renewables are now the world’s largest source of total installed power generating capacity, having surpassed coal just recently, and are cheaper than fossil fuels in most of the world.101,102 The costs of solar are rapidly dropping each year.103 In 2015, global investment in renewables was double that of fossil fuels. But there is a greater need for investments in renewables. Despite massive growth Wood Mckenzie estimates we are only at 2% of our needs to be on target with the Paris Agreement’s goals to stay under 2° C warming.104 Countries are reacting rapidly and creating even more demand for renewables. With the largest nations on earth pledging to end gasoline powered cars in the next two decades, targets for hundreds of GW of installed renewable energy capacity already being filled and billions in investments from countries each year, the world economic growth market is rushing to adopt renewables and meet demand.105,106 Currently on trajectory for 25% of our $12.1 trillion investment needs for new renewable electric power generation over 25 years, there is a massive gap— and opportunity for investors such as the University107 . This $5.2 gap between meeting our goals and investment forecasts is just $208bn a year in comparison to $583 billion invested in oil and gas exploration and production yearly.108 Countering the falsehoods peddled by the industry for decades that fossil fuels are a necessary component of a developing and growing economy is a vital task. By serving as a model for investments that are needed for a just transition, the University can see

100 “Seeing SRI in Context.” ​Business Officer Magazine​, 22 Oct. 2019, www.​​ businessofficermagazine.org/features/seeing-sri-in-context/ 101 Clark, Pilita. “Renewables Overtake Coal as World's Largest Source of Power Capacity.” ​Subscribe to Read | Financial Times​, ​ Financial Times, 25 Oct. 2016, ​www.ft.com/content/09a1f984-9a1d-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae 102Renewable Infrastructure Investment Handbook: A Guide for Institutional Investors ​. Dec. 2016, www.divestinvest.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/WEF_Renewable_Infrastructure_Investment_Handbook.pdf 103 Roser, Max. “Why Did Renewables Become so Cheap so Fast? And What Can We Do to Use This Global Opportunity for Green Growth?”​ ​Our World in Data​, ​ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth 104Sharma, Prakash. “Can the Energy Industry Rise to the Challenge of Climate Change?” ​Can The Energy Industry Rise To The Challenge Of Climate Change? | Wood Mackenzie​, WoodMac.Site.Features.Shared.ViewModels.Metadata.Publisher, 2 Aug. 2019, www.woodmac.com/news/feature/can-the-energy-industry-rise-to-the-challenge-of-climate-change/ 105Moody's Investors Service. Oil​ and Gas Industry Faces Significant Credit Risks from Carbon Transition​. Apr. 2017, www.divestinvest.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Moodys.April2017.Oil-and-Gas-Industry-Faces-Significant-Credit-Risks-from-Carb on-transition.pdf 106IRENA (2018), Global Energy Transformation: A roadmap to 2050, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. This report is available for download from ​www.irena.org/publications​. For further information or to provide feedback, please contact IRENA at [email protected] 107 “Mapping the Gap: the Road from Paris.” ​BloombergNEF​, 23 Dec. 2016, about.bnef.com/blog/mapping-the-gap-the-road-from-paris/.​ 108 ibid ​

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greater returns, lower volatility, and both encourage and signal to the world that the time is now to align its mission with its money.109

A Reinvestment Strategy ICA believes it is neither our role nor duty to dictate the mechanisms of the University’s reinvestment strategy. However, having considered the evidence above, it should be clear that the benefits of divestment and sustainable reinvestment unquestionably outweigh the alternative of continuing along the UWINCO’s current path. In looking for an approach that might serve as a model for reinvestment, the non-profit Intentional Endowments Network offers a helpful guide that already falls in line with much of the proposal’s concerns. With 7 steps IEN offers a simple map to how the university might proceed: Step 1: ​Learn​ to understand sustainable investing in the context of their fiduciary duty and of today's capital markets. Step 2: ​Build Consensus​ by bringing stakeholders together to reach that common understanding. Step 3: ​Establish Investment Policy​ to align the University’s endowments with our mission through a written investment policy statement consistent with best practice for fiduciaries. The UN investor initiative: PRI, has an excellent guide found within their “Climate Change for Asset Owners” report on diversification, that provides possible sectors and rationale behind responsible investing on climate.110 Step 4: ​Assess the Current Portfolio​ in relation to those guidelines once an investment policy has been established. Step 5: ​Align the Endowment with Institutional Mission ​through divestment and reinvestment Step 6: ​Monitor the Portfolio Step 7: ​Communicate Progress ​publicly on sustainable investment activities, which can signal to alumni, donors, students and faculty that the school fully embraces its institutional mission.

3. How is the harm caused by the company or companies inconsistent with the mission of the University, as enunciated by the Board?

“The primary mission of the University of Washington is the preservation, advancement, and dissemination of knowledge... the University is committed to maintaining an environment for objectivity and imaginative inquiry and for the original scholarship and research that ensure the production of new knowledge in the free exchange of facts, theories, and ideas.

109“Oil Volatility to Curb Investment as Renewables Take Focus after COVID-19: IRENA.” ​Oil Volatility to Curb Investment as Renewables Take Focus after COVID-19: IRENA | S&P Global Platts​, 20 Apr. 2020, www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/042020-oil-volatility-to-curb-investment-as-renewables-take -focus-after-covid-19-irena 110“An Introduction to Responsible Investment: Climate Change for Asset Owners.” ​PRI​, 30 June 2020, www.unpri.org/an-introduction-to-responsible-investment/an-introduction-to-responsible-investment-climate-change-for-asset-owne rs/5981.article

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To promote their capacity to make humane and informed decisions, the University fosters an environment in which its students can develop mature and independent judgment and an appreciation of the range and diversity of human achievement. The University cultivates in its students both critical thinking and the effective articulation of that thinking.

As an integral part of a large and diverse community, the University seeks broad representation of and encourages sustained participation in that community by its students, its faculty, and its staff. It serves both non-traditional and traditional students.” 111

The highlight of this mission statement is the free production of new knowledge, facts theories and ideas. In direct contrast, the fossil fuel industry has a storied and ongoing record of suppressing knowledge, disseminating falsehoods, obscuring the truth, and hindering free exchange of ideas, all for the purposes of sustaining their profit extraction.

Taking the example of scientific knowledge production we can see the obvious threat posed by an industry that has epitomized science denial throughout the years. Surprisingly, fossil fuel companies were some of the first to develop scientific knowledge on climate change and some of the first to realize its effects. And yet, their first step was to work to suppress the scientific knowledge they gathered and others like it, through greenwashing and sowing public doubt in the existing scientific body.112 The American Petroleum Institute, composed of FFI interests and executives, knew by 1968 that climate change was a growing threat.113 By 1982 ExxonMobil internally knew that they were helping to cause climate change and that the effects would be disastrous for the world in the coming years.114 Yet Exxon also recognized that taking action would hurt their short term oil and gas profits. So they developed the "Exxon position", which was to "emphasise the uncertainty in scientific conclusions regarding" climate change.115 Since then, Exxon has set the standard for the FFI denialism and lobbying to discourage fact in the field of climate science and suppress free ideas through targeted propaganda. They spent 3 billion on advertising and 2 billion on lobbying Washington in attempts to promote climate denialism and protect the use of fossil fuels.116 In their fight to combat government efforts to curb greenhouse gases they entered into conferences and pushed the narrative of safe

111 “University of Washington Policy Directory.” ​BRG, Regent Policy No. 1, Role and Mission of the University​, www.washington.edu/admin/rules/policies/BRG/RP1.html​ 112Cook, John, et al. ​America Misled - How the Fossil Fuel Industry Deliberately Misled Americans about Climate Change​. Oct. 2019, www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/America_Misled.pdf 113“Oil Industry Knew of 'Serious' Climate Concerns More than 45 Years Ago.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 13 Apr. 2016, ​www.theguardian.com/business/2016/apr/13/climate-change-oil-industry-environment-warning-1968 114“Shell and Exxon's Secret 1980s Climate Change Warnings | Benjamin Franta.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 19 Sept. 2018, www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/sep/19/shell-and-exxons-secret-1980s-climate-change-wa rnings 115 Keane, Phoebe. “How the Oil Industry Made Us Doubt Climate Change.” ​BBC News​, BBC, 19 Sept. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/stories-53640382 116 Holden, Emily. “How the Oil Industry Has Spent Billions to Control the Climate Change Conversation.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 8 Jan. 2020,​ www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/08/oil-companies-climate-crisis-pr-spending

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petroleum use.117 They suppressed the science their own researchers had pioneered, and launched personal attacks on renowned scientists who had helped author the IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] in an attempt to discredit it118 It is not merely knowledge from scientists that has been targeted by the industry.​ Ever since fossil fuel industries have realized the detrimental effects of releasing greenhouse gases, there have been efforts to mislead the public to ignore the seriousness of the issue. In 1991, the New York Times reported a campaign by coal burning industries trying to disprove global warming as a theory, using untrue information in comics. 119 In 2015, the Western States Petroleum Association was found mailing pamphlets to California voters spreading misinformation about the CA clean energy bill. 120 It was revealed in 2016 that Peabody Energy made payments121 to organizations like ALEC (the American Legislative Exchange Council) which has hosted presentations with misinformation including ideas like “There is no scientific consensus on the human role in climate change”. 122 Moreover, ​using fake news as a medium for the public,123 one sector of the FFI has spent $30 million dollars on think tanks to promote climate denial.124 And with fossil fuel infrastructure projects, the companies behind them use public propaganda to conceal the realities of their dealings.125 The companies use deceit to lay pipelines on other people’s land,126 with particular disregard for Indigenous sovereignty, thus concurrently representing a grave threat to Indigenous Knowledge production and dissemination.127 This also has threatened public trust in journalism and subjected journalists to

117Neela Banerjee, Lisa Song and David Hasemyer. “Exxon's Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels' Role in Global Warming Decades Ago.” ​Inside Climate News​, 4 Feb. 2021, insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxons-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fuels-role-in-global-warming 118Fossil Free MIT. ​The Fossil Fuel Industry’s Role in Hindering Climate Change Action: Lobbying and Disinformation Against Science and Scientists​. Apr. 2014,​ www.fossilfreemit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/FossilFreeMIT-Lobbying-Disinformation.pdf 119 Wald, Matthew L. “Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea.” ​The New York Times​, The New York Times, 8 July 1991, ​ www.nytimes.com/1991/07/08/business/pro-coal-ad-campaign-disputes-warming-idea.html 120Alvord, Adrienne. “WSPA Lies: Oil Companies Are At It Again... And California Is The Target.” ​Union of Concerned Scientists​, 19 Aug. 2015, blog.ucsusa.org/adrienne-alvord/wspa-oil-companies-california-849?_ga=2.246635079.2139778058.1612747474-1057784230.1612 747474 121Goldman, Gretchen. “Peabody Energy Discloses Extensive Payments to Climate Denial Groups.” ​Union of Concerned Scientists​, 30 June 2016, blog.ucsusa.org/gretchen-goldman/peabody-energy-discloses-extensive-payments-to-climate-denial-groups?_ga=2.70939219.21397 78058.1612747474-1057784230.1612747474 122 Negin, Elliott. “More Lies From ALEC About Climate Change.” ​HuffPost​, HuffPost, 7 Dec. 2017, ​ www.huffpost.com/entry/more-lies-from-alec-about_b_6149568 123 Yoder, Kate. “How the Oil Industry Pumped Americans Full of Fake News.” ​Grist​, 7 Feb. 2020, ​ grist.org/climate/how-the-oil-industry-pumped-americans-full-of-fake-news/ 124Fossil Free MIT. ​The Fossil Fuel Industry’s Role in Hindering Climate Change Action: Lobbying and Disinformation Against Science and Scientists​. Apr. 2014, ​www.fossilfreemit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/FossilFreeMIT-Lobbying-Disinformation.pdf 125 The Narwhal. “How Alberta Is Getting Away with Running Deceptive Ads on Trans Mountain.” ​The Narwhal​, 4 Oct. 2018, thenarwhal.ca/how-alberta-is-getting-away-with-running-deceptive-ads-on-trans-mountain/ 126 Reguly, Eric. “Canada's $207,000 Oil Sands Ad: Putting a Price on Deception.” The Globe and Mail, 9 May 2014, www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/canadas-207000-oil-sands-ad-of-priceless-deception/article18​ 594081​/ 127 Nicholson, Blake. “North Dakota Landowners' Lawsuit against Pipeline Dismissed.” Des Moines Register, The Des Moines Register,​ 12 Oct. 2017, www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2017/10/12/dakota-access-oil-pipeline-north-dakota-landowners-lawsuit- dismissed/759030001​/

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the incredibly difficult choice of either going out of business or accepting fossil fuel campaigns on controlling information.128 Climate change and its myriad outcomes that the FFI causes is also a grave threat to knowledge production. Climate change is a threat to primary education—particularly in frontline communities; preventing new scholars from developing and disseminating knowledge.129 Importantly as well, the loss in biodiversity correlated to anthropogenic climate shifts, often called the “Sixth Great Mass Extinction” has grave implications for (bio)medical research.130 Many of the greatest medical technologies have come from obscure organisms such as Madagascar Periwinkle which developed a leukemia treatment that saves countless lives each year.131 As upwards of 10,000 species are lost yearly, the potential key to great medical breakthroughs are lost without ever being discovered.132 Seeing as the UW highlights its medical facility it should acknowledge that the current endowment is contributing to the loss of important research opportunities and data points. Moreover, as the UW’s mission statement clearly highlights the free production of knowledge, supporting industries with undying legacies of science denial and public deceit cannot be justified in the name of protecting research opportunities, without encountering grave hypocrisies. Climate change also impacts the ability of UW students to learn. From historic wildfires, to climate related mental health impacts, or disease burdens in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change can severely interrupt student learning and engagement as well as faculty research or teaching. Finally, President Ana Marie Cauce’s analysis of the University’s mission presents yet another example of the unconscionability of fossil fuels. In the President Cauce’s recent statement titled “Misinformation, disinformation and the assault on democracy,” following the “outrageous”133 and “appalling attack on the capitol by a group of “extremists” under the banner of Stop the Steal, Cauce condemns, “years of lies and misinformation spread too often by others in positions of power.” President Cauce interprets the UW mission to “embrace a shared commitment to facts, rational discourse, and respect for intellectual and scientific pursuits,” as being threatened by the perpetrators of the Jan 6th violence. However, analysis showed that the two main groups behind the assault were heavily funded by the FFI.134 Furthermore, it was shown that the politicians who through “years of lies and misinformation” helped incite and encourage—and then refused to denounce—the attack, received millions from

128Westervelt, Amy. “Perspective | How the Fossil Fuel Industry Got the Media to Think Climate Change Was Debatable.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 12 Jan. 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/01/10/how-fossil-fuel-industry-got-media-think-climate-change-was-debatable/ 129 Randell, Heather, and Clark Gray. “Climate Change and Educational Attainment in the Global Tropics.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 30 Apr. 2019, ​doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817480116 130 Medicine, Army, et al. “The Importance of Biodiversity For Medicine: Biodiversity.” ​RESET.to​, en.reset.org/blog/importance-biodiversity-medicine.​ 131 Adebayo, Oladimeji. “LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY: THE BURGEONING THREAT TO HUMAN HEALTH.” ​Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate​ Medicine​, Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital, Ibadan, June 2019, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6871202/ 132 “Biodiversity and Health.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/biodiversity-and-health 133“UW President's Statement on Violence at the US Capitol.” ​Federal Relations​, www.washington.edu/federalrelations/2021/01/07/uw-presidents-statement-on-violence-at-the-us-capitol/ 134 Brown, Alleen. “Oil Industry Reconsiders Donations to Election Deniers - but Has Its Own Big Lie.” ​The Intercept​, 16 Jan. 2021, ​ theintercept.com/2021/01/16/oil-industry-election-climate-denial-stop-steal/

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fossil fuels, including $14.6 Million given to Donald Trump. So, in the University President’s own words, the fossil fuel industry helped lead an “assault on our democracy” to which we ask all regents to stand in opposition as upholders of the University mission. The fossil fuel industry is antithetical to the aspirations of the University’s mission and must no longer be funded through investment. Just as it is wrong to wreck the earth, it is wrong to profit from the wreckage.

4. Why is divestment more viable and appropriate than ongoing shareholder engagement? “Divestment alone is not going to solve the climate crisis—that’s a legitimate point. But it is a necessary and effective step—and absolutely essential for building a movement that can take on a rogue industry. The divestment movement is how we've built relationships, developed leaders, capitalized solutions, and begun to take away the social license of fossil fuel companies. We’re making their stocks risky for a growing number of investors and their lobbying dollars toxic for politicians, allowing new policy ideas to actually move forward.”​—Ellen Dorsey.135 Our position is that divestiture, not shareholder engagement, is the prudent path given decreasing returns on fossil fuel investment, ​and the unreliability of shareholder activism to have tangible outcomes in the face of the prioritization of profits by the industry. An editorial published in the British Medical Journal in 2015 points out that both dialogue by shareholder action, ​and​ divestiture share common ground in that they seek to act on climate to reduce emissions. However they remind us that the fossil fuel company’s (often legal duty and) goal is to maximize profit for their shareholders, often regardless of shareholder interests. Short term this means ignoring us—the ​stakeholders​—interests and instead focusing on maximizing profits from production on a quarterly basis. They also add that over “150 requests from various responsible shareholders asking fossil fuel companies to evaluate financial risk from climate change regulation over the past 23 years were ignored or met with a dismissive reply.”136 As a result, by 2016 the top fossil fuel companies had only invested 1.5% of their capital expenditure on low carbon investments despite countless serious efforts by both shareholders and stakeholders.137 So while leveraging your power as a shareholder to affect the decisions of the Fossil Fuel Industry is​ in theory​ an important option to pursue, ​in practice​ it isn’t feasible and unfortunately doesn’t produce tangible results. Furthermore, we question the degree of the University’s “power as a shareholder,” considering the highly dispersed, sometimes individually negligible—yet on the whole significantly massive—nature of the investments the university makes in the Fossil Fuel Industry. By using the intermediate of mutual funds and other pooled

135 “INVESTING IN OUR MISSION.” ​Rockefeller Brothers Fund​, 14 July 2020, www.rbf.org/annual-reports/investing-our-mission?utm_source=Rockefeller%2BBrothers%2BFund&utm_campaign=cf20c75e77-EM​ AIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_05_08_07_48&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d51d1fa0e4-cf20c75e77-428268393 136 Tillmann, Taavi, et al. “Fossil Fuel Companies and Climate Change: the Case for Divestment.” ​The BMJ​, British Medical Journal Publishing​ Group, 25 June 2015, ​www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h3196 137LaManna, Morgan, et al. ​Investment Climate Compass: Oil and Gas​. AIGCC, CDP, Ceres, IGCC, IIGCC, , 1 May 2017, globalinvestorcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/IIGCC-2017-Oil-and-Gas-Investor-Expectations-v42.pdf.

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investment techniques the University has unfortunately, perhaps without intention, given up significant control. Investment managers as the next possible target, for “shareholder” activism,” divestment is clearly the most impactful “action” the University must take. Additionally, the University would find it expedient to simply choose the right, fossil-fuel-free fund versus committing laborious attempts at reforming the existing “dirty” funds. In sum, shareholder activism is at present little better than a “window dressing” solution presented as an alternative to taking the urgently needed action of divestment. It is imperative to stop financially enabling fossil fuel companies to pursue destruction through investments. Divestment is also vital in that it has successfully shifted discourses and encouraged public support for the transition to a green economy. A publication from the end of 2020 found that divestment pledges were associated with lower capital flows to the fossil fuel industry.138

5. Demonstrate how the proposed divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission, whether by financial harm or by creating deep divisions within the University Community?

Divestiture will not impair the University's capacity to carry out its educational mission, neither by financial harm nor by creating deep divisions within the university community.

Divestiture Is Not Financially Harmful

As was discussed in depth in point 2, continued investment in fossil fuels is a deeply financially untenable act. Fossil fuel companies own five times the amount of fossil fuels than can be used without guaranteeing financial catastrophe across the world; as argued previously, climate change caused by burning of fossil fuels has caused, is causing, and will continue to cause more damaging natural disasters and make agricultural production—the foundation of our societies—less dependable and more difficult. While this fact itself is relevant, this has led to increasing legislation against the burning of fossil fuels, which turns these fossil fuels into stranded assets. Despite this, fossil fuel companies continue to pursue projects to exploit more fossil fuels which will not be usable if we are to stay below a 2° C increase in average global temperature. An HBSC report found that the industry is overvalued by 40% to 60%. As the valuation of fossil fuel assets catches up with the reality that much of them are de facto unusable, the worth of fossil fuel companies will plummet, leading to financial harm to all those who still invest in these industries. This is not the only factor which will lead to financial losses in the fossil fuel industry - the falling cost of other energy sources and social stigma will also play a role. This has already happened with the coal sector, which lost billions of dollars and saw widespread bankruptcies due to a drop in demand of only 2%.​ ​It is imperative that the

138 Cojoianu, Theodor F, et al. “Does the Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement Impact New Oil and Gas Fundraising?” ​OUP Academic​, ​ Oxford University Press, 21 Dec. 2020, ​academic.oup.com/joeg/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbaa027/6042790

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University of Washington divest from fossil fuels immediately or risk financial harm from the collapsing worth of fossil fuels. Moreover, when taken with a prudently designed reinvestment strategy, the University can work towards financial gains. There is massive potential in the burgeoning markets of renewables and clean technology and development; there is both a great need for investment and great payoffs for investors from some of the fastest growing sectors. The demands we are requesting of the University are not financially harmful, but if intentionally heeded will be quite financially opportune.

Community Support for this Initiative:

Divestment from fossil fuels is unlikely to cause large divisions in the campus populace, in part because of the broad community support among students, staff, and faculty for issues of sustainability and climate justice as evidenced by national trends and local action.

On the national scale support for climate change addressing policy such as the progressive Green New Deal proposed in 2018 (which would move the country towards an entirely renewable energy electric grid and away from fossil fuels), we see broad bipartisan support. Research from the Yale Climate Communications team found that 81% of registered voters support the green New Deal, this included 94% of Democrats, and 64% of Republicans. 139 This support for progressive environmental policy is backed up at the local level as well with a report by the market-research firm Nielsen which interviewed more than 400,000 adults nationwide, including 5,000 in King County, finding that seattle voters ranked 2nd in the nation for the percentage who cared about their politicians environmental stance. 140 This same support for sustainability has led to divestment efforts on campuses across the nation, including UW peers such as the entire UC System, the University of Hawaii, Oregon State University, University of Oregon, and the University of British Columbia.141 We highly expect - and would be proud of - UW to be one of these bold leaders in the Just Transition.

This same support has been seen on campus with the passage unanimously of a joint resolution to divest from fossil fuels by the GPSS & ASUW student Senates, in addition to support from ASUW Bothell and Tacoma Student Reps. Additionally we have gathered the support of over 1,000 Alumni, Faculty, Staff, and Students on a petition to divest, as well as the endorsement of over 25 RSOs on campus and UAW4121 as further discussed in section 6.

139 “The Green New Deal Has Strong Bipartisan Support.” ​Yale Program on Climate Change Communication​, 17 Dec. 2018, climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/the-green-new-deal-has-strong-bipartisan-support/​ 140Balk, Gene. “Where Might Voters Support a Green New Deal? Seattle Ranks High, New Survey Data Show.” ​The Seattle Times​, The Seattle Times Company, 26 Mar. 2019, www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/where-might-voters-support-a-green-new-deal-seattle-ranks-high-new-survey-data-show/ 141 “Divestment Commitments.” Fossil Free: Divestment, ​gofossilfree.org/divestment/commitments/

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6. Demonstrate broad and continuing support for the proposed action from students, the faculty, alumni, and staff. Please attach in one pdf file evidence such as: See Attached File

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Community Support

Resolutions RSO Endorsements Petition Signatures

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Student Resolutions Passed: ASUW Seattle GPSS

*Currently in Talks with ASUW Bothell and Tacoma and the Faculty Council on University Facilities & Services

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AVELA Beyond the Bomb @ UW Black Student Union Chinese Student Association (CSAUW) EcoReps Exctinction Rebellion UW (XRUW) Filipino American Student Association at UW (Seattle) GreenEvans J Street U UW Japanese Student Association Khmer Student Association (KhSA UW) Korean Student Association Mixed Student Union Partners In Health Engage UW Radical Justice UW Research and Policy Club (UW Bothell) SeaDawgs Students for a Democratic Society at UW Students of Color for Public Health Sunrise Hub at UW UAW 4121 United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) UW Farm Dirty Dozen UW Raas Vietnamese Student Association Writers in Progress Young Democrats at University of Washington

B-4.2/203-21 Page 44 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 45 of 102 3/11/21 We, Black Student Union (BSU) fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After a unanimous vote from the BSU Board, we democratically chose to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. The Climate Crisis affects our generation and future generations to come. 2. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change

We are in a climate crisis and it is the fossil fuel industry and the continued financial backing that supports it that is causing the crisis. It is a crisis that targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas) and supplies profits to a minority of wealthy (and predominantly white, male identifying, heterosexual, abled, older) members of the exploiter class. If we wish to take a stance for justice we must stop the enabling of the unjust.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 46 of 102 3/11/21 We, The Chinese Student Association (CSAUW) fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After a unanimous vote, CSA democratically chose to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group dedicated to Climate Justice, advocating for climate action is a core tenant of our model 2. 3. carbon neutrality by 2025 but recognize the need for a basic benchmark first. 4. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change

As a RSO and more generally as a group dedicated to climate action, the importance of it is the fossil fuel industry and the continued financial backing that supports it that is causing the crisis. It is a crisis that targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas) and supplies profits to a minority of wealthy (and predominantly white, male identifying, heterosexual, abled, older) members of the exploiter class. If we wish to take a stance for justice we must stop the enabling of the unjust. As such,

B-4.2/203-21 Page 47 of 102 3/11/21

EcoReps recognizes that an extractive, fossil-fuel based economy continues to amplify social and economic instability which will disrupt universities and all sectors of society. We can already see this effect in historic wildfires1, massive storms2,3, and the COVID-19 pandemic4,5 all of which have the capacity to severely interrupt student learning and employee research and teaching6 12.

Furthermore, fossil fuels are not a safe and reliable investment13,14, and contradict our university commitment to being responsible world citizens and stewards of all inherited biotic life and ecosystems on this planet. It is in the best interest for the longevity of the University of Washington and the continuation of work by academic students and postdoctoral employees that the University discontinues its financial relationship with fossil fuels15,16.

The University of Washington should build on previous divestments from thermal coal in 2014, though has yet to take public actions towards further divestment from all other fossil fuels. Divestment from all fossil fuels is currently not a part of the University's Climate Action or Sustainability Action plans

UW Seattle in ASUW and GPSS have passed a resolution supporting this divestment campaign and similar resolutions are expected to pass at UW Tacoma and Bothell campuses by winter 2021.

from fossil fuels, including Seattle University, the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, University of British Columbia, the University of Hawaii, and the entire University of California school system representing tens of billions of dollars17,18 investment officer stated in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times that the University of California divested from fossil fuels because maintaining them posed a significant financial risk19.

We believe that the University of Washington must take immediate steps to preserve the future of the university by refusing to financially support businesses responsible for rapid climate change. We have signed the ICA petition and express our support of Institutional Climate Action and the following five demands of the University of Washington:

1. the university should publicly announce that climate change is a crisis and an imminent threat to humanity and all biological life on Earth and therefore commit to using all available means at its disposal to respond to the threat by decarbonizing its investments, operations, procurement contracts, and supply chain.

2.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 48 of 102 3/11/21 Develop and implement a tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan which evaluates the sustainability of all university activities, including current investment practices, through a sustainability assessment and measurement tool such as the Sustainability Tracking Assessment and Rating System (STARS) to evaluate and determine which actions will be implemented annually to achieve 5 year targets and goals beginning in FY 2020- FY 2021) and;

3. Divest all current holdings and investments in the fossil fuel industry from its endowment, pensions or otherwise, before or no later than fiscal year 2025, (defined to include, but not limited to: Coal, Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use, or digital support for those processes), whether in the form of Bonds, Stocks, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil fuel industry, and;

4. Re-

through mutual funds screened to assure no involvement in the fossil fuel industry, through reinvesting in climate change addressing technologies, renewable energy projects, net zero carbon capital projects, infrastructure, real assets, or through revolving loan funds for sustainable and climate smart development on or off campus, and;

5. 0 Commit to and implement a strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions on or before 2040; by bringing its direct and indirect (Scope 1& 2) emissions from campus operations to zero and reduce as much of its upstream and downstream (Scope 3) emissions as possible from its procurement and supply chain, using Carbon Offsets and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) only as a limited transition step with sunset clause and/or last resort measure after reducing all possible scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions through its operations, procurement and supply chain.

Sincerely,

EcoReps Kylie Otani, EcoReps Administrator

B-4.2/203-21 Page 49 of 102 3/11/21 References 1. Abatzoglou, J. T. & Williams, A. P. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across

western US forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 11770 11775 (2016).

2. Shukla, P. R. et al. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change,

desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and

greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. (2019).

3. Knutson, T. R. et al. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat. Geosci. 3, 157 163 (2010).

4. Forster, P. M. et al. Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19. Nat.

Clim. Change 10, 913 919 (2020).

5. Lafferty, K. D. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90, 888 900

(2009).

6. Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M. & Davi, N. K. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic

on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PloS One

15, e0239696 (2020).

7. Marelli, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and

administration staff. J. Neurol. 1 8 (2020).

8. Omary, M. B. et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and research shutdown: staying safe and

productive. J. Clin. Invest. 130, (2020).

9. Sahu, P. Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on

education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus 12, (2020).

10. Islam, N. & Winkel, J. Climate Change and Social Inequality. (2017)

doi:https://doi.org/10.18356/2c62335d-en.

11. New Climate Change Report Discusses Impact on Health and Safety of Workers. EHS

Today https://www.ehstoday.com/environment/article/21917462/new-climate-change-report-

discusses-impact-on-health-and-safety-of-workers (2016).

12. lhanrahan. Toll of Climate Change on Workers. Harvard University Center for the

B-4.2/203-21 Page 50 of 102 3/11/21 Environment https://environment.harvard.edu/news/general/toll-climate-change-workers

(2019).

13. Mercure, J.-F. et al. Macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets. Nat. Clim.

Change 8, 588 593 (2018).

14. Curtin, J. et al. Quantifying stranding risk for fossil fuel assets and implications for

renewable energy investment: A review of the literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 116,

109402 (2019).

15. Carbon Tracker Initative. The Flip Side: Stranded Assets and Stranded Liabilities.

https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-flip-side-stranded-assets-and-stranded-liabilities/.

16. Financial Times.

17. Fossil Fuel Divestment: Colleges & Universities.

https://campaigns.gofossilfree.org/efforts/fossil-fuel-divestment-colleges-universities.

18. Watanabe, T. UC fully divests from fossil fuels; largest university to do so - Los Angeles

Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-19/uc-fossil-fuel-divest-climate-

change.

19. Jagdeep Sing Bachher & Richard Sherman. Opinion: UC investments are going fossil

free. But not exactly for the reasons you may think. Los Angeles Times

https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-16/divestment-fossil-fuel-university-of-

california-climate-change (2019).

B-4.2/203-21 Page 51 of 102 3/11/21 The Dirty Dozen UW Farm Club is a group of students passionate about urban food systems and farming. We work to promote education on sustainable food systems in urban contexts through events, education and primarily by tending to a small plot on UW Mercer Court campus, where we grow fresh produce for our community. We are focused on developing and fostering education around sustainable farming techniques that give back to the soil. We are concerned with the global effects that industrialized agriculture and climate change are having on the future prospects of our climate and our ability to practice ecological farming. As well, we wish for the University of Washington to help encourage climate resilient food systems rather than hinder their potential. As such the UW Dirty Dozen Farmers unanimously endorse the following demands from the ICA coalition: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

B-4.2/203-21 Page 52 of 102 3/11/21

EcoReps recognizes that an extractive, fossil-fuel based economy continues to amplify social and economic instability which will disrupt universities and all sectors of society. We can already see this effect in historic wildfires1, massive storms2,3, and the COVID-19 pandemic4,5 all of which have the capacity to severely interrupt student learning and employee research and teaching6 12.

Furthermore, fossil fuels are not a safe and reliable investment13,14, and contradict our university commitment to being responsible world citizens and stewards of all inherited biotic life and ecosystems on this planet. It is in the best interest for the longevity of the University of Washington and the continuation of work by academic students and postdoctoral employees that the University discontinues its financial relationship with fossil fuels15,16.

The University of Washington should build on previous divestments from thermal coal in 2014, though has yet to take public actions towards further divestment from all other fossil fuels. Divestment from all fossil fuels is currently not a part of the University's Climate Action or Sustainability Action plans

UW Seattle in ASUW and GPSS have passed a resolution supporting this divestment campaign and similar resolutions are expected to pass at UW Tacoma and Bothell campuses by winter 2021.

from fossil fuels, including Seattle University, the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, University of British Columbia, the University of Hawaii, and the entire University of California school system representing tens of billions of dollars17,18 investment officer stated in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times that the University of California divested from fossil fuels because maintaining them posed a significant financial risk19.

We believe that the University of Washington must take immediate steps to preserve the future of the university by refusing to financially support businesses responsible for rapid climate change. We have signed the ICA petition and express our support of Institutional Climate Action and the following five demands of the University of Washington:

1. the university should publicly announce that climate change is a crisis and an imminent threat to humanity and all biological life on Earth and therefore commit to using all available means at its disposal to respond to the threat by decarbonizing its investments, operations, procurement contracts, and supply chain.

2.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 53 of 102 3/11/21 Develop and implement a tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan which evaluates the sustainability of all university activities, including current investment practices, through a sustainability assessment and measurement tool such as the Sustainability Tracking Assessment and Rating System (STARS) to evaluate and determine which actions will be implemented annually to achieve 5 year targets and goals beginning in FY 2020- FY 2021) and;

3. Divest all current holdings and investments in the fossil fuel industry from its endowment, pensions or otherwise, before or no later than fiscal year 2025, (defined to include, but not limited to: Coal, Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use, or digital support for those processes), whether in the form of Bonds, Stocks, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil fuel industry, and;

4. Re-

through mutual funds screened to assure no involvement in the fossil fuel industry, through reinvesting in climate change addressing technologies, renewable energy projects, net zero carbon capital projects, infrastructure, real assets, or through revolving loan funds for sustainable and climate smart development on or off campus, and;

5. 0 Commit to and implement a strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions on or before 2040; by bringing its direct and indirect (Scope 1& 2) emissions from campus operations to zero and reduce as much of its upstream and downstream (Scope 3) emissions as possible from its procurement and supply chain, using Carbon Offsets and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) only as a limited transition step with sunset clause and/or last resort measure after reducing all possible scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions through its operations, procurement and supply chain.

Sincerely,

EcoReps Kylie Otani, EcoReps Administrator

B-4.2/203-21 Page 54 of 102 3/11/21 References 1. Abatzoglou, J. T. & Williams, A. P. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across

western US forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 11770 11775 (2016).

2. Shukla, P. R. et al. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change,

desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and

greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. (2019).

3. Knutson, T. R. et al. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat. Geosci. 3, 157 163 (2010).

4. Forster, P. M. et al. Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19. Nat.

Clim. Change 10, 913 919 (2020).

5. Lafferty, K. D. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90, 888 900

(2009).

6. Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M. & Davi, N. K. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic

on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PloS One

15, e0239696 (2020).

7. Marelli, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and

administration staff. J. Neurol. 1 8 (2020).

8. Omary, M. B. et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and research shutdown: staying safe and

productive. J. Clin. Invest. 130, (2020).

9. Sahu, P. Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on

education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus 12, (2020).

10. Islam, N. & Winkel, J. Climate Change and Social Inequality. (2017)

doi:https://doi.org/10.18356/2c62335d-en.

11. New Climate Change Report Discusses Impact on Health and Safety of Workers. EHS

Today https://www.ehstoday.com/environment/article/21917462/new-climate-change-report-

discusses-impact-on-health-and-safety-of-workers (2016).

12. lhanrahan. Toll of Climate Change on Workers. Harvard University Center for the

B-4.2/203-21 Page 55 of 102 3/11/21 Environment https://environment.harvard.edu/news/general/toll-climate-change-workers

(2019).

13. Mercure, J.-F. et al. Macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets. Nat. Clim.

Change 8, 588 593 (2018).

14. Curtin, J. et al. Quantifying stranding risk for fossil fuel assets and implications for

renewable energy investment: A review of the literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 116,

109402 (2019).

15. Carbon Tracker Initative. The Flip Side: Stranded Assets and Stranded Liabilities.

https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-flip-side-stranded-assets-and-stranded-liabilities/.

16. Financial Times.

17. Fossil Fuel Divestment: Colleges & Universities.

https://campaigns.gofossilfree.org/efforts/fossil-fuel-divestment-colleges-universities.

18. Watanabe, T. UC fully divests from fossil fuels; largest university to do so - Los Angeles

Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-19/uc-fossil-fuel-divest-climate-

change.

19. Jagdeep Sing Bachher & Richard Sherman. Opinion: UC investments are going fossil

free. But not exactly for the reasons you may think. Los Angeles Times

https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-16/divestment-fossil-fuel-university-of-

california-climate-change (2019).

B-4.2/203-21 Page 56 of 102 3/11/21 We, Extinction Rebellion UW (XRUW) fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After a unanimous vote, XRUW democratically to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group dedicated to Climate Justice, advocating for climate action is a core tenant of our model 2. Demand 1 directly aligns with our 1st demand which is tell the truth 3. Demand 2, 3, 4, and 5 align with our 2nd demand which is act now. We demand carbon neutrality by 2025 but recognize the need for a basic benchmark first. 4. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change

B-4.2/203-21 Page 57 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 58 of 102 3/11/21 December 7, 2020

RE: Demanding that Washington State Colleges and Universities Divest From Fossil Fuel Companies

To whom it may concern,

Policy & Governance. The goal of our group is to connect graduate students interested in environmental issues within the Evans School and across campus and to advocate for environmental policies that promote environmental protection and justice. As policy students, we believe that solving the climate crisis will require broad institutional change.

Washington colleges and universities have already taken steps to operate more sustainably and reduce their environmental footprint through building and land-use policies, research priorities,

a positive force for enhancement of the environment, not just in research but in how it manages

Washington state public institutions must back their actions with their money by divesting in fossil --Washington state colleges and universities must: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a just response 2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis 3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040

If additional details are needed to clarify the stance of GreenEvans, please contact [email protected].

Signed, Pascale Chamberland, Co-President MacKenzie Gaddy, Co-President Adam Nebenzahl, Social and Volunteer Events Coordinator Devoni Whitehead, Board Member Keegan Johnson, Treasurer Nina Rasmussen, Co-Advocacy Chair & Co-Event Lead Grace Adams, Board Member Katherine Dickey, Board Member

B-4.2/203-21 Page 59 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 60 of 102 3/11/21 We, the Japanese Student Association UW (Seattle) fully endorses the ICA demands which are as follows:

1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After discussing among core officers, JSA UW chose to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group dedicated to Climate Justice, advocating for climate action is a core tenant of our model 2. 3. carbon neutrality by 2025 but recognize the need for a basic benchmark first. 4. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change

enough and we have a responsibility to be stewards to the environment. It is a crisis that targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas) and supplies profits to a minority of wealthy (and predominantly white, male-identifying, heterosexual, abled, older) members of the exploiter class. If we wish to take a stance for justice we must stop the enabling of the unjust. As such,

B-4.2/203-21 Page 61 of 102 3/11/21 To whom it may concern,

The Khmer Student Association (KhSA) at the University of Washington, Seattle campus, endorses the Climate Justice coalition of students, faculty, staff, and RSOs/Groups called ICA demanding that UW divest from Fossil Fuel destruction. Here at UW, we have been gathering endorsements of our demands from students, RSOs, Staff, and Faculty which we need in order to go before the UW board with our divestment proposal. The fossil fuel industry is a MAJOR funder of police federations around the country which are responsible for much of the militarization and endowment the police have seen in recent history. As we continue to occupy Indigenous land, we must also acknowledge the effects of this on their communities. We are also constantly reminded that it is often our Indigenous community members who face the brunt of the fossil fuel industry's injustices. From pipeline construction to toxic pollution, to oil spills, to violent militias funded by the power-clutching fossil fuel executives, Indigenous lives, sovereignty, rights, and livelihoods are under constant threat. This is why we are fighting to decolonize our movement and stop the institutions which we should be able to look to as models of the just transition we need from continuing to invest in these violent industries! As Khmer students at this higher-level university, we will continue to advocate against the use of fossil fuels and also demand that the University of Washington divest from the Fossil Fuel destruction they continue to comply in.

Thank you,

Khmer Student Association University of Washington, Seattle [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 62 of 102 3/11/21 Korean Student Association University of Washington, Seattle February 31, 2021

The Korean Student Association at the University of Washington in Seattle would like to reach out in support of the Institutional Climate Action Club. We support the movement for universities to divest from the fossil fuel industry, and would like to endorse the club and its crucial cause.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 63 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 64 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 65 of 102 3/11/21 To whom it may concern,

Institutional Climate Action (ICA) is a climate justice divestment coalition of Washington State higher education institutions organizing for fossil fuel divestment. The ICA Coalition has five demands for Washington higher education institutions:

1. Declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response. 2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis 3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel industries by 2025 4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions 5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040

Radical Justice UW endorses these demands.

ICA is gathering signatures for their fossil fuel divestment campaign, and you can sign on at tinyurl.com/ICAPetition to endorse these demands for divestment. ICA’s resolution recently ​ passed the ASUW Senate, so we’re very close to making our demands heard. But in order to do so, we need YOU to sign the petition and share it with your friends, teachers, clubs, etc. so they can sign and share too!

ICA has weekly meetings Friday at 4pm. If you have any questions, agenda items, or suggestions, feel free to email ICA at [email protected] or send a direct ​ ​ message to their Instagram and Facebook, @ica_uwchapter. Please consider joining their crucial work towards fossil fuel divestment, and ultimately, climate justice.

Signed,

Radical Justice UW @radicaljusticeuw

B-4.2/203-21 Page 66 of 102 3/11/21 B-4.2/203-21 Page 67 of 102 3/11/21 SeaDawgs supports the ICA

To whom it may concern,

SeaDawgs supports the goals put forth by the Institutional Climate Action. As a student marine science club, we understand the importance of climate action as it relates to the future of the ocean which makes up 70% of the Earth. The five demands of the Institutional Climate Action are important in order to move towards a brighter future with slowed rates of ocean acidification and ice cap melting.

Sincerely, SeaDawgs Marine Science RSO [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 68 of 102 3/11/21 We, Students of Color for Public Health (SCPH) fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis an emergency that requires a just response 2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis 3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040

SCPH has chosen to support these demands for the following reasons: 1. We are an RSO dedicated to promoting health within marginalized communities, which are the same communities who suffer the greatest impacts of the climate crisis 2. We believe in supporting and uplifting fellow student organizations at the University of Washington that are fighting against the climate crisis and other injustices 3. The demands of ICA-UW are specific, timely, and address equitable solutions as a necessary component of climate justice

Poor health outcomes and the climate crisis are undoubtedly linked. Warming temperatures enabling a new habitat range for dangerous pathogens, wildfires and air pollution threatening respiratory health, and environmental degradation leading to millions of climate refugees are just some of the few adverse effects of climate change on human health. These effects are generally felt to a higher degree in low-income, BIPOC communities, as well as countries in the Global South. These countries bear a disproportionate burden of climate change effects compared to the amount of carbon emissions they contribute to the planet. As SCPH, we strive to eliminate health disparities and support communities that have been at a structural disadvantage in the U.S. The mission of ICA-UW is in line with our commitments to improving the health of marginalized communities and we fully support their goals.

SCPH Officer Team

B-4.2/203-21 Page 69 of 102 3/11/21 We, the Sunrise Movement at UW, fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After a unanimous vote, Sunrise Movement at UW democratically chose to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group dedicated to climate justice, advocating for climate action is a core tenant of our model. 2. Demand 1 directly aligns with our 1st Sunrise Principle, which highlights our group’s movement to stop climate change. 3. Demand 3 aligns with our 1st Sunrise Principle of creating millions of good-paying jobs in the transition to, and upkeep of, green energy. 4. Demand 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 also aligns with our 11th Sunrise Principle and ultimate goal of fighting for the liberation of all people. As climate justice is racial justice, climate action is integral to liberation. 5. Demand 2, 3, 4, and 5 align with our Sunrise Principle which is to “Take initiative.” We demand bold action now, as we don’t have time for anything else. 6. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change.

As a RSO—and more generally as a group—dedicated to climate action (and everything that entails, including racial justice), the importance of ICA’s campaign couldn’t be clearer. Because of how climate change impacts vulnerable communities, we believe it is important to fight for climate justice. We are in a climate crisis and it is the fossil fuel industry and the continued financial backing that supports it that is causing the crisis. It is a crisis that targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas) and supplies profits to a minority of wealthy (and predominantly white, male identifying, heterosexual, abled, older) members of the exploiter class. If we wish to take a stance for justice we must stop the enabling of the unjust. As such, our organization’s goals couldn’t prioritize Fossil Fuel Divestment enough.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 70 of 102 3/11/21

February 5, 2021

UAW Local 4121, the union of 5,000 graduate and undergraduate Academic Student Employees and 1,000 Postdocs at the University of Washington, recognizes that an extractive, fossil-fuel based economy continues to amplify social and economic instability which will disrupt 1 universities and all sectors of society. We can already see this effect in historic wildfires ,​ 2,3 4,5 ​ massive storms ,​ and the COVID-19 pandemic ​ all of which have the capacity to severely ​ ​ 6–12 interrupt student learning and employee research and teaching .​ ​

13,14 Furthermore, fossil fuels are not a safe and reliable investment ,​ and contradict our university ​ commitment to being responsible world citizens and stewards of all inherited biotic life and ecosystems on this planet. It is in the best interest for the longevity of the University of Washington and the continuation of work by academic students and postdoctoral employees 15,16 that the University discontinues its financial relationship with fossil fuels .​ ​

The University of Washington should build on previous divestments from thermal coal in 2014, though has yet to take public actions towards further divestment from all other fossil fuels. Divestment from all fossil fuels is currently not a part of the University's Climate Action or Sustainability Action plans. A petition calling for the UW’s divestment from fossil fuels by 2025 has over 1,000 signatures and growing from faculty, students, staff, and RSO’s. In addition, students at UW Seattle in ASUW and GPSS have passed a resolution supporting this divestment campaign and similar resolutions are expected to pass at UW Tacoma and Bothell campuses by winter 2021.

Furthermore, many of the University of Washington’s peer institutions have already fully divested from fossil fuels, including Seattle University, the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, University of British Columbia, the University of Hawaii, and the entire University of 17,18 California school system representing tens of billions of dollars .​ Jagdeep Singh Bachher, the ​ UC’s chief investment officer stated in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times that the University of California divested from fossil fuels because maintaining them posed a significant financial 19 risk .​ ​

We believe that the University of Washington must take immediate steps to preserve the future of the university by refusing to financially support businesses responsible for rapid climate change. We have signed the ICA petition and express our support of Institutional Climate Action ​ ​ and the following five demands of the University of Washington:

B-4.2/203-21 Page 71 of 102 3/11/21

1. Declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response: the ​ university should publicly announce that climate change is a crisis and an imminent threat to humanity and all biological life on Earth and therefore commit to using all available means at its disposal to respond to the threat by decarbonizing its investments, operations, procurement contracts, and supply chain.

2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis Develop and implement a tri-campus strategic sustainability action plan which evaluates the sustainability of all university activities, including current investment practices, through a sustainability assessment and measurement tool such as the Sustainability Tracking Assessment and Rating System (STARS) to evaluate and determine which actions will be implemented annually to achieve 5 year targets and goals beginning in FY 2020- FY 2021) and;

3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel industries by 2025 Divest all current holdings and investments in the fossil fuel industry from its endowment, pensions or otherwise, before or no later than fiscal year 2025, (defined to include, but not limited to: Coal, Natural Gas, and/or any other petroleum-based fuel, as well as extraction, refinement, distribution, use, or digital support for those processes), whether in the form of Bonds, Stocks, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity or Venture Capital that supports the fossil fuel industry nor Assets and Real Estate related to the fossil fuel industry, and;

4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions Allocate at least 2.5% of its endowment’s new investments towards sustainable solutions, through mutual funds screened to assure no involvement in the fossil fuel industry, through reinvesting in climate change addressing technologies, renewable energy projects, net zero carbon capital projects, infrastructure, real assets, or through revolving loan funds for sustainable and climate smart development on or off campus, and;

5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040 Commit to and implement a strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions on or before 2040; by bringing its direct and indirect (Scope 1& 2) emissions from campus operations to zero and reduce as much of its upstream and downstream (Scope 3) emissions as possible from its procurement and supply chain, using Carbon Offsets and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) only as a limited transition step with sunset clause and/or last resort measure after reducing all possible scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions through its operations, procurement and supply chain.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 72 of 102 3/11/21

In Solidarity,

UAW 4121 Joint Council and Climate Justice Workgroup:

Douglas Avella-Castro Kristin McCowan Solmaz Shakerifard Leandro Casiraghi Erin Morgan Sam Sumpter Amanda Clouser Emily Myers Samantha Thompson Max Friedfeld Anzela Niraula Judy Twedt Kaelie Giffel Jacob O’Connor Momona Yamagami Vern Harner Elena Pandres Jonathan Chen Dan Hart Nayon Park Zachary Gold Colleen Hoffman Marissa Parker Leah Wood Amzi Jeffs David Parsons Christoph Strouse Levin Kim Shua Sanchez Emily Tansey Kyle Kubler Paige Sechrest

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References 1. Abatzoglou, J. T. & Williams, A. P. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 11770–11775 (2016). ​ ​ ​ 2. Shukla, P. R. et al. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, ​ ​ desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. (2019). 3. Knutson, T. R. et al. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat. Geosci. 3, 157–163 (2010). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4. Forster, P. M. et al. Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19. Nat. ​ ​ ​ Clim. Change 10, 913–919 (2020). ​ ​ 5. Lafferty, K. D. The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90, 888–900 ​ ​ ​ (2009). 6. Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M. & Davi, N. K. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PloS One ​ 15, e0239696 (2020). ​ 7. Marelli, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and ​ ​ administration staff. J. Neurol. 1–8 (2020). ​ ​ 8. Omary, M. B. et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and research shutdown: staying safe and ​ ​ productive. J. Clin. Invest. 130, (2020). ​ ​ ​ 9. Sahu, P. Closure of universities due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus 12, (2020). ​ ​ ​ 10. Islam, N. & Winkel, J. Climate Change and Social Inequality. (2017) doi:https://doi.org/10.18356/2c62335d-en. 11. New Climate Change Report Discusses Impact on Health and Safety of Workers. EHS ​ Today https://www.ehstoday.com/environment/article/21917462/new-climate-change-report-discuss es-impact-on-health-and-safety-of-workers (2016). 12. lhanrahan. Toll of Climate Change on Workers. Harvard University Center for the ​ Environment https://environment.harvard.edu/news/general/toll-climate-change-workers ​ (2019). 13. Mercure, J.-F. et al. Macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets. Nat. Clim. ​ ​ ​ Change 8, 588–593 (2018). ​ ​ 14. Curtin, J. et al. Quantifying stranding risk for fossil fuel assets and implications for ​ ​ renewable energy investment: A review of the literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 116, ​ ​ ​ 109402 (2019). 15. Carbon Tracker Initiative. The Flip Side: Stranded Assets and Stranded Liabilities. ​ ​ https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-flip-side-stranded-assets-and-stranded-liabilities/. 16. Livsey, A. Lex in depth: the $900bn cost of ‘stranded energy assets’. Financial Times. ​ ​ 17. Fossil Fuel Divestment: Colleges & Universities. ​ https://campaigns.gofossilfree.org/efforts/fossil-fuel-divestment-colleges-universities. 18. Watanabe, T. UC fully divests from fossil fuels; largest university to do so - Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-05-19/uc-fossil-fuel-divest-climate-change. 19. Jagdeep Sing Bachher & Richard Sherman. Opinion: UC investments are going fossil free. But not exactly for the reasons you may think. Los Angeles Times ​ https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-16/divestment-fossil-fuel-university-of-californi a-climate-change (2019).

B-4.2/203-21 Page 74 of 102 3/11/21 8th February, 2021. We, UW Raas are a premiere competitive Raas-Garba Team (a regional Indian dance form). We fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

UW Raas supports these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group concerned about Climate Justice, and aware of current environmental struggles faced both in India and the United States, we support ICA’s demands. 2. Demand 1 directly aligns with our 1st demand which is tell the truth 3. Demand 2, 3, 4, and 5 align with our 2nd demand which is act now. We demand carbon neutrality by 2025 but recognize the need for a basic benchmark first. 4. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 75 of 102 3/11/21 After taking the time to understand climate change, its impacts on the environment, and how climate change targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas), VSAUW acknowledges that we are in a climate crisis-- a crisis that is financially backed by the University of Washington.

As our mission statement states, “we strive to make an impact on our campus & city community by educating and taking action”. We must stand in solidarity with the communities affected by climate change and call for change. Thus, the Vietnamese Student Association at the University of Washington fully endorses the ICA demands which are as follows:

1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

A healthy, sustainable future is worth fighting for and it is our civic duty to hold the University of Washington accountable for their current and future climate-altering investments and impacts from extractive industries.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 76 of 102 3/11/21 We, Writers in Progress (WIP), fully endorse the ICA demands which are as follows: 1. Declare the Climate Crisis as an emergency that requires a response 2. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel investments by 2025 3. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments and/or pensions into equitable climate solutions 4. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 5. Implement sustainable changes on campus to address the climate crisis

After a unanimous vote, WIP democratically chose to support these demands for the following reasons:

1. As a group dedicated to Climate Justice, advocating for climate action is a core tenant of our model 2. Demand 1 directly aligns with our 1st demand which is “Tell the Truth” 3. Demand 2, 3, 4, and 5 align with our 2nd demand which is “Act Now.” We demand carbon neutrality by 2025 but recognize the need for a basic benchmark first. 4. We believe in a just transition that prioritizes the vulnerable and frontline communities facing the brunt of climate change

As a RSO—and more generally as a group—dedicated to climate action, the importance of ICA’s campaign couldn’t be clearer. We are in a climate crisis and it is the fossil fuel industry and the continued financial backing that supports it that is causing the crisis. It is a crisis that targets MAPA (Most Affected Peoples and Areas) and supplies profits to a minority of wealthy (and predominantly white, male identifying, heterosexual, abled, older) members of the exploiter class. If we wish to take a stance for justice we must stop the enabling of the unjust. As such, our organization’s goals could’t prioritize Fossil Fuel Divestment enough.

B-4.2/203-21 Page 77 of 102 3/11/21 Institutional Climate Action (ICA) is a climate justice divestment coalition of Washington State higher education institutions organizing for fossil fuel divestment. The ICA Coalition has five demands for Washington higher education institutions:

1. Declare the climate crisis an emergency which requires a just response. 2. Implement sustainable changes on campus to equitably address the climate crisis 3. Divest all endowments & pensions from fossil fuel industries by 2025 4. Re-invest at least 2.5% of endowments into equitable climate solutions 5. Commit to carbon neutrality by 2030 and net zero carbon emissions by 2040

We here at the Young Democrats of University of Washington (YDUW) fully support the five demands that Institutional Climate Action has for higher education institutions in Washington state. The climate crisis is looming over our heads and most greatly impacts our generation and those that come after us. We are already seeing the devastating effects that our mistreatment of our environment has caused, and it is well past time to hold our institutions accountable for the role they play in propagating harm. We do not have the option of standing by and hoping that someone else will step up to the plate. The climate crisis will not end by individual actions but by collective pressure on our institutions; getting our schools to divest from fossil fuels is a crucial step. That is why we endorse ICA’s 5 demands.

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Petition Signatures

B-4.2/203-21 Page 79 of 102 3/11/21 List of signees supporting ICA's fossil fuel divestment petition as of 2/9/2021

Total UW community signatures 882 Total additional community signatures 119 Total petition signatures 1001

UW Community Support Timestamp Name Email id 4/18/2020 15:06 Esaac Mazengia [email protected] 4/21/2020 17:17 Anna Humphreys [email protected] 4/29/2020 13:36 Ruth Yawata [email protected] 5/8/2020 17:01 Kevin Sablynski [email protected] 5/11/2020 9:22 Sophia Bianchi [email protected] 8/13/2020 12:09 Le Vo [email protected] 8/13/2020 12:17 Alex [email protected] 8/13/2020 13:48 Bee Elliott [email protected] 8/13/2020 19:58 Marionmattson [email protected] 8/28/2020 11:14 Arielle Aiken [email protected] 8/30/2020 17:47 Christoph Strouse [email protected] 9/2/2020 19:09 Kyra Shelton [email protected] 9/7/2020 20:23 Carly Gray [email protected] 9/12/2020 16:50 Maya Green [email protected] 9/14/2020 9:39 Divinity Dodge [email protected] 10/1/2020 8:51 Emerson Judd [email protected] 10/1/2020 19:27 William Livernois [email protected] 10/2/2020 16:35 Megan Matti [email protected] 10/2/2020 16:51 Lyn [email protected] 10/2/2020 17:47 Daniel Garcia [email protected] 10/2/2020 17:48 Ashley Grinstead [email protected] 10/2/2020 17:50 Marnie [email protected] 10/2/2020 17:53 Emilio [email protected] 10/2/2020 17:59 Nate Pedersen [email protected] 10/2/2020 19:45 Ciara Gormley [email protected] 10/4/2020 13:13 Chloe [email protected] 10/4/2020 18:49 Elsa Peterson [email protected] 10/5/2020 9:58 Asa Madarang [email protected] 10/5/2020 10:14 Gabrielle Pate [email protected] 10/5/2020 14:06 milan suarez [email protected] 10/5/2020 14:09 Krista Matuska [email protected] 10/5/2020 14:14 Jacob Sacks [email protected] 10/5/2020 17:53 Anna Brunner [email protected] 10/5/2020 17:53 Audrey Byrne [email protected] 10/5/2020 20:06 Alex Lee [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 80 of 102 3/11/21 10/5/2020 20:18 Grace Bahn [email protected] 10/5/2020 21:10 Barrett Ihde [email protected] 10/6/2020 8:41 Clarissa Henry [email protected] 10/6/2020 17:19 Natasha Scott [email protected] 10/7/2020 12:24 Jordhen Kalsang [email protected] 10/7/2020 12:33 AnnalisaWangchuk Mueller-Eberstein [email protected] 10/7/2020 12:36 Aaliyah Wu [email protected] 10/8/2020 13:14 Emma Song [email protected] 10/8/2020 19:58 Bailey [email protected] 10/9/2020 16:28 Zoe Tsai [email protected] 10/10/2020 9:34 Jenna Somberg [email protected] 10/12/2020 14:39 Hannah Wilson [email protected] 10/13/2020 17:57 Joely loucks [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:00 Emma Ottosen [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:01 Maddy [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:12 Sarah [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:14 Savannah [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:15 Jake Rees [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:16 Hanna Le [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:19 Josh L [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:23 Jaden Keatts [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:23 Lauren Higgins [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:24 Madison Kathleen Orth [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:26 Dianna Scott-Weis [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:29 Katelyn Jancola [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:34 Lauren Z [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:34 Sean Ewing-Barry [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:35 MaryKate McHenry [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:36 Alex forbus [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:37 Chien Le [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:39 Lauren Harris [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:40 Skylar Stekly [email protected] 10/13/2020 19:06 Louis Serchuk [email protected] 10/13/2020 19:07 Adam Jones [email protected] 10/13/2020 19:29 Jamie [email protected] 10/13/2020 19:42 Evan Bavey [email protected] 10/13/2020 19:46 Jess Schnitzer [email protected] 10/13/2020 22:25 Genaya Herbert [email protected] 10/13/2020 23:46 Jessica Chao [email protected] 10/14/2020 2:05 Shiori Pathak [email protected] 10/14/2020 10:35 Alana Slanec [email protected] 10/14/2020 18:59 Irissa Danke [email protected] 10/14/2020 19:09 Kally Sperry [email protected] 10/14/2020 19:10 Kameron Harmon [email protected] 10/14/2020 19:11 Madeline Shonat [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 81 of 102 3/11/21 10/15/2020 0:18 Jillian Templeton [email protected] 10/16/2020 10:39 Amy Burdick [email protected] 10/19/2020 14:23 Maddy [email protected] 10/19/2020 14:49 Shewit [email protected] 10/19/2020 14:54 Michelle [email protected] 10/20/2020 11:14 Gracie Pakosz [email protected] 10/20/2020 12:55 Miguel Orr [email protected] 10/21/2020 8:51 Meghna Shankar [email protected] 10/21/2020 10:49 Zaref Anderson [email protected] 10/21/2020 18:37 Jamie Lan [email protected] 10/21/2020 18:38 Kayla Guild-Taylor [email protected] 10/23/2020 14:35 Dargan Frierson [email protected] 10/23/2020 16:57 Priscilla Boatemaa [email protected] 10/23/2020 16:57 Pascale Chamberland [email protected] 10/25/2020 14:39 MacKenzie Gaddy [email protected] 10/25/2020 16:16 Sakura Chino [email protected] 10/25/2020 19:54 Leonard Jerome [email protected] 10/26/2020 8:44 Olivia Harber [email protected] 10/26/2020 9:58 Kent Matoba [email protected] 10/26/2020 10:24 Quinn Rector [email protected] 10/26/2020 11:00 Sia Nica [email protected] 10/26/2020 11:07 Carina Bixby [email protected] 10/26/2020 11:13 Keeane Speed [email protected] 10/26/2020 12:58 Lexus Edwards [email protected] 10/26/2020 13:00 Joel Farias [email protected] 10/26/2020 13:56 Amina Mukadam [email protected] 10/26/2020 14:02 Antonia Anegbeode [email protected] 10/26/2020 16:45 Ally Bradley [email protected] 10/26/2020 17:18 Angela Chappa Larrea [email protected] 10/26/2020 21:01 Yaamini Venkataraman [email protected] 10/27/2020 14:24 Jake Thoennes [email protected] 10/27/2020 14:53 Hillary Coleman [email protected] 10/27/2020 16:10 Christina [email protected] 10/27/2020 16:10 Ella Chebotareva [email protected] 10/27/2020 16:33 Kyle Yasui [email protected] 10/27/2020 16:35 Coco Klein [email protected] 10/27/2020 17:08 Leah Wood [email protected] 10/27/2020 17:28 Zoe [email protected] 10/27/2020 17:57 William Feury [email protected] 10/27/2020 17:58 Calen Garrett [email protected] 10/27/2020 18:17 Kitt McVey [email protected] 10/27/2020 18:34 Cassidy Berlin [email protected] 10/27/2020 20:48 Bryanna Bui [email protected] 10/27/2020 20:52 Isa Lewis [email protected] 10/27/2020 21:11 Alvin L [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 82 of 102 3/11/21 10/28/2020 1:01 Allie Okamoto [email protected] 10/28/2020 2:05 Michelle Simontov [email protected] 10/28/2020 5:43 Olivia [email protected] 10/28/2020 7:18 Audrey [email protected] 10/28/2020 8:12 Carson Burek [email protected] 10/28/2020 8:33 David Liew [email protected] 10/28/2020 10:35 Ellie Keane [email protected] 10/28/2020 12:19 Jessica Duong [email protected] 10/28/2020 12:54 Rheanna Borromeo [email protected] 10/28/2020 13:05 Xiaoyu Zhang [email protected] 10/28/2020 13:07 Aleksandra Stoyanova [email protected] 10/28/2020 13:42 Taylor McDonald [email protected] 10/28/2020 13:49 Vanessa Chung [email protected] 10/28/2020 14:15 Chasina Klein [email protected] 10/28/2020 14:37 Andrea Malagon [email protected] 10/28/2020 14:41 Jenn [email protected] 10/28/2020 14:48 Brendan [email protected] 10/28/2020 14:49 Veronica Chung [email protected] 10/28/2020 15:22 Dora Varsa [email protected] 10/28/2020 15:33 Fiona Sheehan [email protected] 10/28/2020 15:54 Yuliya Boldyryeva [email protected] 10/28/2020 16:44 Aria [email protected] 10/28/2020 17:05 Lily [email protected] 10/28/2020 17:56 Emma Turner [email protected] 10/28/2020 18:26 Adrianna [email protected] 10/28/2020 18:32 Phuong [email protected] 10/28/2020 19:12 Jordan P Sliz [email protected] 10/28/2020 19:15 James Clough [email protected] 10/28/2020 20:06 Jennifer Phan [email protected] 10/28/2020 20:17 Marguerite Trost [email protected] 10/28/2020 20:45 Corinne Herzog [email protected] 10/28/2020 21:12 Liepa Braciulyte [email protected] 10/28/2020 21:30 Anna M. Wing [email protected] 10/28/2020 22:59 Maria Deming [email protected] 10/29/2020 0:21 Tess R [email protected] 10/29/2020 0:49 Abby Nesper [email protected] 10/29/2020 1:13 Manasvini Calmidi [email protected] 10/29/2020 8:54 Lia Kaluna [email protected] 10/29/2020 9:01 John Reinhardt [email protected] 10/29/2020 10:17 Kaley [email protected] 10/29/2020 11:15 Peyton Yamamoto [email protected] 10/29/2020 11:46 Kelly Kadlec [email protected] 10/29/2020 11:59 Amanda Saxton [email protected] 10/29/2020 12:10 Saba Mir [email protected] 10/29/2020 12:45 Clara Coyote [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 83 of 102 3/11/21 10/29/2020 13:05 Claire [email protected] 10/29/2020 13:09 Kevin S [email protected] 10/29/2020 13:32 Mac Murray [email protected] 10/29/2020 13:53 McKenzie [email protected] 10/29/2020 14:00 Georgia Pertsch [email protected] 10/29/2020 14:24 claudia valenta [email protected] 10/29/2020 14:47 Eli D’Albora [email protected] 10/29/2020 15:34 Keegan Johnson [email protected] 10/29/2020 15:38 Adam Nebenzahl [email protected] 10/29/2020 15:43 Grace Adams [email protected] 10/29/2020 16:31 Sophie Carter [email protected] 10/29/2020 16:37 Anya [email protected] 10/29/2020 18:08 Iona Rohan [email protected] 10/29/2020 18:58 Brooks Bolsinger [email protected] 10/29/2020 19:09 Thomas Herrmann [email protected] 10/29/2020 19:37 Audrey [email protected] 10/29/2020 20:07 Karis Ho [email protected] 10/29/2020 22:50 David [email protected] 10/29/2020 22:51 Heather Price [email protected] 10/29/2020 22:55 Armance Sherman [email protected] or 10/30/2020 0:12 Kyra Woytek [email protected]@gmail.com 10/30/2020 11:16 Autumn Aho [email protected] 10/30/2020 11:27 Sophia M Goodson [email protected] 10/30/2020 15:08 Rene Flores [email protected] 10/31/2020 8:31 Colin Katagiri [email protected] 10/31/2020 9:15 Ieva [email protected] 10/31/2020 13:10 Patrick Babbitt [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:47 Tara Namie [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:49 Taylor Clementz [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:49 Dara Stotland [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:50 Susanna Lacy [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:51 Larissa Chan [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:51 Camille Ng [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:51 Lily [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:54 Ruby Price [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:54 Jazlynn Jeyanthan [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:55 Zachary Gingold [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:57 Abby [email protected] 11/2/2020 15:26 Sophia Anderson [email protected] 11/2/2020 16:28 Aragorn Crozier [email protected] 11/2/2020 19:29 Melissa Blue [email protected] 11/3/2020 13:19 Yazzy Ibrahim [email protected] 11/3/2020 13:44 Reese Sherman [email protected] 11/3/2020 14:10 Jaskiran Sidhu [email protected] 11/3/2020 16:27 Sarah Ramirez [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 84 of 102 3/11/21 11/5/2020 9:57 Tori Shaw [email protected] 11/8/2020 11:08 Annalise Pree [email protected] 11/8/2020 17:48 John Romano-Olsen [email protected] 11/8/2020 17:52 Qinghui [email protected] 11/8/2020 18:01 Nick Khormaei [email protected] 11/8/2020 18:07 Priscille Umba [email protected] 11/9/2020 14:35 Julia Jannon-Shields [email protected] 11/9/2020 22:54 Francinne Alarcon [email protected] 11/11/2020 15:11 Jessica Goulet [email protected] 11/12/2020 15:04 Leah Wood [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:36 Zekeya Idris [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:36 Cam [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:38 leah tran [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:40 Kim Le [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:42 molly [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:42 Priscilla [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:43 Cole graham [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:48 Ben rex [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:51 Talia [email protected] 11/12/2020 19:03 Emily Kang [email protected] 11/12/2020 19:13 Mina Ikeno [email protected] 11/12/2020 19:18 maddie [email protected] 11/12/2020 19:19 Vanessa [email protected] 11/12/2020 20:00 Jade Drost [email protected] 11/12/2020 22:18 Malia Peeples [email protected] 11/13/2020 10:25 Janet Newman [email protected] 11/13/2020 17:09 Elise [email protected] 11/13/2020 17:21 Anna Finch [email protected] 11/13/2020 17:23 Emily Espina [email protected] 11/13/2020 18:03 Clare Ogle [email protected] 11/13/2020 22:11 Carmen Twitchell [email protected] 11/14/2020 10:26 Rachel luther [email protected] 11/14/2020 14:59 Faith Mathison [email protected] 11/15/2020 10:37 Vesta [email protected] 11/15/2020 14:14 Ishaan Bhimani [email protected] 11/15/2020 14:34 Tessa [email protected] 11/15/2020 19:02 Judy Tran [email protected] 11/15/2020 21:29 Jessica Gonzaga [email protected] 11/15/2020 22:27 Sydney Porter [email protected] 11/17/2020 14:37 Jessica Duong [email protected] 11/17/2020 16:38 Jennifer Rueda Verduzco [email protected] 11/18/2020 14:48 Paul Karmel [email protected] 11/20/2020 3:03 Zafirah [email protected] 11/20/2020 14:38 Akiksha Chatterji [email protected] 11/20/2020 16:18 Ben Anderson [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 85 of 102 3/11/21 11/20/2020 16:20 Miranda O'Keefe [email protected] 11/20/2020 16:29 Abby [email protected] 11/20/2020 16:57 Delia Darrah [email protected] 11/20/2020 17:06 Kyrie Dowling [email protected] 11/20/2020 17:21 Alia [email protected] 11/20/2020 18:51 Elizabeth Hert [email protected] 11/20/2020 18:56 Kenny Phan [email protected] 11/20/2020 19:32 Claire Curran [email protected] 11/20/2020 19:47 Santino Iannone [email protected] 11/20/2020 20:47 Sophie [email protected] 11/21/2020 9:31 Louise Joubert [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:45 Dawn Mai [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:46 Kimberly Nguyen [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:46 Kayla Vy Tran [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:46 Mackenzie Phan [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:47 Cindy Lam [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:47 Alicia Duy Nguyen [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:53 Kathy Nguyen [email protected] 11/24/2020 19:56 Hannah Nguyen [email protected] 11/25/2020 12:06 Yuhaniz Aly [email protected] 11/26/2020 0:19 Allison Gibbons [email protected] 11/27/2020 12:42 Sydney E Dahiyat [email protected] 11/27/2020 12:46 Jake Slater [email protected] 11/28/2020 19:28 Eva Kaim [email protected] 11/28/2020 23:17 Julio Cesar Ramos- [email protected] 11/29/2020 9:35 WilliamVazquez Rieger [email protected] 11/29/2020 22:30 Madalyn Frampton [email protected] 12/1/2020 18:15 Kelsey [email protected] 12/1/2020 18:16 Maddie Cheek [email protected] 12/1/2020 18:16 Tyler Brenton [email protected] 12/2/2020 8:40 Sophia Anderson [email protected] 12/2/2020 13:10 Daniel [email protected] 12/2/2020 13:56 Alina Chandra [email protected] 12/2/2020 19:07 Jackson Flesher [email protected] 12/3/2020 9:20 Ruby V Whelan [email protected] 12/3/2020 12:30 Kat Boukouzis [email protected] 12/10/2020 9:57 Paul Franke [email protected] 12/10/2020 9:57 Sam Champlin [email protected] 12/10/2020 10:09 Logan Baker [email protected] 12/10/2020 12:57 Kimberly Schoenberger [email protected] 12/11/2020 8:51 Jennifer Ruesink [email protected] 12/11/2020 9:40 Wyatt Flanders [email protected] 12/11/2020 10:42 Mariana Cortes Espinosa [email protected] 12/11/2020 14:27 Cynthia Leigh Toney [email protected] 12/11/2020 14:49 Anika Brown [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 86 of 102 3/11/21 12/11/2020 16:43 Annaliese [email protected] 12/11/2020 16:46 Madeleine Kopf-Patterson [email protected] 12/11/2020 16:54 Fotima Ibrokhim [email protected] 12/11/2020 17:11 Lianna Rzajeva [email protected] 12/12/2020 10:38 Andrew Ronstadt [email protected] 12/21/2020 15:56 sophia [email protected] 12/21/2020 16:09 Katherine Good [email protected] 12/21/2020 16:14 Sandy Cheng [email protected] 12/21/2020 16:20 Robert Jnglin Wills [email protected] 12/21/2020 16:21 Louie Zibelli [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:06 Julieann Palumbo [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:29 Ronda Rutherford [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:30 Sierra Suafoa-McClain [email protected] 12/22/2020 8:37 Montana Thoroughman [email protected] 12/22/2020 21:40 Henry Baker [email protected] 12/22/2020 23:55 Yolanda Lin [email protected] 12/23/2020 0:09 Natalie Kariotis [email protected] 12/23/2020 17:50 Emma Thuau [email protected] 12/24/2020 0:32 Alena Alvarez-Saldivar [email protected] 12/25/2020 22:35 Aedan McCall [email protected] 1/1/2021 15:48 jack [email protected] 1/1/2021 15:50 Lindsey [email protected] 1/1/2021 15:53 Polina Kritchko [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:08 Kat [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:34 Bennett Olsen [email protected] 1/1/2021 18:02 Olivia Creson [email protected] 1/1/2021 18:53 Ryan Boyd [email protected] 1/3/2021 0:02 Anthony Edwards [email protected] 1/3/2021 19:37 Shahrukh Yousuf [email protected] 1/4/2021 12:15 Long Nguyen [email protected] 1/4/2021 18:23 Karina LaValley [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:35 Ezra Thomason [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:35 Josh Young [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:36 Mary Wesselhoff [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:36 Claire Murphy [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:37 Lily tessler [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:37 Isabella Milacnik [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:37 Francisco Tzintzun [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:37 Jennifer [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:38 Nevada [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:39 Vinh Wong [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:39 Lily G [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:40 Lucia Piotraszewski [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:42 Erna Krnjic [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:42 Olivia [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 87 of 102 3/11/21 1/5/2021 18:44 John Rudnicki [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:50 Lindsey Carrasco [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:50 Selena [email protected] 1/5/2021 18:50 Katie MacNary [email protected] 1/5/2021 19:09 Meagan [email protected] 1/5/2021 19:23 Olivia Fraser [email protected] 1/5/2021 19:36 Amaya Whitney [email protected] 1/5/2021 21:02 Blake [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:26 Noah Pak Gorstein [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:26 Amberleigh Packard [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:27 Patrick Pham [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:27 Sophie Carter [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:27 Isabella Gaule [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:28 Grace McGovern [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:28 Annika Blanusa [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:28 Keenan Thompson [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:29 Josephine Grell [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:32 Sierra Williams [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:40 Georgia Bunch [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:48 Zachary Anderson [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Emma Conrad [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Meiqi Liang [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Makenzie Hallstrom [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Lily Zavala [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Lane [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:49 Grace Zackula [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:50 Mackenzie Monogue [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:50 Sky Kim [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:50 Cyrus Marashi [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:51 Evelyn [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:53 mikayla prementine [email protected] 1/6/2021 10:54 Andrea St. Martin [email protected] 1/6/2021 11:01 Chris Boyer [email protected] 1/6/2021 11:05 Sophie Aziza [email protected] 1/6/2021 11:12 Angela Chen [email protected] 1/6/2021 11:50 Tiffany Tse [email protected] 1/6/2021 14:54 Jenna Truong [email protected] 1/6/2021 14:54 Thomas VanderYacht [email protected] 1/6/2021 14:54 Emily Tencer [email protected] 1/6/2021 14:55 Nina Cook [email protected] 1/6/2021 14:55 Joseph McGuire [email protected] 1/6/2021 15:01 Allen Chan [email protected] 1/6/2021 19:41 Kodee [email protected] 1/6/2021 19:42 Eric Essington [email protected] 1/6/2021 22:55 Taylor King [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 88 of 102 3/11/21 1/7/2021 11:43 Phyllicia Tjandra [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:00 Mary Stanley [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:00 Lindsey Skidmore [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:02 Edward Patterson [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:02 Amy Chew [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:03 Maxwell Landon [email protected] 1/7/2021 13:51 Shawn Fisher [email protected] 1/7/2021 18:09 CHI-YING HUANG [email protected] 1/8/2021 19:38 Ivy Hoekman [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:06 Anna Elias-Warren [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:11 Kara Haney [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:26 Jane Jones [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:26 Juan Hillon [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:47 Matt Taniguchi [email protected] 1/9/2021 16:49 Omar Ibrahim [email protected] 1/9/2021 17:09 Diana Lucien [email protected] 1/9/2021 17:11 Chloe Rab [email protected] 1/9/2021 17:59 Julian Elkins James [email protected] 1/9/2021 21:32 Mohammed Mahmoud [email protected] 1/10/2021 5:54 Yana A Ishanina [email protected] 1/10/2021 12:24 Luana Paleologu [email protected] 1/10/2021 13:34 Trevor Mullis [email protected] 1/10/2021 15:47 Jack Masumoto [email protected] 1/10/2021 17:23 Aimee Jun [email protected] 1/10/2021 18:43 James Bao [email protected] 1/11/2021 8:52 John Morse [email protected] 1/11/2021 16:19 Anna Shi [email protected] 1/12/2021 6:34 weifanwu [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:29 Emma [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:30 Sophia Smolinski [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:30 Brenden [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:30 Anna schroeder [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:31 Emma Robinson [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:31 Hailey Delgado [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:31 Molly Gomez [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:31 Madison P [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:55 Nolan DeGarlais [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:55 Andrew Hay [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:55 Liam Collins [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:55 Sarah May [email protected] 1/12/2021 18:56 Vanessa Zelenovic [email protected] 1/12/2021 20:22 Sarah Khan [email protected] 1/12/2021 20:22 Megan Matti [email protected] 1/12/2021 21:26 Kyle schaer [email protected] 1/13/2021 1:26 Yuhui Yao [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 89 of 102 3/11/21 1/13/2021 10:23 Benjamin Nickerson [email protected] 1/13/2021 10:27 Victoria Fredman [email protected] 1/13/2021 13:50 Angelina Rose Courtney [email protected] 1/13/2021 14:12 Jaeden [email protected] 1/13/2021 14:15 Patrick Harper [email protected] 1/13/2021 14:15 Elise Gould [email protected] 1/13/2021 18:30 Ali McMahan [email protected] 1/13/2021 21:57 Bayla Forman [email protected] 1/14/2021 11:55 Emily Pressprich [email protected] 1/14/2021 11:55 Aaron Olson [email protected] 1/14/2021 11:58 Naomi Litwack [email protected] 1/14/2021 12:06 Meg Hamele [email protected] 1/14/2021 12:12 Nicole Larson [email protected] 1/14/2021 12:41 Felipe Borja Díaz [email protected] 1/14/2021 12:56 Adela Mu [email protected] 1/14/2021 13:16 Colin F Carter [email protected] 1/14/2021 13:21 Anna Trevino [email protected] 1/14/2021 13:22 Alexandra King [email protected] 1/14/2021 13:27 Carmen Smith [email protected] 1/14/2021 14:04 Nathan Gosnell [email protected] 1/14/2021 14:09 Katherine Furland [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:38 Andrew Randall [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:42 Julia Ryan [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:42 Darieli [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:43 Tala [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:43 Anna Woytko [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:46 varsha Palepu [email protected] 1/14/2021 17:54 Meredith Olney [email protected] 1/14/2021 19:47 Aaron Weaver [email protected] 1/15/2021 11:36 Bill Dole [email protected] 1/17/2021 22:03 Markus Johnson [email protected] 1/19/2021 13:37 Jo Mortinson [email protected] 1/19/2021 18:46 Augustine Sughrua [email protected] 1/19/2021 18:52 Eva Hudak [email protected] 1/19/2021 18:52 Emilia Seaman [email protected] 1/19/2021 18:54 Kelsey Flores [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:03 Jada Daniels [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:03 Emily [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:04 Lauryn Daniels [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:04 Leah Ellsworth [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:04 Ethan Keirn [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:04 Peyton Robbins [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:05 Bryanna Palmer [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:08 Sarah [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:21 chloe wright [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 90 of 102 3/11/21 1/19/2021 19:22 Abigail Stark [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:28 Michaela [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:28 Juliette [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:30 Rebecca Moeckli [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:53 Una Noski [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:55 Izzy Stone [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:56 Cordelia stark [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:56 Elena Harris [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:56 Rylee Meints [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:57 Lindsay Buckhout [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:58 Megan Currie [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:08 Maddie [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:27 Caitlin [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:31 Bea Asomaning [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:40 Luc Pardehpoosh [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:49 Vy [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:58 Jorge malacon [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:00 Sydney Wood [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:11 Nina Goldman [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:17 Jung W Byunn [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:17 Jay Byunn [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:19 Lauren Pham [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:22 Reese [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:24 Stella Miji Byunn [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:26 Karis Byumn [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:27 Sofeena Aiyub [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:28 Susan Song [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:31 Amelia Wright [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:31 Abby Goudey [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:39 Alessandra Heitmann [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:43 Annabel Foucault [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:45 Grayson Irwin [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:45 Emma Pattee [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:46 Kailee Martin [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:48 Dasha Zotov [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:48 Kami Wong [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:50 Molly Armstrong [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:56 Abby [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:00 Maleah plank [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:21 Curtis Anderson [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:24 Victoria Harmon [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:27 Florence Ho [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:30 Jacqueline Williamson [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:38 Florence [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:40 Chloe dahleen [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 91 of 102 3/11/21 1/19/2021 22:47 Michelle hyland [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:58 Josephine Chang [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:04 Samantha Bellman [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:13 Katherine Hillesland [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:15 Ted Song [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:26 Molly Ferguson [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:34 Katelyn Kostello [email protected] 1/19/2021 23:56 Avelle Campell [email protected] 1/20/2021 0:17 Cayla Surovsky [email protected] 1/20/2021 0:24 Colette Gauthier [email protected] 1/20/2021 0:30 Lukas Mraz [email protected] 1/20/2021 2:49 Emily Tang [email protected] 1/20/2021 4:04 Ben Pejka [email protected] 1/20/2021 5:13 Kwang Yu [email protected] 1/20/2021 6:03 Caleigh Stagnone [email protected] 1/20/2021 6:27 Shay Steeves [email protected] 1/20/2021 7:32 Ashley Rosales [email protected] 1/20/2021 8:46 Audrey Qiu [email protected] 1/20/2021 8:52 Emma [email protected] 1/20/2021 8:59 Bailey Shaw [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:02 Isabella Torrance [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:28 Alex Omusoru [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:30 Stella [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:51 Kris Byunn [email protected] 1/20/2021 10:11 Rianah Smith [email protected] 1/20/2021 10:11 Hannah Lee [email protected] 1/20/2021 10:23 Hoai Vy Tran [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:09 Jessica [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:10 Amber Lee [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:18 Miranda McCormick [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:18 Daisy Zepeda [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:19 Saida Mahamud [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:33 Harrison Lee [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:39 Emma Swoboda [email protected] 1/20/2021 11:53 Katherine Chou [email protected] 1/20/2021 12:01 Oliver Norred [email protected] 1/20/2021 12:34 Alina Guyon [email protected] 1/20/2021 12:38 Abbey Choi [email protected] 1/20/2021 12:45 Norma Sanchez [email protected] 1/20/2021 13:11 Jake J. Kim [email protected] 1/20/2021 15:50 Alisa Chin [email protected] 1/20/2021 16:28 Samuel Sparkman [email protected] 1/20/2021 18:32 Stuart Heslop [email protected] 1/20/2021 18:46 Alex [email protected] 1/20/2021 19:01 Sophie [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 92 of 102 3/11/21 1/20/2021 19:16 Ryann [email protected] 1/20/2021 19:17 Bella Schou [email protected] 1/20/2021 19:17 Gabriel Navarro [email protected] 1/20/2021 19:19 Tay Anderson [email protected] 1/20/2021 20:23 Raahul Narayanan [email protected] 1/20/2021 20:33 Ellen Labuz [email protected] 1/20/2021 20:43 Emily Brown [email protected] 1/20/2021 20:50 Alyssa Kearns [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:08 Isabella Byers [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:09 Soren Mchugh [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:10 Brittany Miller [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:12 Anthony Le [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:19 Caroline Engle [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:20 Kaitlin Beel [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:31 Carter Belton [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:34 Flora Walchenbach [email protected] 1/20/2021 21:35 Elizabeth Sweet [email protected] 1/20/2021 22:07 Jerry Zhu [email protected] 1/20/2021 22:09 Dylan Burnett [email protected] 1/20/2021 22:10 Camille [email protected] 1/20/2021 22:21 Jessica Turner [email protected] 1/20/2021 23:02 Alyssa Johnsen-Krogh [email protected] 1/20/2021 23:14 Michelle Camber [email protected] 1/20/2021 23:20 Mia Boggeri [email protected] 1/20/2021 23:25 Hannah Saito [email protected] 1/20/2021 23:44 Hallie Ewing [email protected] 1/21/2021 0:26 Bowen Coldwell [email protected] 1/21/2021 1:12 Alex Kissel [email protected] 1/21/2021 6:02 Katie Overmyer [email protected] 1/21/2021 8:31 Ali Jones [email protected] 1/21/2021 8:38 Madeleine Jenness [email protected] 1/21/2021 9:00 Mary Kibala [email protected] 1/21/2021 10:53 Maria Mathew [email protected] 1/21/2021 11:05 Ava Moattar [email protected] 1/21/2021 12:37 Sami Weisser [email protected] 1/21/2021 13:02 Bayla Jaffe [email protected] 1/21/2021 14:04 Amelia Rich [email protected] 1/21/2021 14:39 Faith Fullerton [email protected] 1/21/2021 16:26 Aisling Doyle Wade [email protected] 1/21/2021 20:38 Sydney Kuhl [email protected] 1/21/2021 21:33 Terry Swanson [email protected] 1/22/2021 11:35 Hemalatha Velappan [email protected] 1/22/2021 16:26 Kyle Quach [email protected] 1/22/2021 17:01 Blake [email protected] 1/22/2021 17:13 Cole Svec [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 93 of 102 3/11/21 1/22/2021 18:30 Marko [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:30 Nikola Bojanic [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:31 Josh Urry [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:32 Ellis [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:32 Caty [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:32 Becca [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:34 Ana Dubois [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:34 Skylar [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:37 Trixia [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:37 Zoe Friedland [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:38 Jasmine Sky. Yearian [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:56 Yaneisy Rodriguez [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:57 Kyla Castro [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:57 Bennett Nye [email protected] 1/22/2021 18:59 Noah Williams [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:03 Max [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:04 Kadin Backlund [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:04 Dominic [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:04 Malachi [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:05 Ben Schotanus [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:05 Marley kott [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:22 Aina [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:23 Sebastian Duerr [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:24 Anjinee Nair [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:25 Sophia Bailly [email protected] 1/22/2021 19:28 Jackie Nguyen [email protected] 1/22/2021 21:01 Greta Downey [email protected] 1/22/2021 21:33 Jaime Furlong [email protected] 1/22/2021 22:31 Noah Rizika [email protected] 1/22/2021 22:58 Claire Aiello [email protected] 1/23/2021 0:18 Hailey Hummel [email protected] 1/23/2021 5:24 Zachary Whittle [email protected] 1/23/2021 9:59 Arata Murakami [email protected] 1/23/2021 13:02 Danhiel Vu [email protected] 1/23/2021 13:59 Payton Curley [email protected] 1/23/2021 15:27 Andrew McCauley [email protected] 1/23/2021 22:38 Dawn Liang [email protected] 1/24/2021 16:21 Melody Fung [email protected] 1/24/2021 21:30 Paul Kaczmarek [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Jessica Gonzaga [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Talya Lehrich [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 katie braden [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Denise [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Brit Skolnik [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Bryce L McGowan [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 94 of 102 3/11/21 1/25/2021 8:33 Manoela Couri [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:33 Grace Smith [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:34 Jennifer Arroyo [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:34 Olivia Fulton [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:34 Siri Donlea [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:34 Annie Wen [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:34 Alyssa [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:36 Azucena [email protected] 1/25/2021 8:48 Adrian An [email protected] 1/25/2021 10:01 Rachel Rosenberg [email protected] 1/25/2021 10:49 Naomi [email protected] 1/25/2021 10:49 Riley Maloney [email protected] 1/25/2021 11:07 Danielle Allen [email protected] 1/25/2021 12:14 Grace [email protected] 1/25/2021 12:19 Bethany Pavel [email protected] 1/25/2021 13:19 Ty Kentaro Okazaki [email protected] 1/25/2021 13:31 Nathalie Castro [email protected] 1/25/2021 13:33 Maya Zigler [email protected] 1/25/2021 14:48 Lucas Kleyn [email protected] 1/25/2021 15:07 Emmanuel Boakye-Ansah [email protected] 1/25/2021 15:41 Raoul [email protected] 1/25/2021 16:31 Elizabeth Chen [email protected] 1/25/2021 17:17 Guy Oron [email protected] 1/25/2021 18:01 Roshni Srikanth [email protected] 1/25/2021 18:27 Austin Kennedy [email protected] 1/25/2021 18:35 Anna Fryhover [email protected] 1/25/2021 18:58 Tess [email protected] 1/25/2021 19:11 Vanessa Lam [email protected] 1/25/2021 20:03 Callie Weber [email protected] 1/25/2021 20:12 Samantha Kuhn [email protected] 1/25/2021 20:21 Ed van Bruggen [email protected] 1/25/2021 20:31 Kendall Chapman [email protected] 1/26/2021 1:37 WenYun Teh [email protected] 1/26/2021 10:32 Daisy Buenrostro [email protected] 1/26/2021 11:38 Francis Viloria [email protected] 1/26/2021 11:38 Emely Barragan Diaz [email protected] 1/26/2021 11:38 Faith Elder [email protected] 1/26/2021 11:39 Daniel Walker [email protected] 1/26/2021 11:40 JoAnn Law [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:22 Orion Parker [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:23 Seth David Zaragoza [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:25 Madeleine Sullivan [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:29 Joelle Chu [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:35 KC Johnston [email protected] 1/26/2021 12:36 Ahnna Heuple [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 95 of 102 3/11/21 1/26/2021 13:54 Sarah Manor [email protected] 1/26/2021 14:05 Jennifer Martin [email protected] 1/26/2021 14:11 Emily Siangkam [email protected] 1/26/2021 14:16 Sonam Sharma [email protected] 1/26/2021 15:45 Emily [email protected] 1/26/2021 16:06 Lydia Slugen [email protected] 1/26/2021 16:11 Mina Hassani [email protected] 1/26/2021 16:37 Caitlin McKeand [email protected] 1/26/2021 19:19 Chloe Jaques [email protected] 1/26/2021 19:28 Tammy Chau [email protected] 1/27/2021 13:07 Naomi Pleasure-Park [email protected] 1/27/2021 14:24 Paige Caudill [email protected] 1/27/2021 14:32 Genaya Herbert [email protected] 1/27/2021 17:16 Annika Sahota [email protected] 1/27/2021 20:50 Neona Lowe [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:49 Adeline Perkins [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:49 Mikayla Higgins [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:50 Valerie Stewart [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:51 Ivon Sanchez-Pineda [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:52 Sophia Henke [email protected] 1/27/2021 21:58 Anna Winnick [email protected] 1/27/2021 22:07 Caroline Sasser [email protected] 1/27/2021 22:14 Lauren [email protected] 1/27/2021 22:23 Pooja Khanna [email protected] 1/27/2021 22:43 Kiley Foster [email protected] 1/27/2021 22:57 Rosario Tarabi [email protected] 1/28/2021 0:04 Alexandra DiCiro [email protected] 1/28/2021 8:54 Bryn Burroughs [email protected] 1/28/2021 9:33 Yahia [email protected] 1/28/2021 10:09 Reese O'Craven [email protected] 1/28/2021 10:18 Lauren Havlin [email protected] 1/28/2021 11:18 Mya Schultz [email protected] 1/28/2021 11:23 McKenna Eggers [email protected] 1/28/2021 11:26 Charlotte Till [email protected] 1/28/2021 11:36 Paula Orrego [email protected] 1/28/2021 12:05 Anelise Schruder [email protected] 1/28/2021 12:21 Abhyjot Pandher [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:49 Vincent Ragojos [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:49 Ciara Najera [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:50 Madeline Borowski [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:50 Daniel Satterthwaite [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:50 Warren Phillips [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:52 Jordan Carmel [email protected] 1/28/2021 16:10 Jane Ghiselli [email protected] 1/28/2021 16:36 Cooper Houston [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 96 of 102 3/11/21 1/28/2021 16:41 Allie [email protected] 1/28/2021 17:02 Casey Lawler [email protected] 1/28/2021 17:40 Cohleen-Raye Villejo [email protected] 1/28/2021 18:38 KennedyBanks Cameron [email protected] 1/28/2021 18:48 Grace Miner [email protected] 1/28/2021 19:15 Simola Nayak [email protected] 1/28/2021 19:32 Jessica Fragoso [email protected] 1/28/2021 20:09 Gina Chaleunphonh [email protected] 1/28/2021 22:05 Julia Angell [email protected] 1/29/2021 2:16 Connor Ettinger [email protected] 1/29/2021 9:07 Faith Poirier [email protected] 1/29/2021 11:39 Katie Tran [email protected] 1/29/2021 16:09 Cormac Wolf [email protected] 1/29/2021 16:11 Christopher Wagner [email protected] 1/29/2021 18:01 Zainb [email protected] 1/29/2021 18:03 olivia [email protected] 1/29/2021 18:05 Bryce M [email protected] 1/29/2021 18:09 Ernesto Giovanni [email protected] 1/29/2021 18:10 Jackson Page-Roth [email protected] 1/29/2021 19:28 Andre williams [email protected] 1/29/2021 19:29 Duong Hong [email protected] 1/29/2021 20:18 Amy Lee [email protected] 1/29/2021 21:35 Jessie Z [email protected] 1/29/2021 22:58 Maya Vita [email protected] 1/30/2021 3:07 Sara [email protected] 1/30/2021 5:43 Sirui Liu [email protected] 1/30/2021 12:51 Dario Rojas [email protected] 1/30/2021 16:13 Catalina Fox [email protected] 1/30/2021 16:39 Jade Mitchell [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:03 Harjot [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:18 Maria Navarro [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:43 Artemis Lonán [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:44 Alexander Gray [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:53 Gillian [email protected] 1/30/2021 18:55 Moriah Draper [email protected] 1/30/2021 20:32 Lucille Shield [email protected] 1/30/2021 21:35 Jenna bowie [email protected] 1/30/2021 21:50 Lee Mahoney [email protected] 1/30/2021 22:00 Kip Diaz [email protected] 1/31/2021 6:33 Josie Hunt [email protected] 1/31/2021 10:10 Jasleen [email protected] 1/31/2021 11:17 Maddie Hansen [email protected] 1/31/2021 12:04 Jennifer Dormier [email protected] 1/31/2021 13:07 Julia Hopkins [email protected] 1/31/2021 18:34 Susana [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 97 of 102 3/11/21 1/31/2021 18:55 Alan Doporto [email protected] 1/31/2021 19:31 Ginger [email protected] 1/31/2021 21:28 Maddie Sloan [email protected] 2/1/2021 8:46 Jim Edwards [email protected] 2/1/2021 8:46 Tien Le [email protected] 2/1/2021 10:29 Sandy Vo [email protected] 2/1/2021 11:52 Tom Mikolyuk [email protected] 2/1/2021 11:52 Sasha Mayer [email protected] 2/1/2021 18:15 Kian Behroozi [email protected] 2/1/2021 18:25 Carina Leighton [email protected] 2/1/2021 18:25 Blake Delisa [email protected] 2/1/2021 18:25 Jacob Crowell [email protected] 2/1/2021 18:26 Crystal verma [email protected] 2/1/2021 22:06 Alece [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:36 Amanda [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:55 Jade Keimig [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:55 Christopher West [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:55 Paul Pham [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:55 Charlie Kim [email protected] 2/2/2021 9:56 Drew Brady [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:47 Emma Hogan [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:48 Emily Anderson [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:48 Lauren Gardner [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:48 Tyler [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:48 Chandni Rajesh [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:48 Emma Warwick Cooper [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:49 Jennifer Gabriel [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:49 Olivia Boulet [email protected] 2/2/2021 12:49 Serena Quetschke [email protected] 2/2/2021 13:27 Julia Ebert [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:07 Neil Kato [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:11 Emi Nakashima [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:57 Emily Myers [email protected] 2/2/2021 15:25 Kira Kusumi [email protected] 2/2/2021 16:11 Emanuel Tesfaye [email protected] 2/2/2021 16:50 Lauren Engelstad [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:31 Annabelle Wiley [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:31 Fred Grimshaw [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:31 Jonas Abady [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:32 Caitlin Davidson [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:32 Audrey Seymour [email protected] 2/2/2021 19:32 Peter [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:33 Malia Cortez [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:34 Kashish [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:34 Amir Helsley [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 98 of 102 3/11/21 2/2/2021 20:37 Makia Manselle [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:53 Mary Sciscente Bonilla [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:55 Aina Hori [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:58 Celine Boillat [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:17 Nikita Kuna [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:20 Gabe m [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:23 Karina [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:35 Jennifer Tran [email protected] 2/2/2021 22:05 Samina Helsley [email protected] 2/2/2021 23:14 Hamsa [email protected] 2/2/2021 23:20 Danna Awad [email protected] 2/2/2021 23:50 Juliana Rios [email protected] 2/3/2021 0:23 Lia-Tui Sarong [email protected] 2/3/2021 0:24 Elizabeth Shmorhun [email protected] 2/3/2021 0:58 Aashna Sheth [email protected] 2/3/2021 1:18 Corin Hartnell [email protected] 2/3/2021 10:35 Dhreeti Rathore [email protected] 2/3/2021 14:08 Sonia Fereidooni [email protected] 2/3/2021 16:39 Hannah Hutchins [email protected] 2/3/2021 17:45 Jiya Malik [email protected] 2/3/2021 18:22 Jennifer Fernandez [email protected] 2/3/2021 18:53 Hana Fedorenko [email protected] 2/3/2021 22:58 Deborah Kwon [email protected] 2/4/2021 22:04 Forrest Baum [email protected] 2/4/2021 22:22 Kaitlyn Kosai [email protected] 2/5/2021 18:42 Aditi [email protected] 2/7/2021 23:58 Anisa Su [email protected] 2/8/2021 3:29 Jasmine Tran [email protected] 2/8/2021 10:06 emma saunders [email protected] 2/8/2021 11:23 Cassie Duong [email protected] 2/8/2021 11:27 Isobel Williamson [email protected] 2/8/2021 14:39 Elena Spasova [email protected] 2/8/2021 18:16 emily Broadbent [email protected] 2/8/2021 21:20 Shreya Ramakrishnan [email protected] 2/8/2021 21:32 Rohita Rangu [email protected] 2/8/2021 22:40 H. Peter Fink [email protected] 2/8/2021 23:32 Lili McGuffey [email protected]

Additional Community Support Timestamp Name Email id 4/23/2020 15:16 Bill Sampson [email protected] 5/8/2020 14:06 Brenda Choi [email protected] 8/15/2020 11:58 Paige [email protected] 8/15/2020 12:55 Charis Heins [email protected] 8/29/2020 18:53 Keats Hoonan [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 99 of 102 3/11/21 8/30/2020 13:43 Gadiel [email protected] 9/2/2020 18:42 Matthew Farrell [email protected] 9/3/2020 19:32 Emily Lofquist [email protected] 9/8/2020 8:06 Cameron [email protected] 9/15/2020 11:45 Madison Honer [email protected] 9/17/2020 19:06 Carolyn Atkinson [email protected] 10/13/2020 18:49 Adam [email protected] 10/14/2020 19:11 Pahn Yenbut [email protected] 10/19/2020 14:49 Samantha Maygra [email protected] 10/19/2020 16:20 Dwight [email protected] 10/19/2020 22:43 Cassie Trimble [email protected] 10/20/2020 4:58 Laurence Sinclair [email protected] 10/20/2020 10:22 Alaura Cook [email protected] 10/21/2020 7:27 Paulette Lyle [email protected] 10/25/2020 23:44 Zacharias Lerner [email protected] 10/27/2020 14:17 Christy Noble [email protected] 10/27/2020 14:20 kasper [email protected] 10/27/2020 16:26 Lisa Jouet [email protected] 10/28/2020 16:32 Bella Nasman [email protected] 10/28/2020 17:27 Chloe [email protected] 10/28/2020 17:31 Celine Cakir [email protected] 10/28/2020 19:05 Teegan [email protected] 10/28/2020 21:10 Ashley [email protected] 10/28/2020 21:21 Aliza H [email protected] 10/28/2020 21:38 Anika Amdahl [email protected] 10/28/2020 22:24 Veronica Goddard [email protected] 10/28/2020 22:41 Lillian Huang [email protected] 10/28/2020 22:54 Alison Sokoloff [email protected] 10/29/2020 9:55 Martina Ortega [email protected] 10/29/2020 18:36 Amara Garibyan [email protected] 10/29/2020 22:51 Heather Price [email protected] 11/1/2020 15:50 Julia Tarnu [email protected] 11/2/2020 15:27 Adam Maurer [email protected] 11/2/2020 15:33 Erik Jaccard [email protected] 11/2/2020 16:53 Alex Gray [email protected] 11/3/2020 7:06 Lily Fox [email protected] 11/8/2020 11:10 Audrey Lane [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:36 Andre Jaden Cabebe [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:37 Mireya Fuentes [email protected] 11/12/2020 18:53 Landyn [email protected] 11/13/2020 19:13 Hallie [email protected] 11/13/2020 19:14 Isabelle Halaka [email protected] 11/13/2020 22:02 Aimee Long [email protected] 11/20/2020 17:20 Devony O’Brien [email protected] 11/20/2020 18:26 Amelia Schlemmer [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 100 of 102 3/11/21 11/20/2020 19:11 Leif Creswell [email protected] 11/20/2020 21:16 Colin Mach [email protected] 11/21/2020 11:54 Alina Taylor [email protected] 12/2/2020 8:46 Gia Lang [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:28 Matt Remle [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:30 Molly Mattingly [email protected] 12/21/2020 17:32 Jasmine [email protected] 12/22/2020 8:10 Sadie [email protected] 12/22/2020 18:36 Connor [email protected] 12/23/2020 0:14 Sophie [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:19 Bahar Bouzarjomehri [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:38 Jason Gacek [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:51 Isabella Chang [email protected] 1/1/2021 16:53 Liam Mullins [email protected] 1/1/2021 18:06 Annie Rosser [email protected] 1/1/2021 20:49 KayLi Watness [email protected] 1/14/2021 23:30 Jack Nolan [email protected] 1/15/2021 11:23 Glen Anderson [email protected] 1/19/2021 19:56 Emma [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:02 Callie Davis [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:07 Ruby [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:16 David [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:19 Rachel [email protected] 1/19/2021 20:33 Zachary [email protected] 1/19/2021 21:14 Brooke Kuebler [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:02 Fiona Lemon [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:31 Kira Kiurciev [email protected] 1/19/2021 22:48 Alex Yu [email protected] 1/20/2021 1:07 Felix Chang [email protected] 1/20/2021 6:11 Liam Drzewicki [email protected] 1/20/2021 6:58 alex heidkamp [email protected] 1/20/2021 7:00 Julia Myers [email protected] 1/20/2021 7:14 Tobey Byunn [email protected] 1/20/2021 7:18 Gavin Vroegop [email protected] 1/20/2021 8:20 Marina Butitova [email protected] 1/20/2021 8:26 Halle Nelson [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:00 Maeve Hiehle [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:29 David Bell [email protected] 1/20/2021 9:43 Jane Collier [email protected] 1/20/2021 17:43 Victoria Prom [email protected] 1/20/2021 19:27 Grace Wark [email protected] 1/21/2021 12:36 Freja Jorgensen [email protected] 1/25/2021 0:19 Natalie Kathryn Culhane [email protected] 1/25/2021 11:50 Guadalupe [email protected] 1/25/2021 22:05 Kaylee Shen [email protected]

B-4.2/203-21 Page 101 of 102 3/11/21 1/25/2021 22:56 Prarthana [email protected] 1/26/2021 6:48 Maggie Koontz [email protected] 1/26/2021 8:36 Katrina Telnack [email protected] 1/26/2021 10:43 Evan Butler [email protected] 1/26/2021 17:37 Katie [email protected] 1/26/2021 22:53 Adah Stewart [email protected] 1/28/2021 11:35 Derek Nikolai Hanson [email protected] 1/28/2021 15:50 Michael Hatcher [email protected] 1/30/2021 16:40 Rileigh Shea Thompson [email protected] 1/30/2021 22:54 Erin Mackey [email protected] 1/31/2021 10:11 Tori Ruiz [email protected] 1/31/2021 10:32 Kellen Ungaro 2021 s Liberty dr 2/2/2021 9:55 Boyoung Kim [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:30 Mahal Walker [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:31 Andrew Welsh [email protected] 2/2/2021 14:31 Kelsey [email protected] 2/2/2021 20:42 Maira Khan [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:00 Margaret Bader [email protected] 2/2/2021 21:25 Connery Glans [email protected] 2/2/2021 22:05 zoe [email protected] 2/8/2021 13:34 Arkira Chantaratananond [email protected] 2/8/2021 18:15 Ric Berkholtz [email protected] 2/8/2021 23:57 Ioana S. [email protected] 2/8/2021 23:59 Dhwani [email protected]

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