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The Importance of the Shari'ah Supervisory Boards (Ssbs) South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 9, Issue 2 (Apr.) ISSN 2289-1560 2016 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SHARI’AH SUPERVISORY BOARDS (SSBS) IN THE ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM Malek Marwan Yousef Injas The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Institute of Malaysia and International Studies (IKMAS) [email protected] Mohamad Sabri Haron The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Institute of Malaysia and International Studies (IKMAS) [email protected] Rashila Ramli The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Institute of Malaysia and International Studies (IKMAS) [email protected] Raghad Azzam Injas The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Institute of Malaysia and International Studies (IKMAS) [email protected] ABSTRACT Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) plays an important role in the Islamic banking system, and it has an important impact on their performance and stability. The study concentrates on the banking system and on the SSBs as an important part of it. The study aims at showing the impact of the SSBs on the Islamic bank stability. It also reveals the importance to be Independent department in the implementation of its decisions. The study concluded that SSBs is a significant department in the Islamic bank like the other departments. The interference of it decision-making and management could adversely affect for the Islamic bank. Key words: Islamic Banks, Shari’ah Supervisory Boards, Non- Compliance Risk , Reputation Risk. Introduction Islamic banks have evolved dramatically over the past two decades. They have become strong competitors of the conventional banks. This is due to their faith and principles that are mainly based on the prohibition of usury and to stay away from suspicion (Shatnawi, 2009). The holy Quran says: “for they claimed that: Trade is Like usury, (Whereas Allah has permitted trading and forbidden usury)” (Quran 2:275). This verse is the main point that distinguishes between the trade and the usury. Now, Islamic banks are very competitive in most economic sectors. Due to their coherent and sustainable banking system, their products have been evolving and their investments, expanding from time to time, so there are a wide variety of products and instruments available to customers. This is without a doubt need a control system, supervises these financial services, and ensures its survival within the limits of the Islamic law to keep their reputation among these customers. This is verified by the presence of an independent body within the Islamic banking, namely, Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB). The main problem of this study, is the risks that could be caused by the issue of conflicting fatwa between the SSBs in the Islamic banks,in addition, the possibility of intervention of the bank's management in the decisions of the SSBs. This paper will clarify the nature of banking system in the Islamic bank and its services. Moreover, it will illustrate the role of SSBs in this system and their challenges, particularly with regard to its independence and mandatory decisions and its impact on the Islamic Bank. Definitions Of The Islamic Banking (AL-MASRAF) is an Arabic term, meaning all the banking institution that is implementing its activities and businesses on )المصرف( Al-Masref the basis of Islamic principles and rules of jurisprudence (Hejazi, 2005, p. 434). Also known as the financial institution, collects and using money within and committed to the Shariah principles legitimacy to serve the construction of the Islamic community solidarity, to achieve distributive justice and put the money on the right track (Ibid). As Abu Dabi Islamic Bank (ADIB) (2015) system, Al-Masrif is a bank that complies with the principles of Shariah in all financing, banking, and investment transactions and is subject, as a financial institution, to the supervision and control of the central bank. In addition, an IB complies with Shariah principles in all the transactions and products it provides to its clients, 25 South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 9, Issue 2 (Apr.) 2016 ISSN 2289-1560 whether such products are investment deposits, investment certificates or savings accounts. Meanwhile, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) (2015) defines Islamic banking as a system of banking that complies with Islamic law. The underlying principles that govern Islamic banking are a mutual risk and profit sharing between parties, the assurance of fairness for all and that transactions are based on an underlying business activity or asset. It is quite evident from the above that there are many definitions IBs (Al-Masraf), but the majority agreed that the IB is that the institution, which aims in essence, to apply the principles of Islamic law (Shariah) in all financial transactions. And this is consistent with the IBs Act in the UAE in the first article, it defined the IBs (Al-Masaref) as the financial institutions and the Islamic investment companies, the ones that include in their constituent contracts and statutes a commitment to apply the principles of Shariah and proceed its activities in accordance with these principles (Hejazi, 2005). This is also consistent with the definition of the International Association Of Islamic Banks (IAIB) in the first paragraph of Article 5, which defines IBs as those banks or institutions that establishment and its statute law explicitly states adhere to the principles of Shariah, and not to deal the usurious interest (Riba) (Abdullah, Sidek, & Adnan, 2012; Mohamed, 2012). It can be concluded from the foregoing that the definitions in general have the same purpose and meaning. Hence, the IB is the institution that conducted all their internal and external activities and financial transactions (taking and giving) according to the Islamic law which is based on the Quran and the Sunnah, and those who not comply with all this is not considered an Islamic bank. Islamic Banking Objectives And Basic Features The essence of Islamic banks lies in the rejection of interest and the application of Islamic Shariah in all of their transactions (Hejazi, 2005). The basic characteristics of IBs represented in the exclusion of dealing with usury interest, and directing effort towards development through investments, furthermore linking the economic development with social development. In addition, the revival of Zakat and their economic, social and correct function (Al-najar, 1980). The IBs have other features, they don’t take people's wealth unlawfully, besides subordination of IBs to self- supervision, as well as a good selection of those in charge of the management of these banks (Hejazi, 2005). Some traditional authors mentioned other characteristics of the IBs like the application of financial intermediation that based on a joint venture (Musharakah). Also, the characteristics of that distinguish IBs from conventional banks, such as Qard Al-Hassan, Zakat fund, and others, and it is committed to the characteristics of development, investment, and positively in the investment banking transactions (Nagham Hussein Ne'ma & Najm, 2010). As regards to the objectives, the IBs are not a profitable company as the case with the conventional banks, but it is one of the Islamic financial institutions, and part of the Islamic economy system (Nagham Hussein Ne'ma & Najm, 2010). The IBs have many goals; profit and non-profit that is by attracting and a pool of funds. Also the mobilization of available resources in the Muslim world, with the support of these resources through the development of saving awareness among individuals. In addition, channeling funds for investment operations that serve the objectives of economic and social development in the Muslim world. Finally, doing the transactions and banking services based on Islamic principles and free of usury, exploitation and including solves the problem of short-term funding (Al-najar, 1980). On the other hand, there are substantive goals of the Islamic banks, including the bringing about of a broad-based economic well-being, with full employment. Moreover, the creation of socioeconomic justice, equitable distribution of income and wealth, and the bringing about stability in the value of money. In addition, the mobilization of savings and investment for economic development in an equitable manner. Finally, effective rendering of all services normally expected from banking services (Noibi, 2014, p. 111). At the. Some researchers considered that the goals of the IBs lie in providing the appropriate conditions for attracting Islamic capital in order to achieve their collective independence and freedom from the foreign dependency that depletes resources and destroy its economy. In addition, it is a goal in the development of banking instruments and improve the applicable ones in order to attract more resources and direct them. IBs like other institutions aims to achieve a reasonable profit within the Shariah principles, taking into account the non-overvaluation. It also aims to spread awareness of the Islamic banking system and the development of the audience confidence Islamic economic. Finally, its goal in an attempt to eliminate unemployment, and the development of craft and occupational industries (Abdo, 2009). Researcher sees from the above, that the IBs are characterized by features and goals distinguish them from conventional banks, in addition to the basic essence of the abolition of usury and the implementation the principles of Shariah in all financial transactions. This gives the IBs the ability to serve the community economically and socially, through the encouragement of craft and industrial projects producing, and motivate customers on the development projects and not the consumption ones. The IBs establishing the principle of social solidarity, not only the collection and disbursement of Zakat through legitimate channels, but also to the quest for justice in the funds invested. Hence, the IBs presence became more necessary, and the advancement is required to be able to fulfill all his goals without failure or defective. Overview Of Islamic Banking Products And Services All transactions in an Islamic system must be governed by norms of Islamic ethics and enunciated by the Shariah (Obaidullah, 2005, p.
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