Making the Grade

Fall 2012 MAKING THE GRADE American influence in decline Natural selection’s challenge Japanese tea ceremonies Mentally disabled children in Britain U.S.-China clean energy efforts College athlete graduation rates American freight railroads Pros and cons of whistle-blowing Exercising teen minds Writerly considerations Phi Kappa Phi strategic plan Higher education’s purpose Poetry and the Oval Office Commencement of humor Educator Lucy Diggs Slowe Twice-exceptional students

The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi held its 42nd Convention in August in St. Louis. About Us Phi Kappa Phi Forum and Its Phi Kappa Phi Forum mission statement Phi Kappa Phi Forum, a multidisciplinary quarterly magazine that enlightens, challenges and Relationship with the Society entertains its diverse readers, serves as a general- hi Kappa Phi Forum The Society began pub- interest publication as well as a platform for The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. is the multidisci- lishing what’s now called plinary quarterly mag- Phi Kappa Phi Forum P Phi Kappa Phi Forum azine of The Honor Society in 1915. (Issn 1538-5914) is published quarterly by of Phi Kappa Phi. Each The spring, summer, The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, edition of the award-win- and fall editions feature 7576 Goodwood Blvd., Baton Rouge, La. 70806. ning journal reaches more articles across the disci- Printed at R.R. Donnelley, than 100,000 active plines by authorities, of- 1160 N. Main, Pontiac, Ill. 61764. members. 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The Phi Kappa Phi name on books, poetry, and are not necessarily those of the staff ship publication of was adopted on June 12, 1900. Although humor. Member news, of Phi Kappa Phi Forum, the Society staff, or the Board of Directors of Phi Kappa Phi, the nation’s Society headquarters has been in Baton chapter updates, and The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi. oldest and most selective Rouge, La., since 1978, most of Phi Kappa Phi’s Society developments are all-discipline honor society, historical documents are stored at the also provided. Submissions with chapters at more than founding institution. The winter edition Address material intended for publication to: 300 colleges and universi- compiles the winners of Peter Szatmary, Editor ties across the country plus a few abroad. monetary awards from Phi Kappa Phi. 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This Issue: MAKING THE GRADE Across the board, the past, present, and future entail meeting, surpassing, or falling short of standards. Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon from Shutterstock images

PHI KAPPA PHI FOCUS 2 President’s Message By Diane G. Smathers Editor’s Note By Peter Szatmary APEX Awards 3 Letters to the Editor The U.S. No Longer Makes the Grade Coming Next Issue 4 By David S. Mason 29 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Once the preeminent country in the world, America now 30 Society Developments lags behind others on many fronts. 34 Chapter Update 36 Member Spotlight 37 Member News 38 In Memoriam Chanoyu: Following Ceremony to a Tea 8 By Noriko Tsunoda Reider The ritual, steeped in history, reflects Japanese sensibilities COLUMNS via understated, decorous precision. 22 Business and Economics By John T. Harding 23 Science and Technology By Mark H. Griep 24 Workplace and Employment Children Who Disappeared in Britain By Kimberly Thompson 12 By Deborah Cohen 25 Sports and Exercise So-called idiots were sent to the Normansfield Training By Angela Lumpkin Institution for treatment — or for life. 26 Education and Academics By Timothy L. Hulsey 27 Arts and Entertainment By (William) Arnold Johnston and Deborah Ann Percy Natural Selection: Constantly Testing 15 By Michael Zimmerman FEATURES Biological determinism accounts for humankind’s evolution, 21 Crossword Puzzle and so does individual choice. By Jim Bernhard 28 Book Review Faithful to the Task at Hand Written by Carroll L. L. Miller and Anne S. Pruitt-Logan Taking the Measure of Graduation Rates in Reviewed by Harold E. Cheatham 18 39 Poetic Pause Big-time College Sports “Learning to Type” By Richard M. Southall By Katherine Cottle Why researching who earns degrees began, why the various 40 And One More Thing … metrics differ, and why all this matters. with Bob Zany

Fall 2012 1 President’s Message

By Diane G. Smathers 1897. Whether president of the local all seven crew members. begin my term as Presi- PTA or CEO of a Fortune 500 company, One of my first acts as Society president of the Board of Di- whether nurse or engineer, professor or dent is leading us in strategic planning. Irectors of The Honor student, millennial or retiree, Phi Kappa Phi Phi Kappa Phi remains on firm footing, as Society of Phi Kappa Phi members share a responsibility to evidenced by our impressive membership with great pride and greater espouse the virtues of honor. and financial healthiness, but we are at a humility. You have entrust- We demonstrated this time and again at crossroads. During the last decade, the ed me with the responsibil- the 2012 Phi Kappa Phi Convention in board helped make the Society more relevant ity of leadership, excellence, and service to August. A record number of chapter dele- — from giving students and members-at- the Society — meaning to the board, staff, gates attended the gathering in St. Louis — large roles in governance to trying to chapter officers, and you, our 114,000 177, surpassing the previous mark of 168 increase participation from historically active members. I take this responsibility in 2007 — because of a commitment to black colleges and universities. And head- very seriously. In fact, the responsibility of lead the way. Kathleen Tice, an assistant quarters staff added member benefits, honor is something I hope to stress during professor of curriculum and instruction at upgraded user-friendly technology, and my presidency. University of Texas at Arlington, showed a lightened chapters’ obligations. But the What do I mean by the responsibility of video of a service-learning project funded time has come to look at our impact — honor? Being elected to membership in by a Phi Kappa Phi Literacy Grant: her stu- that we have, can have, and should have Phi Kappa Phi is indeed an honor. It speaks dents read weekly at a preschool to chil- — on higher education. To borrow from of academic excellence, moral character, dren from low-income families where the theme of this edition of the magazine, and mindful service. But being a member English isn’t the main language, and the how does Phi Kappa Phi make the grade? of this honor society is also a responsibility. kids get to keep the books. Our national We seek input from you — active It means that we must lead. service initiative partners with NIXTY on members, chapters, and other stakeholders. Strong, positive leadership seems in an open-learning digital platform that The planning process will continue short supply. All too often, “the heroes members can contribute to and access — throughout this biennium and results will of the day were the baseball man, the leadership via scholarship. Keynote speaker be presented at the 2014 Convention. football star, the glib-talking man, the Wendy Lawrence, the retired NASA astro- Please accept your responsibility as a rich man, but not the high-ranking naut, epitomized the imperative and privi- Society member and let your voice be college man,” wrote Marcus L. Urann in lege of leadership when recounting her part heard. My fellow board members and I, support of Phi Kappa Phi, which he in the STS-114 “Return to Flight” voyage plus headquarters staff, look forward to helped found as an undergraduate in after the 2003 Columbia disaster that killed hearing from you. ■

Editor’s Note Journal Wins Awards By Peter Szatmary After school the next day, I was to aking the board a train to spend a long weekend Phi Kappa Phi Forum earned the top Grade,” the with my mother and stepfather who lived prize plus another commendation in the ‘Mtheme of this some 200 miles away. It was the first 2012 APEX Awards for edition, denotes analysis, time I would make this trip myself; pre- Publication Excellence. evaluation, and success. viously, she or they drove. My father and The fall 2011 edition, Some sources indicate the stepmother were at work, so, per instruc- theme of “9/11,” re- phrase derives from rail- tions, I took the most economical route ceived a Grand Award. roads: a train going up an incline. Other re- to the station, mass transit, for about 30 Out of almost 3,400 search points to academics: taking a test. minutes. I remembered my satchel of entries in 11 major cat- No matter the origin, measuring up (or homework and brown bag of dinner, but egories, only 100 gar- failing to do so) permeates life. it dawned on me descending the bus that nered this highest honor, including 14 in My middle school, grades seven and I had forgotten my suitcase on my bed. I the Magazines & Journals category. eight, assessed students via quarterly report rushed back against the Friday afternoon The summer 2011 edition, theme of cards mailed to heads of households to be commuter traffic, snatched the luggage “Color,” picked up an Award of Excel- signed and returned. Previously a top scorer, from my pillow, double-timed to the bus lence, Magazine & Journal Writing. I earned straight Cs the first marking period stop, and dashed onto the train everyone There were 21 winners in this category in seventh grade. Adjusting to raging hor- expected me to be on with a few minutes and 1,027 Awards of Excellence mones and new surroundings, I had neglect- to spare. overall. The magazine has taken home ed to prepare myself that term. I also had I never told anyone what had happened. this accolade four consecutive years, neglected to prepare the grownups for what In a way, there was no need to; for the among other citations. was coming. My father, opening the mail train, and I, arrived in another state as APEX Awards signify achievement by that fateful dinner, looked at the report card, planned. Until, that is, my mother, an ele- magazines, newsletters, newspapers, showed it to my stepmother, turned to me, mentary schoolteacher, asked over annual reports, brochures, an only child, and said, “I didn’t know you ice cream that night about my manuals, websites, electronic were average.” report card. Had I tried media, and other mass com Red, and blue fl ags Summer 2011 A profi le of activist Dorothy Height th Fall 2011 Visual perception of the universe Since I am a human being, I’m average. my best, she wondered? “Dark green” religion munication. The 24 annual Color War at summer camps And meeting minimum requirements is no I swallowed my reply. Negro Leagues baseball contest totaled 3,382 entries, mean feat sometimes. I thought I knew By definition Phi COLOR including 601 magazines and what he meant, though. But I couldn’t say Kappa Phi members journals. Less than one-third of Sustainable livingliving Comics “working blue” Historically black colleges and universities green” applicants won awards in 130 anything. The meal resumed as normally as make the grade. Everyone The profi tability of “going An appreciation of writer John D. MacDonald Navy blue suits for interviews possible, the topic dropped, but my appetite rpretations “Green War” over subcategories. ■ else attains goals, too. To renewable energies gerald • Airport security A member of The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi won a game ofJeopardy! — and more than $19,000. Terrorist theories • Apolitical commemoration • Shared grief lost. Yet that problem never recurred over (try to) stack up isn’t neces- Economic costs • National security • Civil liberties • Literary inte rs of service. Ground ZeroPat • First Tillman responders • Campus • Ashen considerations dust • Cantor • Tragicomic Fitz birthdayfl ects on a dozen yea — Staff report of Phi Kappa Phi, re

r of The Honor Society the course of my education. sarily easy. Should it be? ■ rmer executive directo Perry A. Snyder, fo

2 Fall 2012 Letters to the Editor Special Cases and Chief Executives aking the grade can be challeng- • Underachieving on timed tests politician. Both Abraham Lincoln and ing for twice-exceptional stu- because they analyze questions more than Ronald Reagan wrote a handful of Mdents: those gifted in some ways average students poems, and Jimmy Carter published a and learning-disabled in others. The gift- • Having problems with hand-eye coor- book of poetry. Party affiliation seems edness may mask the learning disability dination and other fine motor skills not to be a factor. and the learning disability may obscure • Battling low self-esteem, fear of More examples abound. Theodore the giftedness. failure, frustration, anger, anxiety, helpless- Roosevelt, a devoted reader of poetry, “Children who are both gifted and ness, and depression further wrote essays about poets he learning-disabled are often called twice- Knowing students learn in different admired including Dante and Whitman. exceptional (or 2e), because their abili- ways, many educators embrace Howard What’s more, Roosevelt helped support ties lie outside the norms at both ends of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, several struggling poets. Woodrow the bell curve. These 2e children are im- first proposed in 1983. A developmental Wilson, usually pictured as serious and mensely diverse. In fact, they embody psychologist at Harvard, Gardner contends scholarly, enjoyed limericks. He also every imaginable combination of that humans display eight types of intelli- wrote poetry. George Washington penned strengths and weaknesses,” report the gence in varying degrees: linguistic, love poems, as did John Tyler. Harry husband-and-wife physician team of logical/mathematical, musical rhythmic, Truman carried Tennyson’s “Locksley Brock and Fernette Eide in their 2006 bodily/kinesthetic, spatial, naturalist, intra- Hall” in his wallet throughout adult life, book, The Mislabeled Child. personal, and interpersonal. saying its vision of a technological future Well-known 2e people span the disci- “Most lay and scholarly writings about influenced his career. And Gerald Ford plines, experts assert. Luminaries with dys- intelligence focus on the combination of declared that he changed for the better lexia include politicians (George Washing- linguistic and logical intelligences,” he ob- when as a boy he memorized and recited ton), actors (Tom Cruise), artists (Pablo serves in a 2011 introduction to the rere- Kipling’s “If” to control his temper. Picasso), inventors (Thomas Edison), and lease of his 1983 book, Frames of Mind. A Poetry gave these men practice in the athletes (Babe Ruth). Other 2e standouts: “prerequisite for a theory of multiple intel- power of the precise word and phrase, Stephen Hawking, the acclaimed physicist ligences, as a whole, is that it captures a filled with clarity and authority, neces- with ALS; Temple Grandin, livestock reasonably complete gamut of the kinds of sary to motivate individuals. Poetry welfare authority and a person with autism; abilities valued by human cultures,” the made these leaders aware of the impor- Nobel Prize-winning mathematician and book explains. “We must account for the tance of symbols and metaphors. Poetry paranoid schizophrenic John F. Nash, Jr.; and skills of a shaman and a psychoanalyst as showed them how ambiguity and contra- deaf and blind activist Helen Keller. well as of a yogi and a saint.” diction are common in all communica- Between 120,000 and 180,000 American Parents, teachers, pediatricians and other tion, and how imperative it is to seek the children are 2e, estimates Ellen Winner in healthcare providers can teach 2e people to true meaning that often hides beneath the her 1996 book, Gifted Children: Myths and maximize strong intelligences and compen- surface of what is read or spoken. In Realities. But influential organizations such sate for weaker areas. For example, stu- short, poetry sharpened the language of as the National Education Association, in a dents gifted in musical rhythmic are often their minds. 2006 report entitled The Twice-Exceptional also adept in logical/mathematical but inad- “When power leads man toward arro- Dilemma, argue that this number is low equate in linguistic. Indeed, the first step in gance, poetry reminds him of his limita- because of the difficulty in identifying them helping 2e students make the grade is to tions,” John F. Kennedy observed in a and that the count may be at least 360,000. identify them. speech at Amherst College weeks before Though 2e children are diverse, they — Blanche Sosland his assassination. “When power narrows share characteristics: (University of Missouri-Kansas City) the areas of man’s concerns,” he continued, • Performing well in some classes and Professor Emerita of Education, Park University “poetry reminds him of the richness and di- poorly in others Specialist in 2e students versity of his existence. When power cor- • Struggling with easy assignments but rupts, poetry cleanses. ….” thriving at difficult concepts .S. presidents by definition make the These are some of the many ways that • Floundering at rote memorization grade. But did you know that 18 out poetry has helped presidents make the grade. ■ • Possessing stronger long-term memory Uof the 44 turned to poetry to help — Paul J. Ferlazzo than short-term memory them do so? This collective record has not Former Society president, 2004-07 • Expressing themselves better through been documented until now — in my new (Northern Arizona University) oral communication than written language book, Poetry and the American Presidency, Professor Emeritus • “Spacing out” or looking glazed when published by Peter Lang earlier this year. of American literature, in deep thought For example, John Quincy Adams Northern Arizona University • Shifting from hyperactive tendencies to wrote more than 350 poems and wanted laser concentration to be remembered as a poet more than a

Coming Next Issue Letters to the Editor Submission Guidelines Letters to the Editor Winter 2012 will celebrate Phi Kappa Phi Forum welcomes letters to the editor for consideration for The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi publication. Letters should be no more than 400 words and may be edited for 7576 Goodwood Blvd. those who have won content or length. Note: submission does not necessarily mean publication; Baton Rouge, LA 70806 monetary awards from the editor decides based on appropriateness and space. Send letters to: [email protected] Phi Kappa Phi in the past year. *Letters become the property of this publication and cannot be returned to sender.

Fall 2012 3 4 Fall 2012 5 2012 all F

n his State of the Union address last January, U.S. President Barack Obama said that that said Obama Barack President U.S. January, last address Union the of State n his waned, has influence our that or decline in is America that you tells who “anyone in when Huntsman, Jon Gov. Utah Former about.” talking they’re what know doesn’t the race for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, warned that unless Americans Americans unless that warned nomination, presidential Republican 2012 the for race the bright As 2015.” by century American the of “end the see would they directions, changed The wind. the in whistling both are they are, politicians these of both as capable and dominance and leadership global U.S. of era II War post-World — the century American cessation the mean not does that While back. coming not is it and ago, a decade — ended society U.S. in transformation a significant mark does it might, and wealth American of transformation, this with cope To world. the in place country’s the and economics, and decline. relative nation’s the recognize to needs Americans By David S. Mason I Makes the Grade the Makes Century” “American the Inequality an End to Economic Put The U.S. No Longer Longer No U.S. The

Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon The “American century” as a term was the began that year, and before the election either Iraq or Afghanistan, and the biggest title of an influential essay written in 1941 of President Obama. (Also, go online to global political changes happening right for Life magazine by its publisher, Henry endoftheamericancentury.blogspot.com.) now — the “Arab Spring” and the rise of Luce. As Hitler’s armies stormed across In the years since, the situation has im- political Islam — are almost totally Europe, Luce called on the U.S. to shoulder proved in some respects and worsened in removed from any American pull, much world leadership, come to the defense of ally others, though the overall picture remains less control. Meanwhile, China continues Britain in the wake of Nazi blitzes, and the same. its march toward financial superpower “promote, encourage and incite so-called On the positive side, Obama at least par- status, with the world’s second biggest and democratic principles throughout the world.” tially restored America’s international repu- fastest-growing major economy. Such action would “inspire us [Americans] tation — which had been so badly battered This multidimensional decline of the to live and work and fight with vigor and en- by the George W. Bush administration with U.S. is worrisome for American citizens thusiasm” and, in turn, “create the first great the Iraq War, the flaunting of international and leaders alike, of course, and is the American century.”1 Indeed, in the next law, and the sanctioning of torture — by principal motive for the fragmentation and several decades, the U.S. propelled world ending the war, pledging to respect interna- bitterness in American political life. Job trade and economic growth. Its science and tional law, banning torture, and promising loss and increasing poverty, in the face of technology provided the leading edge of in- that the U.S. would be a better global unprecedented corporate and Wall Street novation and discovery. The country’s demo- citizen.10 Also, Obama’s healthcare reform wealth (with average CEO pay now cratic institutions and educational system brings the U.S. closer to the far superior al- almost $13 million14), fuel protest and ex- served as beacons all over the world. Its ternatives of other developed countries. tremism on both the right and the left. The popular and consumer cultures were envied And his economic stim- roots of fear and hos- and mimicked everywhere. And American ulus plan helped stabi- tility in the Tea Party military prowess was admired and feared by lize the free-falling American education, once have much in common governments and revolutionaries alike. economy and stem the with those of Occupy Yet in recent decades, particularly since alarming upswing in the world’s best, now ranks Wall Street; both 9/11, every aspect of this American pre- unemployment (at 10 near the bottom among camps feel marginal- dominance has faded. The U.S. economy, percent at its worst in ized and helpless vis- riddled with debt (both government and late 2009 and down to a developed countries. U.S. à-vis those in power, household), has not yet recovered from its little more than eight whether in government steepest decline since 1946;2 economic ex- percent as of July). corporations, once exemplars or corporations. The pansion over the last decade, averaging just On the other hand, of dynamism, innovation 2010 “Citizens 1.7 percent, marks the most prolonged slow the U.S. national debt United” decision of period since the Depression.3 American ed- ballooned to more than and efficiency, are hampered the Supreme Court, es- ucation, once the world’s best, now ranks $15 trillion — dwarfing sentially allowing un- near the bottom among developed coun- the $10 trillion of 2008 by bureaucracy, corruption limited corporate con- tries.4 U.S. corporations, once exemplars of that many historians and and bloated executive tributions to political dynamism, innovation and efficiency, are economists thought was campaigns, opened the hampered by bureaucracy, corruption and unsustainable even then. payrolls, and few generate floodgates for money bloated executive payrolls, and few gener- A quarter century ago, in politics — an issue ate ingenuity, growth or jobs, at least in this in his book The Rise ingenuity, growth or jobs, at that was a serious country. Apple, for example, manufactures and Fall of the Great problem even before almost all of its iPhones, iPads, and other Powers, historian Paul least in this country. that decision. This products overseas, when not long ago they Kennedy pointed to the ruling will strengthen were made in America.5 While U.S. con- U.S. federal debt, then at 44 percent of gross the clout of monied interests in U.S. poli- sumer goods and popular culture remain domestic product, as a worrisome conse- tics and almost certainly exacerbate the fashionable in much of the world, there is quence of “imperial overstretch” — a doubt and alienation felt by ordinary at the same time increasing resistance to common feature of the historical collapse of Americans. Indeed, a new national poll American culture and traditions.6 Witness, great empires. The only other historical shows Americans’ distrust of government for example, the global proliferation of the example of a great power becoming so in- at its highest level ever.15 “Occupy Wall Street” movements. Even the debted in peacetime was France in the red, white and blue political machine, 1780s, where the fiscal crisis was one of the America gets in its own way awash in money, is no longer the favored major causes of the French Revolution. The polarized political environment — method for political development.7 And the Today, Kennedy’s concerns seem almost intensified by sharpened rhetoric and bitter U.S. Constitution is increasingly viewed in quaint, with the federal debt approaching invective (e.g., a congressman yelling “you other countries as antiquated both in its def- 100 percent of gross domestic product. lie” at President Obama during the latter’s inition of government powers and narrow Furthermore, in many other respects, the fall 2009 speech to the chamber) — has sense of human rights (for example, not in- U.S. continues to lose ground. Domestical- rendered almost impossible any effort to cluding gender equality or ensuring educa- ly, while the stock market and economy address the huge and varied issues con- tion or healthcare).8 And while America have picked up somewhat, the unemploy- fronting the country. Furthermore, the very used to be considered the epitome of eco- ment rate of some eight percent remains issue of U.S. decline has itself become part nomic opportunity and social mobility, stubbornly high, with a persistence not seen of the political debate, compounding this recent studies demonstrate that the U.S. since the Depression era.11 Poverty rates are predicament. Some, like the neoconserva- lags behind many other countries even on among the highest since the early 1960s,12 tive historian and former State Department this cherished value.9 and economic inequality is the highest official Robert Kagan, argue that the since the Depression, with the top one decline of America is “a myth,” pointing to The U.S. takes one step forward, percent earning almost 24 percent of the the global acceptance of American values two steps back nation’s income (as it had in 1928, too).13 and principles and the continued supremacy These were all themes of my book, Internationally, while the U.S. reputation of the country’s military.16 Many other poli- The End of the American Century, pub- has been restored somewhat, American in- ticians and commentators acknowledge and lished by Rowman & Littlefield in 2008 fluence worldwide is waning. The U.S. was rue American decline, but bicker about — before the economic collapse that unable to accomplish its stated missions in whom to blame.

6 Fall 2012 Two other factors complicate things: the president or political party. Over decades, understanding America’s continuing vital- almost fanatical desire of Americans to be inequality grew, tax rates declined, poverty ity, even in relative decline. There is no No. 1 at everything; and the paradoxical increased, and household and government other country quite like it, with its combi- condition that the U.S. can be both the best debt mushroomed. Over a generation, nation of democratic institutions, imposing and the worst at the same time. This is the Americans consumed more than they pro- economy, entrepreneurial spirit, large pop- case, for example, of both healthcare and duced, spent more than they saved — in ulation, abundant territory, and bountiful higher education. No one contests that the general lived beyond their means. What materials. Harnessing all of this, once best medical care in the world is available took 25 years to develop cannot be reme- again, will require wise and dedicated po- in this country. But on almost every statisti- died in a few years, or by one or two presi- litical leadership, and a spirit of common cal measure (e.g., quality and access of dential administrations; corrections will purpose and compromise. It also will healthcare; infant mortality), the average take at least a generation. Such plights are require policies that enable the capable yet level of healthcare for American citizens not temporary or episodic, but structural provide for the poor. The American underperforms the industrialized world, and systemic. They are both a cause of and economy is in transition from one based on winding up near the rear.17 Similarly, the a consequence of global change as well: the consumption, financial services, and debt U.S. boasts the world’s best universities, end of the Cold War and “bipolarity;” the to something else, yet to be determined. but in international comparisons and inter- spread of economic globalization; the sway But because this transition is systematic, it national competitions, American students of transnational movements and organiza- will be long-term, and in the process, many fare abysmally.18 tions; and the rise of new forces like China. people will be left behind by the old The main reason for this seeming As financial expert and author David Roth- economy or displaced by the transition paradox is inequality. For those who can kopf observes in his recent book Power, itself. Those people will have to be sup- afford it, the world’s best medical care and Inc., lines have become blurred “between ported until the new economy is function- best universities are there for the taking. corporations and individuals, companies ing properly and unemployment stabilizes. But the U.S. has the largest percentage of and states, nations and the global commu- This means sacrifices by all Americans, poor people of any developed country19 and nity.”25 The U.S., which so effectively and particularly by those who have benefit- the most unequal distribution of wealth and managed the changes of the postwar world, ted so much from the lopsided growth of income.20 The poor, often saddled with un- is neither prepared nor equipped to deal the last 30 years, as the country strives employment, broken homes, violent envi- with these new challenges. anew to make the grade. n ronments, ineffective schools, and inade- An even more difficult obstacle for quate health insurance, end up dragging most Americans is psychological — rec- David S. Mason (Butler down the “averages” for the nation. It is be- ognizing and accepting that the U.S. is no University), Professor Emeritus coming increasingly clear that inequality longer No. 1 in everything, and moving of Political Science at Butler hurts society as a whole. A recent global on from that. There are, after all, consid- University, has written many study by the International Monetary Fund, erable advantages to not being No. 1 in- other books besides The End of for example, found that countries with ternationally: less a target of resentment, the American Century alluded strong economic growth tended to have blame, and anger; and less frequently ex- to above. A Concise History of greater income inequality than those with pected to intervene on international or Modern Europe: Liberty, Equality, weak growth and concluded that “sustain- global quandaries. The country will more Solidarity, 2nd ed. (2011), Revolutionary Europe able economic reform is possible only easily be able to approach such issues on 1789-1989: Liberty, Equality, Solidarity (2004), and when its benefits are widely shared.”21 Over its own terms. Becoming less voracious Marketing Democracy: Changing Opinion about the past quarter century, this has not been consumers will reduce America’s substan- Inequality and Politics in East Central Europe, the case in the U.S., where the rich have tial burden on global resources and the co-authored with James Kluegel (2000), all were prospered, and the situation of almost environment, too. Similarly, in the domes- published by Rowman & Littlefield. Mason’s body everyone else has stagnated. tic sphere, an honest recognition that the of work further includes Revolution and Transition U.S. is no longer “the first” or “the best” in East Central Europe, 2nd ed. (Westview, 1996), Change the mindset to rise to the occasion in this or that will enable it to confront Social Justice and Political Change: Public Opinion Economic inequality is, in my view, the those areas and try to redress them. It is in Capitalist and Post-Communist States, co-edited key to all other aspects of American do- unlikely, for example, that America can with James Kluegel and Bernd Wegener (Aldine mestic and global decline. This disparity restore its global economic competitive- de Gruyter, 1995), Revolution in East-Central has widened steadily since the 1970s22 ness until fixing the educational paradigm Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the and is a major factor in the quadrupling of and modernizing infrastructure. Cold War (Westview, 1992), and Public Opinion and U.S. household debt from 1975 to 2007 The U.S. will not return to the easy Political Change in Poland, 1980‑1982 (Cambridge (adjusted for inflation).23 While the stan- global dominance it enjoyed during the University Press, 1985). Mason has won numerous dard of living for most Americans re- American century. Its formidable military research grants from leading entities such as mained unchanged during this time, the power is now mostly irrelevant, perhaps the National Science Foundation, National rich got richer.24 And the top marginal tax even counterproductive, in a world where Endowment for the Humanities, Rockefeller rate in 1963 was 91 percent but by 2003 it the biggest threats to humanity come from Foundation, Hoover Institution, American had fallen to 35 percent. So the only climate change, terrorism, famine, and Council of Learned Societies, and National source for increased tax revenue — the disease rather than from armies charging Council for Eurasian and East European Research. increasingly wealthy rich — was short- borders. America’s considerable economic While at Butler, he headed the political science circuited by a simultaneous and long-term power is not the global juggernaut that it department, the international studies program, decline in tax rates for the wealthy. Con- once was. And the “soft power” of consum- and the university’s global civilizations core sequently, the government was starved of er society, popular culture, and political curriculum. Mason earned degrees from Cornell increased revenues to cope with the bur- schema has lost some of its luster as many University (B.A. in government), The Johns Hopkins geoning poor, and the escalating needs for other countries have emerged with hipper, School of Advanced International Studies healthcare, education, infrastructure, etc. more attractive, or more efficient models (M.A. in international affairs), and Indiana As citizens had to borrow more, so did (like China, Japan, Germany, and Brazil). University (Ph.D. in political science). Email him the government, fostering the liquidity While the U.S. may not be No. 1 in any at [email protected]. crisis both find themselves in now. single dimension, it remains a strong and For footnotes, go online to These problems did not originate with successful society in virtually every area of www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. Obama, or Bush, or any other single human endeavor. This is perhaps the key to

Fall 2012 7 Chanoyu: Following Ceremony to a Tea By Noriko Tsunoda Reider hy do millions of Japanese practice chanoyu, the venerable tea ceremony-cum-performance art, Wwhen one can make a cup of tea with a tea bag in minutes? What were and are the functions, expectations, and ramifications of this long-standing ritual? When one examines the evolution of the custom, from sociopolitical to economic to medicinal to metaphysical factors, and from gender to class to pedagogic to nationalistic considerations, it becomes clear that not only the practitioners of chanoyu but also the tea ceremony itself have gone through many phases of making the grade over the centuries.

A woodcut print of utensils for a tea ceremony, circa 1810-18. Portion of Library of Congress image, digitally altered

8 Fall 2012 Historical beginnings Although Japan is associated with green tea, tea plants are not native to the nation. Tea was introduced to Japan from China reportedly in the eighth century. A record indicates that Emperor Shômu, a devout Buddhist, invited Buddhist monks to a religious ceremony in which tea drinking was involved at some point during his reign from 724 to 749. There is no further information about this tea drinking. In 815, a Bud- dhist monk, Eichû, served tea to Emperor Saga, whose reign was from 809 to 823. Although it was enjoyed in the Imperial circle, the convention soon waned for unknown reasons. Eisai (1141-1215), regarded as the founder of Japanese Rinzai School of Zen Buddhism, brought powdered tea — the tea used for the present tea ceremony — and tea seeds to Japan from China. Eisai was a great advocate for tea drinking. “Tea is the most wonderful medicine for nourishing one’s health; it is the secret of long life,” he declared in his book Kissa yôjô ki (Drink Tea and Nourish Life). For “the secret of health lies in the well-being of the five organs,” Eisai continued. “Among these five the heart is sovereign, and to build up the heart the drinking of tea is the finest method.”1 In fact, he wrote Drink Tea and Nourish Life “in the hope of saving the Shogun [military leader] Sanetomo [1192-1219] from alcoholism by extolling the virtues of ‘the cup that cheers but does not ine- briate.’”2 (Sanetomo’s brief life ended for another reason: assassination at the hands of his nephew, who, in turn, was quickly beheaded.) By the 14th century, the practice of drinking tea had spread to the warrior class in medieval Japan, perhaps because the simplicity and aus- terity of Zen philosophy fit the lifestyle of samurai, a burgeoning class that needed a new culture. But soon tea gatherings became luxuri- ous parties among military lords and wealthy merchants. Chanoyu gave them “opportunities to socialize, for business discussions (or battle strategy), and to demonstrate their dignity in a public setting. Since neither of these groups be- longed to the aristocracy, it can be assumed that a crucial motive for their practice of the tea ceremony was a desire to acquire refined manners, thereby achieving elevated status.”3 During the chaotic Warring States (1467- 1573), Japan was not a unified nation; instead, dozens of independent factions clashed regularly amid social upheaval and political in- trigue, making armed conflict and sudden death part of everyday life. This state of tumul- tuous affairs affected the tea ceremony in at least two ways. First, because class and standing were fluid and not necessarily predeter- mined, even a peasant could become a military lord. Therefore, social distinctions were not strictly observed in tea gatherings; anyone could be invited and everyone in attendance could behave as equals. Second, the quintessential term of the tea ceremony, ichigo ichie — this meeting could be our last — brewed accordingly. Since every human encounter was a singular occasion, never to recur exactly the same way again, and since reality was in pre- carious flux, mindful host entertained apprecia- tive guests. And in this environment wabicha

Fall 2012 9 (a rustic tea ceremony in a small space) — the tea ceremony as a highly-stylized art form — emerged. Wabicha originated from a Zen Buddhist priest named Murata Shukô (1422?-1502), who believed in sober and imperfect beauty. Merchant tea master and warlord adviser Sen Rikyû (1521-91) perfected wabicha by fusing it with Zen sensibilities. Practitioners of the tea ceremony were men; the reasons for this are unclear but may pertain to protecting or enhancing station, stature, and sway. Rich merchants and military lords competed to practice the tea ceremony because they were considered the creators of culture; chanoyu, therefore, became a status symbol, a way of making the grade. It also was not un- common for tea gatherings to take on political purposes in negotiations or connote a show of force vis-à-vis power and wealth. The feudal lord Oda Nobunaga (1534-82), for example, displayed expen- sive utensils at tea ceremonies to under- Top: the author hosts a tea score his prowess. And the life of Matsu- ceremony at Miami University in naga Hisahide (1510-1577), a rival mili- 2010, as her daughter MaryEllen tary lord, was spared after he gave his in- Sakura Reider, a high school valuable tea caddy, called tsukumonasu, to senior, and Tariq Lacy, a senior Nobunaga.4 (Hisahide wound up commit- East Asian languages and ting suicide after Nobunaga successfully cultures major at the campus, besieged him, and one of Hisahide’s observe. Left: the author (lower orders before taking his life was to destroy left) attends a new-year tea a priceless tea kettle, hiragumo, that No- ceremony at a temple in Tokyo in bunaga had coveted.) João Rodrigues the late 1980s. The distinguished (1561?-1633), a Portuguese Jesuit mis- elderly lady (center, in glasses sionary who came to Japan in 1577, com- and gray kimono) was her tea mented on the tea ceremony: “although master, or sensei, Suwabe Seisen, the small house and its utensils may who passed away more than a appear rough, people spend large sums of decade ago. money on them. Some earthenware utensils may be worth twenty thousand crowns Chanoyu, then, largely became a quasi-lei- necessarily interested in chanoyu, but they — something which will appear as surely pursuit of men of privilege. became passionate about the rite upon ob- madness to other nations.”5 taining its utensils, scrolls, and huts. Mean- In the Edo period (1600–1868), the Later iterations while, important iemoto and practitioners shoguns of the ruling Tokugawa family en- With the fall of the Tokugawa military of chanoyu defended the tea ceremony as a forced a rigid class system, and practitioners government in Edo (old Tokyo) in 1868, spiritual foundation for the Japanese. And of tea ceremonies largely adhered to this the tea ceremony faced potential extinction. arts scholar Okakura Kakuzô (or Tenshin, mandate. By claiming some relationship The ensuing Meiji (1868-1912) govern- 1862-1913) explained in The Book of Tea with Rikyû — through relatives or disciples ment wanted to establish a modern society (1906), a landmark volume he wrote in — various schools of the tea ceremony with social advancement at least partially English, that the tea ceremony is arose. For instance, the Sekishû School, based on merit. The introduction of univer- [a] cult founded on the adoration of the founded by Katagiri Sadamasa (1605- sal conscription to serve a highly mecha- beautiful among the sordid facts of 1673), a feudal lord who learned the tea nized military made samurai obsolete, and everyday existence. It inculcates purity ceremony from the disciple of Rikyû’s chanoyu lost patrons. Furthermore, as the and harmony, the mystery of mutual eldest son, was “popular among the feudal early Meiji government looked to the West charity, the romanticism of the social lords because of a rule that allowed a for inspiration in everything from medicine order. … [T]he philosophy of Tea is not student to receive qualifications to teach the to politics to literature, and ignored tradi- mere aestheticism in the ordinary accep- tea ceremony once they had completed a tional Japanese performing arts, the tea cer- tance of the term, for it expresses con- course”6 (The Sekishû School is still emony was considered inconsequential. jointly with ethics and religion our whole extant.) Yet when lineage counted heavily, Japanese art objects, tea utensils, and point of view about man and nature. … It some iemoto (the founder or headmaster of related hanging scrolls sold for next to represents the true spirit of Eastern de- traditional Japanese art schools) of lower nothing. The tea ceremony, deemed anti- mocracy by making all its votaries aristo- social ranking could socialize with those quated and insignificant, was submerged by crats in taste. … Our home and habits, above them. For example, the iemoto of the the tsunami wave of Westernization. costume and cuisine, porcelain, lacquer, three Senke Schools (Omote Senke, A lifeline came from a handful of power- painting — our very literature — all Mushanokôji Senke, and Ura Senke), es- ful and wealthy businessmen and political have been subject to its influence.7 tablished by the sons of one of the grand- leaders like entrepreneur Masuda Takashi Furthering its impact, the tea ceremony sons of Rikyû, taught chanoyu to feudal (or Don’ô, 1848-1938) and statesman Inoue found a great alliance in women. The main lords and thereby made the grade. (The Segai (or Kaoru, 1835-1915) who collected reason was because studying it was consid-

Senke Schools are popular today.) art. Initially, these elite men were not ered instrumental to learning etiquette. Reider Tsunoda Miami University; Noriko 1980s photo: Center, Scripps Gerontology

10 Fall 2012 When educator Atomi Kakei (1840-1926) advancing gender equality. Women usurp a founded a women’s school in Tokyo in role previously dominated by men and find 1875 (the Atomi School for Girls still exists common cause in doing so, all the while today), she adopted the tea ceremony in her keeping alive what’s most important about curriculum to teach manners and decorum. the national legacy: valuing precious beauty Other women’s educational institutions on its literal and spiritual levels. Not neces- gradually added the tea ceremony to their sarily. At least until the 1950s, male execu- pedagogy. During the ensuing Taisho period tives and business owners practiced chanoyu (1912-26), which pursued liberal democra- The alcove in for social networking. Kuwabara Takeo, a cy, the tea ceremony expanded rapidly and the Santoku-an renowned scholar of French literature, wrote became remarkably popular, much through tea hut on the in 1953: “These days most capitalists in the tea ceremony curriculum at women’s grounds of the Osaka do the tea ceremony. A president of a schools, not to mention the influence of Dai Nihon Chado company told me that he did not like it at all. iemoto.8 The practitioners of the tea ceremo- Gakkai (Japan But [he said that] some men who regained ny were hitherto predominantly men, but Association power after the war … identify themselves the ratio of male to female chanoyu practi- of the Tea as tea ceremony practitioners … and the tea tioners reversed by the 1930s.9 Ceremony) in ceremony is the most effective means [for The belief that the tea ceremony was the Tokyo, Japan. ambitious business people] of toadying to best way for young Japanese women to them.”16 What’s more, one reason that eco- learn etiquette grew in the mid-20th nomically successful men ceased to practice century. Chanoyu helped women make the Elements of a Formal it after World War II might have been due to grade for marriage and homemaking. Soon Japanese Tea Ceremony new ways of socialization such as golf.17 after World War II, Sen Sôshitsu XIV The formal Japanese tea ceremony, chanoyu, (1893-1964), the 14th iemoto of the Ura typically held for one to five guests today, Timeless appeal Senke school, exclaimed, “First of all, the encompasses three stages that cumulatively There are many benefits to performing urgent business is that schoolgirls seem to last about four hours when conducted in a chanoyu beyond empowerment through have completely forgotten about good teahouse. The host, or teishu, and guests knowledge and recognition. For one thing, manners as a result of long mobilization usually wear kimonos. There is no particular rituals can be reassuring once one knows and wartime life. I think it is critical to get season or occasion for chanoyu; when and how to follow them, as it is soothing to see them back on track. … I want to diffuse how often to attend is an individual choice. steam rising out of a cast-iron pot in the the tea ceremony thoroughly in society — First, guests enter the tearoom and spare loveliness of a tearoom and calming not only to the limited number of people appreciate the decorations chosen by the to hear tea being stirred by a bamboo whisk called the tea masters but to call out to the host such as a hanging scroll in the alcove. A amid hushed appreciation. A tea ceremony, masses.”10 At the same time, some Japanese bamboo shade on the window of the in other words, is a quiet moment amid intellectuals, like Hisamatsu Sen’ichi teahouse provides further atmosphere; tatami turbulent life; in this fast-paced society, (1894-1974), claimed chanoyu as a cultural mats cover the floor. The host then serves a chanoyu provides a place to relax, a retreat synthesis embracing many traditional arts meal in the same room. Afterwards, guests from the hectic outside world. As signifi- and sciences such as Zen, architecture, retire to an inner garden for quiet conversation cantly, and as alluded to above, practitioners flower arrangements, and calligraphy. and contemplation. Meanwhile, the host of the tea ceremony embrace tradition and Through media and lifelong learning replaces the hanging scroll in the alcove with promote heritage. They carry cachet as centers, the tea ceremony spread to the flowers, sets out necessary tea utensils, and bearers of national pride. Most of all, they masses and to women in particular. rolls up the bamboo screen. The climactic final enjoy the ambiance of serenity and perhaps In the latter half of the 1950s and early stage starts when participants return and the the satisfaction of making the grade that ’60s, women began to appear at the host makes thick tea in a silent, stylized come with chanoyu. n center of culture because an increase in manner and engages the guest of honor in a national income and the introduction of formal dialogue about tea. Then everyone Noriko Tsunoda Reider electric appliances such as washing ma- takes turns savoring this thick tea. The host (The Ohio State University) chines allowed homemakers to pursue serves a thin tea, again in prescriptive silence, earned an instructor’s certificate 1 other interests, including chanoyu. Home- to conclude the festivities. in Japanese tea ceremonies makers who finished childrearing sudden- Chanoyu, then, “calls for a good knowledge from the Dai Nihon Chado ly had time and money to enrich them- of architecture, landscape gardens, and tea Gakkai (Japan Association of selves and others, in this case, to learn to utensils, as well as the capacity to appreciate the Tea Ceremony) in 1986. 2 perform tea ceremonies.11 the total effect of their beauty.” Professor of Japanese literature, — Noriko Tsunoda Reider language, and folklore at Miami University, she Contemporary permutations has published two books, Japanese Demon That trend has continued. More than 2.6 Lore: Oni, from Ancient Times to the Present (Utah million people host or attend tea ceremonies, acknowledgement beyond that limited role. State University Press, 2010) and Tales of the and 90 percent of them are women, accord- They obtain such social acknowledgement, Supernatural in Early Modern Japan: Kaidan, ing to the Statistics Bureau of Japan, as of first of all, from gaining attention and Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari (The Edwin Mellen 1996.12 (The population of Japan in 1995 respect from other women,” remarks cultur- Press, 2002), and more than a dozen articles on exceeded 125 million; preliminary count in al anthropologist Etsuko Kato, an expert in Japanese themes in academic journals. Reider also 2010 surpassed 128 million.13) Nowadays, a Japanese tea ceremonies. “By giving each has presented research and papers in her fields at number of young women start chanoyu out other the chance to present their body move- scores of conferences, workshops and colloquia. She of curiosity, and the incentive to learn eti- ment and knowledge,” Kato adds, “these earned degrees in Japanese history from Sophia

Dai Nihon Chado Gakkai Dai quette through it remains strong. Almost women create a unique social space for each University in Tokyo (B.A., M.A.) and in Japanese half of the female practitioners are in their other. They together expand their space in literature from The Ohio State University (M.A., late 40s or older and have completed society for further acknowledgment.”15 Ph.D.). Her email address is [email protected]. domestic responsibilities of childrearing.14 One might assume, then, that the tea They “have social acknowledgement only ceremony has come to serve as a progressive For footnotes and more photos, go online to as domestic supporters, and wish to have act by subverting sex-role socialization and www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012.

Fall 2012 11 A Normansfield patient, circa 1885, is dressed in the latest style, with no expense spared.

Children Who Disappeared in Britain By Deborah Cohen Elizabeth never came home, not even for and adults in facilities across Britain (out of ucy Gardner and Elizabeth Scott- holidays. Institutionalized from the age of a total population of 53 million).5 Like Sanderson arrived at the Normans- one, she spent the next 30-plus years at Elizabeth, they came disproportionately Lfield Training Institution outside of Normansfield. Elizabeth also arrived with from the upper echelons of British society London, England, with the same diagnosis: basic articles of clothing, but aside from and were sent away for the greater part of “imbeciles from birth.”1 What happened to getting a set of drawers and petticoats at their lives.6 Lucy, the well-tended child, these well-to-do children, however, proved age two and a turquoise taffeta dress at 12, was a Victorian, born in 1878. For the Vic- far different. she received no additional garments from torians, a so-called imbecile child was cer- Five-year-old Lucy brought with her home.4 Her mother visited once or twice a tainly an affliction, but not one to be hidden trunks of pretty clothes, a wardrobe that her year during the first decade she resided at from friends and neighbors. It wasn’t, then, anxious mother replenished with regular Normansfield and sporadically thereafter. until the interwar years that large numbers deliveries of frocks, bonnets, sashes, stock- Her father, a lieutenant colonel in the of mentally disabled children — people ings, sachets, brushes, and comb bags.2 On British Army, came to see her only twice. who had failed to make the grade — disap- visits home, Lucy attended garden parties After Elizabeth turned 18, she received no peared into a lifetime of confinement. and teas; when away, neighbors and ac- visitors ever again. quaintances inquired about her. Well- The most important difference in the Victorian ideas about progress known in her Scottish town, Lucy was, in fates of Elizabeth and Lucy wasn’t their Normansfield opened in 1868, the brain- her mother’s description, a “bright lovable progress at Normansfield but the moment child of Dr. John Langdon Down and his little creature” who won the affection of in which they lived. Elizabeth was born in wife Mary, ardent liberals and devout evan- everyone.3 After four years of training, 1920, amid a wave of institutionalization gelicals. John Langdon Down identified the Lucy returned to a family that delightedly that had, by the mid-1960s, deposited condition he called “Mongolian idiocy,” pronounced her much improved. almost 65,000 mentally deficient children today known as Down syndrome. His www.langdondownmuseum.org.uk Disability, Museum of Learning Langdon Down

12 Fall 2012 Pessimistic new era But by the turn of the 20th century, it was clear that the improvement for which many parents longed was out of reach. The percentage of patients discharged as “re- lieved” or “improved” was diminishing. Among a new generation of social reform- ers, moreover, John Langdon Down’s vision of Normansfield — as an institution for training and rehabilitation — was increasingly viewed as foolhardy, even dangerous. This new generation, led by educator and charity worker Mary Dendy and physician Alfred Tredgold, sought instead permanent confinement, arguing that the hereditary nature of mental defect made it imperative that idiots, imbeciles, and the merely feeble-minded (a sliding scale of disability) be barred from producing families of their own.16 John Langdon Down’s son, Reginald, who succeeded to the directorship of Nor- John Langdon Down, founder of Normansfield, as painted by Sydney Hodges. Mary Langdon Down works mansfield upon his father’s death at age 67 at her writing desk. in 1896, emblemized this new view. A prominent member of Britain’s Eugenics promise — “to open out fresh realms of They accompanied mothers or nursemaids Society, Reginald became one of Britain’s happiness for a class who have the strongest on errands or, like Freddie Bailey, son of a leading advocates for the sterilization of claims on our sympathy” — soon brought spirit merchant, stacked shelves in his fa- the mentally unfit. More than simply a man trainloads of worried parents to Normans- ther’s warehouse. The writer Virginia of his time, he was also a more pessimistic field’s iron gates.7 By 1883, the year that Woolf’s half-sister, Laura, joined the and aloof personality than his genial Lucy Gardner arrived, Normansfield com- family at the dinner table every evening parents. The devotion to Christianity and prised a park of 40 manicured acres and a though, as Woolf later disparagingly ob- liberalism that motivated the elder massive red-brick and Portland stone served, her “idiocy was becoming daily Langdon Downs was replaced in Reginald complex of buildings for more than 150 more obvious.”12 by a commitment to the medical profession mentally disabled young people in resi- Because the popular reputation of the and a passion for Oriental porcelain, dence. Evident in the stately reception Victorian family includes shameful rela- pottery and furniture. rooms and newly-built Gothic theater, ob- tives stashed away in attics, it comes as Reginald’s pessimism about Normans- served one reporter, was “the resolution to a surprise to recognize how public and field’s patients was increasingly widely have the best of everything.”8 visible Normansfield’s patients in fact shared. The majority of witnesses who tes- The idea that so-called idiots could be were. Like Lucy Gardner, they made tified before the 1907 Parliamentary Com- “trained,” educated, even cured, was Victo- regular trips home for their holidays; at- mittee on the Care and Control of the Fee- rian medical science’s equivalent of the tele- tended pageants and church services, ble-Minded agreed not just that the graph — proof that the limits of human Sunday School openings and military problem of mental deficiency was passed achievement had hardly been tapped.9 No drills; and joined kin on visits to neigh- down through the generations but that it longer, vowed a new generation of reform- bors.13 The very public lives the patients was on the rise. The 1913 Mental Deficien- ers, would the weak in intellect, if poor, be led helps explain the painstaking atten- cy Act gave the authorities unprecedented abandoned to the mercies of the workhouse tion paid to their appearance. Separated powers to detain and segregate the weak in or, if rich, be exiled to the care of servants.10 from her little daughter by 400 miles, intellect; they, alone among all segments of Normansfield was for families of means, and Lucy Gardner’s mother nonetheless the community, could be deprived of indi- the reporters who visited were soon detailing sought to put together fetching ensem- vidual liberties that — it was argued — had triumphs. Pupils who came to Normansfield bles for the girl, suggesting that a red never rightfully been theirs to enjoy.17 unable to say more than a few words had ribbon sash be paired with an embroi- In less than two decades, the notion of Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability, www.langdondownmuseum.org.uk learned to multiply 17 by 24, sing hymns, dered dress.14 segregating the mentally disabled perma- and decline Latin nouns. Imposing from the To send a child to Normansfield was, for nently became social policy. And the outside, light and airy in its interior, Nor- most Victorian parents, a sacrifice worth change in the early 20th century among mansfield called to mind a well-funded the expense. Normansfield cost nearly Normansfield families was perceptible. private school, not a hospital. According to twice as much annually as the services of a Disabled children were not discussed as one reporter, Normansfield was a place where trained nurse and was comparable to the openly as before and attended parties less “idiots had been found to have a future.”11 price of Britain’s best public schools. often, and Normansfield parents, for the The vast majority of John Langdon Parents peppered Mary Langdon Down first time, complained about the cost of Down’s patients came directly from their with inquiries about their children’s devel- fancy attire. “It is so sad,” wrote one homes and the expectation was that they opment, asking whether fingers had been mother of her son, “that even with his would return to their families. Although the coaxed into holding pens and minds trained growing intelligence he is such a hopeless Langdon Downs accepted quite young to tell the time. Some parents counted even way off ever being able to earn his own children, most of the Victorian patients upon a cure. Reassured constantly about living or be thoroughly dependable.”18 De- ranged between the ages of eight and 16 — her youngest son Maurice’s progress, Ethel pendability meant not gawking or standing and hence were familiar figures in their Wheeler marked the days until he returned with one’s mouth open — behaviors once neighborhoods. Middle-class children home. As she put it: “I felt when I left him sometimes ignored or even tolerated. The unable to attend school led lives that were behind and indeed ever since that all the borderland of normal, which many Nor- tightly circumscribed, but hardly invisible. light and brightness of my life had gone.”15 mansfield patients inhabited, had become

Fall 2012 13 abnormal. Permanent incarceration was problem was no longer simply, as it had Victorian openness versus modern secrets becoming a reality. been for the Edwardians, that the feeble- The children of the Victorians viewed Beginning in the 1920s, mentally dis- minded, turned loose to propagate, would their parents as the most formidable secret- abled children of the middle and upper beget idiots. Now, the science of heredity keepers. But the history of the mentally dis- classes were dispatched from their homes revealed that even those seemingly of abled, as reflected in Normansfield’s rise at earlier and earlier ages, some even from normal intelligence could be “carriers” for and fall, tells the opposite story. Victorians birth. Elizabeth Scott-Sanderson was an un- imbecility; one idiot in the family was an of the middle and upper classes discussed usually placid baby, so much so that her indictment of all.21 Against the backdrop of learning difficulties much more openly than mother, Edith, soon began to did their children and grandchil- worry. The youngest of six dren, who proved willing to daughters, the infant showed no conceal the mentally handi- interest in her bottle and though capped altogether. Victorian she sat up and laughed when ex- openness arose, in large pected and had a peachy com- measure, from a new hope of plexion and beautiful features, improvement, and against a she started to have fits at seven backdrop less colored by hered- months, could hardly hold her itarian beliefs than has often head up, and rarely smiled been assumed. anymore. Although the family An “idiot” in the family had doctor could find nothing physi- always been a misfortune and cally wrong with the child, he a source of sorrow. Since the thought it a hopeless case of beginning of time, families, mental impairment and advised too, had sought to rid them- institutionalization. By the time selves of inconvenient Edith contacted Reginald Lang- members. What changed in don-Down, she was desperate.19 Normansfield’s Gothic theater and chapel, late-19th century. the early 20th century were the The Normansfield Elizabeth scale of the problem and the entered looked much the same as it had in a panic about mental deficiency — the gov- scope of the solution. Failed efforts to Victorian times, but its mission was very ernment’s own 1929 investigation calculat- redeem the weak in intellect during the different. Long-term custodial care had ed that one in every 100 Britons was men- era of optimism served as the proof that become the institution’s basic orientation. tally defective, for a total of more than the task was itself impossible. When the Patients would not go home, even for hol- 300,000 — the silence and secrecy that sur- pendulum swung to secrecy, it did so with idays, and parental visits were scaled rounded the feeble in mind intensified.22 the ferocity of repudiation. A feeble- back. Three years into Elizabeth’s stay, The papers that chronicle Elizabeth minded child cast doubt on parents’ her mother appreciated the improvement Scott-Sanderson’s life at Normansfield health and mental soundness and endan- evidenced in the photographs Reginald number a thin sheaf. While Elizabeth gered siblings’ prospects in marriage. Langdon-Down sent her. However, the grew “brighter and more cheerful,” and Families that had been pitied became way in which Elizabeth’s mother ex- made efforts to talk, her speech never pro- families to fear. Institutions such as Nor- pressed her admiration indicated the dis- gressed very far and she began to rock mansfield, founded to promote the inte- tance she intended to maintain; as she herself to and fro. At the age of eight, she gration of the mentally disabled and help wrote Reginald: “I thought she had come slipped further backward: more fits, inten- them make the grade as best they could, on really wonderfully, in fact I think she is sified screaming, trouble walking. When became the means by which they could a marvel and you must indeed be very she was 10, she fell and broke her two be concealed for a lifetime. n proud of her and of how she has im- front teeth, “a great pity” her mother ob- proved.”20 That Elizabeth was, as Edith served, “as it will just spoil her she was Deborah Cohen is the Peter Scott-Sanderson put it, “a great credit” to so pretty.”23 Although Elizabeth could B. Ritzma Professor of the the institution vindicated the decision to play with simple toys at the age of 20, she Humanities and Professor put her there in the first place. did not have any other occupations. By of History at Northwestern Short of Elizabeth’s complete restoration 1955, the last recorded entry in the University. Her new book, to normality, the Scott-Sandersons had no medical casebooks — and many years Family Secrets: The Rise of intention of reclaiming their daughter. after she had received her last visitor — Confessional Culture in Britain, Harder to pinpoint is when Elizabeth Elizabeth, age 34, had grown obese and which examines the intertwined became a family secret. Because she was “difficult and heavy to manage and history of privacy and secrecy, will be published by entered Normansfield when she was one cannot move about without assistance. … Penguin and Oxford University Press next spring. year old, her existence would have been She can do nothing for herself and at Earlier works include the award-winning Household known to family intimates and neighbors. times she has periods of screaming.”24 Gods: The British and Their Possessions (Yale In such cases, if total secrecy was impossi- Elizabeth disappears from Normansfield’s University Press, 2006) and The War Come Home: ble, sympathy and mutual embarrassment records after this point. Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 achieved much the same result. The dis- By 1951, the year that Reginald Lang- (University of California Press, 2001). Cohen has abled child was effectively purged from don-Down retired, the institution once served on the editorial board of The Journal of polite conversation, banned by an implicit viewed as the epitome of enlightened treat- Modern History and received fellowships from the code of silence. When Lt. Col. Scott-Sand- ment for the mentally disabled faced the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation erson died in 1933, his obituary listed five same problems as the rest of Britain’s “sub- and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, among (not six) daughters. Elizabeth, then 13 — normal” hospitals: decaying buildings, a others. She earned degrees from Harvard-Radcliffe able to tell her nurses “go away” but little shortage of staff, and large numbers of (B.A. in women’s studies) and University of California, else — had been erased from public record. elderly and disabled patients. An unprece- Berkeley (M.A. and Ph.D. in history). Email her at As the eugenics movement reached its dented nurses’ strike in 1976 forced a gov- [email protected]. apogee in the Twenties and Thirties, the ernment inquiry into the shocking condi- For footnotes, go online to charge of a hereditary taint took on a more tions at the hospital. In 1997, Normansfield www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. precise and devastating implication. The was finally shuttered. Archives Metropolitan London

14 Fall 2012 Photo illustration from by Reynon Arnel Shutterstock images Natural Selection: Constantly Testing By Michael Zimmerman consciousness” in people, he writes, human and further demonstrates how we volution, commonly defined as “opened the way to a life worth living.”1 make the grade as a species. changes in gene forms in a popula- Similarly, our ability to make choices Etion over time, is all about making means that we need not accept the premises Laying groundwork the grade: testing differences and promoting and implications of social Darwinism, the As thoughtful as Charles Darwin was, he those that succeed. However, apply evolu- misguided political view, arising from a never anticipated that his concept would be tion to people, and it becomes evident that misunderstanding of evolution, implying reframed in this manner. After worrying for there’s much more to being human than that injustices are acceptable because all some 20 years about the response he might sheer biology. Influential neuroscientist such differences are natural and even in- receive, Darwin was pushed to go public Antonio Damasio offers a parallel when eluctable. Indeed, the capability to move with his evolutionary ideas when a letter arguing that the interplay between mind and beyond what some might consider biologi- from Alfred Russel Wallace arrived at his brain makes us human; “the emergence of cal determinism is also something uniquely home in June 1858. In his mid-30s, Wallace

Fall 2012 15 was a struggling young naturalist who had enough to find its way into the full title of Overcoming resistance been sharing his research with Darwin reg- his great book: On the Origins of Species But natural selection wasn’t immediately ularly. Wallace’s latest note included a draft by Means of Natural Selection, or the accepted. Scientists such as Sir Richard manuscript outlining his views on evolu- Preservation of Favoured Races in the Owen, the great paleontologist and the first tion. That manuscript sent Darwin, ap- Struggle for Life. to use the word dinosaur, who had no proaching 50, into a state somewhere Natural selection, at its heart, is a shock- problem conceiving of a world in which between panic and depression because what ingly simple idea. (Biologist Thomas evolution occurred, refused to believe that Wallace outlined was remarkably similar to Henry Huxley, Darwin’s friend and cham- natural selection could create the diversity what Darwin had independently postulated. pion, exclaimed after learning the details, of life we see before us. Further, the trans- Darwin feared that his decades-long hes- “How extremely stupid not to have thought fer of natural selection from a potent bio- itancy had cost him scientific priority and of that!” and, I’d like to think, slapped his logical force to a dangerous political ideol- that Wallace would receive sole credit. forehead.) Natural selection requires three ogy began in the 1870s when sociologist (And receiving credit, simply stated, is things, elemental criteria that, it turns out, and philosopher Herbert Spencer coined itself a type of making the grade.) Shrewd exist in every population. First, there has to the term survival of the fittest as a synonym colleagues came to Darwin’s rescue, creat- be variability across individuals. In other for natural selection. Although quickly ing a plan to preserve his place in the words, individuals can’t be identical in gaining entry into everyday vernacular, sur- annals of history. They suggested that Wal- every respect. (That’s not to say that some vival of the fittest is somewhat misleading lace’s manuscript and excerpts from Dar- individuals, identical human twins for because reproduction rather than survival is win’s diaries be jointly presented at the example, can’t exist. Rather, all individuals the key in assessing long-term success. July meeting of the Linnean Society of in a population can’t be exactly the same.) (Survival is only important because the London, England’s premier natural history Second, the variability has to be heritable. dead can’t reproduce!) Survival of the association. Darwin and Wallace agreed, In other words, a genetic basis must under- fittest soon morphed into social Darwinism, and their works were read into the record lie some of the variability and differences an equally troubling notion because it most likely by John Joseph Bennett, secre- must be able to pass from parent to off- oddly assumes that what is biologically tary of the society. Neither Darwin nor spring. Third, the environment in which or- natural must always be morally appropri- Wallace was present, though, the former ganisms live and reproduce has to contain a ate. Indeed, a wide array of problematic because he didn’t like to speak in public finite amount of critically important re- causes used social Darwinism as a warped and the latter because he was in Indonesia sources. In other words, organisms must be platform, from eugenics (e.g., sterilizing collecting specimens. (It’s worth mention- limited in their ability to reproduce because the mentally handicapped) to libertarianism ing that Wallace had no say in the matter, some resources are in short supply. (e.g., refusing to fund social programs consenting to the proposal only after the Put all of this together and you end up because they help the poor or, as some fact since communication with him in out- with evolution. Some organisms will be crassly express it, less fit, survive). of-the-way places took months. Also, better able than others to utilize limited Theologians including Charles Hodge, because Wallace was poor, and in poor resources (like food, water, shelter, or head of the Princeton Theological Semi- health, it would have been easy for the hiding places from predators) and, thus, nary from 1851 to ’78, were upset because well-off Darwin and his allies simply to be more likely to survive and reproduce. natural selection apparently removed the have ignored that fateful letter.) For instance, bacteria can now live com- need for God to play an active role in creat- Oddly enough, the reaction at the fortably on nylon as a source of food, a ing species or shaping various traits. Bio- meeting was virtually nonexistent. Indeed, synthetic product not in existence until the logical forces alone could now be seen to in his annual report, Linnean Society presi- early 20th century. And the gene for coat account for the variability in the world; dent Thomas Bell commented on the lack color has mutated in some deer mice; the thus, it was unnecessary to turn to a higher of important innovations of late. “The year fur of the rodents in the Nebraskan Sand- authority as a direct explanation for the di- which has passed,” he concluded, “has not, hills is sandy-colored to make them harder versity of life. And many looking to build a indeed, been marked by any of those strik- to spot on the grasslands while their more just society, like Anglican Bishop ing discoveries which at once revolution- woodland relatives are dark brown to Samuel Wilberforce — such an antagonist ize, so to speak, the department of science protect them in the forest. Because off- of Darwin’s that he publically debated on which they bear.”2 Nonetheless, Dar- spring share some parental genes, progen- Huxley, who called himself Darwin’s win’s supporters recognized the signifi- itors pass along traits that lead to their bulldog, to a packed house of hundreds in cance of his work and urged him to move progeny’s success; these are the genetic 1860 — were appalled at what they saw as immediately to publish a full treatise on tools to enable the next generation to the political implications of natural selec- the topic and thus, the following year, one make the grade. Natural selection is just tion. In essence, they quickly noted and of the classics of the scientific literature, that basic yet just that profound. Success were repelled by the possible consequences On the Origins of Species, was born. breeds success and those individuals best of moving Darwin’s ideas into the social Most controversial about the book able to reproduce will leave more off- arena since doing so turned the objective wasn’t evolution; indeed, intellectuals spring than others. In the natural world, into the subjective, adding an agenda to across the disciplines (including his own organisms are constantly being tested. what should be neutral. grandfather, the physician and polymath Those found wanting will reproduce less Scientists had good reason to be skeptical. Erasmus Darwin) had been discussing it frequently and less successfully and their Genes, the unit of heredity that allows for centuries.3 What caused the biggest genes will slowly decrease in frequency in natural selection to operate, weren’t even problems within science, religion, and pol- the population. Anything an organism can defined until 1909 when Danish botanist itics, then as today, was the mechanism he do to maximize its efficiency at turning Wilhelm Johannsen devised the term — described so insightfully. Darwin (and resources into offspring will be favored. decades after Darwin’s death in 1882 — and Wallace) envisioned the power of natural David Barash, an evolutionary psycholo- until that point it was difficult, perhaps im- selection, the process by which organisms’ gist at University of Washington, de- possible, to operationalize Darwin’s theory. reproductive rates differ due to varying scribed the situation both succinctly and It wasn’t until the first part of the 20th physiological and behavioral characteris- poetically: “Evolution is a stern task-mis- century that the main pieces of modern evo- tics. Over time, this process shapes a tress, constantly sifting and sorting lutionary theory came together in what was species akin to how animal breeders mold through alternatives to find the most effi- to be known as the “modern evolutionary various characteristics of their livestock. cient and fitness enhancing way to accom- synthesis.” At that point enough was known In fact, natural selection was important plish the various tasks of living.”4 to allow scientists to link natural selection,

16 Fall 2012 the new field of genetics, and mutation One reason why William anti-Darwinist when it involves the kind of theory in a way that explained biological society in which we want to live. A Dar- patterns across a wide array of species and, Jennings Bryan, a three-time winian state would be a Fascist state.”11 via the growing fossil record, the huge Barash came to a similar conclusion that it expanse of geological time. Evolutionary Democratic candidate for the is inappropriate to think we can derive theory, with natural selection as one of its U.S. presidency and a populist ethical lessons from evolution: “The harsh most important mechanisms, became fully reality is that evolution by natural selection accepted in the scientific community. (And working tirelessly for the is a marvelous thing to learn about, but a outside it. For example, in 2009, University terrible one to learn from.”12 Philosopher of Cambridge’s Fitzwilliam Museum and the downtrodden, detested Daniel Dennett is even more graphic and Yale Center for British Art both presented evolution was because he ‘feared terse when he called social Darwinism “an the exhibit “Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, odious misapplication of Darwinian think- Natural Science and the Visual Arts,” which that Darwinism encouraged the ing in defense of political doctrines that explored the impact Darwin’s ideas had on range from callous to heinous.”13 artistic creation.5) Evolutionary theory itself, exploitation of labor by justifying Science writer Sam Kean summed up in a manner of speaking, made the grade. the larger picture succinctly when he noted, As scientists came on board, religious selfish competition and “What happens in nature is a poor guide for leaders followed, recognizing both that em- discouraging reform.’ making decisions anyway. One of the pirical knowledge didn’t challenge their faith biggest boners in ethical philosophy is the and that leading a devout life didn’t mean naturalistic fallacy, which equates nature they had to refute scientific breakthroughs. with ‘what’s right,’ and uses ‘what’s For instance, many devout individuals such natural’ to justify or excuse prejudice. We as Charles Kingsley, Church of England min- human beings are humane in part because ister, professor and author, accommodated we can look beyond our biology.”14 evolution by recognizing that God may well Natural selection is the quintessential have used it as a mechanism for creation. Al- way in which nature challenges individu- though the controversy between evolution als. Make the grade, pass the test, leave off- and creationism still rages in the United spring carrying your genes. Fail and your States6 (and simmers in other portions of the descendants never even have the chance to world),7 the majority of Christians around the try. Darwin shaped this incredible — and globe accept modern science and evolution- incredibly simple — idea more than 150 ary theory (as do members of most religions, years ago. And it still serves us humans but the most vocal creationists have typically Charles Darwin William Jennings Bryan well — when applied to a scientific been Christian).8 Said another way, science context. But it remains just as meaningless and religion ask different questions and use Darwinism encouraged the exploitation of today as it was 150 years ago when different methodologies in their search for labor by justifying selfish competition and misused in a political context. n answers. Thus, they are being graded on dif- discouraging reform.”10 This antipathy for ferent grounds and need not compete with natural selection prompted him to agree to Michael Zimmerman, one another. serve as lead attorney for the state of Ten- Academic Vice President and Those who refuse to accept evolutionary nessee in its prosecution of John Scopes for Provost at The Evergreen theory on religious grounds tend to raise teaching human evolution in a Dayton State College, is a biologist three objections. First, they assert that evo- public high school in 1925, facing off by training who specializes lution can’t be scientifically correct against famed criminal attorney Clarence in plant-animal interactions, because it contradicts scriptural teaching. Darrow in the “monkey trial.”) But this is a particularly those associated For example, some interpret Genesis to philosophical rather than a biological view- with pollination, and in mean that the universe is only approxi- point. Biology led to the development of our science literacy in general and the evolution- mately 6,000 years old, but all scientific brains — and to consciousness and self- creationism controversy in particular. His evidence available points to 13.75 billion awareness. We were thus able to construct publications on these topics include Science, years. Second, they contend that natural se- human societies that permit us to move Nonscience, and Nonsense: Approaching lection is not a strong enough mechanism beyond some biological imperatives. Just Environmental Literacy (The Johns Hopkins to function in the way science claims it because we are part of the animal kingdom University Press, 1995), a blog for The Huffington does because of their belief that genetic does not mean that we have to act in the Post, and op-ed pieces and book reviews mutations cannot yield positive results for same manner as other members of that for numerous magazines and newspapers. organisms. However, mathematical model- kingdom; we can exercise choice to create a Zimmerman is the founder and executive ing of the spread of mutations throughout social network not observed in other species. director of The Clergy Letter Project (www. populations, coupled with laboratory and From undertaking philanthropic acts to cre- theclergyletterproject.org), which promotes the field experiments that track gene flow, have ating a system of morals and punishing teaching of evolution and argues that religion put this criticism to rest for the scientific transgressors, we are distinct among other of and science are compatible. He is represented by community. Third, they posit that if natural the world’s life forms. We humans make the the Ovation Agency, Inc.: Speakers on Issues that selection is accepted as an important bio- grade with our heads and our bodies. Matter (www.ovationagency.com). Zimmerman logical force, then there’s an obligation to earned a bachelor’s degree in geography from have a perverse view of human nature Developing perspective University of Chicago and a doctorate in ecology because the inevitable upshot of evolution Perhaps the world’s best-known popular- from Washington University in St. Louis. He earlier leads to the Holocaust and other situations izer of evolution, biologist Richard held administrative positions at the arts and where morality is trumped by power.9 (One Dawkins, made this point when he said, sciences schools at Butler University, University

Library of CongressLibrary reason why William Jennings Bryan, a “No self-respecting person would want to of Wisconsin Oshkosh, and Oberlin College. Email three-time Democratic candidate for the live in a society that operates according to him at [email protected]. U.S. presidency and a populist working Darwinian laws. I am a passionate Darwin- For footnotes, go online to tirelessly for the downtrodden, detested ist, when it involves explaining the devel- www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. evolution was because he “feared that opment of life. However, I am a passionate

Fall 2012 17 By Richard M. Southall opular-press headlines touting the academic strides of athletes in higher edu- Pcation seem encouraging. “Six-Year Grad Rate at All-time High,” proclaims one.1 But the real story about this demographic is less simplistic and more problematic. Numerous other sources, from sports conferences to schools themselves, document much lower graduation rates for college football and men’s basketball and baseball players than for general students.2 Taking the Measure Compounding matters is that only about 57 percent of all college students complete a bachelor’s degree in six years.3 of Graduation Rates In addition, a large segment of the public remains uneasy about big-time athletic programs that generate many millions of dollars in net revenues apiece — via amateur players in Big-time enrolled on nonprofit campuses.4 And college football and men’s basketball coaches’ sala- ries dwarf those of faculty members; by the end of 2011, 32 National Collegiate Athletic College Sports Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivi- sion (FBS) coaches and 11 NCAA Division I men’s basketball coaches earned more than $2 million annually, with Texas’ Mack Brown the highest paid in football at $5.19 million and Louisville’s Rick Pitino the highest paid in basketball at $8.93 million.5 (Not for nothing has Wake Forest University sociologist Earl Smith called big-time college sport an “athletic industrial complex.”6) Some college sport fans and school personnel might be aware the uneasy relationship between athletics and higher education dates back generations. For instance, Univer- sity of Chicago was a football powerhouse at the turn of the 20th century, and its senior halfback Jay Berwanger won the first Heisman Trophy, awarded to the nation’s outstanding college football player, in 1935. But four years later, university president Robert Maynard Hutchins, concerned about an “overemphasis on athletics” on the field, in the classroom, throughout the stadium and beyond it, abolished the football program es- sentially because, as he remarked, “apolo- gists of athleticism have created a collection of myths to convince the public that biceps are a substitute for brains.”7 (Varsity football — albeit NCAA Division III, in which athletic scholarships are not awarded — was re- instated there in 1969.) Perhaps less apparent to mainstream society is how 266 NCAA major infractions in the 1980s and ’90s (including 57 of the 106 major universities competing in the NCAA’s top competitive level being censured, sanc- tioned, or put on probation during the 1980s) resulted in inquiries and reports by the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics in 1991, ’92 and ’93 and Congressional action.8 The NCAA and its members accordingly enacted a series of reforms, including Propo- sition 48, which mandated prospective college athletes must earn at least a 2.0 grade point average, score a minimum of 700 on the SAT (since recalibrated to reflect revisions to

the SAT) and complete no less than 11 core Arnel ReynonIllustration by

18 Fall 2012 courses, and Proposition 16, which estab- likely be a better understood definition of who leave an institution in good academic lished an “initial eligibility index based on amateurism,” the NCAA acknowledges, standing from the denominator and adds standardized test scores and grade-point av- “that isolates the principle to the way in those who transfer in and eventually gradu- erages.”9 But a real or perceived athletic-aca- which student-athletes are viewed without ate to the sample. Thus, GSR recognizes demic divide has persisted, and more high- imposing its avocational nature on reve- that college athletes (based at least partly profile academic scandals involving cheat- nue-producing opportunities.”13 on their interests and abilities) may take a ing, plagiarism, clustering of athletes in The late NCAA president and Phi Kappa different path to graduation than other full- certain majors, and excessive use of inde- Phi member Myles Brand knew that “[a]s time students and in some aspects is an ac- pendent study or interdisciplinary study pro- the scale of both revenue generation and curate yardstick. The latest single-year grams have continued (e.g., University of spending has grown over the last few GSR for all NCAA Division I athletes (who Tennessee, 1991-2001; University of Minne- decades, there is a general sense that ‘big- began college in 2004) was 82 percent. GSR sota, 1999; Auburn University, 2006; Uni- time’ athletics is in conflict with the principle for Division I FBS football was 67 percent, versity of Michigan, 2008; Florida State for men’s basketball 66 percent, for University, 2008-10; University of North women’s basketball 84 percent, and for Carolina at Chapel Hill currently). Further Compiling college athletes’ baseball 72 percent.19 correctives ensued, including FBS universi- graduation rates stemmed However, GSR fails to take stock of a ties increasing their annual budget for tutor- number of things. For instance, including ing and academic services substantially. partly from press coverage that and excluding various students necessarily More than half of the nation’s 73 biggest yields different graduation rates. Also, GSR athletics programs at least doubled it 76 to 92 percent of professional does not differentiate between athletes who between 1997 and 2007, and the average at athletes lacked college degrees leave early for a professional sport, transfer FBS schools topped $1 million.10 schools for more playing time, or drop out Simultaneously, new methods arose to and from revelations that some but would be eligible to play and study the measure graduation rates of college athletes. following semester. (A record 65 under- Not surprisingly, having a variety of metrics were functionally illiterate … classmen entered the 2012 National Foot- complicates things. The Graduation Success ball League draft and 18 of the 33 players Rate, Federal Graduation Rate, and Adjust- of amateurism.”14 Therefore, he established selected in the first round of the 2011 Major ed Graduation Gap chart their academic the Collegiate Model of Athletics in 2003. League Baseball draft were juniors.20 Forty progress. All of these tabulations are useful, Brand envisioned it as “a surrogate for — percent of NCAA Division I men’s basket- but none of them is perfect, as each employs but not a replacement for — the concept of ball players transfer before their junior year, different sampling and analysis based on amateurism” and as a means to demarcate in search of more playing time, to be closer distinct principles and assumptions. Parsing college sports from professional sports and to family, or because they are unhappy.21 these factors gives interested parties essen- “change the way people talked about inter- The number who drop out but would be eli- tial information from which best practices collegiate athletics.”15 The Collegiate Model gible to play and study the following se- may be developed — and helps ensure more of Athletics is mester is not known.) The crucial liability college athletes make the grade. intended to impart two principles: (1) to GSR is that it cannot line up against the Those who participate in college sports are earning of degrees by the general student Background and context students, and (2) intercollegiate athletics is body because it’s apples to oranges for American intercollegiate athletics began embedded in the values and mission of reasons discussed below. But the NCAA in- in the 1850s. Today, college sport is synon- higher education. A comparison of the col- termingles both sets of figures, and, as a ymous with the NCAA, a 501(c)(3) organi- legiate model vs. the professional model result, the public may have a more favor- zation founded in 1906 that governs pro- runs like this: In the professional model, able impression of college athletes’ gradua- grams at more than 1,000 colleges and uni- the athletes are a work force, a commodity tion success than warranted. versities in three divisions (I, II, and III), that can be traded from team to team. In oversees 89 championships in 23 sports, the collegiate model, the athlete is a Federal Graduation Rate and assists schools in monitoring upwards student. In the professional model, the goal The Federal Graduation Rate (FGR), of 400,000 athletes.11 The NCAA attempts is to generate revenue through entertain- which came earlier, was set up by De- to uphold, among other precepts, its “prin- ment. In the collegiate model, the goal is to partment of Education through the 1990 ciple of amateurism”: college athletes pur- acquire an education, including learning Student Right-to-Know and Campus Se- suing sport in their unobligated time. the value of hard work and teamwork, self- curity Act. The law requires schools to “Amateur sport, as the term has been sacrifice and self-discipline, resilience and release graduation and retention rates in defined historically and as it is currently persistence, and the pursuit of excellence. addition to other institutional informa- defined in the NCAA Manual, is an ‘avoca- In the professional model, the team is con- tion such as cost of attendance, accredi- tion,’ meaning that it is a form of leisure nected to a community only so long as the tation and academic program data, ser- activity,” note Allen L. Sack, director of community supports the franchise through vices available to disabled students, se- the Institute for Sports Management at the building and maintenance of facilities curity reports, and financial aid. Compil- University of New Haven, and Ellen J. and the purchase of tickets. In the colle- ing college athletes’ graduation rates Staurowsky, professor of sport manage- giate model, the team is enduringly con- stemmed partly from press coverage that ment and media at Drexel University, in nected to a community through the spon- 76 to 92 percent of professional athletes their seminal 1998 book, College Athletes soring college or university.16 lacked college degrees22 and from revela- for Hire: The Evolution and Legacy of the tions that some were functionally illiter- NCAA’s Amateur Myth.12 “This does not Graduation Success Rate ate, like Dexter Manley, an All-American mean that amateur sport is taken less seri- As part of this strategy, the NCAA defensive lineman at Oklahoma State ously than professional sport,” the authors strives “to ensure the academic commit- and winner of two Super Bowls with the continue. “What separates the amateur ment of student-athletes and to increase the Washington Redskins, who tearfully tes- from the professional is the absence of re- likelihood that they will earn degrees.”17 tified as much before Congress.23 munerative, or instrumental, constraint, not Along these lines, in 2005 the NCAA for- FGR straightforwardly calculates how the absence of desire.” In other words, mulated a tool called the Graduation many students earn degrees within six college athletes are not paid. “Critical for Success Rate (GSR) for Division I years. It determines the extent to which the future of intercollegiate athletics will schools.18 GSR basically removes athletes colleges and universities retain and

Fall 2012 19 graduate students who begin as full-time years to finish.30 Second, because college different academic preparation, abilities, or pupils. FGR is the only easily available athletes must enroll full time to maintain interests. Plus, the long hours, grueling survey based on longitudinal student expe- their eligibility, it is legitimate to compare regimen, and exhausting travel necessary rience. And it’s one way to ascertain if their FGR with the FGR of full-time peers for sport often result in missed classes and NCAA schools fulfill the organization’s in the general population, yet some of the inconsistent academics. No wonder college mission of maintaining college athletes as latter switch to part time. AGG compensates athletes often struggle to make the grade part of the entire full-time campus commu- for this downward bias through regression- (even as their game exploits fuel the nity. This is germane because research based adjustments utilizing data from the ESPNification of big-time college sport). shows that retention rates increase the more National Center for Education Statistics and No wonder many depart early for profes- academics and extracurricular activities compiled in the Integrated Postsecondary sional sport opportunities, or transfer in like sports are integrated.24 The latest sin- Education Data System. The latest single- search of more playing time, even though gle-year FGR (for those who began college year AGG for NCAA Division I sports (for only a small percent make it to the profes- in 2004) was 63 percent for all students and sional level (1.2 percent in men’s basket- 65 percent for all NCAA Division I ath- ball, 1.7 percent in football, and 11.6 letes. Corresponding FGR rates for various None of these benchmarks for percent in baseball).33 Division I sports were FBS football at college athletes’ graduation If big-time college sport serves as a de 56 percent, men’s basketball at 45 percent, facto pre-professional or minor league in women’s basketball at 63 percent, and rates is foolproof, not to the U.S. and abroad, accepting this outright baseball at 48 percent.25 might be a step in reintegrating these ath- But FGR, like GSR, doesn’t paint the mention better or fairer, than letes into the classroom after the end of whole picture. The NCAA concedes that another. Each quantifies their usually short professional sport FGR sampling and methodology exclude careers (3.5 years in the National Football athletes who transfer in or out. Additional- different things. League, 5.6 years in Major League Base- ly, as E. Woodrow Eckard, professor of ball, and 4.8 years in the National Basket- economics at University of Colorado academic year 2011-12) include FBS football Association).34 And it could reinforce Denver, observes, FGR is biased because it ball at -19.7 percent, men’s basketball at the importance of the learning process from doesn’t account for the reality that students -20.6 percent, women’s basketball at -9.4 the get-go. Everyone involved in college included in the initial FGR cohort can percent, and baseball at -18.8 percent vis-à- sport — administrators, coaches, athletes, change from full- to part-time status.26 vis FGR samples.31 faculty, watchdogs, researchers, sponsors, These part-time students graduate at signifi- As with the other two appraisals, AGG and fans — has a moral obligation to ask cantly lower rates, therefore pulling down cannot incorporate everything. It tallies some difficult questions about intercolle- the all-student FGR average. Also, the only NCAA Division I football, men’s and giate athletics’ relationship to higher educa- NCAA intended to supplement FGR with women’s basketball, softball, and baseball tion. Ignoring any metric, or promoting one GSR since there was no comparable way to because of inherent restrictions in how the over another, will not help college athletes track general student body transfer or reten- NCAA goes about its reckoning and make the grade. n tion rates, but over time, the NCAA has in- because of finite manpower at the College creasingly highlighted GSR and referred to Sport Research Institute. Richard M. Southall is it as “a more accurate measure of gradua- Associate Professor of Sport tion.”27 Because of differing methodology, Applications and connotations Administration, Coordinator GSR is almost always higher than FGR. (In None of these benchmarks for college of the Graduate Sport the four sports discussed in this article, athletes’ graduation rates is foolproof, not Administration Program, GSR is, on average, 18.7 percent higher.)28 to mention better or fairer, than another. and Director of the College Each quantifies different things. Use Sport Research Institute Adjusted Graduation Gap should be guided by such parameters. at University of North For another perspective, the College FGR concentrates on an institution’s Carolina at Chapel Hill. He specializes in legal, Sport Research Institute at University of ability to retain and graduate students ethical, academic, and sociocultural issues North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for which I within six years, including athletes, who in college sports, sport marketing, and sport serve as director, in 2010 began publishing initially enroll full time. GSR, recognizing facility and event management. Southall a graduation-rate analysis that has become that this subset transfers a great deal, cowrote Sport Facility Management (Fitness known as the Adjusted Graduation Gap removes those who leave a school and Information Technology, 2003), now in its (AGG). Based on a regression model totals those who stay and subsequently second edition, and Introduction to Sport developed by Eckard, which accounts graduate. AGG’s fundamental premise is Management (Kendall Hunt, 2011). He also has for part-time students included in FGR that because athletes attend school full coauthored more than a dozen book chapters samples, AGG reports, as its name sug- time (and “work” at their sport full time), and many articles for scholarly publications gests, graduation gaps between full-time it makes sense to compare their FGR to a including the Journal of Sport Management, students and athletes in several sports on graduation rate of other full-time students Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, and NCAA Division I campuses. (who may or may not hold an additional International Journal of Sport Communication. Here’s why this matters. First, other job) and account for part-timers. Southall serves on the editorial review board gauges juxtapose college athletes with Why should anyone care about all this? of the Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate counterparts presumed to be full-time stu- According to one investigation, Division I Athletics and the International Journal of Sport dents. However, as mentioned above, at FBS athletes are up to 10 times more likely Management and is a former president of the many schools, the general student body in- to benefit from “special admissions” pro- Sport and Recreation Law Association. He cludes a significant number of part-time stu- grams than other students. And 77 of 92 earned degrees from Western State College dents. In fact, according to one source, na- FBS schools participating in the study of Colorado (B.A. in English) and University of tionally only four in 10 students at public granted them “special admissions waivers,” Northern Colorado (M.A. in physical education campuses and only 25 percent of college which the NCAA defines “as those de- pedagogy and Ed.D. in sports administration). students across the board go to school full signed for students who don’t meet ‘stan- Email him at [email protected]. time.29 And part-time students’ graduation dard or normal entrance requirements.’”32 For footnotes, go online to rates are much worse than those of full-time So a sizeable portion of male high school www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. students: 24 percent, even when taking eight athletes may enter higher education with

20 Fall 2012 The Crossword Puzzle of Phi Kappa Phi

I Think I Can By Jim Bernhard

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 61. Domed home 28. Like an Edgar Allan Poe 17 18 19 65. Conclusion of quatrain story 68. Home _____, 1990 movie 29. Kingly 20 21 22 69. Phi Kappa Phi member 30. Ermine in a summer coat 23 24 25 26 Renée Fleming can hit a 31. Mary _____, in the high one comics since 1938 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 70. Irk 32. Related through the 71. Playboy of the Western mother 36 37 38 World playwright 33. Like a dark room 72. Sign for a going concern 34. Girl who is “sixteen going 39 40 41 42 43 73. Those, in Toledo on seventeen” in The Sound of Music 44 45 46 47 48 Down 35. Plow man John 40. Expelling 49 50 51 1. Jacques who played “Mr. Hulot” in films 42. Sword handle 52 53 2. Roman counterpart of 45. Candidate who was Greek Eros “liked” in 1952 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 3. It may be in a bowl 47. Kind of center 4. Stop the flow of 50. Raison d’_____ 65 66 67 5. Slapstick comedian’s prop 51. Indian poet, creative polymath, and Nobel 68 69 70 6. Some of them are fine laureate Rabindranath 7. Part of Manhattan or 54. Actresses Arthur and Lillie 71 72 73 London 8. It’s followed by crackle 55. “It’s _____ a Paper Moon,” and pop 1933 popular song Across 20. Woman’s name meaning 38. Hall or Oakley 9. With 36 Across, 56. Literary struggle 1. Where big names might “peace” 39. Desire Oscar-winning director of 58. _____ time (never) 59. “Why not eat breakfast for be seen at a reunion 21. Ex-frosh 41. Pentateuch Brokeback Mountain dinner tonight?” 5. “Praise the Lord, and 22. City of Paris? 10. Kind of choral music 43. Tuneful hit TV show restaurant chain _____ the Ammunition!” 23. One of the TV networks — and kind of 10 Down 11. Month that precedes 60. July 4, 1776, or Oct. 15, Frank Loesser’s 1942 for which Phi Kappa Phi Nisan 44. Heat home 1927, for example patriotic song member and broadcast 12. Change the décor of 46. Room at the top 62. Film director Buñuel 9. Separated journalist Deborah 13. Deuce topper Norville was an anchor 48. Neighbor of Syr. 63. _____ podrida, Spanish 14. Verb conjugated in 18. Skewered meat first-year Latin 25. _____ Little Rock, ship on 49. Third line of quatrain stew 19. Ergo 15. Implement for a golfer or which Phi Kappa Phi 52. Vietnamese New Year 64. Many Keats poems 24. Tiff a launderer member and Secretary of 53. U.S. government corp. 66. Formerly called, of a 26. _____ Na Na, retro married woman 16. Activist Ralph who has the Navy Ray Mabus based in Knoxville rockers run for U.S. president six served 54. Canoe or kayak, for 67. Letterman’s Top _____ times 27. Second line of quatrain example 27. Exactly vertical List 17. First line of a quatrain 36. See 9 Down 57. Insecticide that “kills bugs tracking some good 37. _____ Rouge, Phi Kappa dead,” according to an ad For the solution, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. advice! Phi headquarters tagline

Jim Bernhard has constructed crossword puzzles for The New York Times, Los Angeles Times syndicate, and other media outlets. His books include Words Gone Wild: Fun and Games for Language Lovers (Skyhorse Publishing Co., 2010) and Porcupine, Picayune & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names (University of Missouri Press, 2007). Also a playwright, lyricist, actor, drama critic, theater historian, and television host, Bernhard has held administrative and creative positions at numerous leading theater and performing arts companies in Houston, Texas. He earned a B.A. in history from Rice University and an M.A. in English literature from University of Birmingham (England), where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. Bernhard was runner-up of the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1950. Email him at [email protected].

Fall 2012 21 Business and Economics

A Pivotal Junction for Railroads By John T. Harding railroads to seven, a process that bolsters highways); the railroad industry plans to he term “making the grade” perhaps the bottom line in any number of ways. spend some $13 billion in private capital originated from a freight train’s to improve its infrastructure.11 efforts to reach the crest of a slope. Competition from truckers T Chugging along And, like The Little Engine That Could, the For years, freight railroads in America American railroad industry is struggling to faced falling revenues and declining profits Taken together, the rail freight industry get back on track to financial strength after partly because of rising fuel costs and com- is looking to a brighter future as it hauls decades of stifling regulation, competition petition from the trucking industry. But itself up from a trough. Consider, for from truckers, and the recent recession. through innovations and adaptations, rail example, just two of the seven Class I Class I railroads, those carrying freight carriers have recovered and become the freight rail carriers. Norfolk Southern, long distances between major metropolitan most cost-efficient way to ship goods. operating approximately 20,000 route miles areas, “account for approximately 68 percent Intermodal transportation, for instance, in the U.S., reported a 17 percent increase of U.S. freight rail mileage, 89 percent of transfers sealed boxes from ships to trains in operating revenues for 2011, to employees, and 93 percent of revenue,” ac- for long-distance hauling and then to trucks $11.2 billion, and net income was cording to the Association of American Rail- for local delivery. Intermodal and container $1.9 billion, up 28 percent. And Union roads (AAR).1 More than 560 freight rail- traffic grew 6.4 percent and 8.9 percent, re- Pacific, at 31,900 route miles, reported net roads navigate a 140,000-mile system na- spectively, last spring from the year before, income of $3.3 billion for the full year, a tionwide with some 175,000 employees.2 even as total freight carloads slid 3.48 jump of 18 percent from the prior year. They annually move 1.5 million carloads of percent.6 “[B]etter rail service and new inter- Operating revenue, the company said, was food products, 2 million carloads of plastics, modal service offerings have resulted in a record $19.6 billion for the year, up from fertilizers and other chemicals, and 7.3 conversions from long-haul trucking to in- $17 billion in 2010. n million carloads of coal, among other items.3 termodal service that uses railroads for a large portion of the total move,” remarks John T. Harding (Montclair Stifling regulation Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, adding State University) retired “By the late 1970s, counterproductive that “trucking capacity is shrinking because from The Star-Ledger daily and unbalanced regulation had brought of stricter safety requirements … so shippers newspaper in Newark, N.J., America’s rail industry to the brink of may turn to railroads to carry cargo contain- in 1997 after 27 years as a ruin,” AAR explains.4 “Rail bankruptcies ers for segments of lengthier journeys.”7 business and economics were common, and tracks and equipment Moreover, freight trains use “far less energy writer, copy editor, and wire were falling apart because railroads could to move cargo than through trucking.”8 editor, among other roles. not afford the cost of upkeep.” He also was an adjunct instructor in economics, Things began to improve in the early Recent recession journalism, and English at Montclair State 1980s when looser regulation enabled mar- Railroads, like almost all business sectors, University, his alma mater (B.A. in English and ketplace demand to determine routes, ser- suffered during the national downturn. For linguistics; M.A. in economics), from 1997 to 2007 vices, and prices. As a result, average U.S. example, operating revenues for Class I rail and in journalism at Rutgers University from 1997 freight rates, adjusted for inflation, dropped freight lines plummeted from $61.2 billion to 2000. Harding is a regular contributor to the Illustration byIllustration Reynon Arnel 51 percent from 1981 to 2010 (based on in 2008 to $47.8 billion in 2009.9 annual awards edition of this magazine. Email revenue per ton-mile). “That means the But an uptick occurred in 2010 to $58.4 him at [email protected]. average rail customer today can ship twice million.10Another encouraging economic as much freight for about the same price it sign: having the cash flow for building 5 For footnotes, go online to paid nearly 30 years ago.” Meanwhile, the and maintaining roadbeds (unlike in truck- www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. industry consolidated from 14 Class I ing, which utilizes public roads and Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

22 Fall 2012 Science and Technology America and China Expend Energy on Their Renewed Relationship By Mark H. Griep industrial technology, geology, health, and Energy Research Center was revamped in he emergence of China as the disaster research.”4 An extension was September 2011; the amendment “protects world’s second-largest economy signed in January 2011. American and Chinese researchers, scientists, Tmeans more than increased competi- Numerous other energy-related alliances and engineers by ensuring their intellectual tion with the top-ranked United States. exist. For instance, the Memorandum of Un- property rights for the technology they create. China’s expansion also allows the financial derstanding on Scientific and Technical Co- It also defines how intellectual property may superpowers to collaborate on clean operation in the Field of Environment in be shared or licensed in each country. Partici- energy. Figuring out how to work together October 2010 backed “collaborative efforts to pating members in each project also may gain to make the grade on environmental issues tackle shared challenges posed by air pollu- compensation on favorable terms, depending and money matters seems imperative, and on their level of involvement in the final inevitable, since these wealthiest countries product.”8 Still, an earlier 2011 report for the consume the most energy of any nation on U.S.-China Economic and Security Review the planet. Commission identifies numerous concerns In fact, they created the U.S.-China about sharing advanced technologies such as Clean Energy Research Center in No- espionage, theft, and other “techo-nationalist” vember 2009. This five-year project, at a tendencies on China’s part.9 minimum of $150 million split evenly, A 2010 study by the U.S. National intends to “facilitate joint research and Academy of Sciences and the Chinese development of clean energy technologies Academy of Sciences on the opportunities by teams of scientists and engineers from and challenges of renewable energy un- the United States and China, as well as derstands this delicate balance. The analy- serve as a clearinghouse to help research- sis calls for the countries to combine ers in each country,” according to the focus on technical aspects such as grid White House.1 Besides governmental standards, energy delivery and storage entities, participants in the consortia mechanisms and on financial ramifications include University of Michigan, West such as workforce training, market barri- Virginia University, and the Lawrence ers and incentive programs.10 Berkeley National Laboratory from Simultaneously serving as collaborators America and Tsinghua University and and competitors opens immense possibili- Huazhong University of Science and ties. Government plays a key role in real- Technology from China. izing them, not necessarily through direct The countries further established an research but by formulating a strategic “electric vehicles initiative” to “reduce oil vision for a uniform infrastructure in the dependence, cut greenhouse gas emissions tion, water pollution, pollution from persis- energy quadrant while concomitantly and promote economic growth;” an “energy tent organic pollutants and other toxic sub- paying attention to the bottom line. To efficiency action plan” to set industry stances, hazardous and solid waste, and the marshal sometimes — often — wary benchmarks for “buildings, industrial facili- development, implementation, and enforce- forces on research, policy, and implemen- ties, and consumer appliances;” and a “re- ment of environmental law.”5 (The U.S. Envi- tation enables both countries to reach their newable energy partnership” to “develop ronmental Protection Agency has assisted intertwined objectives on renewable roadmaps for wide-spread renewable China in the cleanup of contaminants like energy and economic prosperity. n energy deployment in both countries.”2 dioxin and chlorofluorocarbon ever since.) What’s more, the nations will “promote co- And the U.S. Department of Energy and Mark H. Griep (Michigan operation on cleaner uses of coal,” assess Chinese Academy of Sciences “signed an Technological University) is the potential of shale gas in China, and agreement in January 2011 to facilitate and a scientist who specializes in leverage the private sector in “a broad array promote cooperation in research and devel- energy, biological and carbon of clean energy projects” there.3 opment in a broad range of energy sciences.”6 focused nanotechnology and Utilizing science and technology for These endeavors, in conjunction with who regularly publishes and political purposes is nothing new. The connections through higher education, have makes presentations in these initial U.S.-China bilateral agreement, led to the proliferation of joint journal publi- fields. He earned a B.S. in called Cooperation in Science and Tech- cations. Spreading the word helps, of course, biomedical engineering and a Ph.D. in mechanical nology, was signed in 1979 by U.S. Presi- the overlapping causes of planetary well- engineering from Michigan Technological dent Jimmy Carter and Chinese Premier being and international détente. Indeed, University. Griep was a 2009 Fulbright Scholar Deng Xiaoping following normalization “globalization of science will undoubtedly at the Research Center for Applied Sciences, of relations between the countries. Al- bring unprecedented scientific and economic Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, and won a 2009 though the U.S. had much less to gain benefits to the world. But it will also Love of Learning Award from Phi Kappa Phi Illustration byIllustration Reynon Arnel than China at the time, the accord proved provoke concerns about increased competi- to help underwrite an education program in a diplomatic cornerstone to building better tion. Only the best will be able to master this nanotechnology for rural youth in Taiwan. Email ties. The exchange spanned “fisheries, game of competition and cooperation.”7 him at [email protected]. earth and atmospheric sciences, basic re- A test of these synergies arises when inno- search in physics and chemistry, a variety vations transition into products in the market- For footnotes, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012.

Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo of energy-related areas, agriculture, civil place. This is why the U.S.-China Clean

Fall 2012 23 Workplace and Employment Risks and Rewards of Blowing the Whistle By Kimberly Thompson protection when exposing misconduct re- countered that he resigned and the “whis- hat happens when employees garding occupational safety, environmen- tle-blower claim is without merit.” discover wrongdoing in their or- tal standards, national security, govern- Rewards for whistle-blowing are self-ev- Wganization? If the offense is ment malfeasance, and harmful products, ident. Whistleblowers step in to stop evil. serious — illegality, corruption, misman- for instance. The U.S. Securities and Ex- They stick to their principles and keep true agement, negligence, theft, cover-up, in- change Commission and Internal Revenue to their character. Whistleblowers are good justice, danger — they might disclose the Service incorporate whistleblowers into corporate and community citizens. problem to the authorities or the public. their operations. The payoff can affect one and all. For in- And a positive, corrective outcome often Whistleblowers embody strong morals stance, in 2002, Cynthia Cooper, then vice occurs. But whistle-blowing can be a dicey and high ethics, personal responsibility and president of internal audit at WorldCom, proposition, for watchdogs are vulnerable clean conscience, fair play and altruistic told its board that the phone company had to self-doubt and second-guessing, covert sacrifice. They come to the defense of those cooked the books to $3.8 billion. World- ostracism and outright retaliation. who cannot stand up for themselves for Com filed for bankruptcy protection, at the In American jurisprudence, blowing the fear of losing their position, being denied expense of shareholders, and Congress whistle because of some failure to make the promotion, or getting written up. Whistle- passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for cooper- grade dates at least to the False Claims Act blowers see the forest and the trees amid ate accountability because of scandals like of 1863, established to combat unscrupu- those who close their eyes to misdeeds this (and at Enron and Tyco). Cooper is lous profiteers who mixed sawdust with because of a misguided notion that the now a best-selling author, speaker, and con- gunpowder in ammunition sold to the status quo is best for everyone. For in- sultant. Similarly, in 1994, CEOs of the Union Army. In a recent example, the U.S. stance, in 1972, Peter Buxtun, an investiga- seven major American tobacco companies Court of Appeals for the First Circuit tor at the U.S. Public Health Service, testified before Congress that nicotine was ordered in May that a whistle- leaked its “Tuskegee Study of Untreated not addictive. Shortly afterwards, Jeffrey blower lawsuit alleging Syphilis in the Negro Male” — conducted Wigand, then head of research and devel- fraudulent research by for 40 years on hundreds of patients who, opment at Brown & Williamson Tobacco Harvard Medical School though agreeing to participate, had been Corp., gave the lie to that, first in a deposi- and associates should go misled about the intent of the project, were tion in a lawsuit brought by the State of to trial; Dr. Kenneth not given all the facts necessary to provide Mississippi and then in an interview on Jones, plaintiff and chief informed consent, did not receive adequate 60 Minutes. The tobacco companies statistician for a multi- treatment, and were not offered the choice reached a $246 billion multistate settlement million-dollar grant of quitting. And in 1988, after enduring in 1998. Wigand underwent a smear cam- awarded to the defen- sexual harassment at Eveleth (Minn.) Taco- paign and said that he and his family re- dants by the National nite Co. for nine years, and after querying ceived death threats. Whistle-blowing Institutes of Health to some 50 lawyers, miner Lois Jenson, a ended his marriage. The maverick doesn’t study Alzheimer’s single mother of two, along with 20 co- consider himself a hero. He has said, disease, was fired workers, filed the first class-action sexual “People were dying. I was loyal to a higher upon unearthing the harassment lawsuit in the U.S. The land- order of ethical responsibility.” The 1999 apparent manipula- mark case lasted 14 years and became the movie The Insider depicts some of this tion and insisting subject of the 2005 movie North Country. saga and Wigand now lectures worldwide, something be done Risks in blowing the whistle surpass offers expertise on tobacco issues, and runs about it. aspects of livelihood such as termination, the nonprofit Smoke-Free Kids, Inc. Political activist demotion, reassignment, and probation. A If faced with a profound dilemma, would and consumer ad- whistleblower might be labeled disloyal. you blow the whistle? n vocate Ralph Colleagues could distance themselves from Nader likely the “snitch” even while conceding the “tat- Kimberly Thompson, a coined the term tletale” had a point. (So productivity and National Board Certified whistleblower in morale suffer, as does the budget.) Letters Counselor and Licensed the early 1970s. of recommendations can be hard to get Professional Counselor Laws also provide because of the stigma. Employers might be based in Houston, Texas, has whistleblowers leery of hiring a “spy.” provided career transition Then there’s the psychological toll. workshops and career Jenson was diagnosed with post-traumatic counseling for almost 25 stress disorder. And Jim Torgerson, a years. She has coached all levels of management former senior manager at American in both the public and private sectors and Express, told USA Today in July 2004 developed numerous career transition and career that he went on medical leave after services programs. Thompson has written widely bringing attention to a dubious technol- on issues dealing with job loss and contributes a ogy contract because the barrage of weekly column and blog called “Career Rescue” criticism leveled at him resulted in his for the “Jobs” section of the Houston Chronicle; “dry-heaving on the way to work” and go online to blogs.chron.com/careerrescue/. battling “a sense of utter loneliness Purchase her “Career Rescue” app at iTunes. She even when you have family support- received a M.Ed. in counseling from University of ing you and you know you’re right.” Missouri and a B.S.W. in social work from Harding Two months into the time off, he was University. Email her at [email protected];

fired, Torgerson said; the company put Phi Kappa Phi Forum in the subject line. Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

24 Fall 2012 Sports and Exercise To Make the Grade in High School, Work It Out By Angela Lumpkin he salutary effects of physical activity extend beyond the body to the mind. TIt’s common knowledge that exercise strengthens bones, develops muscles, deters diseases, and combats obesity. It might be less well-known that because conditioning increases the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain, improvement also follows in learning, concentration, memory, and attention, and in mental clarity and information processing. As a result, anxiety and depression may diminish, too. Most importantly for this column, a sus- tained fitness regimen (at least 60 minutes daily) correlates positively for teens on standardized tests, report cards, and classroom behavior. As the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points out in a position paper on this topic, “There is a growing school — a measurable and meaningful body of research focused on the association How College Students Stack Up gain in their college admissions test scores.” between school-based physical activity, in- Fewer college students engage in vigorous My colleague Judy Favor, Assistant cluding physical education, and academic physical activities than high school Dean of the Schools of Education and performance among school-aged youth.”1 counterparts. Why? One reason is that most Professional and Graduate Studies at Dangerous proclivities such as binge college students are not athletes — only Baker University, and I support these find- drinking, drug use, risky sex — and un- 15 percent compared to 51 percent in high ings, based on our recent study, published healthy diet and physical inactivity — link school, according to a large study.1 College in the Journal of Sport Administration and consistently with poor grades, low test students are less active and more sedentary, Supervision, comparing 12,218 high scores, and minimal educational attainment. and thus gain weight, partly because they school athletes with 17,249 non-athletes Chronic illness also raises problems for walk less and use buses more to traverse throughout Kansas.4 The former group pupils, the CDC explains in another docu- campus.2 Male college students are more makes higher grades (with upwards of ment. Wise choices, which include working physically active than female peers.3 10 percent more earning 3.0-3.5 GPAs) out, prove an excellent indicator of aca- Does any of this influence academics? Yes and graduates more (by nearly 10 percent), demic success and overall well-being in and no. There is no difference in GPA among other similar data. this demographic and a primary predictor between college students who are or are not Compelling evidence affirms that adoles- and determinant of healthy adulthood. High vigorously active. College students who are cents should not watch from the sidelines. school health programs help students make moderately active tally higher GPAs than Indeed, the flexing of young muscles enhanc- the grade as well.2 students who do not exercise moderately.4 es the maturation of burgeoning minds. n The National Federation of State High And strength training has a modest but School Associations comes to similar positive impact on GPAs.5 Angela Lumpkin (University conclusions, arguing that secondary stu- — Angela Lumpkin of Kansas chapter vice dents who sign up for programs such as president) is a Professor in athletics and fine arts earn higher grades the Department of Health, and otherwise succeed more. Its 2008 leadership, independence, self-confidence, Sport, and Exercise Sciences report, “The Case for High School Activi- stress relief, character development and at University of Kansas and ties,” references numerous studies that personal growth, fair play, and acceptance author of 22 books, more than emphasize the worth of these endeavors.3 of others.” 50 scholarly publications and For instance: • Extracurricular activities of all sorts not nearly 200 professional presentations on these • Those who practice rigorous sports only decrease the likelihood of doing drugs subjects. She served as head women’s basketball like football or skateboarding do 10 and smoking cigarettes but also are “linked coach at University of North Carolina at Chapel percent better in English, social studies, to lower rates of dropping out of school, Hill in the mid-1970s and assistant woman’s math, and science. greater civic involvement and higher levels basketball coach at The Ohio State University in • Student-athletes in Minnesota and of academic achievement.” the early 1970s. Lumpkin has held administrative North Carolina garnered a higher grade • Inner-city kids who sweat for fun positions at numerous universities including her Larry St. Pierre/Shutterstock.com Larry point average (GPA) than others and augment their self-esteem and social skills current campus. Go online to her homepage at missed fewer days of class. over those who sit things out. http://web.ku.edu/~alumpkin/ or email her at • Upwards of 78 percent of business • “Participation in extracurricular activi- [email protected]. CEOs and legislative members in Alberta, ties provides all students — including stu- Canada, were involved in interschool dents from disadvantaged backgrounds, mi- For footnotes, go online to sports, and the benefits they said to reap norities and those with less-than-distin- www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012.

Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo were “teamwork, discipline, goal-setting, guished academic achievements in high

Fall 2012 25 Education and Academics Worship Freedom of Thought By Timothy L. Hulsey will share some of my own beliefs. I to examine ourselves and the world from eople tend to confuse prevailing condi- believe that smarter is better, that laziness is multiple perspectives, to act deliberately. tions with enduring realities. We readily a bane to society, that technology is inher- In a commencement speech to the 2005 Passume that whatever is happening now ently isolating, that the love of money graduates of Kenyon College, novelist David will define the future. If we take time to really is the root of all evil, that we are con- Foster Wallace said it better than I ever reflect, however, we realize that this is often stantly manipulated to want things we don’t could, and I can think of no better way to end nonsense. (Y2K, anyone?) This tendency need, that fundamentalism of any stripe is my tenure as columnist than with his sage runs deep in contemporary higher education, dangerous, and that people sometimes cling words about making the grade on campus: as the contemplative life that has character- to patently false beliefs, no matter evidence This, I submit, is the freedom of a real ized academia for centuries is replaced with a to the contrary. I also maintain that our re- education, of learning how to be well-ad- fast-paced, consumer mentality. sponsibility to each other is our highest justed. You get to consciously decide We are convinced that a new age dawns, duty, that most folks really just want to love what has meaning and what doesn’t. You that technology has forever changed the and be loved, and that violence is immoral. get to decide what to worship. Because landscape, that today’s students are differ- I obviously subscribe to all sorts of other here’s something else that’s weird but ent, and that if we don’t find a way to keep beliefs, some of which I could describe if I true: in the day-to-day trenches of adult up, the entire enterprise will be lost. But it had the space, many of which I could not. life, there is actually no such thing as seems unlikely that the nearly 1,000-year- As it turns out, most of our “decisions” atheism. There is no such thing as not old project that is higher education will dis- are governed by “beliefs” that never enter worshipping. Everybody worships. The appear in a decade or two. Politics and eco- consciousness; our lives largely motor on only choice we get is what to worship. … nomics, I’d argue, conspire to create the il- via a kind of autopilot. The overwhelming That is real freedom. That is being edu- lusion that such collapse looms. evidence of the last 30 years of neuroscience cated, and understanding how to think. Rather than implode, we seem headed research proves this; nonconscious, intuitive The alternative is unconsciousness, the back to the future — toward a two-tiered biases provide the bases for the bulk of our default setting, the rat race, the constant model of higher education. Those who can decisions and actions. (For an excellent gnawing sense of having had, and lost, afford the gold standard (small classes, ded- summary of this research, see psychiatrist some infinite thing. n icated faculty, challenging material, broad- Iain McGilchrist’s 2009 book, The Master based curricula) will continue to be taught and His Emissary.) Humans rarely make de- Timothy L. Hulsey (former in the classic style. Those who cannot will cisions via carefully considered reasons, or Society Vice President for receive a more “modern” education, typi- moral principles, or logic. Rather, implicit Chapter Relations) is Associate fied by technologically-mediated instruc- processes operating outside of awareness are Professor of Psychology and tion, overworked professors, large classes, the default operations of the mind. We typi- Dean of the Honors College and vocationally-oriented instruction. cally operate like sophisticated, biological at Virginia Commonwealth What are the implications of all this? robots, programmed by evolution (expressed University. He coauthored The only way to answer is first to address through our genes) and the sum of our expe- the 2004 book Moral Cruelty the question of what a college education is riences (expressed by the neural connections (University Press of America), and articles he wrote for. If the purpose is to prepare citizens for formed in our brains). or co-wrote have appeared in industry publications a life of work, then this new model will If there is freedom, it lies in our opposing including the American Journal of Psychiatry and likely suffice. In fact, it may be the more such automatic life, in paying more atten- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. effective template. If the answer leans tion, focusing on the now, choosing what to Hulsey earned psychology degrees from Texas toward other goals, say, creating an in- think — it’s the antithesis of what our fast- A&M University-Corpus Christi (bachelor’s), Trinity formed citizenry, facilitating critical think- paced, technology-driven lives push us University (master’s), and University of Tennessee ing, or producing broadly educated gradu- toward. Freedom stems from forcing our- (doctoral) and served as a pre- and postdoctoral ates, the old model remains best. selves to step outside of that limited per- fellow at DartmouthMedical School. Earlier in Yet I’d suggest that neither of these goals spective, to be intentional, to exercise our his career, he taught and directed the university captures the purpose of a real education: wills. The true purpose of education, thus, honors program at Texas State University. Email freedom of thought. To illustrate my point, I isn’t to get a job. It’s to learn how to choose, him at [email protected]. Photo illustration from by Reynon Arnel stock.xchng images Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

26 Fall 2012 Arts and Entertainment

Eighty percent of success is showing up. — Woody Allen, comic writer, filmmaker, and actor

lack passion; they start pieces with great promise yet lose interest, never finish, become discouraged, or get distracted. All of these requirements lie within our power to control. But success may still elude us. Despite nurturing talent and embracing obsession, despite devotion to practice and facility at technique, we may not produce the magnum opus or find recognition and fortune. Why? Because another factor, beyond our power, may not come into play. Call it luck, opportunity, or the fifth requirement: timing. In the 1956 frontier novel These Thou- sand Hills, A. B. Guthrie, Jr.’s rambunctious saga of the American Northwest, cattle drover Carmichael observes, “The trouble with opportunity is that its name’s wrote on its butt.” We must recognize and take advantage of our chances when they appear. And we must hope that our obsession with a Riding High on Words subject comes at a time when we’re able to blend fascination with technique. By (William) Arnold Johnston invariably turns out to be painstakingly Inversely, our engagement with a topic and Deborah Ann Percy built. What, then, allows us to believe in may arise when we’re ill, committed else- or our final column, we offer some that magic? Well-honed technique. where (e.g., employment, parenting), or oth- observations about making the grade Mastery of it depends on the third re- erwise unable to funnel our skills. For Fas a writer, something we hope to quirement for making the grade in the arts example, the obsession that allowed Herman have accomplished the past three years in and elsewhere: practice. As Malcolm Melville to channel his abilities into the this very space. We base these opinions on Gladwell stresses in his 2008 book Outli- 1851 masterpiece Moby-Dick may have dis- our own experience as practitioners of the ers: The Story of Success, the “secret” to turbed his facility as a writer afterwards. craft, and our other published works — achievement in any field depends consider- Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852) largely plays, fiction, poetry, essays, lyrics, and ably on practice. He cites case after case in failed, and even relative successes like The translations — make us proud, yes, but which trailblazers of every sort — Mozart, Confidence-Man (1857) couldn’t compare to grateful, too, that we earn part of our keep Einstein, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Bill the masterwork. Timing may be everything. by rising to the occasion. Our insights also Gates, the Beatles — followed what Speaking of which, the time has come stem from decades of teaching writing: the Gladwell calls the 10,000-Hour Rule: for us to practice our techniques and focus challenging joy of helping others discover 10,000 hours of practice along the way. our talents, such as they are, on our next ways to express themselves better and Talent means nothing without technique obsessions. After all, showing up may learning from them in the process. and the requisite practice. Hard work can’t indeed be indispensable in making the There are several requirements for be avoided. Indeed, “Success is 10 percent grade, but knowing when to exit the stage success in writing, and they happen to apply inspiration and 90 percent perspiration,” is just as vital. n to endeavors both in the arts and beyond. Einstein observed. The award-winning liter- One that seems obvious is talent. Innate ary fiction writer Bobbie Ann Mason (William) ability can’t be taught, but such potential endured 19 rejections from The New Yorker Arnold can be identified and developed. For what early on before it accepted her first short Johnston matters are results, which involve taking story. And 1983 Nobel laureate William (Western action. Therefore, in our own writing, and in Golding’s Lord of the Flies met with 20 re- Michigan teaching the craft, we generally avoid dis- jections prior to publication; the 1954 novel University), cussion of talent, except to tap it. has now sold more than 25 million copies Emeritus Chair Thus, we focus on technique, require- in English alone. and Professor ment No. 2 in making the grade. Know- What makes us work that hard? The of English at Western Michigan University, Photo illustration from by Reynon Arnel stock.xchng images how can be gleaned by reading exemplary fourth requirement for success: obsession and his wife Deborah Ann Percy, a former (or problematic, even failed) work and ana- — with the genre, craft, subject, or even educator-administrator at public middle schools lyzing choices the writers made. Dramatists with success itself. In our writing classes, in Kalamazoo, Mich., write full time. Their benefit from watching plays, of course, but from beginning undergraduate drafts to books include his The Witching Voice: A Novel also from participating in the making of final doctoral projects, we have seen play- from the Life of Robert Burns; her collection of theater, sitting in on rehearsals, and writing and fiction students whose talent is fiction, Cool Front: Stories from Lake Michigan; viewing performances from the wings. breathtaking, students whose grasp of and their collaborations: The Art of the One-Act, Once in a while, someone creates a fully structure, plot, dialogue, character, setting, an anthology; Duets: Love Is Strange, one-acts; formed work at first try, apparently effort- and emotion is so good that they should be Beyond Sex and Rasputin in New York, full-length lessly; every now and again something on a path to Broadway or the bestseller list. plays; and translations (with Dona Roşu) of plays comes out in a realized rush. But such spon- We’ve seen budding poets whose gift for by Romanian writer Hristache Popescu. Email taneous outpourings are rare. In the real metaphor, rhythm, and diction is similarly them at [email protected] or

Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo world, what seems to be miraculously made impressive. But sometimes these students [email protected].

Fall 2012 27 Book Review

of the biography when, upon her death from kidney failure at age 52, colleagues extend sympathies to her companion. An Edifying In her fight with Johnson, the tactician in Slowe employed sympathetic faculty colleagues; likeminded cohorts at highly Maverick selective, predominantly white schools; and understanding peers from a vast By Harold E. Cheatham network of contacts at national associa- ucy Diggs Slowe swam against the tions. Nor was the canny survivor above tide of sexism, racism, and elitism. leaking damaging information to the press LThe African-American trailblazer to further her cause. Indeed, throughout (1885-1937) proved her mettle in education her tenure at Howard, Slowe remained on numerous fronts: the first dean of women faithful to the task at hand, insisting that at Howard University; the first president of the purpose of the university was not to the National Association of College control students — expressly women stu- Women; founding principal of the first dents — through dense rules but to junior high school for black students in educate them so they could make informed Washington, D.C.; a founder and the first choices. Her viewpoint partly stemmed president of Alpha Kappa Alpha, the first from educational philosopher John sorority for black women in the country. Dewey’s belief in practical experience; Her superlatives even extend to athletics; a self-determination through engagement 17-time tennis champion, she was the first was especially germane in a country rife African-American woman to win a major with patriarchy and bigotry. sports title, the American Tennis Associa- The biographers appropriately hail her tion’s inaugural national tournament. as a “competent preceptress” and the best It makes sense, then, as Carroll L. L. Faithful to the Task person to take on the role of founding dean Miller and Anne S. Pruitt-Logan meticu- At Hand: The Life of women, but they seem to give a pass to lously document in their biography of her, Of Lucy Diggs Slowe Slowe the firebrand. (Yet it ought to be Faithful to the Task at Hand, that Slowe By Carroll L. L. Miller noted that they scarcely engage in critique was strong-willed, and perhaps overbear- and Anne S. Pruitt-Logan and instead present the facts for the reader ing, equally smart, wily, charming, sophis- 480 pp. Illustrated. to interpret.) The sheer rightness and force- ticated, elegant, eloquent, clever, humor- State University of ful oratory of her presentments form part ous, and political. She was, the authors New York Press (June 2012). of this stalwart, it should be pointed out. demonstrate, ahead of the times. $90 hardcover; $29.95 paperback As Slowe persevered, so did her biogra- Born the youngest of seven children on and ebook. phers. A Howard professor (and alum) July 4 in Berryville, Va., Slowe suffered two began a profile of her for an anthology of early blows: her father’s death when she was notable American women in 1960 but died six months old and her mother’s five years later. The girl was raised before completing it. Miller, a Howard graduate and administrator by her maternal aunt and family, initially in Lexington, Va., ultimate- — and a junior high school pupil of Slowe’s — along with a col- ly in Baltimore, Md. Slowe’s success at Baltimore Colored High league, resumed and expanded the intent. Yet complications arose, School commended her for acceptance at Howard, and the English causing a hiatus until the 1990s. Dean of the graduate school by major graduated as class valedictorian in 1908 even while holding then, Miller died in 2003 still immersed in the project. Pruitt-Lo- down a job to help pay tuition. gan, Professor Emerita of Educational Policy and Leadership at After teaching and administrative stints at public secondary The Ohio State University, and a Howard alum herself, brought the schools in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., and after earning a manuscript to fruition. (Full disclosure: she served as my doctoral master’s degree in English at Columbia University, Slowe returned advisor and is one of my mentors.) The realization of this work is to Howard in 1922 as dean of women, a new position there. She no small feat. came to the assignment determined to improve their opportunities, It’s a testament to how the tenacious Slowe made the grade and and with the imprimatur of president J. Stanley Durkee, Slowe or- altered the educational landscape. So are the elementary school in dained herself the doyenne, the campus conscience and authority Washington, D.C., and the co-ed residence hall at Howard that on all things female. bear her name. n As proxy for her gender, she required equal status with academic deans and expected — demanded — to be consulted about the inter- Harold E. Cheatham (Clemson University former chapter section of their authority and that of her office. This posture suc- president) is Emeritus Dean of the College of Health, ceeded until the university seal was passed in 1926 to Mordecai Education, and Human Development and Emeritus Professor Wyatt Johnson, the first Howard president of African-American of Counseling and Education Leadership at Clemson descent, and a conservative with whom the progressive Slowe butted University. He specializes in the psychosocial development heads. But she soldiered on, intent on ensuring that advancements of black college students; multicultural counseling and for women were not impeded by institutional form or function. theory; and cultural pluralism. His many publications Her conflicts with Johnson (she broaching insubordination, he include The American Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary boycotting her highly praised events) and with the board of trustees History (Manchester University Press, 2009) and Black Families: Interdisciplinary (neutralizing a summons to account for herself) became the stuff of Perspectives (Rutgers University Press, 1990). A Senior Fulbright Scholar and legend. These internecine battles also amplify a distress for her that former president of the American College Personnel Association, Cheatham derived from a single-minded vigilance against any hint of real or earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology from Penn State and advanced imagined racial indignity or gender inequality. (Curiously, the degrees in counseling/higher education administration from Colgate University word sexism seldom appears in this work.) Slowe also might have (master’s) and Case Western Reserve University (doctoral). He is a 2012 Penn been the victim of subtle homophobia, exhibited through the insis- State Distinguished Alumni Award recipient. Go online to www.hehd.clemson.edu/

tence that she move on campus, a matter of focus only at the end cheatham/honors.php or email him at [email protected].

28 Fall 2012 Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary The Menu: Development, Strategy, and Application By David Barrish 312 pp. Pearson Education/Prentice Hall (January 2012). $78 paperback; $30.99 etextbook.

certified hotel administrator wrote this textbook for undergraduate culinary and hospitality management majors. Sample chapter titles: “Where Food and Beverages Are Served,” “How Cus- Atomers Buy Your Products,” and “Conceiving Menus that Respond to Your Market.” The discussion “bridges understanding and action by avoiding a prescriptive approach in favor of recommendations and examples of best practices that bolster the creative process,” press materials state, and contex- tual exercises “transform learning into relevant, career-based skill sets.” The work further incorporates American Culinary Federation competencies from nutrition to sanitation and from business and math to purchasing and receiving. Author David Barrish (Virginia Commonwealth University), Interim Dean of the School of Business and Engineering at J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, has spent decades in the hospitality industry, tourism sector, and chef associations. He explained via email that “there were no rigorous textbooks for culinary arts and hospitality management students interested in studying menu development at the undergraduate level” before his “task-orientated” effort. Between Page and Screen By Amaranth Borsuk and Brad Bouse 44 pp. Illustrated. Siglio Press (April 2012). $24.95 paperback.

his experiment ostensibly follows the complicated love affair between characters P and S through poetic epistles. Yet the volume contains no text, only black squares with geometric Tdesigns, and requires a webcam and website to be read. Writer Amaranth Borsuk (University of Southern California) and her coauthor and husband Brad Bouse, a programmer, “raise questions about the boundary between print and digital media,” Borsuk, a Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in the Humanities Program in Writing and Humanistic Studies and Comparative Media Studies at Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, explicated via email. “When the reader visits betweenpageand- screen.com and opens the book in front of her webcam, the camera reads these shapes like bar codes and projects poems in three-dimensional space, creating the effect that the reader holds the words in her hands. The text moves as the book moves and scatters when the page is turned,” she continued, and “does not exist on either page or screen, but in a between-space. …” Fantasy Media in the Classroom: Essays on Teaching with Film, Television, Literature, Graphic Novels and Video Games Edited by Emily Dial-Driver, Sally Emmons and Jim Ford 270 pp. McFarland & Company, Inc. (February 2012). $40 paperback and ebook. ith this project, we had three purposes in mind,” Emily Dial-Driver (Oklahoma State University), a professor in the English and Humanities Department at Rogers State ‘WUniversity, summarized in an email. “We intended to show that a traditional curriculum could be enhanced or illuminated by the use of nontraditional elements, specifically fantasy elements. We intended to reveal that using material not so personal to students allowed them to explore ‘loaded’ or controversial ideas without becoming defensive. We intended to illustrate that a course built on fantasy could be as rigorous and contain as much traditional critical rigor as a more traditional course.” For instance, the 1998 film Pleasantville relates to Ray Bradbury’s 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451, and studying the 1997-2003 TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer reinforces skills at literary criticism. “Fantasy, thus, can function as a gateway to more traditional material, to critical thinking, and to open exploration,” added Dial-Driver. The editors, Rogers State colleagues, also contribute essays.

Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf Submission Guidelines The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi If you are an author and would like your work to be considered for inclusion in the 7576 Goodwood Blvd. Phi Kappa Phi Bookshelf, send two copies of the book, a color headshot of yourself, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 contact information (address, phone numbers, email), and a one-page synopsis to: [email protected]

*All submitted books will be added to the Phi Kappa Phi library housed at the Society headquarters.

Fall 2012 29 Society Developments 2012 Phi Kappa Phi Convention Highlights

Some of the roughly 300 attendees get to know each other at a meal at the 2012 Phi Kappa Phi Convention in August in St. Louis.

he Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi after keynote speaker, Phi Kappa Phi (for a total of 300 active chapters), and a reached new heights at its 42nd member, and retired NASA astronaut sixth is in the offing. TConvention. Wendy Lawrence concluded a slide-show • Society assets grew from $32 million Literally and figuratively, folks rose to presentation about her role aboard the in 2010 to $40 million presently. the occasion. More chapter delegates — Space Shuttle STS-114 “Return to Flight” • Conventions occur biennially now 177 — attended the extended weekend of in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster instead of triennially as in the past to allow service, learning, and socializing in St. that killed the entire crew of seven. for more responsiveness. On related notes, Louis than any previous assemblage in the “In a national economy that’s nothing to the board of directors for the first time in- history of the organization, which dates to brag about,” and “as higher education is included students (two) — in the 2010-12 1897. Approximately 300 people participat- creasingly on the defensive,” “we’re in really roster. And vice presidents at large (two) for ed in one session or another at the Hyatt good shape,” declared 2010-12 Phi Kappa Phi the first time were elected to the board Regency St. Louis at the Arch in August, President William A. Bloodworth, Jr., in his by active members — in the 2012-14 lineup. eclipsing by 50 the total at the 2010 event State of the Society Address. The main • The fall 2011 edition of this journal, in Kansas City, Mo. New to the schedule reasons, he elucidated, are that Phi Kappa Phi theme of “9/11,” earned a Grand Award at were professional development workshops has gained more members, chapters, money, the 2012 APEX Awards for Publication on subjects such as improving technology democracy, and awards over the last two years: Excellence. Only 100 entries, about etiquette in the classroom and polishing • Active membership increased from three percent of some 3,400 applicants, one’s online image. And, with spirits 108,000 in 2010 to 114,000 currently. won this top prize, including 14 magazines. soaring, a capacity crowd jumped to its feet • Five new chapters have been installed Diane G. Smathers, upon receiving the Productions VeeLee Hunter, Virginia

30 Fall 2012 Society Developments

Clockwise from top left: Student officers relax among the 200 Phi Kappa Phi faithful on a chartered riverboat cruise on the Mississippi River after Partnering for Success workshops with chapter officers, board members, and headquarters staff the day before the Convention. 2012-14 Society President Diane G. Smathers urges Phi Kappa Phi to lead the way in education and beyond it. “We didn’t know exactly what we were going to do on our mission,” recalls former NASA astronaut Wendy Lawrence about the STS-114 “Return to Flight” after the fatal 2003 Columbia expedition, “but we did know that we were going to the International Space Station.” 2010-12 Society President William A. Bloodworth, Jr., shares good Society news. Society Vice President for Finance Curtis D. Black presents Robert T. Barrett with the 2012-14 Phi Kappa Phi Artist citation. Thomas E. Barden, the 2012-14 Phi Kappa Phi Scholar, discusses how “empirical evidence” proves that literature “does some concrete good in this world.” Chapter personnel convene at one of several regional meetings.

gavel from Bloodworth, devoted her New 2012-14 President-Elect. Barden, an English professor and the dean President’s Charge that ended the proceed- “I look forward to working with a group of the honors college at University of ings to the responsibility of honor and the of people who prize excellence and integ- Toledo, and illustrator and painter Robert imperative of leadership. To make a posi- rity,” he said. “And I think among us we T. Barrett, a visual arts professor at tive impact on education in particular and can do some wonderful things inside the Brigham Young University, respectively. humanity in general is both the honor and academy and outside of it.” Also, recipients of other Society awards responsibility of the Society, she said, and • Phi Kappa Phi announced a national spoke at a dinner. the prime objective of the next biennium. service initiative with the learning plat- • New Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director “Why? Because Phi Kappa Phi is in this for form NIXTY. Society members can post Mary Todd made remarks and a reception the long game,” and can, and does, and information they’re expert in and view was held in her honor. should “influence all facets of American work by others. • Outstanding chapters were recognized. life,” she proclaimed — and received a • Registrants had opportunity to partake in • Partnering for Success workshops, in- standing ovation at her conclusion. roundtable breakfasts on topics such as creat- volving chapter officers, board members, Other Convention happenings: ing memorable initiations, promoting chapter and headquarters personnel and occurring • Ray Sylvester, 2010-12 Vice Presi- visibility, and enhancing social media. the day before the Convention, explored dent for Marketing and Member Benefits, • The 2012-14 budget and changes to the governance and operations, awards and and Professor of Marketing and Associate Society’s bylaws were approved. benefits, and publicity and communication, Dean at the Eberhardt School of Business • The 2012-14 Phi Kappa Phi Scholar among other issues. n at University of the Pacific, was elected and Artist gave lunchtime talks: Thomas E. — Staff report

Fall 2012 31 Society Developments Convention Reflections Left: Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director Mary Todd talks with 2010-12 Society President William A. Bloodworth, Jr. (left), during a Convention luncheon as the 2010-12 Phi Kappa Phi Artist David Northington listens. Below: Todd (center right) and 2012-14 Society President Diane G. Smathers (center left) pose with members who spoke at a Convention dinner about their Society awards. From left to right: 2011 Love of Learning Award winner Jason Lyle Black, 2011 Larry Sommers Study Abroad Grant recipient Bao-Tran Nguyen, multiple Literacy Grant winner Kathleen Tice, and 2011 Marcus L. Urann Fellowship recipient Nicholas R. Birger.

By Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director Mary Todd could bottle these traits. Including student was a rookie in St. Louis — it was my vice presidents in chap- first Phi Kappa Phi convention, so I had ters and creating gover- Ino direct point of comparison except nance roles for the the many conferences and national gather- Council of Students ings I have attended over my career. Unlike ensure that Phi Kappa other rookies, however, I had the unique Phi conventions are in- vantage point of knowing a great deal tergenerational. It about the details that helped to make the would be difficult to event a very positive experience for those define the average del- in attendance. egate, as chapters were So for your consideration, context, ob- represented by stu- servations, and reflections follow… dents, staff members, For the three years prior to my appoint- faculty of all ranks, in- ment as executive director, I worked at the cluding emeritus, and Honors College at Marshall University. even administrators. From the beginning the convention felt fa- That’s not only wonderful — it’s essential. but an obligation, to call for a revaluing of miliar and comfortable, rather like being in A word I heard often throughout the the notion of honor — what does it mean in an honors college of grownups — bright, weekend was “inspiring.” Whether hearing today’s world to be an honor society? John talented people committed to other bright, from the 2012-14 Phi Kappa Phi Scholar Gardner’s small book, first published in talented people. Everyone there had made Thomas Barden or Artist Robert Barrett, 1961, simply titled Excellence, might offer the grade. shuttle astronaut and keynote speaker a starting point. Gardner, a consummate That was evident from the opening ses- Wendy Lawrence, or students who shared public servant, believed that while every- sions of the Partnering for Success work- what they had been able to do as a result of one has the potential for excellence, “Some shops that drew more than 120 campus rep- winning Society awards, every presentation people have greatness thrust upon them. resentatives. The most frequent reason par- underscored the amazing achievements of Very few have excellence thrust upon them. ticipants gave for being there was ex- Phi Kappa Phi members. They achieve it.” pressed in four words: “I’m here to learn.” In my remarks to the convention, I chal- The convention met in the shadow of Virginia Hunter, VeeLee Productions But they didn’t just want to be talked at — lenged the organization to think about two the majestic arch that serves as a powerful they wanted to learn from one another, and words — “honor” and “excellence.” The symbol of the city’s place as the gateway they called for more interactive sessions in comment I heard more often than any other to the West. I found that a fitting image as the future. Because these chapter officers in St. Louis was a compelling desire that we look to the post-convention future of brought with them such palpable — and Phi Kappa Phi increase its visibility in Phi Kappa Phi. What might that horizon contagious — energy and enthusiasm, more higher education and more broadly. I look like?

than once I wished there was a way we believe we have not only the opportunity, Just imagine the possibilities. n Productions VeeLee Hunter, Virginia

32 Fall 2012 Society Developments

Robert B. Rogow Thanked by The Convention Society for His Long Service by the Numbers One-hundred-seventy-seven chapter delegates attended the 2012 Convention, the 42nd since Phi Kappa Phi was founded in 1897. Adding in current and former board members, candidates, other chapter personnel, the Council of Students advisory body, presenters, Phi Kappa Phi headquarters staff, and guests, approximately 300 people participated.

Robert B. Rogow (center right), the 2010-12 past president of Phi Kappa Phi, poses at the Convention with, from left to right, William A. Bloodworth, Jr., the 2010-12 president; Diane G. Smathers, the 2012-14 president; Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director Mary Todd; and former presidents E. Ann Nalley (1995-98) and Wendell McKenzie (2001-04) at a meet-and-greet reception for Todd and photo opportunity for members.

obert B. Rogow’s leadership roles “Bob Rogow is the consummate leader with Phi Kappa Phi span three and Phi Kappa Phi member,” said Society Bloodworth accepts a $10,000 gift on Phi R decades. Talk about food for President Diane G. Smathers. “He led by Kappa Phi’s behalf from a GEICO representative. thought! That’s one reason why he was pre- example and his selflessness was sented with a pewter serving platter in a inspiring.” Other Convention totals: crab motif and an autographed copy of “I have enjoyed and found immensely 1 astronaut in Phi Kappa Phi’s orbit: keynote Louisiana chef John Folse’s Encyclopedia rewarding the friendships and relationships speaker Wendy Lawrence. of Cajun and Creole Cuisine as parting I have made by working with colleagues gifts at the end of the Convention, when from the various disciplines represented 1 backwards-playing pianist: Jason Lyle Black, Rogow rotated off the Society’s board of within the Society,” Rogow said. “Through a 2011 Love of Learning Award recipient, directors. After all, the former past presi- these associations I have developed a performed at the festivities. dent now has more time to cook up South- greater understanding, respect, and appre- 2 standing ovations: for Lawrence after her talk, ern favorites since he no longer must travel ciation for the academy to which we all “STS-114: Returning the Space Shuttle to Flight,” to Phi Kappa Phi headquarters in Baton belong. Additionally, I am proud of the fel- and for Smathers after her New President’s Rouge on business. lowships, awards, and grants the Society Charge to conclude the Convention. “We will miss coming to Baton Rouge provides to worthy members. It is through 200 Phi Kappa Phi passengers set sail on and eating all that delicious Cajun and the achievements of the recipients and th Creole food,” Rogow said upon unwrap- other members that the recognition and the Becky Thatcher, a 19 -century replica ping the presents at a party for the outgoing legacy of the Society are enhanced.” paddle wheeler, on a chartered dinner cruise board. “They have recipes in this encyclo- “In his official capacities, Bob has along the Mississippi River (at eight mph) pedia? I’m not the cook of the family,” he helped bring about significant changes to the day before the Convention. The outing continued with a smile, handing off the Phi Kappa Phi practices that position the followed Partnering for Success workshops 12-pound tome to his wife Carol. “This Society for greater success in the 21st with chapter officers, board members, and will hold a special place in our home. And century, such as expanding the makeup of headquarters staff. we want you to come visit so we can all try the board of directors to include student 220 hotel rooms booked (and 19 some of these great dishes.” and at-large members and switching from a meeting rooms utilized) at the Hyatt Also a professor of accounting and dean triennial to a biennial governance cycle,” Regency St. Louis at the Arch. of the College of Business and Technology said Phi Kappa Phi Associate Executive 360 St. Louis Gooey Butter Cakes served at Eastern Kentucky University, Rogow Director/Chief Financial Officer Lourdes as treats. served three-year terms as president-elect Barro. “Throughout his service to the (2004-07) and president (2007-10) and a organization, Bob also was strongly assist- 600 pounds of Convention supplies, give or two-year term as past president (2010-12). ed by his wife Carol, who accompanied take, trucked from Society headquarters to Before his eight consecutive years on the him on most of his Phi Kappa Phi trips,” St. Louis. The contents filled up 91 corrugated board, he was president of the Auburn Uni- Barro added. “We are further grateful to cardboard boxes, held secure via shrink wrap, versity chapter (1983-84), chair of the So- Bob and Carol for their generous financial and took up four pallets. Virginia Hunter, VeeLee Productions ciety’s investment committee (1995-98), support to the Society over the years.” 2,416 meals (76 during the setup; 350 chair of Phi Kappa Phi’s bylaws and busi- “It is my hope that Phi Kappa Phi has during Partnering for Success workshops; and ness practices committee (1999-2001), and continued success in all its endeavors,” 1,990 during the Convention). a member of the organization’s budget Rogow concluded, “and that the general 10,000 dollars donated by GEICO in committee (2001-04). Rogow also coordi- public recognizes and appreciates the aca- support of Phi Kappa Phi. n nated the petition to establish the Auburn demic achievements of Phi Kappa Phi University Montgomery chapter (1988-90) members.” n — Staff report and was its charter president (1990-91). — Staff report

Fall 2012 33 Chapter Update 2012-14 Council of Students Selected hen you’re part of something The Society’s 2012-14 that embodies you, such as Council of Students Phi Kappa Phi and its aca- met in person for the ‘W first time at the 2012 demic excellence, you want to give back, not just to your campus but to your larger Convention. Standing community, too,” said Ryan D. Wright, (left to right): Oluseun shortly after his peers on the 2012-14 “Sam” Idowu, Brittany Council of Students elected him a vice Neaves, Eryn DeBuhr, president for students on the Society’s bien- Eleanor Yu, Kristen nial board of directors. Worthen, Ashley “It’s all about heart, passion, commit- Matcheck, and Ryan ment,” agreed his Council of Students col- D. Wright. Seated league Oluseun “Sam” Idowu, who also (left to right): Bridget was elected a vice president for students at Dougherty and Crystal the 2012 Convention. “I look forward to in- Wrigley. (Not pictured: creasing student participation.” Bridgette Cram and The pair of young officials helped set the Danielle Martin.) enthusiastic tone for the second installment of the advisory panel, which is comprised of student vice presidents from each of the strategic-planning process and position the governance cycle. Society’s five regions. Objectives for the Society to be an influencing factor in Bridgette Cram, a doctoral student in 10-member body include enhancing com- higher education.” public affairs at Florida International Uni- munication between the Council of Stu- Phi Kappa Phi Executive Director Mary versity, was on the initial Council of Stu- dents and student vice presidents and creat- Todd added, “Students are at the heart of Phi dents and was appointed by Smathers as the ing student leadership workshops, said Jim Kappa Phi. Most of us joined as students, so third vice president for students on the Carlson, a chapter relations director at head- it’s very fitting that students be engaged in 2012-14 board. “I’m excited to continue to quarters who coaches the group. the work of the Society as members of the be one of the voices of the students,” Cram “The student perspective is invaluable,” Council of Students and in campus chapters.” said, “and to continue the groundwork of observed Society President Diane G. The Council of Students was created in the original Council.” Smathers, “particularly as we begin the 2010 and replenishes with every Phi Kappa Phi — Staff report

Vice Presidents for Students B.S. in psychology and criminal justice (2009) Brittany Neaves from the 2012-14 Council of Students: Pursuing M.S. and Ph.D. in gerontology Southeast Region Favorite quote: “Always do right. This will gratify (Eastern Kentucky University) Oluseun “Sam” Idowu some people and astonish the rest.” — Mark Twain Senior accounting major South Central Region [email protected] Role model: My parents. They (University of Missouri-Kansas City) (College or university of chapter initiation) have taught me never to give up, B.S. in agricultural meteorology from University of Bridget Dougherty Unless otherwise indicated, Phi Kappa the importance of hard work and Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (1998) Northeast Region Phi chapter is also school attended. that nothing is impossible. M.S. in meteorology from University of Pretoria, (The Pennsylvania State University) [email protected] South Africa (2008) Junior, double majoring in energy, Pursuing multidisciplinary doctorate in business, and finance and in international politics Kristen Worthen geosciences and statistics at University Her objective for the Council of Students: South Central Region of Missouri-Kansas City Increase participation through service and (Cameron University) Advice for underclassmen: Be focused, steady, and networking initiatives Senior chemistry major determined. [email protected] Hobbies: Reading books, playing tennis, [email protected] or just having a good conversation with friends Danielle Martin [email protected] Ryan D. Wright Southeast Region North Central Region (East Carolina University) Crystal Wrigley (University of Toledo) Senior, majoring in multidisciplinary studies, with a Southeast Region B.A. in international leadership studies concentration in neuroscience (University of Central Florida) from Marietta College (2008) Best part of Phi Kappa Phi: Its community of B.S. in health services administration (2009) M.A. in English, concentration in ESL, scholars representing many different disciplines M.S. in health sciences, health services from University of Toledo (2012) and backgrounds administration (2012) Pursuing M.A. in literary and textual studies [email protected] Why she ran for the Council of Students: at Bowling Green State University To become a part of something greater; Satisfying community service: Delivering Ashley Matcheck the constant quest for knowledge. laptop computers and teaching fifth- and Western Region [email protected] sixth-grade students in Hohoe, Volta Region, Ghana (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) [email protected] B.A. in history (2010) Eleanor Yu Pursuing M.B.A./M.S. in management Western Region Other Members of the information systems (University of California-Davis) Senior, majoring in exercise biology Council of Students: Favorite quote: “Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom Memorable course: A field study class in Eryn DeBuhr fate brings you together, but do so with all your which we went to “hunt” for mushrooms North Central Region heart.” — Marcus Aurelius and learn how to identify them

(North Dakota State University) [email protected] [email protected] n Productions VeeLee Hunter, Virginia

34 Fall 2012 Chapter Update

meetings, we became a family. It was amazing to watch our group come together with the same goals in mind. The meetings were a chance for us to discuss projects and exchange updates.

Q: What obstacles did you encounter during your tenure? JH: Inconsistent participation by some Council of Students members. A need for better communication with their own chapter and regions. And changing the mindset of the board of directors and the Society as a whole to encourage more student involvement. RH: The best part of Phi Kappa Phi is its interdisciplinary tradition and the variety of perspectives represented by its students. Even within the Council of Students, we have students from science, engineering, business, health, humanities, and social sciences. I think a big task Jeffry Harrison (left) and Rodney Hughes. for the Council of Students is to identify and facilitate opportunities for members to take advantage of conversations and collaboration across the disciplinary boundaries that they encounter in the Taking Stock of the course of their normal academic lives. Q: What are you most proud of? JH: Speaking at the Phi Kappa Phi induction ceremony at the University of the Philip- Council of Students pines on April 13, 2012. By Editor Peter Szatmary he inaugural Council of Students advisory panel completed its two-year term in Q: What are your recommendations for the August. The charter representatives pursued numerous objectives upon their forma- future? T tion in August 2010. Undertakings included advocating on behalf of constituents, RH: I would recommend the new group expanding the participation of student members in the Society, increasing the visibility of take some time to understand Phi Kappa the organization, and creating instructional publications for student officers. Phi’s mission and current organization and To help prepare the next iteration, predecessors and former Society board members think about features or opportunities to in- Rodney Hughes (Northeast Region), a doctoral student in higher education at Penn State, troduce or accentuate. A big part of this and Jeffry Harrison (North Central Region), who earned a B.S. in business administration requires recognizing opportunities and in May from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, selected questions to answer from challenges at the chapters and facilitating a list submitted to them by Editor Peter Szatmary. What follows are compiled, edited ex- communication among students across cerpts about how the Council of Students makes the grade. different chapters. Periodically hosting wide-ranging conversations similar to the Question: What were your goals coming into lifeblood of the organization and the Coun- first Council of Students conference calls the assignment? cil of Students serves as the heart. with broader student participation might Rodney Hughes: To identify opportunities for be a good way to start. Council of Students members to collaborate Q: The 10 of you held monthly online with each other to support students and of- conference calls. What was the purpose? Q: What did you learn from your experience ficers at our chapters. To help other board RH: They were our avenue for getting on the Phi Kappa Phi board of directors? members feel comfortable with student in- most of our work done as a group. We JH: I learned the dynamics of higher volvement in governance. And to make developed the idea for our handbook for education from so many different perspec- sure Jeffry and I could contribute to board student vice presidents and the guide- tives. I learned how to deal with conflicts discussions about the role of students in book for the new Council of Students and resolve issues. I learned a better un- Phi Kappa Phi and about broader topics. during these conference calls. Our pro- derstanding of how to set policies and Jeffry Harrison: To bring a student perspec- ductivity as a group increased quite a guidelines for a major organization. tive and energy to the board. bit once we identified the conference call model as our primary means of Q: What’s the best part of the Council of Q: How does the Council of Students fit into communication. Students? Phi Kappa Phi, and vice versa? JH: They were a chance for the members to JH: The feeling of accomplishment for all JH: The students of Phi Kappa Phi are the bond and grow together. Through these that we did together. n

Fall 2012 35 M ember S potlight

Wometco was founded by brothers-in-law Mitchell Wolfson and Sidney Meyer in 1925. It began as a movie-theater chain in Miami, Fla., expanded to TV broadcasting in 1949, purchased the Miami Seaquarium in 1960, commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1965, bought the Blue Circle Hamburgers drive-in restaurants in 1966, and added cable TV in 1977. The company further diversified into food service, vending machines, and Coca-Cola bottling. In 1984, the private investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts purchased Wometco for $1 billion in the largest corporate buyout at the time. A year later, Hertz along with a partner bought several divisions from the equity concern and eventually renamed the organization Wometco. Today, under Hertz, it owns and operates the Miami Seaquarium and 34 Baskin-Robbins ice cream parlors, 14 Baskin-Robbins/Dunkin’ Donuts combo shops, and two Dunkin’ Donuts stores in Puerto Rico. On leadership: “What makes a good leader is finding good people and keeping them out front. I never hire someone who always agrees with me because I never learn anything that way. I have two expressions: Hire people who are smarter than you, not the ones you can dominate. And: First-class people hire first-class people; second-class people hire third-class people.”

Hertz has served on the board of trustees of University of Miami, his alma mater, for more than three decades and is a former president of its alumni association. On the key issue in higher education: “The cost of a degree unfortunately continues to climb. The burden this puts on students and their parents is a serious problem. One way to keep the cost down as much as possible is accelerating education so students get out of school quicker.”

His community service currently includes the Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce, Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau, City of Miami Off-Street Parking Authority (former chairman), Florida Commission on Tourism (former vice chairman), Visit Florida (former chairman), and the Orange Bowl Committee (former president). He earlier served as chairman of both the Miami-Dade County Educational Facilities Authority and the Public Health Trust of Miami-Dade County. On civic outreach: “When I came out of college, I rthur H. Hertz has spent most of his career at started working at a television station, and the owner Wometco Enterprises, Inc., a multimillion-dollar was very community-orientated. He used to say, ‘You can’t plant a crop unless you put something in the Aentertainment enterprise based in Coral Gables, soil.’ I agree.” Fla. He started in 1956 as an accountant; rose through Hertz donates to numerous causes including the the ranks; became a vice president in 1964, a director in Diabetes Research Institute, United Way, and Jackson Memorial Foundation (for a health system of six hospitals). 1971, and chief operating officer in 1983; and assumed On philanthropy: “I have more than I need. I give because I can help people. And I give to causes I feel the roles of chairman, chief executive officer, and con- passionate about. For instance, I have a son who was trolling shareholder in 1985. born brain-damaged and I give a lot to causes that can benefit him.” On loyalty: “It’s an attribute I like very much. When A certified public accountant and a real estate you can depend on people, you have a lot of comfort investor, Hertz was initiated into Phi Kappa Phi at knowing they’re going to do the right thing, especially in University of Miami in 1955. On the Society: “I like that it honors all the schools, difficult moments.” not just liberal arts.”

36 Fall 2012 Member News

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Megan Bullick (Lycoming its 1,000-plus member Indian Student Associa- sity of Maine. She was principal trumpeter for its College), a double major in tion and was on the dean’s council at its Naveen symphonic band and played in the jazz and creative writing and French Jindal School of Management. brass ensembles. at Lycoming College, gave the senior greeting at the Kathryn L. Mattingly and Kaci Robertson Senior biology majors Tiffany Nicole Phillips school’s spring commence- (Austin Peay State University) earned the two top and Harrison Breedlove Taylor (Francis Marion ment. She was editor in chief student awards from Austin Peay State Univer- University) received the Blackwell Award at of the student literary magazine and involved in sity. Mattingly, a senior mathematics major, won Francis Marion University for undergraduates numerous campus organizations. the William McClure Drane Award for scholar- earning the highest grade point average the past ship, leadership, service, and character. She was academic year. Both won numerous other Michael Culp (Southern Oregon University), an president of the Galois Mathematics Club and honors during their study, and Phillips complet- economics major, was Southern Oregon Univer- held offices at her Alpha Delta Pi sorority. Rob- ed outreach programs on health issues while sity’s Dankook Outstanding Undergraduate Man ertson, a mathematics education major, received Taylor was a student marshal. of the Year. Winner of other honors too, he com- the Harvill-Civitan Citizenship Award for maxi- pleted his capstone project, about the collapse mizing one’s abilities and bettering the school. Senior biology major and wilderness leader of the Greek economy, in one term. She volunteered in outreach, science, and minis- Laura Platt and senior business economics try efforts. major and lacrosse attackman Michael Tota Jeremy A. Farrell (Idaho (State University of New York at Cortland) were State University) received a Dave McRae (East Carolina two of four on their campus to earn 2012 State 2012 Outstanding Student University), emeritus chief University of New York Chancellor’s Awards for Award from Idaho State Uni- executive officer at Vidant Student Excellence. versity and its alumni associa- Health, a system of 10 hospi- tion along with 12 peers. He tals and medical centers in Brittany Reinard (Florida Institute of Technolo- majored in statistics and was eastern North Carolina, gave gy), a premed biology major and cross-country president of the G2 math/computer science club. the spring commencement and track-and-field athlete, was named Out- Married with two children, Farrell is a software address at East Carolina University. He earned a standing Senior at Florida Institute of Technolo- developer at an insurance company. master’s degree at its college of education and gy at its honors convocation. Winner of other received two degrees from University of North awards, she has volunteered at medical centers. Lisa M. (Tylicki) Hanson Carolina at Chapel Hill. McRae has held leader- (Purdue University), a second- ship roles at numerous healthcare associations. Avery Scherer (Eastern Kentucky University grade teacher at Garth Ele- former chapter student vice president) earned mentary School in George- Emily K. Mella (University of the President’s Outstanding Senior Award from town, Ky., earned National Evansville chapter student Eastern Kentucky University. She majored in Board Certification. Nation- vice president), an archaeol- aquatic biology as an honors scholar, volun- wide, only three percent of ogy, art history and interna- teered for humanitarian causes, and won other pre-K through 12th-grade teachers, some 100,000 tional studies major at Uni- awards, including a 2010 Study Abroad Grant educators, achieve this advanced credential, versity of Evansville, deliv- from Phi Kappa Phi to take a tropical biology which is administered by the National Board for ered the school’s inaugural course in Belize. Scherer is a graduate student at Professional Teaching Standards. senior keynote speech at spring commence- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi. ment. Involved in numerous student activities as Alan Kazdin (member at an undergraduate and winner of several awards, John (Jack) Scudder (United States Military large) won the 2012 Career/ she spent the summer conducting archaeologi- Academy), a mechanical engineer major and Lifetime Achievement Award cal research in Israel and Jordan. Mella is pursu- cadet battalion commander at West Point, re- from the Association for Be- ing a master’s degree in international affairs at ceived a “Tomorrow’s Leader” award from Aviation havioral and Cognitive Ther- American University. Week. A student soldier from each of the armed apies. He is the John M. forces academies is presented with the annual Musser Professor of Psychol- Meg McGavran Murray honor in Washington, D.C. Scudder has earned ogy and Child Psychiatry, professor at the Insti- (Mississippi State University parachutist and German proficiency badges. tution for Social and Policy Studies, and director former chapter president) re- of the Yale Parenting Center at Yale University. ceived the American Library Amy Sage Webb (Emporia Author of hundreds of articles and almost 50 Association’s Choice maga- State University former books on child psychology, Kazdin focuses on zine Award for Outstanding chapter president) won the clinical dysfunction and treatment; child-rear- Academic Title for Margaret 2012 Roe R. Cross Distin- ing and parenting; psychosocial interventions Fuller, Wandering Pilgrim, a 2008 biography of the guished Professor Award and the burden of mental illness; and translat- author (1810-50) of the early American feminist from Emporia State Univer- ing psychological science to aid everyday life. manifesto, Woman in the Nineteenth Century. sity, at which she teaches He’s also a former president of the American Murray, Associate Professor Emerita in English at fiction writing, American literature and peda- Psychological Association. Mississippi State University, spent 30 years gogy. Recently promoted to full professor after “tracing the ‘strange, dark, thorny paths’ taken by 17 years in the English Department, Webb also Amit Maheska (University of America’s first full-fledged woman intellectual,” has served as president of the faculty senate. Texas at Dallas), who earned according to a press release by publisher Univer- The award includes $1,000 for professional a master’s degree in informa- sity of Georgia Press. Only about 10 percent of activities. Webb, who has published and tion technology and manage- the 7,000 works that Choice annually reviews presented widely, will speak at the December ment from University of Texas earn such distinction. commencement. n at Dallas in May, won the Student Leader of the Year Kayla Peard (University of Maine), a music edu- For more Member News, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012. award from the school. He served as president of cation major, was named salutatorian at Univer-

Fall 2012 37 x

In Memoriam

Compiled by Editor Peter Szatmary

Frances Floyd Estes (University enjoyed dressing fashionably and shopping at the April 16; survivors include her husband of more than of West Georgia), 95, revered ed- best stores. In retirement, she helped edit the Santa 22 years and two stepsons and their families. ucation. Always wanting to Monica Star, a free monthly community newspaper teach, she did so for 35 years at that her daughter Diane publishes. Margolin loved Alice Skeens (University of Georgia elementary schools, music boxes, Diane explained in an email, especially Toledo), 75, spent almost five until retirement in 1981. Estes “a beautiful, heart-shaped ceramic one decorated decades at University of Toledo, also enlightened her community with roses and ribbons that has her name and from teaching at its former com- by cofounding with her husband and others the Phi Kappa Phi chapter presidency on it” — and that munity and technical college to School of Hope (at the First Baptist Church of Carroll- Diane now cherishes. Preceded in death by her serving as founding dean of its ton) for children with disabilities; helping to create husband of 60 years, Margolin died on June 4, 2011. College of Languages, Literature the Carroll County Association for Retarded Citizens, Besides her children, survivors include three grand- and Social Sciences. Other roles: psychology profes- for which the couple served as co-presidents for children and her brother. sor, assistant to the president, assistant and associate years; and participating in the establishment of its dean of student affairs in the College of Arts and Sci- present facility, at which their son is a client. A gradu- Harold S. McNabb, Jr. (Iowa State University former ences, first female chair of the faculty senate, faculty ate of what’s now University of West Georgia, she was chapter president), 83, taught botany, plant pathol- grand marshal at commencement, faculty represen- president of its alumni association for two terms and ogy, and forestry at Iowa State University for 47 tative to the NCAA, and chapter advisor of the Alpha won awards for service. In her spare time, Estes was a years until retirement in 2000. He specialized in oak Lambda Delta honor society for freshmen women. charter member of her area Lioness Club and Art wilt, Dutch elm disease, and poplar trees. McNabb Thus, she was named “Woman of the Year” by the Study Club, sang in her church choir, and co-hosted a was the faculty advisor to the university’s botany school’s Catharine S. Eberly Center for Women. canasta club with her husband. Preceded in death by club, an evaluator of area high school biology pro- Skeens also won the university’s outstanding adviser her husband of 52 years and her brother, she passed grams, a supporter of the state high school science award. As a young woman, she taught in county away on Jan. 17. Survivors include her daughter, son, fair, and a mentor to undergraduate interns and schools in her native West Virginia. Skeens earned four grandchildren, and two great-granddaughters. high school students. It follows that he bred irises as degrees from what’s now Concord University (bach- a youth, worked for the U.S. Forest Service summers elor’s in English and social sciences), West Virginia Leslie Gail Herrmann (San during high school, and became an Eagle Scout and University (master’s in English, counseling and social Diego State University), 60, was a scoutmaster for 25 years. Honors include the sciences), and University of Toledo (doctoral in loved her family and friends, George Washington Carver Distinguished Services education). Preceded in death by her husband, animals, work, and God. She Award from Iowa State. McNabb lectured widely on three sisters, and four brothers, she passed away on spent more than 25 years em- Carver, his role model in science, including at the Nov. 12, 2011. Survivors include her son and daugh- ployed at San Diego State Uni- dedication of the Carver Center in Washington, D.C., ter-in-law, three granddaughters, grandson, and sister. versity. Her wide-ranging re- and at a Carver Birthplace Day celebration. He also sponsibilities in Academic Affairs and Undergradu- served six years on Iowa State’s faculty senate, in- Sandra M. Stokes (University of Wisconsin-Green ate Studies included administrative liaison for the cluding as president, and almost a decade as a Bay chapter scholarship/award coordinator), 64, Pro- Jane K. Smith Cap and Gown Chapter of the nation- board member of the Ames Community School Dis- fessor Emerita of Education and Women’s Studies, in- al Mortar Board senior honor society, the San Diego trict. McNabb additionally was secretary, chief of fluenced and trained many future teachers and State Alumni Association, and the Henry L. Janssen staff, and parliamentarian for his wife, Margo, during teacher candidates during her 16-year career at Uni- Honors Council. The past few years she also served her 11 years as the county Democrat chair. He versity of Wisconsin-Green Bay. She served as direc- as administrative liaison for the San Diego State earned degrees from University of Nebraska (bach- tor of clinical experiences in education at the school Phi Kappa Phi chapter; former chapter president elor’s) and Yale University (master’s and doctoral). and was liaison for early childhood education to the Christopher Frost remembered her as an avid McNabb died on May 12, 2011. Survivors include his College of the Menominee Nation. Stokes also was participant at workshops and “a key enthusiast of wife of 61 years; they had a son and daughter. editor of the Wisconsin State Reading Association Phi Kappa Phi.” Earlier employment spanned Harrah’s Journal from 2004 to 2010. Community outreach tied Casino, A&M Records, Blue Shield of California, and Joye Patterson (University of Missouri-Columbia), to her training included working with the Family Lit- Picnic People. Raised in San Diego, Herrmann enjoyed 86, helped pioneer the field of science journalism in eracy Program of Greater Green Bay, serving on the drill team and cheerleading and attended Gross- higher education. She taught the subject for more board of Reading Connections, Inc., and being co- mont College and University of Nevada, Reno. She than three decades at the Missouri School of Jour- president of the Greater Bayland Reading Council. also liked to read, dance, camp, play sports, spend nalism, from which she earned master’s and doctoral Other civic causes: the Salvation Army, Leadership holidays with her inner circle, and plan parties and degrees. During her 1965-98 tenure on campus, Pat- Green Bay, the League of Women Voters, and Altrusa reunions. Herrmann died battling cancer on March 25. terson also consulted for the National Science Foun- International. Stokes further was a board member of Survivors include her son, daughter, father, step- dation and the National Library of Medicine. Early in- Guardian Angels of Green Bay. In 2004, she was ap- mother, two sisters, four nephews, two nieces, three terest in science came from her grandfather, a pointed by Gov. Jim Doyle to the Wisconsin Council great-nephews, and three great-nieces. doctor. After earning a bachelor’s degree from Uni- on Physical Disabilities. Stokes earlier taught at Kent versity of Texas at Austin, she worked as a high State University, Youngstown State University, Meth- Edythe Margolin (California school journalism teacher, medical researcher at Uni- odist University, and University of Mount Union. She State University, Northridge versity of Tennessee, and public information officer earned degrees from University of Bridgeport (bach- former chapter president), 90, at a hospital before attending graduate school. Pat- elor’s), Fairfield University (master’s), and Kent State adored children, from her own terson published widely, won several honors, and (doctoral). Stokes supported the Humane Society to those she studied. Margolin was a founding member of the Science Writers Edu- and adopted several dogs from the shelter. The specialized in child development cators Group within the Association for Education in daughter of a World War II test pilot, she earned her and wrote widely on the topic. Journalism and Mass Communication and of the In- pilot’s license in 1985 and was a member of the She taught at California State University, Northridge; ternational Society for the Scientific Study of Subjec- Ninety-Nines international organization of women Florida International University; University of Califor- tivity. In her spare time, Patterson was active in her pilots. Stokes died on March 26 at her home, sur- nia, Los Angeles (UCLA); and University of California, Calvary Episcopal Church, volunteered at the Univer- rounded by family and friends. Survivors include her Santa Barbara. Margolin also taught kindergarten for sity of Missouri Hospital and Clinics, and held posts father, son, brother and sister-in-law and niece. n a spell early on. She earned bachelor’s, master’s, and at the Columbia Art League. She also enjoyed stock.xchng doctoral degrees from UCLA after being a stay-at- reading, tai chi, environmentalism, canoeing in the For more obituaries, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/forum/fall2012.

home mother for her son and daughter. Margolin Ozarks, and traveling to Cape Cod. Patterson died on Cliff Hollis

38 Fall 2012 Poetic Pause Learning to Type It wasn’t until the third week the day in a panic, each sentence that I felt the pull, each word I spoke a frenzy of recording hands,

cut down into individual every comma and colon a pulse letters and chopped, like onions of electric pain in my brain.

across a dull wooden board. And, when I woke up one morning A pair of shadowed hands formed there, sweating from a dream

in my head, hitting each key in a language not of sight with the correct finger, or sound, but of type —

not forgetting to press the alphabet broken down the space bar with my thumb. into bits of urgent symbol —

At first, the interruption I knew things would never be was only slight distraction: the same, the keys now unleashed.

slowed speech, constant nods They would continue to mark to the beating rhythm. their territory. They would not die.

But, by the eighth week, we were being timed and I walked through By Katherine Cottle

The Strength of Character or this edition’s theme of “Making the Grade,” Katherine Cottle (University of Maryland, College Park) is most entries addressed formal education, its author of Halfway: A Journal through Pregnancy (2010), achievements and its failures. Ranging in tone from My Father’s Speech: Poems (2008), and the forthcoming F I Remain Yours: Secret Mission Love Letters of My Mormon inspirational to anxiety-ridden, poets meditated on soci- etal concerns, such as equal access to educational oppor- Great-Grandparents, 1900-1903, all from Apprentice House. tunities, and on individual concerns, including mental, Her work has appeared in Poetry East, The Pinch, Willow physical, and emotional impediments to educational Springs, The Greensboro Review, Tar River Poetry, and Puerto success. In expressing both affirmation and doubt, these del Sol. A doctoral candidate in English at Morgan State poems also offered celebrations of legacy and troubled University and a lecturer at University of Baltimore, she won the summer 2010 musings on the uncertain future of traditional education. Phi Kappa Phi Forum poetry contest and was a runner-up in summer 2009. Go Winner Katherine Cottle, in “Learning to Type,” mod- online to www.katherinecottle.com or email her at [email protected]. ulates these opposing moods. Making the grade here Sandra Meek (Colorado State University) is author means more than sheer defeat or triumph; it further sig- of four books of poems: Nomadic Foundations (2002); nifies an evolution of identity. On the surface, the poem Burn (2005); Biogeography (2008), winner of the Dorset evokes intense test anxiety, that familiar fear we contin- Prize from Tupelo Press; and Road Scatter, published ue to play out all our lives in dreams of archetypal angst. this month by Persea Books. She also edited the On a deeper level, the trepidation about controlling award-winning anthology, Deep Travel: Contemporary words by typing them correctly and speedily — a dread American Poets Abroad (2007). Meek received a 2011 so heightened that “every comma and colon [cause] a creative writing fellowship in poetry from the National pulse / of electric pain”— relates to the speaker’s Endowment for the Arts and has twice been Georgia Author of the Year. growing awareness of language as material, to her devel- She is a cofounding editor of Ninebark Press, director of the Georgia Poetry opment as a writer. Each word she speaks she begins to Circuit, and Dana Professor of English, Rhetoric, and Writing at Berry College. see “cut down into individual / letters and chopped.” But she also envisions “a pair of shadowed hands,” those Attention, poets: The poetry contest is open only to active Society “recording hands” that become hers. members, published or unpublished. Submissions — one per entrant per With “the keys now unleashed” for the speaker, “things issue — should be up to 40 lines long and must reflect the theme of the would never be / the same.” Discovering our own “bits of edition. One original, previously unpublished poem is selected for the urgent symbol,” our own worthy passions, is terrifying, printed version. Runners-up may appear online. Because the winter yes, but also vital. Making the grade is not an accomplish- edition will be devoted to those who have won Phi Kappa Phi monetary ment that can be met and dismissed but a challenge every awards the past year, the next poetry contest will be for the spring 2013 stock.xchng true moment continues to hold us to. n edition, theme of “Good News, Bad News.” Entry deadline is midnight, Dec.2, only by email at [email protected]. For complete rules — Sandra Meek, poetry editor and details, go online to www.phikappaphi.org/poetry.

Fall 2012 39 And One More Thing … with Bob Zany

Making the Grade — But My Way!

By Bob Zany midnight, they called a family meeting. One of my older brothers ranada Hills Charter High School in suburban Los Angeles offered to have a rational discussion with the principal. My won the national Academic Decathlon in April for the younger sister started to cry, more for her needing to live down my Gsecond year in a row. The nine-member team racked up the reputation over the next two years, it seemed to me, than for my biggest score in the 30-year history of the competition, 54,081 points predicament. My other older brother, who held the family title of out of a possible 60,000. I wonder if the campus sells slide rules The Funny One, suggested I go to the principal’s office, make and calculators in its vending machines. amends, get the diploma — and then trip again on the way out. My I ask because when I was in high school, making the grade parents, meanwhile, stewed. meant football players who got caught morphing pen-written Ds Not wanting to stir the pot anymore, I decided to step up. It into Bs. But, in a way, I didn’t care, for when it came to academic was the least I could do for my parents. My best friend gave me a achievement, my parents didn’t have great expectations. With good pep talk on the importance of appearing contrite during the reason. They grew up during the Great Depression, my mom fin- summit. And, since he was a bit of a wise guy himself and, there- ishing eighth grade and my dad sixth, until tough times compelled fore, had gone through the motions of repenting more than a few them to get a job to help their families. My father wound up a times, my best friend came with me. But when we arrived at housepainter and my mother became a housewife. So in their school a janitor said that the administration was gone for summer minds, making the grade meant that my sister, two brothers, and I break. And that was that. graduate from high school. That was their dream. Well, that and Until two decades later when, after I was nominated for an looser slots at their favorite Las Vegas casino. American Comedy Award, I decided to visit my alma mater, now And all four of us kids did graduate from nearby West Covina run by a different principal. Comedy Central filmed the occasion, High. It just took me 20 years to prove it. Not because I didn’t and a few of the original players made it into the segment. They all fulfill the requirements, but because of a prank I pulled at the rite did a pretty good job at relaying the story. Most of them congratu- of passage. Egged on by classmates, I, the half-baked ham, faked lated me on my success, but I don’t think anyone apologized. a stumble as the principal handed me what I thought was my Neither did I. But I did finally get my diploma. diploma. The crowd went nuts. The principal went berserk. After Only after I paid the fees — and put in a few hours of campus turning in my cap and gown, I discovered not only that actual di- cleanup. n plomas would be mailed to graduates at a later date but also that mine was being withheld as punishment for my antics. Turns out, Comedian Bob Zany’s “Zany Report” is featured the faculty figured out long before my “trip” to the podium that weekly on the nationally syndicated “Bob & Tom” radio holding the real sheepskin hostage was a good way to ensure show. He performs and produces stand-up shows at pomp and circumstantial behavior. clubs, concert venues, casinos, and resorts across the My guidance counselor informed me that my path to diploma- country. Zany recently completed filming 23 Minutes to cy would require a formal apology to the principal for “ruining Sunrise, a thriller costarring Eric Roberts, scheduled for the entire ceremony.” Sounded simple enough. But I wore my release later this year. Close but No Cigar, Jay Kanzler’s class clown crown proudly and felt that my performance was documentary about Zany’s career, continues to play exactly what my classmates expected. So I chose not to say I festivals nationwide after debuting in February 2011. Zany has made more was sorry for doing what comedians-in-training do. It was the than 800 national television appearances and for 17 years was associated principle, Principal. with The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association Labor Day Telethon in When I broke the news to my parents later that night, they were front of and behind the camera. A Los Angeles native, he lives in the San furious. Not at me, despite it being pretty clear that I had attempt- Fernando Valley with his wife, Erin, and their menagerie of cats and dogs. ed to drown my sorrows at more than a few graduation parties. Go online to www. bobzany.com or www.facebook.com/ bob.zany; follow

No, they were mad at the principal. So even though it was past him on Twitter @bobzany; or email him at [email protected]. Arnel Reynon by illustration Photo

40 Fall 2012 Photo illustration by Arnel Reynon T-Mobile The PrincetonReview Marsh HealthInsurance Local Hospitality, Inc.—NEW LifeLock Lenovo —NEW GEICO Dell Carey andEmbarqueTransportation Beyond Credentials Becker ProfessionalEducation Bank ofAmerica Avis, Budget,EnterpriseandNationalCar AT&T Wireless Apple Discounts &Privileges annually byPhiKappachapters. scholarships andawardsdistributed More than$300,000invarious Chapter Awards achievements andscholarship. ideals oftheSocietythroughtheiractivities, ($1,000)whodemonstratethe Artist Phi Scholar($1,000)andaKappa $2,000 awardedbienniallytoaPhiKappa Phi KappaScholar&Artist and/or postbaccalaureatestudies. seeking fundingforcareerdevelopment $73,500 awardedannuallytomembers Love ofLearningAwards literacy initiatives. individual memberstofundneworongoing $30,000 awardedannuallytochaptersor Literacy Grants academic experiencesabroad. their undergraduates seekingtofurther $50,000 awardedannuallyto Study AbroadGrants professional study. entering theirfirstyearofgraduateor $345,000 awardedannuallytomembers Fellowships Scholarships &Awards Phi KappaPhi! in you activemembershipandparticipation take advantageoftheseofferingsthrough student, professionalorretiree,youcan Whetheryouarea from corporatepartners. pairings; verificationletters;anddiscounts mentormatch networking opportunities; awards; careeradvancement,trainingand private lives,includingscholarshipsand throughout theiracademic,professionaland numerous benefitstoassistourmembers The HonorSocietyofPhiKappaoffers MEMBER BENEFITS Rental Official OrderOnline: PhiKa T e h

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Alfred University, Alfred N.Y. McKendree University, Lebanon, Ill. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, La. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Mich. McNeese State University, Lake Charles, La. University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, La. Appalachian State University, Boone, N.C. Mercer University, Macon, Ga. University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Arcadia University, Glenside, Pa. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio University of Maine, Orono, Maine Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. University of Maryland, Baltimore Campuses, Baltimore, Md. Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Ark. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich. University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Md. Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, Ga. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tenn. University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Md. Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. Millersville University, Millersville, Pa. University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, Md. Auburn University-Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala. Millikin University, Decatur, Ill. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Augusta State University, Augusta, Ga. Minnesota State University-Mankato, Mankato, Minn. University of Memphis, Memphis, Tenn. Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tenn. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Ball State University, Muncie, Ind. Mississippi University for Women, Columbus, Miss. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Berea College, Berea, Ky. Missouri State University, Springfield, Mo. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Berry College, Mount Berry, Ga. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Black Hills State University, Spearfish, S.D. Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Mo. Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pa. Montclair State University, Montclair, N.J. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. Boise State University, Boise, Idaho Morehead State University, Morehead, Ky. University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio Murray State University, Murray, Ky. University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. Bradley University, Peoria, Ill. Muskingum University, New Concord, Ohio University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Ala. Brenau University, Gainesville, Ga. Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Neb. University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Neb. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, N.M. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb. Brigham Young University-Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N.M. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nev. Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind. Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, La. University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nev. California State University, Chico, Chico, Calif. North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, N.C. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M. California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, Calif. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. University of New Orleans, New Orleans, La. California State University, Fresno, Fresno, Calif. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. University of North Alabama, Florence, Ala. California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, Calif. North Georgia College & State University, Dahlonega, Ga. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, Calif. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz. University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C. California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ill. University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Fla. California State University, Northridge, Northridge, Calif. Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, La. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, Calif. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio University of the Pacific, Stockton, Calif. California State University, Stanislaus, Turlock, Calif. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines Cameron University, Lawton, Okla. Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Okla. University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, Pa. Campbell University, Buies Creek, N.C. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, Pa. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Carroll University, Waukesha, Wis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wash. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. The Citadel, Charleston, S.C. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kan. University of South Alabama, Mobile, Ala. Clarion University, Clarion, Pa. Plattsburgh State University, Plattsburgh, N.Y. University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, S.C. Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, N.H. University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Portland State University, Portland, Ore. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C. Radford University, Radford, Va. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Miss. The College of New Jersey, Ewing, N.J. Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y. University of Tampa, Tampa, Fla. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Sage Colleges, Troy, N.Y. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colo. Salem State University, Salem, Mass. University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tenn. Columbus State University, Columbus, Ga. Salisbury University, Salisbury, Md. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, S.D. Samford University, Birmingham, Ala. University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Delta State University, Cleveland, Miss. San Diego State University, San Diego, Calif. University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas DePaul University, Chicago, Ill. San Jose State University, San Jose, Calif. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, W.Va. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C. Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pa. University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pa. University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Ky. South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Mo. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N.M. Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, La. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla. Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Ore. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Ill. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Wash. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Ill. University of West Alabama, Livingston, Ala. Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Ill. Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Ore. University of West Florida, Pensacola, Fla. Elon University, Elon, N.C. State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, N.Y. University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Ga. Emporia State University, Emporia, Kan. State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wis. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla. State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wis. Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Fla. State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis. Florida International University, Miami, Fla. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Fla. Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wis. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tenn. University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wis. Fontbonne University, St. Louis, Mo. Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wis. Fordham University, Bronx, N.Y. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kan. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colo. Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas Utah State University, Logan, Utah Francis Marion University, Florence, S.C. Troy University, Troy, Ala. Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah George Mason University, Fairfax, Va. Truman State University, Kirksville, Mo. Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Ga. Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky. United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Ga. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Ga. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Mich. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. Hood College, Frederick, Md. University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Ala. Washburn University, Topeka, Kan. Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Wayne State College, Wayne, Neb. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Weber State University, Ogden, Utah Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind. University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pa. University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Ark. West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va. Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Ind. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Ark. West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, W.Va. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C. Ithaca College, Ithaca, N.Y. University of California-Davis, Davis. Calif. Western Illinois University, Macomb, Ill. Jackson State University, Jackson, Miss. University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Ala. University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Mo. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich. Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Fla. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Ore. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. University of Evansville, Evansville, Ind. Westfield State University, Westfield, Mass. Kean University, Union, N.J. University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio Westmont College, Santa Barbara, Calif. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Ga. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Widener University, Chester, Pa. Kutztown University, Kutztown, Pa. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, S.C. Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas University of Houston, Houston, Texas Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pa. University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio Longwood University, Farmville, Va. University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, Texas Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, La. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pa. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. For more information, go online to Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Va. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. www.phikappaphi.org/chapters. Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.