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NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020 Cover Photo Credits: Getty; IAEA; National University of Singapore; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Rosatom

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NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020 Cover Photo Credits: Getty; IAEA; National University of Singapore; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Rosatom NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020 Cover photo credits: Getty; IAEA; National University of Singapore; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Rosatom. Nuclear Technology Review 2020 GC(64)/INF/2 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2020 IAEA/NTR/2020 Foreword In response to requests by Member States, the Secretariat produces a comprehensive Nuclear Technology Review each year. The Nuclear Technology Review 2020 covers the following select areas: power applications, advanced fission and fusion, accelerator and research reactor applications, radioisotopes and radiation technologies, human health and nuclear techniques in food and agriculture. The draft version was submitted to the March 2020 session of the Board of Governors in document GOV/2020/4. This final version was prepared in light of the discussions held during the Board of Governors and also of the comments received by Member States. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1 Main Report ............................................................................................................................................. 5 A. Power Applications ......................................................................................................................... 5 A.1. Nuclear Power Today .................................................................................................................. 5 A.1.1. Operating Countries .............................................................................................................. 8 A.1.2. New Projects Within Existing Nuclear Power Programmes .............................................. 10 A.1.3. Newcomers ......................................................................................................................... 11 A.2. The Projected Growth of Nuclear Power .................................................................................. 12 A.3. Fuel Cycle .................................................................................................................................. 14 A.3.1. Front End ............................................................................................................................ 14 A.3.2. Assurance of Supply ........................................................................................................... 16 A.3.3. Back End ............................................................................................................................ 17 A.4. Decommissioning, Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management ........... 18 A.4.1. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities ............................................................................. 18 A.4.2. Environmental Remediation ............................................................................................... 20 A.4.3. Radioactive Waste Management ........................................................................................ 23 B. Advanced Fission and Fusion ........................................................................................................ 26 B.1. Advanced Fission ....................................................................................................................... 26 B.1.1. Water Cooled Reactors ....................................................................................................... 26 B.2. Fast Neutron Systems ................................................................................................................ 29 B.2.1. Gas Cooled Reactors ........................................................................................................... 31 B.2.2. Small and Medium Sized or Modular Reactors .................................................................. 32 B.2.3. International Initiatives on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems........................................ 35 B.2.4. Non-electric Applications of Nuclear Power ...................................................................... 35 B.3. Fusion ........................................................................................................................................ 36 C. Accelerators and Research Reactors ............................................................................................. 38 C.1. Accelerators and Associated Instrumentation ............................................................................ 38 C.1.1. Dual-beam Facility Opens New Opportunities for Materials Research ............................. 38 C.1.2. MACHINA — Movable Accelerator for Cultural Heritage In-situ Non-destructive Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 39 C.1.3. Imaging of Whole Cells Using Focused Megaelectronvolt Ion Beams .............................. 39 C.1.4. Laser Driven Accelerator Technologies Promise Diverse Applications ............................ 40 C.2. Research Reactors ...................................................................................................................... 41 D. Radioisotopes and Radiation Technologies ................................................................................... 43 D.1. Facing the Burden of Plastic: Application of Nuclear Techniques ........................................... 43 D.2. Breakthrough in Accelerator Technologies Brings Boron Neutron Capture Therapy to Hospitals ............................................................................................................................................ 46 D.2.1. Progress in Compact Accelerator-based Neutron Sources ................................................. 46 D.2.2. Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals and BNCT .................................................................. 49 D.3. Medical Isotope Browser: A Tool for Novel Radioisotope Production Routes in the Fight Against Cancer and Other Diseases .................................................................................................. 49 E. Human Health ............................................................................................................................... 50 E.1. New Dual Isotope Tracer Method for Protein Quality Assessment in Humans ........................ 50 E.1.1. Protein and its Implications for Child Growth and Development ....................................... 50 E.1.2. Protein Quality .................................................................................................................... 51 E.1.3. The Dual Isotope Tracer Method for Protein Quality Assessment in Humans ................... 51 E.1.4. Intrinsic Labelling of Legumes with Deuterium Oxide During Growth in the Field.......... 51 E.1.5. Human Study with Test Meals Prepared from Intrinsically Labelled Legumes ................. 52 E.1.6. Relevance of the Method .................................................................................................... 52 E.2. Biodosimetry as a Useful Diagnostic/Predictive Tool for Radiation Emergencies and Medicine ........................................................................................................................................................... 52 E.2.1. Biodosimetry Relates Biomarkers to Doses ........................................................................ 53 E.2.2. Standard Biodosimetry Methods ......................................................................................... 54 E.2.3. Highlights of New Biodosimetry Methods Developed Since 2000 .................................... 54 E.2.4. Future Directions ................................................................................................................ 56 F. Food and Agriculture ..................................................................................................................... 56 F.1. Enhanced Applications of the Sterile Insect Technique in Prevention and Eradication of Invasive Insect Pests .......................................................................................................................... 56 F.1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 56 F.1.2. Improved SIT Technologies and Strategies ........................................................................ 58 F.1.3. Prevention and Preparedness Against Invasive Insect Pests ............................................... 59 F.2. The Use of Nuclear Techniques to Support Food Traceability Systems .................................... 60 F.2.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 60 F.2.2. Nuclear Techniques ............................................................................................................. 61 F.2.3. Databases ............................................................................................................................ 63 F.3. Nuclear Techniques for Greenhouse Gas Monitoring to Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 F.3.1. Background ........................................................................................................................
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