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Using GNU Fortran (Gfortran.Pdf) Using GNU Fortran For gcc version 4.8.0 (pre-release) (GCC) The gfortran team Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA Copyright c 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “Funding Free Software”, the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. (a) The FSF’s Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. i Short Contents 1 Introduction ......................................... 1 Invoking GNU Fortran 2 GNU Fortran Command Options ........................ 7 3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables ........................................... 27 Language Reference 4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status .......................... 33 5 Compiler Characteristics .............................. 37 6 Extensions .......................................... 41 7 Mixed-Language Programming ......................... 53 8 Intrinsic Procedures .................................. 63 9 Intrinsic Modules ................................... 213 Contributing ........................................... 217 GNU General Public License .............................. 221 GNU Free Documentation License ......................... 233 Funding Free Software ................................... 241 Option Index .......................................... 243 Keyword Index ......................................... 245 iii Table of Contents 1 Introduction..................................... 1 1.1 About GNU Fortran ........................................... 1 1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC ........................................ 2 1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation ...................... 2 1.4 GNU Fortran and G77 ......................................... 3 1.5 Project Status ................................................. 3 1.6 Standards ...................................................... 4 1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings ......................... 4 Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran .................... 5 2 GNU Fortran Command Options ............. 7 2.1 Option summary ............................................... 7 2.2 Options controlling Fortran dialect ............................. 8 2.3 Enable and customize preprocessing ........................... 11 2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings ............ 14 2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran.......... 17 2.6 Options for directory search ................................... 18 2.7 Influencing the linking step.................................... 19 2.8 Influencing runtime behavior .................................. 19 2.9 Options for code generation conventions ....................... 20 2.10 Environment variables affecting gfortran .................... 26 3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables........................ 27 3.1 TMPDIR—Directory for scratch files ............................ 27 3.2 GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT—Unit number for standard input ...... 27 3.3 GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT—Unit number for standard output .... 27 3.4 GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT—Unit number for standard error...... 27 3.5 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL—Do not buffer I/O on all units.... 27 3.6 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED—Do not buffer I/O on preconnected units............................................. 27 3.7 GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS—Show location for runtime errors ...... 27 3.8 GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS—Print leading + where permitted .. 28 3.9 GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL—Default record length for new files .. 28 3.10 GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR—Separator for list output ........ 28 3.11 GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT—Set endianness for unformatted I/O ............................................................... 28 3.12 GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE—Show backtrace on run-time errors ............................................................... 29 Part II: Language Reference ..................... 31 iv The GNU Fortran Compiler 4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status ................ 33 4.1 Fortran 2003 status ........................................... 33 4.2 Fortran 2008 status ........................................... 34 4.3 Technical Specification 29113 Status ........................... 36 5 Compiler Characteristics ..................... 37 5.1 KIND Type Parameters ....................................... 37 5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables ................. 37 5.3 Thread-safety of the runtime library ........................... 38 5.4 Data consistency and durability ............................... 38 6 Extensions ..................................... 41 6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran ...................... 41 6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications .............................. 41 6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization ........................... 41 6.1.3 Extensions to namelist ................................... 42 6.1.4 X format descriptor without count field ................... 43 6.1.5 Commas in FORMAT specifications ......................... 43 6.1.6 Missing period in FORMAT specifications ................... 43 6.1.7 I/O item lists ............................................ 43 6.1.8 Q exponent-letter ......................................... 43 6.1.9 BOZ literal constants..................................... 43 6.1.10 Real array indices ....................................... 44 6.1.11 Unary operators ........................................ 44 6.1.12 Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values .......... 44 6.1.13 Hollerith constants support.............................. 44 6.1.14 Cray pointers ........................................... 45 6.1.15 CONVERT specifier........................................ 47 6.1.16 OpenMP................................................ 47 6.1.17 Argument list functions %VAL, %REF and %LOC ............ 48 6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran .................. 49 6.2.1 STRUCTURE and RECORD ................................... 49 6.2.2 ENCODE and DECODE statements ........................... 50 6.2.3 Variable FORMAT expressions .............................. 51 6.2.4 Alternate complex function syntax........................ 51 7 Mixed-Language Programming............... 53 7.1 Interoperability with C ........................................ 53 7.1.1 Intrinsic Types ........................................... 53 7.1.2 Derived Types and struct................................. 53 7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables............................ 54 7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions.................. 54 7.1.5 Working with Pointers ................................... 55 7.1.6 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C ................ 57 7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives ............................. 58 7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program ................................... 58 7.3.1 _gfortran_set_args — Save command-line arguments ... 59 v 7.3.2 _gfortran_set_options — Set library option flags....... 59 7.3.3 _gfortran_set_convert — Set endian conversion ........ 60 7.3.4 _gfortran_set_record_marker — Set length of record markers .................................................... 61 7.3.5 _gfortran_set_fpe — Enable floating point exception traps ............................................................ 61 7.3.6 _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length — Set subrecord length ...................................................... 61 8 Intrinsic Procedures........................... 63 8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures ........................... 63 8.2 ABORT — Abort the program .................................. 63 8.3 ABS — Absolute value ......................................... 64 8.4 ACCESS — Checks file access modes............................ 64 8.5 ACHAR — Character in ASCII collating sequence................ 65 8.6 ACOS — Arccosine function .................................... 66 8.7 ACOSH — Inverse hyperbolic cosine function.................... 66 8.8 ADJUSTL — Left adjust a string ............................... 67 8.9 ADJUSTR — Right adjust a string .............................. 67 8.10 AIMAG — Imaginary part of complex number ................. 68 8.11 AINT — Truncate to a whole number ......................... 69 8.12 ALARM — Execute a routine after a given delay ............... 69 8.13 ALL — All values in MASK along DIM are true .............. 70 8.14 ALLOCATED — Status of an allocatable entity ................. 71 8.15 AND — Bitwise logical AND .................................. 71 8.16 ANINT — Nearest whole number .............................. 72 8.17 ANY — Any value in MASK along DIM is true ............... 73 8.18 ASIN — Arcsine function ..................................... 74 8.19 ASINH — Inverse hyperbolic sine function..................... 74 8.20 ASSOCIATED — Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair ..... 75 8.21 ATAN — Arctangent function ................................. 76 8.22 ATAN2 — Arctangent function ................................ 77 8.23 ATANH — Inverse hyperbolic tangent function ................
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