Index of Languages

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03827-1 — The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology Edited by Andrew Hippisley , Gregory Stump Index More Information

Index of languages

Abkhaz, Nakh-Dagestanian, 717 Chinese, Sino-Tibetan, 136, 142, 432, 836–9, 841 Adyghe, Northwest Caucasian, 152 Chintang, Sino-Tibetan, 461, 632, 639, 712 Afrikaans, Indo-European, 248–9 Chiquihuitlán Mazatec, Otomanguean, 318 Agar, dialect of Dinka, Nilo-Saharan, 304, 307 Chitimacha, language isolate, 173 Ainu, language isolate, 733 Chukchi, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, 34 Albanian, Indo-European, 603, 755–7 Cibemba, Niger-Congo, 412–13 Aleut, Eskimo-Aleut, 733 Columbian, Salish, 166–7 Algonquian, 348, 413, 723 Comox, Salish, 167 Anatolian, Indo-European, 723 Croatian, Indo-European, 246 Andi, Nakh-Dagestanian, 174 Cushitic, Afro-Asiatic, 675 Arabic, Afro-Asiatic, 128, 335, 338, 369, 393–4, Czech, Indo-European, 468, 769 514, 524–8, 534, 536, 540, 551, 822, 824, 826, 834, 836–8, 840–1 Danish, Indo-European, 397, 401 Arapesh, 291 Dëne Sųłine, Eyak-Athabaskan, 142 Archi, North Caucasian, 298 Dinka, Nilo-Saharan, 304–5, 307 Athabaskan, 40, 142, 155, 163–5, 178, Dutch, Indo-European, 31, 54–5, 227, 246–50, 575, 734 372, 428–35, 437–8, 440, 444, 550, 692, 793, Modern, 178 806, 808, 810–11 Avar, Nakh-Dagestanian, 731 Dyirbal, Australian, 566–8 Axininca Campa, Maipurean, 557 Early Sranan, English-based Creole, 139 Balkan, 755–6, 758 Emerillon, Tupian, 722 Balto-Slavic, 178 English, Indo-European, 2, 5–6, 30–2, 34–6, 38, Bamileke-Dschang, Niger-Congo, 518, 520, 522 40, 44, 46, 54–5, 65–6, 71, 79–83, 96, 101, Bantu, 140, 152, 359, 412, 573, 836–7, 119, 128–9, 133–5, 137–8, 152–3, 158, 187, 840–1 189, 191–3, 206–7, 209–11, 225, 238, 242–3, Basque,languageisolate,173,400,539,717, 248–9, 254–5, 273–4, 297, 303, 333–7, 339, 769 341, 343, 346–9, 351, 363–4, 366, 369–75, Batsbi, Nakh-Dagestanian, 442 392, 395–6, 410, 414–15, 424, 426, 428–9, Belhare, Sino-Tibetan, 712 431–4, 437–40, 443, 450–1, 459, 469, 499, Bengali, Indo-European, 640 515, 535–7, 540, 554, 569, 592–5, 597, Berber, Afro-Asiatic, 135–6 601–2, 604, 611, 624, 628–9, 659, 662–3, Bosnian, Indo-European, 246 665–7, 670, 674–5, 677, 690–4, 696, 698, Bulgarian, Indo-European, 152–3, 369–70, 405, 701, 715–19, 726, 744, 746, 748–9, 752–3, 755, 758 759, 761–2, 765, 768, 771, 774–5, 777–8, Byelorussian, Indo-European, 178 782, 784, 793, 798–9, 802, 804, 808, 820–2, 826–9, 832–4, 836, 838–9 Cantonese, Sino-Tibetan, 554, 839 American, 120, 686, 752 Catalan, Indo-European, 769–70 British, 120, 686, 694–5 Cayuga, Iroquoian, 172 Early, 696, 699 Celtic, Indo-European, 748 Early Modern, 752 Chamorro, Austronesian, 138 Modern, 7, 36, 101 Cherokee, Iroquoian, 168–72, 175–7 Old, 698, 757, 762 Chichewa, Niger-Congo, 140–1, 154 Estonian, Uralic, 66, 298, 307 Chickasaw, Muskogean, 174 Modern, 54

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848 Index of languages

Faroese, Indo-European, 398 Kadiwéu, Mataco-Guaicuru, 400, 422 Filomeno Mata Totonac, Totonacan, 461 Kashaya, Pomoan, 560 Finnish, Uralic, 272, 275, 308, 370, 410, 541, 692, Kayardild, Australian, 7, 464 769, 820–1, 836, 840 Ket, Yeniseian, 40 Franco-Provençal, Indo-European, 262–4 Kharia, Austro-Asiatic, 713–14, 716 French, Indo-European, 3, 71, 73–8, 80, 82–3, Kiranti, Sino-Tibetan, 2, 712 130, 132, 172, 198–9, 209, 219, 222–3, Koasati, Muskogean, 345–7, 535 227–8, 257–8, 263, 335, 344, 363, 369–70, Komi, Uralic, 717 374, 428, 438, 467, 615, 620–4, 626, 643, Korean, Koreanic, 411, 560–3, 568, 718 676–7, 717, 750, 802, 821, 826, 833 Kukuya, Niger-Congo, 516, 518–19, 522, 534 Old, 402 Kurmanji Kurdish, Indo-European, 494 Fula, Niger-Congo, 462, 637 Fyem, Niger-Congo, 338 Lakhota, Siouan, 160–1 Lardil, Australian, 527 Georgian, Kartvelian, 60–3, 172, 174, 177, 217, Latin, Indo-European, 3, 38–9, 41, 52–3, 57, 75, 249, 305, 399, 413 77–8, 106, 132–3, 173, 177, 187, 198, 200, German, Indo-European, 29, 32, 42–3, 58, 72, 75, 208–9, 211, 215, 223, 255, 260–2, 334, 119, 173, 221, 248–9, 276, 287, 340, 370, 341–3, 349–50, 369–70, 372, 379, 441–2, 372–3, 378, 426, 432, 438, 541, 578–9, 599, 466, 476, 482–3, 485–6, 488, 490–2, 495, 620, 658, 670, 692, 694, 717, 747–8, 760, 499, 502, 505, 579–80, 657, 664–5, 725–6, 778, 781, 798–9, 804, 808–11, 828, 831, 835 729–30, 746, 748–9, 752–6, 759, 826 Modern, 747 Classical, 187 Germanic, 96, 98, 100–1, 106, 173, 247, 370, 397, Late, 260 433, 443, 537, 695, 717, 726, 730, 746–7, 760 Latvian, Indo-European, 246 Continental, 726 Modern Standard, 178 Gorokan, 723 Laz, Kartvelian, 722 Greek, Indo-European, 42, 128, 173–4, 177, 186, Lele, Niger-Congo, 718 414–15, 438, 596, 657, 664, 743, 746, 749, Limbu, Sino-Tibetan, 2, 712 752, 754–9, 761, 769 Lithuanian, Indo-European, 173, 177, 370 Ancient, 57, 367, 752, 754, 759–60 Cappadocian, 755, 758 Macedonian, Indo-European, 370, 755 Classical, 131, 759–60 Malayalam, Dravidian, 537–9 Early Modern, 752 Mandarin Chinese, Sino-Tibetan, 136, 141, 429, 839 Modern, 132, 245, 321, 756, 760 Maori, Austronesian, 346 Mycenaean, 759 Mari, Uralic, 304, 307, 461, 639 Martiniquan, French-based Creole, 78 Haitian, French-based Creole, 105 Mauritian, French-based Creole, 210 Halkomelem, Salish, 142 Maxakalí, Maxakalían, 400 Hausa, Afro-Asiatic, 519, 521, 718 Mende, Niger-Congo, 516–19, 522, 534 Hebrew, Semitic, 340, 588, 591–2, 692, 769 Midob, Nilo-Saharan, 559 Hiaki, Uto-Aztecan, 404, 411 Mikasuki, Muskogean, 174 Himalayan, 712 Mirandes, Indo-European, 260 Hopi, Uto-Aztecan, 95, 98–100, 104, 106, 108, 403 Mohawk, Iroquoian, 150, 168–70, 175 Hua, Trans-New-Guinea, 2, 580 Mokilese, Austronesian, 531 Hungarian, Uralic, 32, 41, 302–3, 366, 370, 470, Mongolian, Mongolic, 727, 729–30 551, 769 Munda, Austro-Asiatic, 713–14 Hupa, Athabaskan, 107, 575 Mundari, Austro-Asiatic, 714 Murrinh-Patha, Australian, 150 Icelandic, Indo-European, 173, 397, 451–6, 458 Nakh-Daghestanian, 283, 712, 731 Igbo, Niger-Congo, 518, 522 Navajo, Athabaskan, 100, 155, 162–5, 349, 403, Indonesian, Austronesian, 142, 715–16 717 Inuit, Eskimo-Aleut, 369 Ngiti, Nilo-Saharan, 426 Iranian, 482, 492 Nilotic, 283, 304 East, 494 non-Pama-Nyungan, 150 West, 494 Norwegian, Indo-European, 397, 698 Irish, Indo-European, 132, 247, 760 Nubian, Nilo-Saharan, 559 Old, 131, 176, 748, 754 Nuclear Torricelli, 283 Ishkashimi, Indo-European, 494 Nuu-chah-nulth, Wakashan, 155, 733 Italian, Indo-European, 77, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, Nyanja, Niger-Congo, 632 124, 128, 344–5, 428–9, 438, 440–1, 464, 559, 639, 699, 769–70, 778, 798, 801–2, 808, 826 Occitan, Indo-European, 260 Italic, 759 Okanagan, Salish, 166 Itelmen, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, 393–4 Old Castilian, Indo-European, 259 Old Galician-Portuguese, Indo-European, 259 Japanese, Japonic, 410, 416, 429, 431–2, 521–2, Old Indic, 177 524, 527–8, 534, 551, 718, 806, 821, 836, 841 Old Prussian, Indo-European, 178 Javanese, Austronesian, 531, 536 Oscan, Indo-European, 749, 760

Index of languages 849

Pashto, Indo-European, 492–4, 508–9 Southern Wakashan, 713, 715 Pawnee, Caddoan, 172 Spanish, Indo-European, 132, 174, 199, 211, 238, Pengo, Dravidian, 173 255–8, 362, 379, 404–5, 428, 469, 560, Persian, Indo-European, 473–4, 837 564–6, 568, 700, 749, 759, 767–8, 770, Philippine, 723 779–80, 800, 806, 826 Pite Saami, Uralic, 310–15, 317, 319–21 Judeo-Spanish, 759 Polish, Indo-European, 95, 102, 153, 280, 283, Latin American, 404–5 285, 378, 438, 483, 637, 692, 781, 840 Medieval, 255 Portuguese, Indo-European, 245, 255–8, 280, 637, Mexican, 700, 749 798, 801–2, 835 Modern, 379 Potawatomi, Algonquian, 413 New Mexican, 759 Proto-Athabaskan, 163 Old, 257 Proto-Balto-Slavic, 177, 726 Peninsular, 700 Proto-Germanic, 747 Sųłine, Athabaskan, 142 Proto-Ibero-Romance, 259 Swahili, Niger-Congo, 213, 219, 462, 571–3, Proto-Indo-European, 746, 748, 753 630–1, 635–8, 841 Proto-Muskogean, 174 Swedish, Indo-European, 397 Proto-Slavic, 726 Tagalog, Austronesian, 531–2, 671, 723 Romance, 42, 259–60, 352, 359, 370, 372, 375, Tamazight Berber, Afro-Asiatic, 569–70, 573 428–9, 443, 559, 717, 726, 750, 767, 798, 801 Tibeto-Burman, 712 Gallo-Romance, 262 Tillamook, Salish, 167 Ibero-Romance, 132 Tiv, Niger-Congo, 519–20 Italo-Romance, 246 Tlingit, Eyak-Athabaskan-Tlingit, 162, 178 Modern, 54, 759 Tocharian, Indo-European, 749, 760–1 Romanian, Indo-European, 133, 576 Tohono O’odham, Uto-Aztecan, 535 Russian, Indo-European, 31, 38–9, 41, 43, 45, 47, Tongan, Austronesian, 713 108, 153, 178, 220–1, 262, 278, 283, 290–1, Torricelli, 283 319, 347–8, 370, 376, 378, 439, 467–8, 483, Tosk, Indo-European, 755 497, 499, 717, 726–30, 780, 840 Totonac, 152, 443 Tsakhur, Nakh-Dagestanian, 731 Saami, Uralic, 442 Tundra Nenets, Uralic, 297, 299 South, 298 Turkana, Nilo-Saharan, 551 Samoan, Austronesian, 713, 715, 726 Turkish, Turkic, 102, 139, 245, 286, 335, 350, Samoyedic, Uralic, 42, 297 369–72, 427, 514, 561, 729–30, 755–8, 836 Sanskrit, Indo-European, 2–4, 71, 108, 112, 274, 453–4, 459–60, 462–3, 466–7, 477, 496, 533, Udi, Nakh-Dagestanian, 245, 637 559, 757 Ukrainian, Indo-European, 178 Saxon, Indo-European, 366 Upper Sorbian, Indo-European, 249 Scandinavian, 32 Mainland, 174 Venda, Niger-Congo, 410 Old, 174 Vietnamese, Austro-Asiatic, 369, 712 Sekani, Athabaskan, 539 Selkup, Uralic, 43 Welsh, Indo-European, 659, 662–3 Semitic, 340, 399, 675, 745, 836–7, 841 Wichita, Caddoan, 172 Serbian, Indo-European, 246, 690, 756 Wintu, Wintuan, 717 Serbo-Croatian, Indo-European, 246, 376, 676 Seri, language isolate, 298 Xhosa, Niger-Congo, 778 Sierra Miwok, Utian, 640 Slave, Athabaskan, 726–7 Yakut, Turkic, 173 Slavic, 42, 153, 159, 174, 359, 370, 372, 726, 837, Yaqui, Uto-Aztecan, 341 840–1 Yawelmani (Yowlumne), Penutian, 528 Modern, 177, 726 Yidiny, Australian, 711 Old Church, 726 Yowlumne, Penutian, 524, 528–30, 533 West-South, 717 Yucatec Maya, Mayan, 400, 406, 413 Slovak, Indo-European, 840 Yupik, Eskimo-Aleut, 150–2, 167 Slovene, Indo-European, 367, 376, 769 Sorani Kurdish, Indo-European, 470–1, 473, 637, 639 Zoque, 174 Southern Tiwa, Kiowa-Tanoan, 721 Zulu, Niger-Congo, 251

Index of names

Abdel-Massih, Ernest T., 569 Aranovich, Raúl, 102, 561–2 Abeillé, Anne, 611 Archangeli, Diana, 528 Ackema, Peter, 196, 241, 246, 252, 571 Arcodia, Giorgio F., 432 Ackerman, Farrell, 7, 51, 218, 223, 231, 297–9, Arkad’ev, Peter, 733 312, 318–19, 321–2, 393, 442, 473–4, 611, Armstrong, Sharon L., 776 628, 645, 751 Arnaud, Pierre, 83 Acquaviva, Paolo, 128, 132, 134, 142, 359 Arnott, David W., 559 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 427, 711 Aronoff, Mark, 2, 6, 29, 53, 58, 70, 73, 77, 80, 106, Aissen, Judith, 405, 723–4 108, 118, 125, 127–8, 130, 132–3, 141, Akinlabi, Akinbiyi, 516 151–2, 187, 193, 198–9, 201, 209, 226, 240, Alam, Yokiko S., 821 242, 245, 253–5, 257–8, 265, 279, 291, 323, Albert, Salich Y., 531 336–7, 351, 360, 372, 391, 400, 405, 456, Albright, Adam, 197, 223, 225, 280, 321, 769, 461, 538, 552, 555, 568, 571, 579, 591, 604, 772, 775–6, 782–3, 802 610, 643, 693, 696, 701, 793, 798, 805, 807 Alcoba, Santiago, 469 Arregi, Karlos, 400, 405, 570 Alegre, Maria, 688, 794 Arthur, Wallace, 322 Alexiadou, Artemis, 123, 128, 132, 142 Ascoop, Kristin, 433 Alinezhad, Batool, 429 Asher, Nicholas, 119–20 Allen, Margaret, 152–3, 537 Ashton, Ethel O., 571 Allen, Mark, 774 Aslin, Richard N., 691 Al-Najem, Salah R., 838 Atkinson, Dwight, 730 Alonso, Celestina V., 259 Atserias, Jordi, 767 Altmann, Eduardo G., 695 Auer, Edward T., 687 Álvarez Álvarez, Guzmán, 259 Aurnague, Michel, 73 Álvareza, Carlos J., 805 Anagnostopoulou, Elena, 414–15 Baayen, R. Harald, 5, 51, 54, 61, 63, 70, 73–6, 79, Andersen, Elaine S., 793 83, 158–9, 273, 302, 309, 322, 359–60, 372, Andersen, Henning, 375 400, 440, 686, 688–91, 693–5, 697–700, 702, Andersen, Torben, 304–5 775, 793–4, 806, 808, 812 Anderson, John, 332, 668 Babrakzai, Farooq, 492 Anderson, Philip W., 300 Badecker, William, 774 Anderson, Stephen R., 22, 29, 58, 60–1, 64, 118, Baerman, Matthew, 208, 244, 246, 253, 261, 278, 122, 131, 194, 212, 217, 221, 237, 240, 242, 283, 298, 310, 322, 371, 466, 471, 489, 579, 245, 248, 251, 274, 277, 331, 337, 350, 391, 781 395, 407, 454, 461, 535, 542, 557, 568, 581, Bagasheva, Alexandra, 83 589, 591, 600, 604, 627, 634, 642, 662, 798, Bag˘rıaçık, Metin, 245, 249 803–5, 807 Baicchi, Annalisa, 380 Anderwald, Lieselotte, 772 Baker, Mark C., 138, 140–1, 154, 252, 392, 409, Andrews, Avery D., 61, 400, 631 715 Anglade, Joseph, 265 Baker, Paul, 697 Ansaldo, Umberto, 713 Bakker, Dik, 361, 364, 719 Anshen, Frank, 70, 73, 77, 132, 187, 696, 701 Balota, David A., 689, 701–2 Anttila, Arto, 538, 551, 573 Balteiro, Fernandez I., 83 Anttila, Raimo, 298, 307, 760 Barabasi, Albert L., 673 Arad, Maya, 126, 135, 194, 252, 408 Barg, Petra, 826

Index of names 851

Barðdal, Jóhanna, 427 Borer, Hagit, 29, 118, 124–7, 130, 134, 137, 240, Baroni, Marco, 77 252, 407, 666 Barry, Christopher, 701 Börjars, Kersti, 473, 610–11 Barwise, Jon, 613 Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina, 720 Basciano, Bianca, 429 Borsley, Robert D., 610–11, 662 Bateson, Patrick, 299, 301 Bosque, Ignacio, 241 Battista, Marco, 223, 456 Botha, Rudie, 240, 248, 264 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, 331, 334 Boudelaa, Sami, 369 Bauer, Laurie, 30, 35, 38, 70–2, 74, 77, 79, 226, Bourciez, Jean, 260 229, 245, 273, 332, 344, 360, 363, 426–7, Bowerman, Melissa, 777 429, 432, 440, 696, 744 Boyé, Gilles, 198, 219, 223–5, 321, 392, 456, 469, Bazell, Charles E., 64 611–12, 643–4 Beard, Robert, 34, 57, 118, 125, 127, 130, 137, Božicˊ , Mirjana, 805, 812 139, 298, 302, 391, 591, 595, 744 Brame, Michael, 540–1 Beck, David, 152, 443, 715 Braun, Maria, 139 Becker, Michael, 775 Bréal, Michel, 131 Becker, Thomas, 227–9, 646 Brent, Michael, 784 Beedham, Christopher, 798 Bresnan, Joan W., 80, 237, 240, 246, 248, 400, Béjar, Susana, 399–400 610–12, 616, 634 Bell, Alan, 701 Brewer, Mary A., 267 Beltrame, Giovanni, 305 Broadwell, George A., 346, 535, 611 Bender, Emily M., 611–12 Broselow, Ellen, 530 Beniamine, Sarah, 223, 225, 321 Brown, Dunstan, 7, 29, 31, 37–40, 42, 44–5, Benigni, Valentina, 439 47, 112, 220–1, 238, 243, 246, 277–8, Benítez-Burraco, Antonio, 300 283, 286, 289–90, 292, 454, 483, 487, Benua, Laura, 578 489–90, 497, 502, 645, 727, 729, 825, Berent, Iris, 798 830 Berg, Thomas, 697 Brown, Roger, 720, 766, 783, 785 Berge, Anna, 733 Browne, Wayles, 246 Berko, Jean, 775–6, 796 Bruening, Benjamin, 247–8, 416 Berlin, Bernard, 190 Buckley, Eugene, 560 Berlin, Isaiah, 186, 190, 193–4, 201 Buckwalter, Tim, 835, 838 Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo, 118 Burani, Cristina, 691, 808, 812 Bertram, Raymond, 623, 691, 794 Burns, James M., 190 Bhattacharya, Sudhi Bhushan, 173 Burrow, Thomas, 173 Bianchi, André, 260 Burzio, Luigi, 81 Bickel, Balthasar, 319, 461, 639, 710–12, 720, Butt, Miriam, 245 723–4 Bybee, Joan L., 140, 157, 160, 256, 303, 360, 370, Bien, Heidrun, 811 374, 693, 698, 733, 772, 775, 777, 792–3, Bird, Steven, 613, 639–40, 840 796, 799 Bittner, Andreas, 361, 798 Bye, Patrik, 105, 111, 514, 530, 566, 568 Bittner, Dagmar, 357 Black, Mary E., 95, 100, 403 Caballero, Gabriela, 111, 177, 446, 555–6, 568, Blazej, Laura J., 322 571, 574–5 Blevins, James P., 9, 51, 54, 61, 64, 82, 121, 126, Caha, Pavel, 391 131, 223, 226, 298–302, 306, 441, 474, 702, Cahill, Lynne, 825, 828, 831, 838 744, 798 Cahill, Michael C., 105 Bloch, Bernard, 187–9, 193, 199, 771, 773 Califf, Mary E., 782 Bloomﬁeld, Leonard, 3, 51–2, 54, 64–5, 194, 212, Camazine, Scott, 322–3 239, 242, 332, 334, 336, 341, 350, 531, 593, Camdzic, Amela, 673, 675–6 657 Campos, Miguel A., 83 Boas, Frans, 718 Canellada, María J., 259 Boas, Hans C., 645 Caprin, Claudia, 778 Bobaljik, Jonathan D., 196–8, 390, 392–4, 397–8, Caramazza, Alfonso, 691 400, 405, 557, 579 Carlson, Barry, 166, 179 Bochner, Harry, 82, 226, 229, 303, 646 Carpenter, Bob, 614 Bolinger, Dwight L., 64 Carroll, John, 826 Bonami, Olivier, 5, 198, 219, 223, 225, 299, 304, Carroll, Lewis, 196 320–1, 456, 469, 471, 473–5, 611–13, 628, Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew, 73, 197, 207, 242, 631, 633, 637–9, 643–4, 744, 802 251, 373, 392, 559–60, 634, 807 Bond, Oliver, 728 Caselli, Maria C., 770, 778 Bonet, Eulàlia, 364, 392, 404, 551, 560, 564–5, Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta, 838 567, 573 Ceccagno, Antonella, 429 Booij, Geert, 37, 39, 44, 77, 79, 82, 106, 125–6, Chan, Erwin, 768–9, 784 227, 238, 242, 245, 247–50, 273, 359, 425, Chapman, Don, 700 430–2, 434–5, 437–8, 440, 444, 498, 621, 645 Chaves, Rui P., 247 Booker, Karen, 174 Chierchia, Gennaro, 141 Bordag, Danisa, 798 Chmielik, Jolanta, 83

852 Index of names

Chomsky, Noam, 29, 58, 107, 190–3, 198, 200–1, Déprez, Viviane, 142 216, 225, 239–40, 274, 280, 349, 359, 401–2, Desmets, Marianne, 624, 644 407–8, 513, 518, 536–7, 540, 588–604, 606, Di Sciullo, Anna M., 194, 237, 240, 242, 269 657, 771, 827 Diaconescu, Stefan, 668 Chumakina, Marina, 112, 286, 443 Diáz Castañón, M, 259 Chung, Sandra, 138, 142 Díaz González, Olga J., 259 Ciszek, Ewa, 697 Dichy, Joseph, 838 Clahsen, Harald, 279, 288, 744, 772, 775, 778–81, Dickinson, Connie, 723 793–4, 796, 798–802, 804, 806, 808–10, 813 DiFabio, Elvira G., 101 Clark, Alex, 825 Dixon, Robert M. W., 195, 566, 711 Clements, George N., 516, 531–2, 640 Doak, Ivy, 166 Cohen-Goldberg, Ariel M., 322 Dodgson, Charles, 196 Cole, Jennifer, 530 Doleschal, Ursula, 359, 376 Coleman, John, 106 Donegan, Patricia, 356 Collier, Scott, 283 Donohue, Mark, 288, 712, 721 Colombo, Lucia, 798, 802, 808 Downing, Laura J., 197, 361 Comrie, Bernard, 720, 724 Downing, Pamela, 34–5 Connine, Cynthia M., 686, 701 Drager, Katie K., 54 Conteh, Patrik, 516, 518 Dressler, Wolfgang U., 77, 119, 157, 177, 221–2, Cook, William H., 168, 170–1, 175 226, 331, 356–80 Copestake, Ann, 613 Dudas, Karen M., 531–2 Corbett, Greville G., 7, 37, 47, 112, 195–6, 207–8, Duran-Eppler, Eva, 673 219, 238, 244, 246, 249, 253, 283, 286–8, Dwyer, David, 516, 518 291, 298, 370, 373, 445, 483, 489, 514, 664, Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna, 376, 378 719, 724, 727, 729, 800, 825 Corbin, Danielle, 73–4, 228, 364 Eddington, David, 779, 798, 802, 808 Cover, Thomas M., 312 Egesdal, Steven, 167 Cowie, Claire, 697, 701 Eisenbeiss, Sonja, 804 Cowper, Elizabeth, 404 Ellison, Mark, 639 Creider, Chet, 673 Elman, Jeffrey L., 300, 322, 808 Creissels, Denis, 723 Elwell, Robert, 840 Creutz, Mathias, 784 Embick, David, 100, 106–7, 111, 122, 137, 154, Crippen, James, 162 189, 199–201, 252, 258, 395, 400, 402–3, Crocco-Galèas, Grazia, 359, 362 405, 408, 412, 414, 575, 798 Croft, William, 361, 427 Emerson, Thomas, 839 Cruschina, Silvio, 299, 352 Emonds, Joseph, 252 Cruse, David A., 130 Engdahl, Elisabet, 613 Crysmann, Berthold, 5, 471, 611–13, 628, 631–4, Enger, Hans-Olav, 698 637, 639, 641 Epel, David, 299, 322 Cunningham, Hamish, 833 Erjavec, Tomaž, 612, 628, 631 Curnow, Timothy, 723 Ervin, Susan M., 782 Cutler, Anne, 157 Esher, Louise, 260 Cysouw, Michael, 196, 363, 719 Esper, Erwin A., 298 Evans, Nicholas, 291, 713–15 Da Tos, Martina, 113 Evans, Roger, 281, 283, 289, 482, 646, 822, 825, Da˛browska, Ewa, 692, 781 827 Daelemans, Walter, 696 Evert, Stefan, 71–2, 75, 699 Dahl, Östen, 730–2 Ewen, Colin, 332 Dal, Georgette, 71, 73, 75–6, 80–1, 408 Dalrymple, Mary, 142, 611 Faarlund, Jan-Terje, 174, 177 Dalton-Puffer, Christiane, 697, 701 Fabb, Nigel, 153, 402 Daniels, Michael W., 611 Fábregas, Antonio, 118, 334 Darwin, Charles, 190, 197, 201 Fabri, Ray, 29 Daugherty, Kim G., 808 Fanselow, Gisbert, 796 Davies, Anna M., 307 Farghaly, Ali, 838 Davies, Mark, 686 Federmeier, Kara D., 795 Davis, Matthew H., 54, 794 Feeling, Durbin, 171 Davison, Anthony C., 319 Feldman, Laurie B., 793 de Jong, Ninja, 688 Felíu Arquiola, Elena, 428 de Lacy, Paul, 177 Fernández, Joseph A., 259 de Pauw, Gu, 841 Fernández González, José R., 259 De Saussure, Ferdinand, 50, 59, 64–7, 191, 227, Fernández Vior, José A., 268 332, 363, 390, 566, 588, 591 Fernández-Domínguez, Jesús, 79, 82 Debussmann, Ralph, 669 Ferrer i Cancho, Ramon, 673 Decroos, Nancy, 433 Fertig, David, 298 Deen, Kamil U., 778 Fillmore, Charles J., 720 Demuth, Katherine, 778 Finkel, Raphael A., 207, 223, 288–9, 302, 312, Denny, Peter, 733 321, 373, 442, 477, 504, 731

Index of names 853

Fiorentino, Robert, 807 Gragg, Gene B., 664 Fitch, Tecumseh, 204 Grannes, Alf, 755 Fleischhauer, Elisabeth, 804, 813 Greenberg, Joseph H., 156–7, 362, 525–6, 720 Flett, Pauline, 165–7 Grefenstette, Gregory, 685 Flickinger, Daniel P., 613 Gries, Stefan Th., 686–7, 695, 699–700 Fliedl, Günther, 376–7 Grimshaw, Jane, 130 Flobert, Pierre, 502 Grishman, Ralph, 835 Floyd, Simeon, 723 Gross, Thomas, 668–9 Fodor, Jerry, 134 Grossi, Fernández M., 259 Fokkens, Antske, 611 Guasti, Maria T., 778 Foley, William A., 714, 716 Guevara, Emiliano, 238, 248 Folli, Raffaella, 137 Gurevich, Olga I., 305 Fortescue, Michael, 733–4 Gxilishe, Sandile, 778 Fortune, Reo F., 291 Fradin, Bernard, 81–2, 119, 130, 359, 377 Habash, Nizar, 838 Francis, Winthrop N., 686, 766 Hafer, Margaret A., 784, 826 Frank, Anette, 611, 613 Hahn, Ulrike, 775 Fraser, Norman M., 219, 283, 291, 373, 483, Haiman, John, 2, 375, 580 800, 825 Hale, Austin, 723 Frisch, Stefan A., 689, 796 Hale, Kenneth, 126, 137, 392 Fruchter, Joseph, 812 Hall, Christopher, 157 Hall, Robert A., 97, 559 Gabbard, Kevin, 298 Halle, Morris, 5, 29, 38, 65, 105, 125, 154, 199, Gaeta, Livio, 70–3, 75, 83, 128, 357 215–16, 225, 240, 252, 258, 274, 390, 392, Gahl, Susanne, 54 395–6, 400, 403–4, 406, 408, 412–13, 454, Gaifman, Haim, 660 513, 516, 518, 536–7, 539–40, 567, 575, 601, Gaizauskas, Robert, 825 606, 771, 774, 780–1, 793, 798 García Arias, X. L., 259 Hammer, Alfred E., 340 García García, José, 259 Hankamer, Jorge, 400–1 García Valdés, Celsa C., 259 Hanks, William, 720 García-Castillero, Carlos, 176–7 Hanlon, Camille, 786 Gardani, Francesco, 360 Hansson, Gunnar, 534 Garrett, Andrew, 723 Harbour, Daniel, 137–8, 196, 364, 392, 551, 560, Garside, Roger, 834 564–5 Gazdar, Gerald, 191, 218, 281–3, 482, 595, 646, Hardy, Oliver, 188 822, 828, 831 Hare, Mary, 808 Geniušiene, Emma, 177 Hargus, Sharon, 155, 179, 539, 541 Gentner, Dedre, 298 Harley, Heidi, 122–3, 126, 131, 135, 137, 154, Gerdts, Donna B., 165–7, 179 196, 215, 352, 399, 404, 411, 413, 416 Gerken, Louann, 785 Harris, Alice, 174, 179, 446, 568, 570 Gerner, Matthisa, 141 Harris, James, 404, 540, 779 Gernsbacher, Morton A., 701 Harris, Randy A., 192, 601 Ghomeshi, Jila, 428 Harris, Zellig S., 4, 51–2, 55, 64, 335, 588–93, 597, Giegerich, Heinz J., 152, 538 784, 826 Gil, David, 715–16 Harrison, Sheldon, 531 Gilbert, Scott F., 299, 301, 322 Hart, Betty, 769 Gilligan, Gary, 157, 160 Haspelmath, Martin, 40–1, 157, 172, 177, 278, Gilman, Albert, 720 357, 361, 372, 711, 725, 762 Ginzburg, Jonathan, 613, 617 Hathout, Nabil, 81–2, 228, 620 Gisborne, Nikolas, 673 Haugen, Jason D., 95, 100, 341, 403 Givón, Talmy, 413 Hauser, Marc, 201 Gluckman, Peter, 299, 301 Hausser, Roland, 835 Godard, Danièle, 611 Havas, Viktória, 806 Goethe, Johann W., 331 Hawkins, John A., 7, 157, 160 Goldberg, Adele, 444 Hay, Jennifer B., 79, 82–3, 158, 179, 302, 687–91, Goldsmith, John, 338, 513, 516–17, 534, 601, 640, 693–4, 775 784–5, 808, 826 Hayes, Bruce, 225, 321, 367, 772, 775–6, Goldwater, Sharon, 784 782–3, 802 Golla, Victor, 107, 575 Hays, David, 660, 669 Gómez, Rebecca, 785 Heath, Jeffrey, 426, 724 Gonnerman, Laura M., 691, 793 Hebb, Donald, 202 González, Ana M. C., 259 Helimski, Eugene, 43 Gonzalez-Poot, Antonio, 406, 413 Helmbrecht, Johannes, 720 Good, Jeff, 151, 711, 734 Hendrix, Peter, 691 Goodman, Michael W., 612 Hengeveld, Kees, 713, 715 Gordon, Peter, 688, 794 Henri, Fabiola, 210, 320 Gottlieb, Gilbert, 299 Henrichsen, Anne J., 268 Grabar, Natalia, 83 Heringer, Hans J., 669

854 Index of names

Herman, Lewis, 777 Janhunen, Juha, 728, 733 Herman, Marguerite S., 777 Janse, Mark, 755 Herring, Jon, 821 Janssen, Ulrike, 811 Hetzron, Robert, 523 Jarema, Gonia, 357–8 Hildebrandt, Kristine A., 712 Jarmulowicz, Linda D., 780 Hiligsmann, Philippe, 433 Järvikivi, Juhani, 794 Hill, Archibald A., 595 Jelinek, Eloise, 718 Hill, Kenneth C., 95, 100, 403 Jensen, Frede, 245 Hilpert, Martin, 425, 433, 699–701 Jensen, John T., 243, 336 Hinkley, David V., 319 Jespersen, Otto, 71, 754 Hinneburg, Alexander, 700 Joanisse, Marc F., 805 Hinrichs, Erhard, 611 Johnson, C. Douglas, 198 Hinzelin, Marc-Olivier, 248, 262–4 Johnson, Mark, 783–4 Hippisley, Andrew, 29, 37–40, 42, 44–5, 47, 108, Johnston, Robert, 701 220–1, 238, 243, 277–8, 283, 290, 292, 454, Jonas, Dianne, 398, 503 466, 474–5, 483, 487, 489–90, 492, 497, 503, Joos, Martin, 187–8, 590 645, 825, 830 Jörg, Christine, 452, 457 Hjelmslev, Louis, 332 Joseph, Brian D., 177, 470, 747, 750, 754, 760–2 Hoberman, Robert, 189 Joshi, Aravind, 668 Hock, Hans H., 760 Julien, Marit, 194 Hockett, Charles F., 4, 50–2, 56, 64, 66, 187, Juola, Patrick, 730, 782 192–3, 199, 212, 302, 322, 331–2, 335, Jurafsky, Daniel, 618–19 344–7, 453, 592, 597, 611, 627 Hoeksema, Jack, 432 Kager, René, 550–1, 553, 556, 561, 578 Hoffmann, Thomas, 428, 444 Kageyama, Taro, 429, 431 Hofstadter, Douglas, 298 Kahane, Sylvain, 670 Hogg, Richard, 757 Kaiser, Lizanne, 603 Hohenhaus, Peter, 79 Kapatsinski, Vsevolod, 435 Höhle, Tilman N., 233 Kaplan, Ronald M., 611–12, 634, 639, 820, 822 Holvoet, Axel, 246 Kari, James, 155 Hood, Kathryn E., 322 Karlsson, Fred, 24 Hopper, Paul J., 761, 793 Karmiloff-Smith, Annette, 322, 665 Horne, Elinor, 531 Karttunen, Lauri, 612, 821 Householder, Fred W., 346 Kasner, Edward, 749 Hovdhaugen, Even, 713, 715 Kasper, Robert T., 614 Hualde, José, 539, 542 Kastovsky, Dieter, 806 Huck, Geoffrey J., 601 Kathol, Andreas, 611 Huddleston, Rodney, 187, 666 Katz, Jerrold J., 601 Hudson, Richard, 157, 659, 661, 668, 672–6, 678 Kaunisto, Mark, 697 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 7 Kay, Martin, 612, 639, 820–1, 837 Hüning, Matthias, 433 Kay, Paul, 645 Hurch, Bernhard, 367 Kean, Mary-Louise, 540, 542 Hurskainen, Arvi, 841 Keenan, Edward L., 720 Huth, Axel, 804 Kemmer, Suzanne, 726 Huygue, Richard, 624 Kemps, Rachel J. J. K., 54–5, 322 Hyams, Nina M., 403 Kenesei, István, 36 Hyman, Larry M., 140–1, 151–2, 412–13, 516, Kennedy, Alan, 685 518–19, 534, 556, 573, 712 Kenstowicz, Michael, 103, 518, 530, 578 Kerleroux, Françoise, 130, 198 Iatridou, Sabine, 132, 268 Keshava, Samarth, 784 Ikemoto, Yu, 806 Keune, Karen, 83 Ingria, Robert J. P., 611 Keyser, Samuel J., 137, 392, 541 Inkelas, Sharon, 99, 111, 141, 151, 177, 426, 534, Khaliq, Bilal, 826 538–40, 551, 555, 567–8, 571, 573–5, 744 Khan, Emir D. B., 494 Itô, Junko, 521–2, 527–8, 551 Khanjan, Alireza, 447 Iverson, Greg, 542 Kibort, Anna, 196 Kibrik, Aleksandr E., 298 Jablonka, Eva, 299 Kibrik, Andrej A., 717–18 Jackendoff, Ray, 121, 125–6, 136, 242, 250, Kiefer, Ferenc, 426–7 425–6, 439, 444, 501, 604, 606 Kielar, Aneta, 805 Jacob, Gunnar, 804 Kilani-Schoch, Marianne, 222, 226, 357–61, 369, Jacobsen, Wesley M., 410 372–5, 379 Jacobsen, William H., 713, 715 Kilgarriff, Adam, 685 Jacobson, Steven, 167 Kim, Kyumin, 410–11 Jaeger, Jeri J., 6 Kimball, Geoffrey D., 345 Jaeggli, Osvaldo, 403 King, Duane, 168, 175 Jakobson, Roman, 356, 366 King, Paul J., 614 Janda, Richard D., 5, 461, 747, 750, 754, 759–60 King, Rodney, 202

Index of names 855

King, Tracy H., 245 Lehrman, Daniel S., 322 Kinkade, Marvin D., 166–7, 713 Lehtonen, Minna, 794 Kiparsky, Paul, 99, 102, 112–13, 152, 240, 274–5, Leiss, Elisabeth, 376, 379 400, 514, 536–7, 539–42, 551, 567–8, 639, Leminen, Alina, 808–9 807 Lescot, Roger, 494 Kishimoto, Hideki, 431 Lespy, Vastin, 260 Kisseberth, Charles, 518, 530 Leuschner, Torsten, 433 Kiyosawa, Kaoru, 152, 165–7 Levin, Beth, 122–3, 126, 134, 136 Klaiman, Miriam H., 349, 721 Levin, Juliette, 531 Klaus, Georg, 375 Levinson, Stephen C., 720 Klein, Ewan, 613, 639–40, 840 Levy, Roger, 611 Koefoed, Geert, 70 Lewis, Geoffrey L., 102, 561 Koehl, Aurore, 74, 78 Libben, Gary, 129, 357–8, 392 Koenig, Jean-Pierre, 612–13, 618–20, 631, 635–7, Lieber, Rochelle, 22, 48, 70, 73, 76, 99, 125–6, 639, 645 131, 134, 137, 213–14, 237–8, 245, 248–9, Koj, Leon, 363 252, 391, 405, 518, 567, 605, 725 Koontz-Garboden, Andrew, 123, 139 Lightner, Theodore M., 334, 536, 746 Kopcke, Klaus-Michael, 692, 798 Lignon, Stéphanie, 83, 228 Korecky-Kröll, Katharina, 359–60, 375 Lignos, Constantine, 784 Kornﬁlt, Jaklin, 245 Linares, Rafael E., 800 Korotkova, Natalia, 179 Lindsay, Mark, 70, 201 Koskenniemi, Kimmo, 612, 639, 820–2, 830, 837 Link, Godehard, 141 Kostic, Aleksandar, 690 Lomashvili, Leila, 413 Krämer, Martin, 406, 413 Lombardi, Linda, 346 Kratzer, Angelika, 402, 415 Longa, Víctor M., 324 Krauss, Michael, 162 Longobardi, Giuseppe, 142 Krieger, Hans-Ulrich, 612–13, 620, 627, 639 Longtin, Catherine M., 358 Kübler, Sandra, 669 Lopocarro, Michele, 246 Kubryakova, Elena S., 333 Los, Bettelou, 31, 438 Kucera,̆ Henry, 686, 766 Lounsbury, Floyd G., 53, 303, 335 Kucera,̆ Karol, 697 Lüdeling, Anke, 71–2, 75, 699 Kula, Nancy C., 412 Luengen, Harald, 825 Kunze, Jürgen, 669 Luís, Ana, 118, 223, 225, 245, 321, 429, 463, 711 Kuperman, Victor, 812 Lukoff, Fred, 540 Kupsˊcˊ , Anna, 611 Lun, Suen, 821 Kurimo, Mikko, 836 Luschützky, Hans C., 333, 624 Kuryłowicz, Jerzy, 760 Luutonen, Jorma, 461, 639 Kusters, Wouter, 730–1 Lyons, John, 79 Kutas, Marta, 795 Kutsch Lojenga, Constance, 426 MacBride, Alexander I., 556 Mackenzie, David N., 470 Labov, William, 777 MacWhinney, Brian, 767, 770, 776–7 Ladányi, Maria, 360, 376 Maiden, Martin, 7, 53, 97, 132, 198–9, 256–7, Ladd, Robert, 305 263, 353, 643 Lagus, Krista, 784 Malouf, Robert, 7, 67, 298–9, 312, 318–19, 321–2, Lai, Yuwen, 775 393, 611, 751 Laine, Matti, 794 Man´czak, Withold, 760 Laitinen, Mikko, 698 Manning, Christopher D., 685 Lakoff, George, 195, 530, 536, 602 Manova, Stela, 141, 151–3, 159, 346, 362, 371–2 Lakusta, Laura, 785 Marantz, Alec, 5, 29, 56, 65, 105, 107, 125, 154, Laland, Kevin N., 322 189, 194, 200, 215, 252, 298, 302–3, 390–2, Lamb, Marion J., 299 395–6, 400, 402, 404, 406–9, 412–16, 454, Lander, Yury, 151–2 530, 533, 606, 774, 781, 793, 798, 803–4, 812 Langacker, Ronald W., 425, 690 Maratsos, Michael, 772 Langendoen, D. Terence, 188 Marconi, Diegos, 119 Lapointe, Steven G., 237, 240, 551, 560 Marcus, Gary F., 288, 773, 775, 781, 786 Lappe, Sabine, 347 Marcus, Mitchell P., 784 Lasnik, Howard, 595 Margolis, Eric, 136 Laudanna, Alessandro, 812 Marlett, Stephen A., 298 Laurel, Stan, 188 Marshall, Chloë R., 378 Laurence, Stephen, 136 Marslen-Wilson, William D., 357–8, 369, 794, Leben, William R., 516–18, 534, 640 797, 805 Lee, Seung-Ah, 444 Martin, Jack, 535 Lees, Robert B., 518, 596, 604 Martinet, André, 332, 335, 352 Legate, Julie A., 410, 772 Mascaró, Joan, 540, 542, 551, 561, 564–5, 573 Legendre, Géraldine, 610 Masini, Francesca, 439 Lehiste, Ilse, 322 Maslen, Robert J. C., 773 Lehmann, Winfred P., 156–7 Massam, Diane, 142

856 Index of names

Matthews, Peter H., 5–6, 53, 57–9, 62, 64–5, 118, Naito-Billen, Yuka, 807 301, 308, 350, 568, 591, 597, 600, 793, 803 Nakazawa, Tsuneko, 611 Mattina, Anthony, 166 Nakisa, Ramin C., 775 Mattina, Nancy, 166 Namer, Fiammetta, 76, 80–1, 83, 408, 624 Matushansky, Ora, 400, 793, 803–4 Namiki, Takayasu, 432 Maxwell III, John T., 612 Naradowsky, Jason, 784 Mayerthaler, Willi, 356–8, 361–2, 366, 376–7 Neeleman, Ad, 196, 241, 246, 571 Mayol, Laia, 780 Neijt, Anneke, 70, 83, 806 McCarthy, John J., 103, 280, 346, 393, 513–14, Neira Martínez, Jesús, 259 520, 522–6, 530–4, 542, 550–1, 553–7, Nerbonne, John, 627 566–7, 573, 578, 837 Nespor, Marina, 247 McCawley, James, 602 Nesset, Tore, 435 McClelland, James L., 772, 782–3 Nettle, Daniel, 338 McDonough, Joyce, 151, 155 Neubauer, Kathleen, 794, 804 McDowell, Kaleb, 809 Nevalainen, Terttu, 698, 700 McFarland, Teresa A., 461 Nevins, Andrew, 400, 405, 561, 566, 570 McGinnis, Martha, 399, 406, 413, 416 Nevis, Joel A., 177, 470 Mchombo, Sam A., 240, 248, 612 Newman, James R., 749 McPherson, Laura, 446 Newman, John, 686 Medina Urrea, Alfonso, 700 Newman, Paul, 519, 521 Meibauer, Jörg, 248 Newman, Stanley, 528–9 Meir, Irit, 201 Newmeyer, Frederick J., 239, 601, 730 Mel’cuk, Igor, 375, 443, 658, 668, 670–1 Newton, Isaac, 189 Méndez Dosuna, Julian, 760 Nichols, Johanna, 319, 714, 716–17, 719, 723–4, Menéndez García, Manuel, 259 730, 732–3 Merlini Barbaresi, Lavinia, 119, 361–2, 364, Nichols, Lynn, 714 376, 379 Nida, Eugene A., 188, 192, 213, 334–5, 344, Mester, Armin, 521–2, 532, 551 347, 592 Meurers, Walt D., 617 Niemi, Jussi, 794 Meyer, Ralf, 363 Nikolaeva, Irina, 297 Midgette, Sally, 155, 165 Norde, Muriel, 174, 762 Miestamo, Matti, 7, 298, 710, 730–1 Nordlinger, Rachel, 141, 150–1, 611–13 Mikkelsen, Line, 400–1 Noske, Manuela, 551 Milin, Petar, 690, 808 Noske, Roland, 528 Millán Urdiales, José M., 259 Noyer, Rolf, 138, 154, 215, 252, 352, 395, 399, Miller, Philip H., 194, 611, 628 405, 408, 412, 568–9, 571, 579, 633 Miller, Wick R., 719, 782 Nübling, Damaris, 359 Minai, Utako, 807 Nunes, José J., 260 Minkova, Donka, 94 Mithun, Marianne, 151, 160–1, 165, 175, 413 O’Brien, Jeremy, 808 Mitterutzner, Johannes C., 305 O’Donnell, Timothy J., 783 Moder, Carol L., 775, 799 O’Neill, Paul, 132, 255–8, 405 Mofu, Surial, 142 Ogden, Richard, 272 Mohanan, Karuvannur P., 151, 536–9, 774 Ojeda, Almerindo, 141 Mohanan, Tara, 538 Oliver, Antoni, 840 Monachesi, Paola, 464, 611 Onnis, Luca, 673 Monson, Christian, 784–5 Opitz, Andreas, 809–10 Montermini, Fabio, 119 Orešnik, Janez, 376 Montgomery-Anderson, Brad, 168–71, 176 Orgun, Cemil O., 99, 101, 538, 551, 567, 573, 610, Mooney, Raymond J., 782 640, 642 Morgan, William, 155, 162–3, 165 Orie, Olanike O., 429 Morris, Joanna, 774 Osada, Toshiki, 713–15 Mörth, Karlheinz, 365, 370, 376, 379 Osborne, Timothy, 668–9 Moscoso del Prado Martin, Fermin, 690, 692, 808 Otoguro, Ryo, 245 Mosel, Ulrike, 713, 715 Oudeyer, Pierre-Yves, 306 Motofsky, Stewart H., 812 Ouhalla, Jamal, 135 Motsch, Wolfgang, 360 Overton, Willis F., 299 Moura Santos, Maria J., 259 Oyama, Susan, 299, 322 Mugdan, Joachim, 333–4, 351 Öztürk, Balkiz, 722 Müller, Gereon, 187, 200, 279, 392, 568–70, 575–8, 580 Packard, Jerome, 136 Müller, Stefan, 611–12 Pagliuca, William, 160 Munat, Judith, 83 Pakendorf, 719 Muñiz, Celso, 259 Panagiotidis, Phoevos, 134 Munro, Pamela, 173–4 Panckhurst, Rachel, 82 Muysken, Pieter, 151 Pappas, Panayiotis A., 698 Myers, Scott, 348, 774 Pardo, Elly, 796 Parkes, Cornelia, 783

Index of names 857

Parks, Douglas, 172 Remberger, Eva-Maria, 133 Paster, Mary, 94, 97–8, 101–2, 105, 107–8, Renner, Vincent, 83 111–12, 403, 552, 556, 559–62, 566–7 Renouf, Antoinette, 5, 70, 73, 83, 400, 694, 697, Pater, Joe, 551 699 Patterson, Karalyn, 772 Rescorla, Robert A., 61 Paul, Hermann, 298, 307–8 Reyle, Uwe, 613 Paunonen, Heikki, 308 Ricca, David, 70–3, 75, 83 Payne, David, 557 Rice, Keren, 40, 141, 151, 155, 461, 726, 734 Pechmann, Thomas, 798 Richter, Frank, 613–14 Peirce, Charles S., 356, 358, 361–2 Riehemann, Susanne Z., 612–13, 620, 645 Peirce, John R., 312 Riggs, Stephen R., 472 Penke, Martina, 778, 810 Rijkhoff, Jan, 141–2, 713 Penn, Gerald, 611 Ringen, Catherine O., 551 Penny, Ralph, 259 Risley, Todd R., 769 Perkins, Revere, 160 Ritter, Elizabeth, 196, 399, 404 Perlmutter, David M., 124, 405, 642 Robins, Robert H., 52, 306, 661, 664 Perry, John, 613 Robinson, Jane, 660 Pesetsky, David, 402, 407, 536 Robson, Barbara, 493 Peterson, David A., 717 Roché, Michel, 83, 226, 228 Peterson, John, 713–14, 716 Rodríguez Castellano, Lorenzo, 259 Petrie, Helen, 825 Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni, 800, 806 Phillips, Colin, 772 Rogers, James, 610 Piantadosi, Steven T., 81 Rohrbacher, Bernhard, 398 Pierrehumbert, Janet B., 695 Roldán-Vendrell, Mercedes, 83 Pihel, Kalju, 308 Romieu, Maurice, 260 Pikamäe, Arno, 308 Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke, 359 Pike, Kenneth L., 590 Rood, David, 172 Pinker, Steven, 6, 194, 692, 771–3, 775–8, 781–3, Rose, Françoise, 722 793, 799 Rose, Sharon, 534, 556 Pirrelli, Vito, 223, 358, 372, 456 Rosta, Andrew, 673 Pitler, Emily, 784 Rothstein, Robert A., 283 Pizzuto, Elena, 770, 778 Roth-weiler, Monika, 778 Plag, Ingo, 48, 54, 70–1, 79–80, 83, 139, 152–3, Round, Erich R., 7, 464, 610 158, 322, 336, 343, 366, 372, 624, 686, 691, Rounds, William C., 614 694, 697, 806 Rubach, Jerzy, 106 Plank, Frans, 197, 261, 273, 730, 732 Rueckl, Jay G., 804 Plaut, David C., 793 Ruh, Nicolas, 793 Plénat, Marc, 73, 78, 82 Rumelhart, David E., 772, 782–3 Plunkett, Kim, 782 Russell, Edward S., 301 Pöchtrager, Markus A., 722 Russell, Kevin, 556 Pollard, Carl, 610–13, 615–16, 646 Ruwet, Nicolas, 416 Poser, William J., 279, 400, 527–8, 542 Ryan, Kevin M., 177, 556, 610 Postal, Paul M., 192, 194, 601 Prasada, Sandeep, 692, 776, 799 Sadler, Louisa, 445, 474, 611–13 Preston, Laurel B., 730 Sadock, Jerrold, 677 Prince, Alan, 6, 103, 513, 524, 526, 531–4, Saffran, Jenny R., 691 550–1, 553–7, 566, 573, 578, 610, 772, 777, Sag, Ivan A., 191, 610–13, 615–16, 620, 628–9, 781–2 643, 645–6 Pruñonosa-Tomas, Manuel, 83 Sagot, Benoît, 840 Pulleyblank, Douglas, 517, 519–20, 533–4, 536 Sailer, Manfred, 613 Pullum, Geoffrey K., 188, 191, 210, 360, 364, 540, Säily, Tanja, 697, 700–1 595, 666 Samioti, Yota, 414–15 Pylkkänen, Liina, 409–11, 413, 416 Sampson, Geoffrey, 298, 730, 796 Samvelian, Pollet, 470–1, 473–5, 611, 637 Quint, Nicolas, 270 Sandalo, Filomena, 400 Sander, Emmanuel, 298 Rainer, Franz, 70, 79–80, 121, 131, 134, 363, Santos, Diana, 835 365, 624 Sapir, Edward, 7, 156, 321, 712 Ralli, Angela, 245, 249 Sarkar, Sahotra, 301 Rambow, Owen, 668 Sawada, Osamu, 119 Ramchand, Gillian, 126 Say, Tessa, 798, 801–2 Ramscar, Michael, 51, 61, 309, 322 Scalise, Sergio, 80, 118, 157, 237–8, 240, 245, Randall, Janet, 39 248–9, 334, 605 Rappaport Hovav, Malka, 122–3, 126, 134, 136 Schalchli, Gauvain, 392 Rathert, Monika, 123 Schepping, Marie-Therese, 134 Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena, 700 Scherer, Bernd M., 365 Raveh, Michal, 804 Schiering, René, 712 Reisberg, Daniel, 673 Schlegel, Friedrich von, 7

858 Index of names

Scholz, Cosima, 429 Stockall, Linnaea, 774, 798, 812 Schreuder, Robert, 691 Stockwell, Robert, 94 Schultink, Henk, 70–1, 76, 360 Stolz, Thomas, 155 Schütze, Carson T., 776 Stong-Jensen, Margaret, 243 Schütze, Hinrich, 685 Stump, Gregory, 5, 9, 33, 40, 42, 45, 47, 58, 62, Schwarze, Christoph, 101, 134, 429 108–9, 112, 117, 121, 124, 137, 141, 149, Scobbie, James M., 639 151–2, 197, 207, 211–12, 218–19, 221, 223, Seddah, Djamé, 82 253, 276, 288–9, 304, 312, 321–2, 372–3, Seidenberg, Mark S., 793 405, 439, 442, 449, 451, 454–6, 458–64, 467, Seifart, 719 470, 473–5, 477, 488, 492, 496, 502–3, Seiler, Hansjakob, 364 568–70, 575–6, 579–80, 591, 600, 609, 627, Sekerina, Irina A., 813 630–1, 635, 637, 665, 731, 744, 762, 793, Selkirk, Elisabeth O., 5, 99, 152, 157, 237, 240, 798, 803, 805, 807 537, 567, 606 Sumukti, Rukmantoro H., 531–2 Sells, Peter, 279 Sundheim, Beth, 835 Senn, Alfred, 177 Suomela, Jukka, 697, 700 Seyfarth, Scott, 322 Suomi, Kari, 275 Sezer, Engin, 102, 562 Sussman, Gerald J., 782 Sgall, Petr, 368, 668 Svantesson, Jan-Olof, 728 Shannon, Claude E., 312 Svenonius, Peter, 405, 514, 530 Sharoff, Serge, 290 Swadesh, Morris, 712 Shimron, Joseph, 369 Szymanek, Bogdan, 82 Shosted, Ryan K., 731 Siddiqi, Daniel, 95, 100, 154, 390, 403 Taft, Marcus, 691, 794 Siegel, Dorothy, 152, 537 Tallerman, Maggie, 659, 662 Siewierska, Anna, 361, 364, 717–19 Talmy, Leonard, 136 Silverstein, Michael, 720, 724 Tanenhaus, Michael K., 609 Simpson, Jane, 151, 611 Taylor, John R., 775 Sims, Andrea D., 38, 321–2, 780 Tchekhoff, Claude, 713 Sinnemäki, Kaius, 7, 730–2 Tegey, Habibullah, 493 Sitchinava, Dmitriy, 290 Temperley, David, 668 Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna, 359 Thomas, Joy A., 325 Skaliˇcka, Vladimír, 368–9, 371 Thompson, Laurence C., 713 Skousen, Royal, 360, 696, 700 Thompson, M. Terry, 167, 713 Sleator, Daniel D., 668 Thompson, Sandra, 698 Slobin, Dan I., 772, 775 Thornton, Anna M., 97, 208, 359, 370, 376, 428, 469 Smith, Jennifer L., 551 Thráinsson, Höskuldur, 398 Smith, John C., 352 Thurneysen, Rudolph, 748 Smith, Nicholas, 834 Thymé, Ann E., 328 Smolensky, Paul, 534, 550, 553, 555, 610, 781 Tily, Harry, 690 Smolka, Ewa, 798 Tobin, Yishai, 340 Smyk-Bhattacharjee, Dorota, 81 Toivanen, Juhani, 275 Soare, Elena, 133 Tolstoy, Leo, 187, 190 Solé, Richard, 673 Tomasello, Michael, 770, 775 Sonnenstuhl, Ingrid, 288, 804 Tourabi, Abderrezzak, 422 Soudi, Abdelhadi, 837–8 Touretzky, David S., 281 Soveri, Anna, 794 Traﬁcante, Daniela, 808 Spencer, Andrew, 29, 32–4, 37, 40–3, 45–7, 53, Trager, George L., 188, 193 151–2, 238, 240, 245, 247–8, 250, 349, 440, Traugott, Elisabeth C., 425, 433, 761 443, 461, 463–4, 470, 474, 497, 571, 611, Tribout, Delphine, 624, 644 634, 711, 804, 828 Trips, Carola, 248, 697 Spencer, John P., 322 Trommer, Jochen, 348, 556, 560 Spiegler, Sebastian, 784 Trompelt, Helena, 798 Sproat, Richard, 539, 839 Trousdale, Graeme, 425, 428, 433, 444 Sridhar, Shikaripur N., 538 Trudgill, Peter, 732 Stamenov, Christo, 83 Trueswell, John C., 609 Stampe, David, 356 Tschenkeli, Kita, 60 Stankiewicz, Edward, 331 Tseng, Jesse, 611 Stanners, Robert F., 797 Tubino Blanco, Mercedes, 404 Starke, Michal, 422 Tumbahang, Govinda B., 2 Starosta, Stanley, 668 Tuttle, Siri, 155, 177 Štekauer, Pavol, 79, 83, 725 Tyler, Lorraine K., 357, 805 Stephany, Ursula, 357 Steriade, Donca, 197, 513, 531, 533–4 Ullman, Michael T., 189, 772, 796, 812 Stewart, Tom, 451, 464 Urtel, Hermann, 263 Stichauer, Pavel, 699 Stiebels, Barbara, 361 Vago, Robert M., 551 Stiles, Joan, 301, 322 Vajda, Edward J., 40, 734

Index of names 859

Vallduví, Enric, 613 Wilbur, Joshua, 310–11, 313, 321 van Casteren, Maarten, 794 Wilbur, Ronnie, 531–4 van der Hulst, Harry, 675 Wilhelm, Andrea, 126 van der Lely, Heather K. J., 378, 796 Williams, Edwin, 30, 157, 194, 198, 200, 237, van Gelderen, Elly, 172 242, 250, 392, 517, 665 van Gijn, Rik, 711–12 Williamson, Kay, 518 Van Goethem, Kristel, 433 Willmond, Catherine, 173 van Herten, Marieke, 795 Wilson, Deirdre, 595 van Lier, Eva, 713 Wiltschko, Martina, 142 van Marle, Jaap, 70, 75, 79, 226–8, 360, Winkler, Christian, 376 646 Winters, Margaret E., 760 Vasconcellos, José L., 260 Withgott, Meg, 151 Vater, Heinz, 668 Wittenburg, Kent, 821 Vaux, Bert, 567 Wittgenstein, Ludwig J., 374 Vennemann, Theo, 157 Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena, 721, 724 Vergnaud, Jean-Roger, 516 Wojdak, Rachel, 155 Veríssimo, João, 296, 798, 802 Wolf, Matthew A., 103, 105, 107, 111, 552, 555, Villoing, Florence, 83, 624, 644 557, 559, 562, 564, 566–7, 574, 578, 580 Vincent, Nigel, 473, 611 Wolfart, H. Christoph, 721 Voeikova, Maria, 357 Wong, Kam-Fai, 838–40 Vogel, Irene, 245, 798 Wray, Alison, 439 Vogt, Hans, 173 Wunderlich, Dieter, 29, 365, 406, 413, 781, 800, Volpe, Mark, 127, 414 807 von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 322 Wurzel, Wolfgang U., 221, 298, 308, 310, 356–8, Von Heusinger, Klaus, 429 360, 371–3, 375–6, 571

Wackernagel, Jacob, 177, 470, 472–3 Xu, Fei, 777 Wagner, Allan R., 61 Xu, Zheng, 104, 132, 187, 461, 555–6, 568, 571, Wälchli, Bernhard, 710 579, 610 Walenski, Matthew, 812 Walker, Abby, 687 Yang, Charles, 771–4, 782–3, 785 Walker, Rachel, 534 Yip, Kenneth, 782 Walther, Géraldine, 471 Yip, Moira, 521, 526, 556 Walther, Markus, 641 Ylitalo, Riikka, 275 Wasow, Thomas, 604 Young, Robert W., 155, 163, 165, 179 Watanabe, Honoré, 167 Yu, Alan C. L., 99, 101, 472, 534, 567 Watkins, Calvert W., 754, 762 Webelhuth, Gert, 473–5, 611, 645 Zaenen, Annie, 611 Weber, Katherine, 793 Zasorina, Lidija N., 290 Weber, Silke, 129 Zec, Draga, 540 Wechsler, Stephen, 196, 611 Zepeda, Ofelia, 535 Weiss, Stephen F., 784, 826 Zhang, Jie, 775 Werner, Roland, 560 Zimmer, Karl E., 79 Wescoat, Michael T., 611 Zipf, George K., 693, 695, 699, 766–7, 769, 771, Westermann, Gert, 793 785 Westfal, Stanislaw, 781 Zlaticˊ , Larisa, 611 Weyerts, Helga, 778 Zoll, Cheryl, 538, 551, 573 Wheeler, Deirdre W., 542 Zombolou, Katerina, 132 Wheeler, Max W., 259, 361 Zonneveld, Wim, 536 Whitman, John, 245 Zseder, Attila, 685 Whitney, William D., 460, 496 Zúñiga, Fernando, 711–12, 721–2 Wicentowski, Richard, 783 Zwanenburg, Wiecher, 77 Wichmann, Soren, 721 Zwicky, Arnold M., 29, 157, 210, 237–8, 243, 245, Wielding, Martijn, 83 254, 261, 276–7, 360, 364, 460, 540, 579, Wiese, Richard, 248, 778, 781 589, 635, 664, 760, 807

Index of subjects

ablaut, 2, 4, 8, 28, 96, 100, 153, 211, 318, 724, ambifixal, 462, 464, 472 745, 748, 752–3 American Structuralism, 187, 239, 588–9, abstractness, 65–6, 746–7 744 acceptability judgment, 792, 796 a-morphous, 13, 118, 218, 277, 332, 392, 395, activation, 675 454, 461, 471–3, 627, 634 adjacency, 363, 368, 396, 401, 405, 408, 414–15 analogy, 5, 15, 20–1, 59, 66, 177–8, 225, 227, 241, adjective incorporation, 34 260, 291, 298, 307–8, 310, 322, 332, 360–2, affix order, 12, 16–17, 19, 40, 140–1, 154, 156, 374, 700, 702, 746–7, 751–2, 754, 756–9, 158–9, 172, 178, 477, 524, 573, 734 761, 773, 775–7, 799 affixation, 4, 8, 28, 99, 107–8, 124, 128, 130, 141, analyzability, 75–6, 82 152, 154, 172, 245, 280, 351, 357, 359, 362, Angestellte,43–4, 47 373, 395, 403, 438, 519, 524, 526, 530, 534, apophony, 362, 748 540–1, 559, 563, 688, 724, 745, 748, 793, attractor, 719 799, 820, 826, 828, 830 augmentative, 42, 379, 499 affix-hopping, 191, 593–7 Autolexical Syntax, 677 affixoid, 16, 36, 432–3 autonomous morphology, 243, 499 agent nominalization. See nominalization autosegmental, 17, 22, 113, 514–17, 521, 523–4, agglutination, 7, 821 526, 528, 536, 640 allomorphy, 2, 11, 14, 16, 18, 35, 93–100, 102–7, auxiliary verb, 43, 191, 254–5, 403 109–10, 112–13, 197, 223, 227, 254–5, 257–8, 261, 263, 279, 290, 310, 320, 334, “Big Bang” model, 747 363, 366, 374, 414, 482, 540–1, 552, 558, binarity, 361, 366–7, 380 561, 564–6, 588, 678, 699, 731, 744, 752, biuniqueness, 366 759, 794 blocking, 18, 61, 67, 80, 279, 392, 396, 398, allomorph set, 551–2, 559, 561, 563–4, 566 401–2, 552, 555, 568–9, 571, 573–4, 581 allomorphy rule, 106 bootstrap simulation, 319 morpheme alternants, 64 bracketing paradoxes, 435 phonologically conditioned allomorphy, 112, burstiness, 695 215, 551–2, 555, 557–8, 560–2, 566–8, 581. See also allomorphy canonical inflectional class, 286–8 phonologically conditioned suppletive canonical morphology, 2–3 allomorphy, 96, 98, 101–2, 104–5, 107–8, canonical typology, 7, 639, 730 110–11 canonicality, 727 stem allomorphy, 14, 17, 93, 95–8, 101–2, 104, category-preserving derivation, 499 106–9, 112–13, 132, 227, 258, 374, 552, 557, catena, 668–9 559, 561–3, 643 cell paradigm, 210–12, 223 suppletive allomorphy, 11, 94–6, 98, 103–6, circumfix, 338, 364, 367 109–10, 112, 541 CLAWS4 tagger, 834 alternation, 11, 18, 41–2, 56, 95, 100–2, 105, 124, clitic, 14, 19, 27–8, 35, 43, 135, 173–4, 177, 238, 137, 151, 188, 215, 258, 304, 308, 310, 321, 245, 404, 471, 581, 611, 637, 662, 675–7, 374–5, 378, 393, 396, 401, 403–5, 442, 456, 717, 719, 726, 760 520, 540–1, 559, 561–2, 567–8, 613, 615, clusivity, 138 618, 622, 627, 631, 637, 639–41, 698, 728–9, cognition, 343, 673, 720 744, 747–8, 750, 752, 755–6, 771, 774, cognitive psychology, 673 778–80, 800, 825 co-indexation, 425, 573

Index of subjects 861

coining, 79–80, 83, 227, 425, 433, 438, 625, 716 dependency grammar, 19, 657, 659, 668, 678–9 competition, 9, 17, 61, 78, 567, 631, 831, 835–6 Dependency Phonology, 675 complementary distribution, 95, 167, 192, dependency structure, 658–66, 668–9, 671–3, 332–4, 336, 341, 592, 718 678 complex symbol, 18, 598–9, 604–5 deponency, deponent, 3, 13, 17, 125, 127, 131, complexity-based ordering, 158–9 187, 200, 208, 212, 216, 219, 221, 230, 244, compositionality, 125, 134, 139, 363, 642 464, 466–7, 470, 477, 482, 491, 499, 501–3, compounding, 14, 16, 19, 28–31, 34–6, 77, 83, 611 125, 153, 238, 245, 248, 264, 270, 359, 367, derivation, 9, 13, 16, 18–19, 21, 27–30, 33–4, 36, 369, 380, 429, 431, 436, 438, 451, 454, 521, 38–42, 44–8, 107, 123, 131, 142, 153–6, 167, 539, 581, 624, 642, 667, 724, 828, 833 177, 198, 213, 226–30, 238, 242, 244, 246, compounds, 28, 30–1, 34–5, 129, 136, 161, 173, 252, 272–3, 280, 348, 359, 362–6, 369, 240, 245, 248, 364–5, 367, 369, 377, 380, 372–3, 376, 380, 390, 401–2, 409, 413, 454, 426, 429–32, 434, 436, 439, 443, 521, 604, 497, 499, 504, 533, 537, 555, 557, 561–3, 624, 667, 688 581, 589, 593, 596–7, 601, 612, 620, 633–5, comprehension, 792, 795, 807 639, 642, 644, 690, 713–16, 724, 726, 733–4, computational implementation, 272, 283, 702, 825 748, 761, 780, 797, 803–6, 828. See also concatenation, 19, 155, 188, 302, 378, 416, 745, lexeme formation 820 derivational paradigm, 46, 137, 226, 229–30, conditional entropy, 8, 14, 299, 314–15, 317–19, 714, 726–7 321, 731. See also entropy derivational process, 28, 39, 47, 129, 643, 796, conditional probability, 315, 689 803–7, 828 consonant gradation, 4 derived environment, 528, 541 constituency-based grammar, 657 Derived Lexical Entry Principle, 46, 48 Construction Morphology, 15–16, 44, 125–6, descriptive linguistics, 188 425–6, 444, 498, 645 diachrony, 24, 69, 132, 165, 178–9, 204, 337, 378, constructional idiom, 250, 264, 431, 438, 443–4 380, 729, 763 content cell, 219, 465, 467, 469 Differential Inﬂectability Property, 29, 47 content paradigm, 13, 17, 207, 210, 212, 216–19, differential object marking, 724 221, 253, 464–7, 470, 502 diminutive, 42, 45, 119, 153, 359, 361–2, 365, contextual allomorphy, 391–2, 395–6, 405, 409, 379, 426, 755, 805 414, 416–17 Distributed Morphology, 11–16, 29, 36, 105, contextual allosemy, 414–16 110–12, 114, 122–3, 125–6, 130–1, 135, 137, contrastive underspeciﬁcation, 522 154, 194, 198, 212, 215, 243, 252, 298, 302, conversion, 28, 44, 56, 129, 193, 348, 362–3, 352, 390, 416, 454, 606, 610, 628, 664, 673, 371, 376, 407, 499, 531, 624, 713, 715–16, 781, 800, 803 724 distributional bias, 711 corpus, 10, 19, 71, 74–5, 77–8, 80, 82, 316, domain of the root, 408, 414–15 685–90, 692–703, 765, 767–8, 770, 773–4, double marking, 396, 758 781, 784–5, 825–6, 837, 840–2 duplication problem, 518 corpus linguistics, 20, 685 dynamic morphology, 222, 226, 358, 372, 374–5 countability, 141–2 dynamic system, 61, 64, 299–300, 307, 322 creativity, 71, 78–9, 119, 226, 444 cumulative exponence, 2, 15, 350, 442 edge phenomena, 661–3 CV skeleta, 534 elicited production, 792, 794, 796, 799, 801–2 cycles, 75, 153, 540 elsewhere condition, 14, 274–5, 542 cyclicity, 539–42 empty morphology, 4, 345, 559 English past tense, 203, 387, 414, 692, 765, 771, DATR, 21, 281, 283, 293, 482, 485, 488, 504, 646, 774, 778, 782, 802 675, 822–6, 830–1, 837 entropy, 223, 226, 229, 312–15, 318–20, 690, 700, declension, 7, 43, 58, 131, 174, 198, 220, 290–2, 702, 811 309–10, 312–14, 317, 319, 370, 441–2, 460, enumerative complexity, 7, 298 468, 476, 579, 599, 698, 721, 728–30 evaluative morphology, 42, 45, 47, 72, 499 decomposition, 279, 591, 636, 689, 691, 694, 793, Event-Related Brain Potential, 795, 804, 806, 808–9 805, 813 exocentric compound, 429 default exponence order, 40 default cascade, 46 exponence relations, 58, 226 default inference, 17, 482, 488–91, 493, 501, 504 extended exponence, 2, 15, 18, 125, 350, 442, default inheritance, 17, 220, 273, 278, 281–3, 569–71, 573–4, 631, 633–4 289, 373, 440, 482–3, 485, 646, 673–5, 677, externalization, 172 800, 822 extraction, 613, 659, 686 default orthogonal multiple inheritance, 17, extragrammatical morphology, 359, 361, 369, 482–3 376, 380 exceptional case default, 289, 291–2 eye-movement, 804, 807, 813 General Default Principle, 33, 45 normal case default, 291–2 faithfulness, 103–4, 110, 550–1, 554, 556, 578 defectiveness, 3, 13, 17, 38, 208–9, 212, 216, 221, family bias, 710 230, 464, 467, 470, 477 feature geometry, 218–19, 229, 399, 615, 628

862 Index of subjects

feature ordering, 277 noun incorporation, 34, 733 feature structure, 19, 216, 278, 573, 612–15, 617, pronominal incorporation, 752, 758 628, 639–40, 646–7, 672 indexation, 108, 110, 718, 721–2, 724, 733 figure and ground, 361, 365, 367, 380 stem indexation, 106, 108, 110 finite state transducers, 820, 829 indexicality, 157, 361, 363, 367–8, 370, 375, 380 Xerox Finite State Toolkit, 831 inferential, 8, 119, 211, 390–1, 452, 609, 627, fission, 16, 215, 407, 569 633–4 flexible word classes, 726 inferential word-based, 793, 803, 805 folk etymologies, 751 inferential-realizational, 8, 11, 16, 36, 212, 216, form correspondents, 465–7, 470 243, 452, 482, 628–9, 633 form paradigm, 13, 17, 207, 212, 216–17, 219, inflection, 7–9, 16, 20, 27–9, 32, 35, 39–40, 44, 221, 253, 464–5, 467, 469–70, 502 47, 104, 127, 207, 211–15, 222, 226, 230, frequency, 19, 173, 290, 357, 685, 687, 691, 693, 240, 242, 253, 255, 264, 273, 276, 286, 303, 701–2 321, 350, 363, 371–2, 393, 401, 442, 451–2, frequency effect, 12, 686, 702, 772–3, 793–4, 461, 463, 465, 470, 475–7, 522, 538, 568, 804 575, 581, 599, 727, 734, 755, 767–9, 779, token frequency, 20, 316, 360, 372, 688–9, 785, 804, 807, 822–3, 833, 838 692–3, 697–8, 701, 759 inflection class, 17, 39, 41–2, 197, 209, 219–23, type frequency, 313, 360, 372, 688–9, 692–3, 226, 229–30, 246, 253, 261, 273, 278–9, 283, 698, 759 285–8, 290–2, 297, 310–13, 318–20, 370, word frequency, 690–1, 695, 702, 774, 807 373, 375, 426, 441–2, 465, 467, 482–3, 485, frWaC corpus, 77 487, 495–7, 725, 727 fully inflected form, 674, 676, 832, 837 inflectional hierarchy, 499–500 functional categories, 402–3, 409, 606 inflectional paradigm, 8, 27, 29–30, 36, 43–4, fused realization, 677 47, 108, 133, 207–9, 211, 213, 215–16, 219, 225, 229–30, 255, 259, 372, 375, 393–4, GATE architecture, 833 441–2, 473, 690, 719, 727–8, 808, 810 gender, xi, 42–3, 133, 174, 195–6, 246–7, 277–8, information theory, 81, 312 281, 283, 291, 313, 321, 365, 369, 373, 375, Information-based Morphology, 628–34, 637, 643 426, 438, 483, 489, 492–4, 499, 593, 595, inheritance 599, 698–9, 712, 719, 728–9, 731, 806, 808, default inheritance. See default 810 default orthogonal multiple inheritance. Generalized Paradigm Function, 45, 47 See default generalized referrals, 278 inheritance hierarchy, 19, 281, 283, 285–6, Generative Grammar, 114, 239, 588, 590, 614, 486, 613, 620, 624, 642, 645–6, 831 658 monotonic inheritance, 281, 628, 646–7 generative phonology, 17, 274, 515, 530, 589 integrative complexity, 8, 299, 320 Generative Semantics, 601 interfix, 140, 362 grammatical word, 711–12 interleaving, 102, 407, 538–9, 541 grammaticalization, 12, 16, 20, 43, 159, 164–5, internal structure, 13, 134, 141, 238, 240, 244, 167, 172, 174, 178, 318, 433, 732, 761–2 247–50, 252, 298, 301–3, 309, 318, 322–3, graph theory, 673 396, 424, 542, 589, 593, 604, 606, 629, 670, Gruppenflexion, 749 677–8, 694, 744, 795–7, 801 intrinsic features, 395–6 hapax, 20, 71, 74, 77, 82–3, 688, 694, 697, inversion, 348 699–700 irregularity, 1, 5, 242, 289–90, 292, 341, 359, 375, head movement, 5, 12, 16, 154 380, 482, 487, 495–6, 504, 644, 752, 779, 825 head-application, 40, 454–5 is-a relation, 665, 674 Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, 19, 610, isomorphism, 11, 130, 132, 332, 411–12 612–17, 620, 627–8, 631, 635–6, 639, 642–3, Item and Arrangement, 213, 346, 351, 611, 661 645–7 item-based morphology, 515, 524 headedness, 152, 660 heteroclisis, 219, 290, 464, 467, 470, 477, 496 language contact, 20, 754 hierarchical lexicon, 444, 619 late insertion, 390–1 hierarchical structure, 75, 149–50, 153, 155, 302, lemma, 19, 373, 688, 692, 766–8, 798, 809, 824, 663, 674, 730 827, 830, 834–5 holistic property, 428 lemmatization, 831, 835 homomorphy, 2 lemmatizer, 835 homonymy, 261, 337, 343, 794, 812 lenition, 748 homophony, 2, 366, 369, 404–5 level M, 592 level ordering, 535, 538, 542 iconicity, 15, 357, 361–2, 364, 367–8, 380 leveling, 752, 759 identity default function, 33 lexeme, 2, 6, 8, 10–12, 14–16, 19, 21, 27–42, idioms, 194, 415–16, 645, 669 44–8, 50, 60, 75–6, 79–80, 83, 108, 110, 118, implicative morphology, 13–14, 231 127, 130, 134, 137, 189, 206–7, 209–11, implicative rules, 453, 460, 475 218–19, 221, 223–6, 228, 230, 242–3, 245, impoverishment, 16, 199, 257, 405, 556, 579, 628 253–5, 258, 261, 290–1, 297, 302, 304, incorporation, 34, 248, 369, 532, 733 310–16, 318, 320, 335, 341, 358, 373, 437,

Index of subjects 863

450–1, 453–9, 464–7, 469–70, 473, 475–6, 167, 172, 177–8, 188, 192, 194, 212–16, 239, 482–3, 485–7, 497–500, 502, 504, 575, 609, 243, 252, 298, 301–2, 305–6, 309, 331–8, 616–18, 620–1, 623–4, 627, 633, 642–6, 666, 341–3, 345–52, 358, 362–4, 367, 378–9, 670, 673–4, 688, 714, 725, 751, 755, 804–5, 390–1, 394–5, 398, 402–3, 410, 412–14, 416, 807–9, 828, 830–1, 838 428, 513–18, 523–6, 530, 534, 536, 541–2, lexeme formation, 27, 454, 620–1, 624, 627, 642, 550–1, 562, 566, 570, 574, 588, 590–6, 644–5. See also derivation 599–601, 606, 609, 627, 633–4, 663, 671, lexeme individuation problem, 37, 47 702, 711, 725, 732–3, 744–8, 750–2, 755, lexemic hierarchy, 44, 500, 502 757–8, 761–2, 767, 784, 822, 827–8, 830–2, lexemic index, 32, 47, 457 836–40 lexical categories, 41, 136, 138, 597, 606 morpho-lexicon, 744 lexical decision, 21, 690, 692, 701–2, 793–4, 796, morphological analysis, 3–4, 21, 52, 70, 81–2, 804, 807–8, 812 187, 191, 204, 227–8, 298, 300–2, 390, 428, lexical decomposition, 134 444, 593, 611, 629, 634, 645–8, 710, 757–8, lexical identity, 629, 645 761, 834–5 lexical insertion, 8, 106–7, 212, 486, 552, 567, morphological complexity, 7, 20, 75, 286, 298–9, 574, 598, 604–5 310, 371, 409, 434, 541, 689, 778 lexical integrity, 14, 19, 31, 377, 658–9, 665, morphological constraint, 103, 110 679 morphological derivation. See derivation lexical integrity hypothesis, 237, 241–4, 246–8, morphological dichotomies, 3, 5, 19 250, 264, 605 morphological frameworks, 15–17, 19, 556, 575, Lexical Morphology and Phonology, 514, 536 609, 645 lexical relatedness, 9, 27–33, 36–8, 40–7, 483, morphological generalization, 19, 283, 373, 442, 497, 616 803 lexical root, 131, 142, 362, 390, 395–6, 400–3, morphological merger, 16, 405, 408 407–9, 414, 416, 670 morphological metageneralization, 456, 460, 473 lexical rules, 243, 601, 604–5, 616–17, 620 morphological metageneralization rule, 108 lexical subcategorization, 97–8, 100–3, 105, morphological mismatches, 13 107–9, 111–12, 114 morphological model, 50, 121, 136, 154, 251, 372 lexical template, 123, 529, 798, 800 morphological process, 36, 42, 71–4, 76, 78–9, Lexical-Function Grammar, 19, 610–13, 616, 627, 82, 188, 239, 243, 246, 248, 250, 412, 515, 639 524, 531, 593, 688, 697, 748, 795–6, 798, lexicalism, 12–14, 16, 18, 200, 241–3, 412, 501, 804, 825 606, 609–11, 615–16, 629, 646, 648. See also morphological theory, 3, 8–10, 12–13, 17, 19, Morphology-Free Syntax 21–2, 70, 76, 120, 298, 303, 305, 322, 332, radical lexicalist approach, 827 350, 356, 449, 454, 477, 575, 588, 600, 611, lexicalization, 126, 128, 130, 135–6, 167, 433, 668, 685, 774 714, 716, 773 morphologically conditioned phonology, 527, lexicon, 5, 31, 34, 44, 72–3, 76–8, 80, 82, 84, 102, 535 117, 120–1, 124, 126, 146, 149, 153, 167, morphologization, 369 178, 194, 205, 218–19, 223, 225–8, 239–40, Morphology-Free Syntax, 13, 237–8, 241–4, 246, 242–4, 264, 287, 289–92, 363, 371, 376–7, 250, 264 379, 405, 407, 409, 421, 425, 427, 434–7, Morphology–phonology interface, 540, 542, 439, 445, 555–6, 566, 598, 601, 605, 609, 551–2, 560, 581 612–13, 615–16, 620–1, 690–1, 715–17, morphome, 12, 15, 53, 189, 192, 199, 201, 209, 743–6, 749, 751, 761, 794, 799, 803–4, 253, 255, 257–8, 299, 345, 351–2, 405, 571 812–13, 822, 827, 830–2, 837, 840–1 morphomic paradigm, 13, 209 linguistic typology, 19. See also typological morphonology, 377 variation morphonotactics, 378. See also morphotactics, local generalization, 754 morpheme order locational adjective, 43 morphophonemic, 112, 171, 188–9, 258, 335, look-ahead, 152, 401 592, 748, 750, 752, 771 morphophonology, 19, 115, 551, 639, 642, 758, machine translation, 22, 833 774, 820–1, 837 markedness, 15, 103, 105, 109, 278, 356–8, morphopragmatics, 119, 377, 379–80 360–2, 366, 380, 534, 550–1, 554, 556, 563, morphosyntactic features, 93, 95, 149, 252–3, 567, 571, 574, 729 255, 278, 404, 499, 555–6, 630, 798, 801, memory, 121, 178, 229, 359, 392, 439, 444, 673, 808, 810, 834 691, 698, 766, 773, 775, 793, 795, 797, 801, morphosyntactic property, 6, 8, 13, 16, 30–1, 812 137, 207, 218, 254, 261, 288, 298, 301, 303, mental lexicon, 72, 121, 126, 372, 440, 688, 692, 308, 319, 442, 450–1, 453, 456–8, 461–2, 798 464–5, 467, 469–70, 473, 556, 615, 628–9, minimal sign, 10, 16, 118, 332, 342, 482, 504, 591 631, 633 Mirror Principle, 141, 154, 252, 409, 412 morphosyntax, 7, 141, 253, 257–8, 261, 376, 425, morpheme, 1, 3–5, 10–12, 15–19, 21, 29, 36, 50, 464, 491, 678 52, 56–9, 64–6, 94, 99, 103, 105–10, 113, morphotactic constraints, 556, 573 117–18, 121–2, 125–6, 128–31, 133, 135, morphotactics, 18, 588, 635, 637–9 138–40, 142, 149–50, 152–3, 155–7, 159–60, morpheme order, 152, 155

864 Index of subjects

morphs, 5, 15, 51–2, 55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 125, paradigm function, 16, 45, 137, 218, 221, 451–3, 332–3, 335, 338–9, 342, 344–5, 350–1, 364, 455, 458, 460–3, 465, 469, 471, 476 471, 518, 556, 574, 615, 628–9, 631–4, 636, Paradigm Function Morphology, 14–16, 19, 45, 657, 663–7, 669, 671, 751 62, 108, 197, 212, 218–19, 221, 231, 277, multilexical unit, 359, 377 449, 452–6, 459–61, 464–5, 469, 473, 475, multiple exponence, 369, 392 477, 569–70, 612, 627–9, 632–4, 637 multiword expression, 31 paradigm linkage, 219, 465–8, 500, 502 mutation, 413. See also allomorphy paradigm signature, 482, 492–4 mutual dependency, 659, 672 paradigmatic framework, 212, 225–6 paradigmatic relations, 226, 645 nasalization, 748 paradigmatic word formation, 434–5 natural language generation, 831 paradigm-structure conditions, 373 natural language processing, 685 parallel approach, 557 natural language understanding, 831 parasynthesis, 124, 338 Natural Morphology, 13, 15, 212, 221–3, 225, parent, 659, 666 356, 571 parsing, 158, 184, 363, 625, 634, 694, 762, 793 neogrammarian, 747 partial reduplication. See reduplication neologism, 78, 360 particle verb, 31, 435–8, 611 Network Morphology, 14–15, 17, 44–5, 108, 212, part-of-speech tagging, 77, 834 218–19, 221–2, 243–4, 277, 283, 292–3, 454, part–whole relation, 19, 298–9, 301, 309, 658, 482–3, 488, 492, 495, 497, 499–500, 503, 660–1, 664–5, 667–8, 671, 678 505, 645–7, 673–5, 825, 830 periphrasis, 128, 443, 451, 473, 475, 477, 611, no phrase constraint, 241, 248, 264 750 node, 99, 107, 214–15, 240, 281–2, 285, 290, periphrastic word formation, 438 391–2, 394–6, 398–401, 404–8, 414, 465, phoneme, 15, 17, 64, 66, 331, 333–4, 358, 361, 485–8, 491, 495–8, 500–3, 646, 660, 673, 591–3, 600, 689, 700, 730, 732, 821, 826 675, 821, 823 phonogenesis, 761 nominalization, 12, 33, 38–9, 43–4, 46, 119–20, phonological constraints, 105, 542, 556, 560–1, 122, 124, 128–9, 134, 175–7, 193, 302, 336, 563, 567, 640 359, 402, 407–8, 435–6, 596, 601–2, 666, phonological feature, 64, 155, 334, 392, 403, 713, 749, 805–6 518 nonce formation, 79, 83, 801 phonological representations, 18, 217–18, 426, nonconcatenative morphology, 4 457, 461, 471–2, 513–14, 520, 524, 536, 542, non-head, 129, 365, 377 551, 628, 639–40, 642–3, 807 noun incorporation. See incorporation phonological rules, 17–18, 58, 93, 95–7, 101, 106, 110, 112, 153–4, 238–9, 275, 374, 378, 391, Ockham’s razor, 197 513–15, 518, 524, 527, 532, 534–6, 539–41, one form to one meaning, 752. See also 693, 712, 746–7, 798, 822 isomorphism phonological word, 28, 416, 426, 711 online, 34, 61, 792, 794 phrasemes, 16, 437, 439 online type construction, 618, 620 polysemy, 230, 337, 366, 625 opacity, 31, 103, 128–9, 139, 363–4, 530, 533, polysynthesis, 7, 732–4 540, 562, 731, 755, 758 portmanteau, 1, 5, 219, 344, 462, 592, 611, 631, Optimal Construction Morphology, 555–6, 574 635, 637, 808 Optimal Interleaving, 552–3, 555–7, 559–60, position class, 183, 213, 461–2, 472, 615, 632, 562–3, 565, 567, 573, 577 634–7, 639 Optimality Theory, 18, 103, 105, 111, 155, 356, potentiality, 74, 360 515, 518, 524, 534, 537, 550–7, 559–68, precategorial, 714–15 572–6, 578–81, 610, 642, 781 predictiveness, 223–6, 312, 317, 731 optimization, 81, 97, 111 priming, 691, 751, 797, 804, 807–8, 810–11, output-to-output correspondence, 578–80 813 overabundance, 13, 208–9, 211–12, 219, 230, principal parts, 14, 223–4, 229, 289, 310–11, 373, 356, 370, 464, 469 441–2, 476, 731 overgeneralization, 62–3 principle of exhaustive analysis, 761 over-irregularization, 773, 777, 783 Principle of Representational Independence, 34, overlapping exponence, 2, 634 42, 47 over-regularization, 769, 773–4, 777, 781, 783 Principles and Parameters, 154, 589 override, 13–14, 17, 44–5, 272–3, 275–6, 281–3, probability, 19, 74, 76, 312, 314–16, 686–7, 689, 287, 289–90, 292–3, 306, 456, 458, 461, 691, 693, 696, 701, 711 463–8, 482, 487, 491–2, 496, 501, 823 process-based models, 149 processing accounts, 178 Pa¯nini’s principle, 14, 17, 100, 104, 276, 279, 453, pro-drop, 718 _ 455–6, 465–6, 631 productivity, 5, 10, 14–16, 20–1, 38, 70–6, 78–80, Pa¯ninian determinism, 277, 279, 286 82–3, 118, 120, 126, 159, 222, 230, 272–3, _ paradigm cell, 278, 287, 289, 313–15, 317–20, 338, 357, 359–60, 370, 372, 375–6, 380, 408, 442, 464–5, 627, 643 427, 601, 616, 624, 627, 686–8, 690, 693–9, paradigm cell ﬁlling problem, 223–5, 231, 297–9, 765, 773, 775–7, 779–83, 785, 795, 797, 315, 320–1, 323 799–800, 806, 824

Index of subjects 865

availability, 72–4, 77 240–1, 247, 249, 253, 257–8, 261, 272, 343, Baayen’s measures, 74, 76 359, 362, 391, 414, 451, 461, 470, 498, 501, expanding productivity, 74, 694 598, 601, 612–13, 615, 620, 622–3, 625, potential productivity, 74, 78, 694, 698 627–8, 646–7, 670–1, 692, 701, 706, 716, profitability, 73–4 719, 725, 744–5, 828 realized productivity, 73 semantic change, 751 pronominal argument, 718 semantic feature, 99, 131, 134, 137, 155, 193, pronominal incorporation. See incorporation 206, 257, 365 prosodic domains, 712 sememe,64–5, 212, 342, 350 prosodic templates, 524, 528, 531, 534 semi-regularity, 487, 504 psycholinguistics, 279, 380, 444, 581, 609, 813 separation hypothesis, 57, 130, 744 purely morphological, 12–14, 18, 20, 125, 215, serial approach, 557 238, 244, 247, 253, 261, 450, 500, 661, 664, signifiant,50–3, 55, 57, 64 666, 675 signifié, 11, 50, 65, 214 similitudinal adjective, 36, 43 rare event, 74, 82 simplification, 474, 537, 756–8 readjustment rule, 106, 109–12, 155, 178, 199, sound change, 20, 259–60, 262, 379, 746–7, 751, 258, 309, 403–5 753, 758–9 real data, 80–2 speech register, 83 realization constraint, 556, 563, 565–6, 568, 572 split ergativity, 492, 494 Realization Optimality Theory, 553, 555 static morphology, 222, 226, 358, 372, 374 realization rule, 16–17, 51, 58, 62, 65, 108–9, strata, 152–3, 435, 536, 538, 551 114, 218, 451–2, 455, 458, 460–1, 465, 467, stratal models, 158, 178 471, 552, 569, 615, 628, 630, 633–4, 637, 668 stress, 17, 35, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 153, 159, realizational model, 37, 51, 53, 58–9, 61–3, 65, 221, 274, 283, 292, 318, 332, 339, 377, 426, 125, 127, 133, 363, 628, 807 450, 537–41, 559, 663, 671, 712, 717, 719, realizational morphology, 634, 636 728, 758, 760, 779 recombinant gestalts, 299 structural analogy, 332 recomposition, 751 structuralism, 36, 212 recursive, 39, 119–20, 430, 538, 612, 620, 633–4, subcategorization, 99–102, 105–10, 112, 475, 640, 642 567, 597, 605 reduction, 35, 52, 159, 163, 306, 312, 320, 427, subject nominalization. See nominalization 533, 540, 589, 616, 750, 756 sub-paradigm, 211, 219, 229, 486, 488, 643 redundancy, 5, 10, 51–2, 54, 56, 375, 425, 482, subregularity, 357, 375, 380, 396 615–16, 618, 620, 757 subschema, 430–2, 435, 438, 443–4 redundancy rule, 425, 616, 620, 757 subtraction, 4, 15, 18, 346–7, 362, 514, 534 reduplication, 4, 18, 211, 341, 351, 403, 428–9, supervised learning, 766, 826, 836 516, 524, 530–1, 533–6, 724 suppletion, 13, 94, 96, 98, 101, 108–9, 112, 114, partial reduplication, 533 199, 209, 262, 341, 359–60, 364, 368, 375, regularity, 5, 14, 53, 71, 79, 222, 242, 272–3, 283, 380, 400, 403, 464, 467–8, 470, 477, 487, 290, 303, 357, 359, 375, 380, 486, 754 600, 727–8, 783, 798 relational adjective, 43, 77, 376 root suppletion, 403 relexicalization, 746, 751 suppletive allomorphy. See allomorphy renewal, 734, 751 synchrony, 178, 379, 763 replacive, 227, 335, 350 syncretism, 2, 5, 13–14, 16–18, 53, 137, 208–11, representational redescription, 665 219, 221, 230, 261–3, 278, 285, 288, 342–3, reversible, 461 401, 404–5, 450, 453, 459–60, 464, 466–7, Rich Agreement Hypothesis, 398 470, 475, 477, 482, 488–9, 492–4, 499–500, Richness of the Base, 553 502, 552, 555, 568, 575–7, 579–81, 611, right-hand head rule, 665 727–9, 840 routinization, 159, 167, 169, 172 directional syncretism, 466–7, 485, 489, 501, rule competition, 15, 370, 454 576, 578–9 rule exception features, 536 priscianic syncretism, 54 rule of exponence, 14, 219, 291, 452–3, 455–7, Syntactic Atomicity Thesis, 237 459–63, 471, 473–6, 629, 637 syntactic derivation, 154, 252, 391, 409 rule of referral, 219, 290, 455, 457, 459–60, 462, syntactic feature, 133, 159, 206, 243, 439, 442, 475–6, 579–80, 633 599, 807 rule ordering, 113, 530, 540 syntactic frameworks, 212, 216, 221 syntactic/semantic features, 390–1, 401, 405 Saussurean sign, 50, 64–5, 390, 566 syntagmatic frameworks, 212, 216–17, 221–2 schema unification, 434 Syntax-Free Morphology, 13, 237–8, 241–3, 246, scope, 12, 35, 62, 105, 140, 151–2, 155, 159, 165, 250, 253–4, 264 168–70, 210, 218, 225, 250, 379, 412–13, 461, 567, 576, 579, 589, 595–6, 601, 606, tabular paradigm, 207, 210, 216–17, 219 637, 734, 745, 754, 757, 825 templatic morphology, 125, 128, 141, 516, 526, second order schema, 435, 441 530, 533, 640, 734, 837 semantics, 11, 17, 22, 34, 44, 117–20, 122–7, terminal node, 5, 18, 149, 155, 245, 252, 352, 130–4, 136, 139, 141, 188, 192–3, 226, 390–2, 401, 404, 416, 588, 590, 593–4, 604

866 Index of subjects

text type, 83, 695, 834 user-generated content, 82 thematic vowel, 260, 342, 375 tone melody, 519 valency, 156–7, 163, 612, 615, 661, 666, 670 Transformational Grammar, 18, 588–90, 593, vocabulary growth, 75, 699 595–7, 606 vocabulary size, 694 transformations, 191, 193, 198, 217, 239–40, 606, 672 Watkins’ Law, 754, 762 transparency, 39–40, 79, 139–40, 158–9, 312, word class, 20, 47, 359, 369, 426, 439, 666, 696, 357, 361, 363–5, 367–70, 375, 380, 464, 691 712–16, 725–6, 733, 823, 831 transposition, 9, 38–42, 45, 47, 499 word family size, 688 truncation, 18 word formation rule, 39, 44, 80–1, 216, 240, 273, two-level morphology, 639 279, 365, 370, 376, 392, 395, 425, 497–9, type coercion, 429, 441 693. See also derivation typological variation, 141–2 word formation schema, 425, 427, 431, 433 Word Grammar, 19, 668, 672–9 umlaut, 307, 366–7, 670, 694, 748, 760 word segmentation, 833, 836, 838–9 uncertainty, 223, 312–14, 317, 320, 667 word syntax, 212–13 uncountability, 71, 73 word-and-paradigm, 50, 52, 82, 121, 125, 223, underdetermination, 2, 4, 10 350, 441, 627, 657, 661, 664–5, 702 underspeciﬁcation, 199, 219, 257, 277–8, 280, wordhood, 711 401, 533, 542, 575–6, 580, 808, 810–11 Wortbildungsbedeutung, 134 Unicode processing, 837 wug test, 775–6, 783, 786 unidirectional, 20, 377, 398, 576, 715, 761–2 Uniformity of Realization Property, 28–9, 47 X-bar theory, 606 unintentionality, 71–2, 79 univerbation, 377 zero morphology, 362–3, 392, 396–8, 402 unsupervised learning, 784, 826 Zipf’s Law, 766, 769