JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA JSS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (Autonomous) Saraswathipuram, Mysore – 570 009
MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT
“PATH TO FINANCIAL INCLUSION : THE SUCCESS OF SELF HELP GROUPS BANK LINKAGE PROGRAM IN KARNATAKA STATE OF INDIA”
Submitted to University Grants Commission SOUTH WEST REGIONAL OFFICE BANGALORE
Principal investigator DR. H.S. KONGALAPPA Assistant professor Department of Commerce & Management JSS College for Women (Autonomous) Saraswathipuram, Mysuru – 570 009.
Co-Investigator SRIKANTH M.E. Assistant professor Department of Commerce& Management JSS College for Women (Autonomous) Saraswathipuram, Mysuru – 570 009.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this Minor Research Project entitled “PATH TO FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE SUCCESS OF SELF HELP GROUPS BANK LINKAGE PROGRAM IN KARNATAKA STATE OF INDIA” is the result of research work done by us. We also declare that this Minor Research Project Report has not been submitted to any university / institutions by us for the award of any Degree / Diploma.
SRIKANTH M.E. DR. H.S. KONGALAPPA
Co- investigator Principal Investigator
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA J S S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS) (An Autonomous College of University of Mysore: Re-Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade (CGPA: 3.10) Saraswathipuram, Mysore – 570 009 Ph No:0821-2548239 . Principal 2548383.Fax: 2548240 . : [email protected] . Website: http://www.jsscw.in
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the Minor Research Project entitled
“PATH TO FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE SUCCESS OF SELF
HELP GROUPS BANK LINKAGE PROGRAM IN KARNATAKA
STATE OF INDIA” carried out by DR. H.S. KONGALAPPA and
Sri SRIKANTH M.E. This Minor Research Project report has not been
previously submitted to any university / institutions for the award of any
degree or diploma.
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere Pranams to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Shivarathri Deshikendra
Mahaswamiji, President, JSS Mahavidyapeetha, Mysore.
I am grateful to Prof. S.P. Manjunath, Secretary, JSS Mahavidyapeetha,
Prof. T.D. Subbanna, Director, Dr. Mruthyunjaya P. Kulenur, Additional Director,
Sri B. Niranjanamurthy, Assistant Director, College Education Division, JSS
Mahavidyapeetha, Mysuru, who were instrumental in motivating me to take up this research work. My deepest gratitude goes to them for the confidence they reposed in me.
I acknowledge my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to my Ph.D guide
Dr. N.Nagaraja, Professor, DOS in Commerce, University of Mysore, who right from the conceptualisation to the successful completion, encouraged and empowered me to take up this task. Indeed, I am indebted him to a very great extent.
I am immensely thankful to Prof. N. Nagaraja, Principal,
Dr. Rechanna, HOD, Department of Commerce, Dr. H.C. Honnappa, Dean,
Sri S. Shivashankarappa, office Superintendent, Sri H.N.Manjunath, Librarian,
Sri S. Lokesh, office staff, JSS College for Women, Saraswathipuram, Mysore, and
M/s Madhu Computers for their excellent support, invaluable encouragement and most appropriate guidance from time to time during the course of this study. I express my profound thanks and gratitude to them.
I wish to place on record my deepest gratitude to my wife Smt. D.V. Jyothi, for her patience and understanding during the research time. I am grateful to her for the kind co-operation and encouraging atmosphere provided throughout my research work.
I am grateful to the UGC for having provided financial assistance to undertake this research.
My thanks are due to my colleagues, students and each and every one who directly and indirectly helped me in this endeavour.
Date: (DR. H.S. KONGALAPPA)
CONTENTS
Title Page No. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter I Introduction 1-7
Chapter II Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups’ Bank 8-30 Linkage Programme - A Theoretical Overview
Chapter III A Profile of Chamarajanagara -Sample District 31-64
Chapter IV Data Analysis and Interpretation 65-107
Chapter V Summary of Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion 108-114
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page Title No. No. 2.1 Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Program in India 19 2.2 SHGs Bank Linkage Programme in Karnataka 26
3.1 General Indicators of the Chamarajnagara District 47 3.2 Rural and Urban Indicators of the District 48 3.3 General Information of the District 49 3.4 Population of the District 50 3.5 Land Utilization in Chamarajanagara District 51 3.6 Size of Landholdings of the District 52 3.7 Communicntion Facilities in the District 53 3.8 Banking Facilities in the Chamarajanagar 54 3.9 Agricultural Economy of the District 55 3.10 Level of Education in Chamarajanagara District 57 3.11 Performance of Sericulture in the District 58 3.12 Livestock and Animal Husbandry 59 3.13 Net Sown and Net Irrigated Area 60 Sector-wise PLP Projections Chamarajanagar District, 3.14 62 Karnataka 3.15 SHGs and Related Information of the District 63 4.1 Number of Members in SHGs in Gundulpet Taluk 66 4.2 Number of Members in SHGs in Kollegal Taluk 67 4.3 Number of Members in SHGs in Chamarajanagar Taluk 67 4.4 Number of Members in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk 68 4.5 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Gundulpet Taluk 69 4.6 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk 69 4.7 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk 70 4.8 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk 70 4.9 Transactions With Bank by SHGs in Gundulpet Taluk 71 4.10 Transactions With Bank by SHGs in Kollegala Taluk 72 4.11 Transactions With Bank by SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taluk 73 4.12 Transactions With Bank by SHGs in Yelandur Taluk 73 4.13 Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Gundulpet Taulk 74 4.14 Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Kollegala Taulk 75 4.15 Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taulk 76 4.16 Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Yelandur Taulk 76 Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Gundulpet 4.17 77 Taluk Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Kollegala 4.18 78 Taluk Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in 4.19 78 Chamarajanagara Taluk Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Yelandur 4.20 79 Taluk Total Savings of Money by the Respondents in Gundulpet 4.21 80 Taluk 4.22 Total Savings of Money by the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk 80 Total Savings of Money by the Respondents in 4.23 81 Chamarajanagara Taluk 4.24 Total Savings of Money by the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk 82
4.25 Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Gundulpet 83 Taluk Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Kollegala 4.26 84 Taluk
4.27 Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in 85 Chamarajanagara Taluk Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Yelandur 4.28 Taluk 86
4.29 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk 87 4.30 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Kollegala Taluk 87 4.31 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk 88 4.32 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Yelandur Taluk 88 4.33 Qualification of the SHGs Members in Gundulpet Taluk 89 4.34 Qualification of the SHGs Members in Kollegela Taluk 90 4.35 Qualification of the SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk 91 4.36 Qualification of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk 91 4.37 Size of the Family of the Respondents in Gundulpet Taulk 92 4.38 Size of the Family of the Respondents in Kollegala Taulk 93
4.39 Size of the Family of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara 94 Taulk 4.40 Size of the Family of the Respondents in Yelandur Taulk 94 4.41 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Gundulpet Taulk 95 4.42 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Kollegala Taulk 96 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Chamarajanagara 4.43 97 Taulk 4.44 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Yelandur Taulk 98 4.45 Occupation of SHGs Members in Gundulpet Taluk 99 4.46 Occupation of SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk 99 4.47 Occupation of SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk 100 4.48 Occupation of SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk 101 4.49 Age Structure of the SHGs Member in Gundluet Taluk 102 4.50 Age Structure of the SHGs Member in Kollegala Taluk 102 4.51 Age Structure of the SHGs Member in Chamarajanagara Taluk 103 4.52 Age Structure of the SHGs Member in Yelandur Taluk 104 4.53 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Gundulpet Taluk 105 4.54 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Kollegala Taluk 105 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Chamarajanagara 4.55 106 Taluk 4.56 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk 107
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph/ Page Diagram Title No. No.
4.1 Number of Members in SHGs 68
4.2 Monthly Savings of the Respondents 71
4.3 Banks with SHGs Transactions 74
4.4 Number of Members Borrowed Loan from SHGs 77
4.5 Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents 79
4.6 Total Savings of the Respondents 82
4.7 Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondent 86
4.8 Marital Status of Sample Respondents 89
4.9 Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members 92
4.10 Size of the Family of the Respondents 95
4.11 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders 98
4.12 Occupation of SHGs Members 101
4.13 Age Structure of the SHGs Members 104
4.14 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs 107
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APARCA Asia Pacific Rural and Agricultural Credit Association
APL Above Poverty Line
ARADAN Professional assistance development Action
BPL Below Poverty Line
BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
CB Commercial Bank
CKGB Cauvery Kalpatharu Grameena Bank
D Mass District Mass
DCCBS District Central Co-operative Banks .
DWCRA Development for Women and Children in Rural Areas
GKVK Gandhi Krushi Vignayan Kendra
ICDS Integrated Child Development Department
IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme
ISEC Institute for Social and Economic Change
JRY Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra
MDCCB Mysore District Central Co-operative Banks
MFIs Micro Finance Institutions
MYRADA Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency
NABARD National Bankior Agriculture Rural Development
NGO Non Government Organization
NREP National Rural Employment Programme
PACS Primary Agriculture Co-operative Societies RASTA Rural Association for Social and Technological Advancement
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RRBs Regional Rural Banks State Bank of Mysore
SC Schedule Caste
SEWA Self Employed Women's Association
SGSY Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana
SGH Self Help Groups
SHPIs Self Help Promoting Institutions
ST Schedule Tribes
TRYSEM Training for Rural Youth Self Employment Programme
WCDD Women and Child Development Department
WDC Women Development Corporations
WDC Women Development Cell
WSHGs Women Self Help Groups
WWD Women's Welfare and Development
WWF Working Women's Forum
NDFC Non-Banking Financial Companies
VGKK Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the development paradigm, Micro-finance has evolved as a need-based policy and program to cater to the so far neglected target groups (women, poor, rural, deprived, etc.). Its evolution is based on the concern of all developing countries for empowerment of the poor and the alleviation of poverty. Development organizations and policy makers have included access to credit for poor people as a major aspect of many poverty alleviation programs. Micro-finance programs have, in the recent past, become one of the more promising ways to use scarce development funds to achieve the objectives of poverty alleviation. Furthermore, certain Micro-finance programs have gained prominence in the development field and beyond. The basic idea of Micro-finance is simple if poor people are provided access to financial services, including credit, they may very well be able to start or expand a micro-enterprise that will allow them to break out of poverty.
According to Vice President of World Bank Micro finance can be the biggest instrument in the fight against poverty. Despite the South Asian Region‟s pioneering experiments in micro finance-successful instances include the Grameena Bank in Bangladesh and Self Help Group – commercial bank linkage in Rural India – More than 3/4th of the poor families in the region still do not have reliable and organized financial services. This means that they and their little business cannot link up to the modern banking facilities.
Micro financing has attained a special role as an instrument in poverty reduction the world over. There is a realization at both the government and donor agency levels that Micro-finance programs in India also enable empowerment of women. However, there have been doubts about this role of improvement in livelihoods and access to resources and social benefits such as improvement in knowledge and participation of selected Micro-finance programmes. Thus, Micro- finance has become one of the most effective interventions for economic empowerment of the poor.
1.2 AN OVERVIEW OF MICRO FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION:
The word “Micro-finance” and its gradual ascent as a popular poverty alleviation tool may be relatively new to most of us, but the concept is not new. Informal credit and saving institutions for the poor have been around for decades, providing customers who were traditionally neglected by commercial banks, a way to obtain credit through co-operatives and development finance institutions. Some examples of these informal saving and credit groups that have operated for centuries are the " SUSUS" of Ghana, " TONTINES" of West Africa, "CHIT FUNDS" in India, “TANDAS" in Mexico, "ARISAN" in Indonesia, " CHEETU" in Sri Lanka and "PASANAKU" in Bolivia, as well as numerous savings clubs found all over the world. These informal groups are also known as Rotating Savings and Credit Association (ROSCAs). ROSCAs consist of a group of men and /or women who contribute to a collective fund and decide either by auction or collective decision, to contribute collected money to one of the group members. The other type of informal group is known as saving and credit co-operatives, (SACCOs).
One of the earlier and longer-lived micro credit organizations providing small loans to rural poor with no collateral was the Irish Loan Fund system. This began in the early 1700s by the notable author and nationalist Jonathan Swift. Swift's idea began slowly but by the early 1840s had become a widespread institution of about 300 funds all over Ireland. Their principal purpose was making small loans with interest for short periods up to 20 weeks. Despite small size of the loans, from as small as 4 pounds to a maximum of 10 pounds per person, the funds constituted one of the larger financial organizations in Ireland. The idea of repayment was based on "Social Capital" so that if the borrower could find two other people to verify his or her trust, then they could secure the loan.
In the 1800s, various types of larger and more formal savings and credit institutions began to emerge in Europe, organized primarily among the rural and urban poors. These institutions were known as People's Banks, Credit Unions, and Savings and Credit Co-operatives. The concept of the credit union was developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen and his supporters. Their altruistic action was motivated by concern to assist the rural population to break out of their dependence on money lenders and to improve their welfare. From 1870, the unions expanded rapidly over a large sector of the Rhine Province and other regions of the German states. The co- operative movement quickly spread to other countries in Europe and North America, and eventually, supported by the co-operative movement in developed countries and donors.
Viewed purely from a historical perspective the origin of Micro-finance could be traced back to the beginning of the co-operative movement in Germany, where the movement was started in 1944 in the field of co-operative-based credit system by the "Raiffeisen Societies" as well as "Rochdale Pioneers" in England. Similarly, the enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904 could be considered as the beginning of Micro-finance in India.
In the late-19th Century, various types of larger and more formal savings and credit organizations began to emerge in Europe and were organized primarily among the rural and urban poor. These institutions were known as People's Banks, Credit Unions, and saving and Credit Co-operatives. In Indonesia, the Indonesian People's Credit Banks or the Bank Perkreditan Rakyat opened in 1895. The (BPR) became the largest microfinance system in Indonesia with close to 9,000 units. Most of these institutions were owned by either Govt agencies or private banks and were mostly dependent on subsidies and grants of various rural development schemes. Over the years, these institutions became inefficient and widely discredited as a development intervention.
Beginning in the 1950s, development projects began to introduce subsidized credit programmes targeted at specific communities. Rural development banks suffered massive erosion of their capital base due to subsidized lending rates and poor repayment discipline and the funds did not always reach the poor, often ending up concentrated in the hands of the better - off farmers.
1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Though Self Help Group are started with a clear objective of economic and social development for economically weaker sections of the community, they are not performing at the expected level in some parts of the state especially in the area of social upliftment and economic development. Though a large number of organizations are registering every year, organizations‟ objectives are not met at the expected level.
Further more, a microscopic study at district levels was not carried out in an extensive manner. A macro level study may not depict the overall and actual performance. At the gross root level, they are executing the proposed operations yet it has not been come to the lime light.
Hence, there is a need to study the exact and actual functioning of these organizations and organizations‟ role in linking the rural masses to the banking and other allied activities.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Alleviation of poverty, the core of all developmental efforts has remained a very complex and critical concern for developing countries. Experience has shown that many of the poverty alleviation programmes have not achieved the expected level of success. In spite of considerable improvement in the status of women, they still comprise the largest section of deprived population. Empowerment of women is seen as one of the most important means of poverty eradication. Lack of financial resources is a serious constraint to the development of poor women in rural and urban areas who find little or no access to credit. Credit can help women to take-up farming and allied activities such as rearing milching cattle, poultry or independent small enterprises, enabling them to respond to the opportunities created by the process of development.
Micro credit for women has been the mantra that has worked like nothing else in pulling the poor women out of poverty and empowering them wherever it was introduced. In the field of Micro-finance, Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme,playing a major role with the active support of Government of India and NABARD for wiping out absolute poverty from the country.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To evaluate the performance of Self Help Groups with reference to social and economic development. 2. To assess the progress of Self Help Groups in delivering micro finance.
3. To analyse importance and impact of Bank Linkage Programme of Self-Help Groups.
1.6 HYPOTHESES F0R THE STUDY The study has the following hypotheses 1. Self-dependency and economic upliftment of the rural poor is possible through Self Help Groups 2. Self Help Groups are playing a major role in financial education and financial inclusion of the rural masses. 3. Self Help Groups are playing a significant role in financial inclusion and Bank linkage Programme.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is to analyse the progress of Micro-finance, Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme in Chamaraja Nagara District of Karnataka State in order to know how far it has achieved its objectives in empowering women through micro financing. The study was conducted in Chamaraja Nagara, Yelandur, Gundlupet and Kollegal taluks of Chamaraja Nagara District.
The sample consists 400 SHG members from four taluks of Chamarajanagara. Further from Gundlupet Taluk 244,Kollega l72, Chamarajanagar 24 and Yelandur 60 SHGs members were selected randomly.
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was based on both primary and secondary sources of data.
Sources of Data
Primary data: The study is basically depending upon primary data which was collected by using a structured questionnaire. Randomly 400 Self-Help Groups members covering all the four taluks of Chamarajanagara district, were selected.
Secondary data: The study extensively used the secondary data as well. The purpose of secondary data was to analyse the existing level of functioning of SHGs across different districts of the state. The secondary data was collected from published reports from journals and various publications and articles.
Tools used for analysis
Statistical tools such as Correlation, Chi-square (2) test, Analysis of Variance, were used apart from application of SPSS tool, as the study involves sampling analysis for comparing the variance with multiple samples.
1.9 CHAPTERIZATION SCHEME
Chapter 1: Introduction – It deals with an overview of Micro-finance, Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme and the Need for the study, the statement of the problem, Objectives of the study, Hypotheses, Research Methodology evolved, and scheme of Chapterisation.
Chapter 2: Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups’ Bank Linkage Programme-A Theoretical Overview – This chapter deals with theoretical concepts such as Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme.
Chapter 3: A Profile of ChamarajaNagara-Sample District – This chapter envisages the profile of Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka in brief and its Geographical, Political and Economical activities.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and Interpretation – This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from primary and secondary sources relating to , Financial Inclusion and Self Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme.
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Suggestions and Conclusions: This chapter summarized the research findings with suitable recommendations. Further, identified the scope for further research and conclusions were drawn
1.10 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. The study is mainly focused on Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka; obviously the findings of the study may not be generalized for the entire State.
2. The finding of the study is confined to semi – urban population of Chamarjanagar district. As Chamarajanagar itself is one of the most backward districts of the state, the findings and observations definitely vary from developed and developing districts of the state.
3. The mechanism and functioning of SHGs in Chamarajanagar districts, is very informal as most of the sample groups were identified by the researcher only after several frequented visits. This may not be the case of SHGs in rest of the districts in the state.
4. As the sample district was one of the most backward districts, the privileges and priorities given to Chamarajanagar may not be same with other districts.
CHAPTER II
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND SELF HELP GROUPS’ BANK LINKAGE PROGRAMME- A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with the theoretical aspects such as, Financial Inclusion, Self Help Groups and Self Help Groups‟ Bank linkage Programme. This chapter has been divided into Two sections, First Section gives an over view of Financial Inclusion and Second Section deals with Self Help Groups and Self Help Groups Bank Linkage Programmes.
Section I
Financial Inclusion
2.1 An Overview of Financial Inclusion
The RBI today said that financial inclusion is not restricted merely to opening of bank accounts and should imply provision of all financial services like credit, remittance and overdraft facilities for rural poor. Inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low income segments of society. Unrestrained access to public goods and services is the sine qua non of an open and efficient society. The term "financial inclusion" has gained importance since the early 2000s, and is a result of findings about financial exclusion and its direct correlation to poverty. Financial inclusion is now a common objective for many central banks among the developing nations.
2.2 Financial Inclusion in India
The Reserve Bank of India has set up a commission (Khan Commission) in 2004 to look into financial inclusion and the recommendations of the commission were incorporated into the mid-term review of the policy (2005–06). In the report RBI exhorted the banks with a view of achieving greater financial inclusion to make available a basic "no-frills" banking account. In India, Financial Inclusion first featured in 2005, when it was introduced, that, too, from a pilot project in UT of Pondicherry, by K C Chakraborthy, the Chairman of Indian Bank. Mangalam Village became the first village in India where all households were provided banking facilities. In addition to this KYC (Know your Customer) norms were relaxed for people intending to open accounts with annual deposits of less than Rs. 50,000. General Credit Cards (GCC) were issued to the poor and the disadvantaged with a view to help them access easy credit. In January 2006, the Reserve Bank permitted commercial banks to make use of the services of non-governmental organizations (NGOs/SHGs), micro-finance institutions and other civil society organizations as intermediaries for providing financial and banking services. These intermediaries could be used as business facilitators (BF) or business correspondents (BC) by commercial banks. The bank asked the commercial banks in different regions to start a 100% financial inclusion campaign on a pilot basis. As a result of the campaign states or U.T.s like Pondicherry, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have announced 100% financial inclusion in all their districts. Reserve Bank of India‟s vision for 2020 is to open nearly 600 million new customers' accounts and service them through a variety of channels by leveraging on IT. However, illiteracy and the low income savings and lack of bank branches in rural areas continue to be a road block to financial inclusion in many states.
Prime Minister Jhan Dhan Yojana
Prime Minister Jhan Dhan Yojana is an ambitious scheme for comprenhensive financial inclusion launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 28.08.2014. He had announced this scheme on his first independence day speech on 15.08.2014. Run by Department of Financial services Ministry of Finance. On the inauguration day 1.5 crore (15 million) bank accounts were opened under this scheme By September, 2014 3.02 Crore accounts were opened with around Rs.1500 Crore were deposited under the scheme, which has also on option for opening new bank accounts with zero balance. SBI India largest bank had opened 11300 campus for Jhan Dhan Yojana. Over 30 lakhs account were opened so far which include 21.16 lakh accounts in rural areas and 8.8 lakh accounts in urban areas. On the contrast even taking together all the major private sector banks have opened just 5.8 lakh accounts. In a run upto the formal launch of this scheme the Prime Minister personally mailed to CEOs of all PSU banks to gear up for the gigantic task of enrolling over 7.0 crore (70 million) house holds and open their accounts. The scheme has been started with a target to provide universal access to banking facilities starting with basic banking accounts with overdraft facility of Rs. 5000 after six months and Rupay debit card with inbuilt accident insurance covers Rs.1 lakh and Rupay kissan card.
In next phase, micro insurance and pension scheme will also be added under scheme.
1. Account holder will be provided zero balance bank account with Rupay debit card in addition to accidental insurance cover Rs.1 lakh.
2. Those who open accounts by January 2015 over and above the Rs.1 lakh accident, will be given life insurance cover of Rs.30,000.
3. After six months of opening of the bank account holders can avail Rs.5000 loan from bank.
4. With the introduction of new technology introduced by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) a person can transfer funds, check balance through normal phone which was earlier limited only to smart phone so for.
5. Mobile banking for the poor would be available through unstructured supplementary service data (USSD). Section II
Self Help Groups and Self Help Groups’ Bank Linkage Programme
2.3 An overview of Concept of Self Help Groups
The Self Help Groups (SHGs) are usually informal groups where members have a common perception about needs and importance towards collective action for a common cause. The common need here is meeting their emergent economic needs without being dependent on outside help. These groups promote savings among members and use the pooled resources to meet the emergent needs of their members, including the consumption needs. The number of members in SHGs is normally ranged from 10-20. The main objective of SHG is to inculcate the habit of thrift, saving, banking culture, that is availing the loan and repaying the same over a given period of time and in the process, gain economic prosperity through credit. In short, a SHG is a group of about 10 to 20 people, usually women, from a similar class and region, who come together to form savings and credit organization. They pooled financial resources to make small interest bearing loans to their members. This process creates an ethic that focuses on savings first. The setting of terms and conditions and accounting of the loan are done in the group by designated members.
A Self Help Group (SHG) is a small, economically homogeneous affinity group (10- 20 members) of the rural poor voluntarily coming together: a) To save small amounts regularly; b) To mutually agree to contribute to a common fund; c) To meet their emergency needs; d) To have collective decision making; e) To solve conflicts through collective leadership and mutual discussion; and f) To provide collateral free loans on terms decided by the group.
A SHG is a registered or unregistered group of micro entrepreneurs with a homogeneous social and economic background, voluntarily coming together to save small amounts regularly and mutually agreeing to contribute to common fund to meet their emergency needs on mutual help basis. The group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper end-use of credit and timely repayment thereof. In fact, peer pressure has been recognized as an effective substitute for collaterals. Moreover, financing through SHGs also reduces transaction costs for both lenders and borrowers.
Self Help Group (SHG) is an unregistered group of less than twenty people (any structure more than twenty has to be registered) from a homogeneous class who come together for addressing their common economic problems. They are encouraged to make voluntary saving on regular basis. They use these savings to make interest- bearing loans to their members. This process i.e. saving, lending and recovering it back imbibes the essential of financial intermediation conditions and keeping financial accounts. This helps in building financial discipline and more importantly credit history for themselves. The group's members also learn to handle larger sums of money which are much beyond their individual savings. This process also makes them to understand the basic principle of banking that money has a time value and is a scarce resource.
The group which learn this basic process of savings, lending and recovering it back, are ready to be linked to the bank. Linking means access to the larger resources as well as the security of their saving when they have surplus. The banks loan amount adds to the small savings which the group had accumulated and thereby the availability of resources increases. The Banks are able to lend at the normal commercial rate of interest: there are no subsidies but the money comes back. The peer pressure among the group members ensures timely repayment as the group's own accumulated savings are part and parcel of the aggregate loans made by the group to their members and there are other members waiting as to when their demand for loan would be prioritized by the SHG. The conventional collateral is substituted by social security (more effective collateral i.e. peer pressure).
Self Help Groups have a number of advantages over co-operatives as there is no domination of rich, no interference of government, no politics and the like. 2.4 Characteristics and Principles of SHGs
SHGs exhibit certain distinct characteristic. They are participative and democratic in character. They follow the cooperative principles of collective endeavor for individual and community development by overcoming the deeply entrenched social bottlenecks and economic hurdles. There should be true democratic culture in which all the members must participate actively in the decision making process. Collective responsibility, leadership with fixed tenure, mutual trust and co-operative philosophy should be the drive force for SHG.
Some of the basic characteristics of SHG are:
a) SHG should be informal and small group of 10-20 members;
b) SHG members should be economically homogeneous and cohesive group of rural poor;
c) SHG should be formed voluntarily with common objective;
d) All members should agree to save small amount regularly and to contribute to a common fund;
e) SHG should meet their emergency need on mutual help basis;
f) Leaders should be selected in democratic way and on rotation for fixed tenure;
g) SHG should encourage participation in making collective decisions;
h) All conflicts should be solved through collective leadership; and
i) Provide collateral free loans on terms and conditions as decided by the group. The basic principles on which the SHGs function are:
The members of the groups should be residents of the same area and must have an affinity. Homogeneity of relationship could be in terms of caste/occupation/gender or economic status (which is critical);
Saving first, credit thereafter;
SHGs should hold regular meetings;
SHGs should maintain record of financial and other transactions; They should have norms regarding memberships, meetings etc.;
Group leaders should be elected by members and rotated periodically;
Transparency in operations of the group and participatory decision making;
Rates of interest on loans should be decided by the group ; and
Group liability and peer pressure to act as substitute for traditional collateral.
2.5 Objectives of SHGs
The principles underlying the SHGs model include financing the poorest of the poor, ensuring excellent recovery level, and empowering women not just by meeting their needs for consumption and productive loans but also through more holistic educative programmes on issues such as sanitation and family planning. The SHGs or the Thrift and Credit Groups are mostly informal groups on rotational or need basis. SHGs are organized in the selected villages for economic and social development of the rural poor and women in particular.
The purpose of the Self Help Group is to organize poor specially women efficiently into a decision-making groups that manages saving, loan disbursements and repayment; carries out training in credit and micro-enterprise development and promotes mutual support and problem solving.
Some of the major objectives of Self Help Groups are as given below : a) To mobilize human, financial and other resources for development; b) To provide group pressure and guarantee as an effective substitute for collateral security; c) To reduce transaction costs significantly on small loans through voluntary and other contributions of the group; d) To ensure payment of market rates of interest; e) To achieve high loan repayment rates; and f) To demonstrate financial commercial viability.
2.6 Modus Operandi and Dynamics of Self Help Group
Self Help Group is the building block of Microfinance. It is one of the most essential elements of Microfinance on which entire activities of Microfinance are based. All philosophies and theories of Microfinance are centered on Self Help Group. Success of Microfinance largely upon the quality of SHG and how it functions. Thus SHG can be treated as core element of Microfinance programme. Some of the basic working principles and functions that a SHG should follow are: a) Group members usually create a common fund by contributing then- small savings on a regular basis; b) Group evolves a flexible system of working (sometimes with the help of NGOs) and manages pooled resources in a democratic way; c) Loan requests are considered by group in periodic meetings and competing claims on limited resources are settled by consensus; d) Loans are given mainly on trust with minimum paper with and without any security; e) The loan amounts are small, frequent for short duration and are mainly for conventional purposes; f) The rates of interest vary from group to group and the purpose of loan. It is higher than that of banks but lower than that of money lenders; g) At periodic meetings, besides collecting money, social and economic issues are also discussed; and h) Defaults are rare due to group pressure and intimate knowledge of the end use of credit.
2.7 Role of Self Help Groups
Self Help Groups are necessary to overcome exploitation, create confidence for the economic self reliance of rural poor, particularly among women. These groups enable them to come together for a common objective and gain strength from each other to deal with exploitation which they are facing in several forms. A group becomes the basis for action and change. It also helps building of relationship for mutual trust between the promoting organization and the rural poor to constant contact and genuine efforts. SHG could go all out for all round economic development. They can play pivotal role in: a. Creating economic self-reliance of rural poor by meeting consumption and production credit needs as and when they arise. This will prevent exploitation of the poorer sections from non-institutional credit sources; b. Development of group dynamics, building leadership quality to realize their potentiality and self-belief; c. Assisting the members in getting access to the formal credit institution; d. Setting viable norms for interest rates, repayment schedules, gestation period, extension, writing off bad debts; e. Helping banks in recovery of credit by motivating members for prompt repayment of loans; f. Procurement of high cost inputs that could not be bought individually g. Training of members in the use of extension services and Government support; h. Building common infrastructure for the benefit of its members;
2.8 Self Help Groups (SHGs) in India:
In India after nationalization of commercial banks in 1969, a multi-agency rural credit delivery structure comprising of Commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks, with a large network of more than 1,53,000 retail credit outlets was established. Apart from massive expansion of branch network in rural areas, mandatory directed credit to priority sectors at subsidized rates of interest was also undertaken. These measures resulted in impressive gains in rural outreach and volume of credit. As a result between1969 to1991, the average population per bank branch decreased from 64,000 to 14,000 and share of institutional agencies in rural credit increased from 7.3 percent in 1951 to 66 percent in 1991. However, these impressive progresses made by the Indian banking sector in achieving its social goals were not without a cost. The problem at the start of 1990s were two- fold i.e. institutional structure was neither profitable in rural lending nor serving the needs of the poorest. In short, it had created a structure „quantitatively impressive but qualitatively weak‟. (Mishra, Alok 2006). Reaching the poorest, whose credit requirements were very small, frequent and unpredictable, was found to be difficult. Further, the emphasis was on providing credit rather than financial products and services including savings, insurance, etc. to the poor to meet their simple requirements (R. Krishnamurthy and Makarand Ratnaparkhi 2002). Therefore, need was felt for alternative policies, systems and procedures, savings and loans products, other complementary services and new delivery mechanisms, which would fulfill the requirements of the poorest specially women. As a result, NABARD launched a pilot phase of Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage programme in 1992. Programme is designed to integrate informal savings and credit groups with the mainstream banking system. Under the programme NABARD refinances bank loans to SHGs; that is, it provides financing to banks at a below market interest rate, though banks continue to carry the risk for their loans.
SHGs are mostly informal groups which are formed with the assistance of Self-Help Promotion Institutions (SHPIs) which include NGOs, government agencies, banks, co-operatives and Microfinance institutions. In addition to helping with group formation Self-Help Promotion Institutions provide training, monitoring, and other support services. SHGs collect periodic savings and make loans to their members. Savings are usually compulsory with the amount and frequency of savings collections decided by the group. Initial loans are small ranging from Rs.100 – 200 and used for consumption or to repay existing debt. Overtime, SHGs mobilise more savings, retain earnings and often borrow external funds enabling larger loans for consumption and business purposes. In additional to financial services some SHGs also provide health care facilities and social empowerment activities etc. Most SHGs have 10 to 20 members with similar socio-economic back ground and from the same locality. These SHGs came to be recognized as bank clients under the pilot phase. Subsequently, bank credit is also made available to the group to augment its resources for lending to its members. It should be noted that NABARD sees the promotion and bank linking of SHGs not as a credit programme but as part of an overall arrangement for providing financial services to the poor in a sustainable manner and also an empowerment process for the members of these SHGs.
Under the SHG-bank linkage program, NGOs and banks interact with the poor, especially women, to form small homogenous groups. These small groups are encouraged to meet frequently and collect small thrift amounts from their members and are taught simple accounting methods to enable them to maintain their accounts. Although individually these poor could never have enough savings to open a bank account, the pooled savings enable them to open a formal bank account in the name of the group. This is the first step in establishing links with the formal banking system. Groups then, meet often and use the pooled thrift to impart small loans to members for meeting their small emergent needs. This saves them from usurious debt traps and thus begins their empowerment through group dynamics, decision-making, and funds management. Gradually the pooled thrift grows and soon they are ready to receive external funds in multiples of their group savings. Bank loans enable the group members to undertake income generating activities (Hema Bansal).
There are several advantages of the group lending setup. For one, rather than a bank, borrowers themselves undertake the task of credit evaluation; this creates a peer screening effect and reduces the transaction costs as community members have much better information than banks (Andersen and Nina, 1998). Two, there is the peer monitoring effect that induces group members to use their loans in productive ways; Stiglitz (1990), Varain (1990), and Banerjee and Newman (1994) have developed models that illustrate the working of the peer monitoring effect. Three, the desire to preserve valuable social ties induces borrowers to spend extra effort if necessary to secure timely payments. Social ties are valuable because they allow members to borrow in the future and provide business connections. Moreover, a very important feature of group lending is the collateral effect. Bank‟s losses incurred due to unsuccessful projects are generally reduced as successful entrepreneurs within each group cover part of their losses (Andersen and Nina, 1998).The linkage of SHGs with banks had cut down the transaction costs for both banks and their rural clients. A study sponsored by Foundation for Development Cooperation, Australia, found that reduction in the costs for bankers is around 40 percent as compared to earlier loans under IRDP.
2.9 Progress of SHGs in India:
SHGs linkage programme has come a long way since 1992 passing through stages of pilot (1992-95), mainstreaming (1995-1998) and expansion phase (1998 onwards) and emerged as the biggest micro-finance programme in terms of outreach linking 99.8 lakh saving-linked SHGs and 48.5lakh credit linked SHGs groups by March 31, 2013 and disbursing loans of Rs. 106221.37 crores. This has enabled estimated 9.7crore poor households in the country to gain access to micro-finance facilities from the formal banking system. An important feature of this programme is its popularity among women. Over 90 percent of SHGs comprised of only women members (NABARD, 2013). Table No.2.1
Table showing Self-Help Groups Bank linkage program in India from 1992-93 to 2012-13
Year No. of Growth Cumulative No. of Bank Growth Cumulative (end SHGs % SHGs linked Loan % Bank Loan March 1992-93 255 - 255 0.29 - 0.29 1993-94 365 43.1 620 5.36 24.1 0.65 1994-95 1502 311.5 2122 1.79 397.0 2.44 1995-96 2635 75.4 4757 3.62 102.0 6.06 1996-97 3841 45.8 8598 5.78 60.0 1184 1997-98 5719 48.9 14317 11.92 106.0 33.76 1998-99 18678 226.6 32995 33.31 140.0 57.07 1999-00 81780 337.8 114775 135.91 238.0 192.98 2000-01 149050 82.0 2638.25 287.89 112.0 480.87 2001-02 197653 33.0 461478 545.47 89.0 1026.34 2002-03 255882 29.0 717360 1022.34 87.0 2048.67 2003-04 361731 41.0 1089091 1855.53 81.0 3904.20 2004-05 539365 49.0 1618456 2994.25 62.0 6898.46 2005-06 620109 15.0 2238565 4499.09 50.0 11397.55 2006-07 684408 10.4 2924973 6643.17 47.7 18040.74 2007-08 2084821 204.5 5009794 8849.26 33.2 26890.00 2008-09 1111353 -46.7 6211147 12253.51 38.5 39143.51 2009-10 832103 25.1 6953250 14453.30 18.0 53596.81 2010-11 91553 27.61 7868563 15898.63 19.8 69495.44 2011-12 1006845 30.37 8875408 17488.49 21.78 86983.93 2012-13 1107529 33.408 9982937 19237.34 23.96 106221.37
Source : NABARD
Interpretation:
The table shows that pilot project, started in 1992 with only 255 SHGs, got substantial boost from 1998-99 i.e. in the expansion phase. In fact number of SHGs linked with the programe has continuously increased year after year reaching a record number of 20.8 lakh during 2007-08. As a result, cumulative number of SHGs stood at 99.8 lakh by March 31, 2010. Similarly, the amount of bank loans disbursed increased from a meager amount of Rs. 0.29 crores in 1992-93 to Rs.19237.34 crore during 2012-13, leading to a cumulative disbursement of Rs. 106221.37 crores by March 31, 2013. Various studies revealed that on time repayment of SHG loans to banks was over 90 percent. This sharp increase in the number of SHGs linked with banks and loans disbursed and recovery rate of over 90 percent reveals the success and acceptance of micro-credit programe among the rural people and its sustainability. Central government‟s initiative to employ the concept of SHGs in their poverty alleviation programes has gone a long way in rooting the idea in extremely backward areas.
2.10 SHGs in Karnataka
Stree Shakti Programme
There are three categories of institutions promoting SHGs; the government, financial institutions and NGOs. The promoting institution plays a significant role in the way on how SHG develops and functions.
Stree Shakti is an approach through which efforts are being made by the government with the intention to pool both human and material resources and empower women in rural areas. The pioneering scheme would empower women to achieve financial stability and self reliance through various income generating activities to boost household income and also vital contribution towards the area of social service like helping widows to lead honorable lives, laying of roads, village cleaning etc. The scheme was launched on 28-8-2000.
As per the direction of former honorable Chief Minister of Karnataka Mr. S.M. Krishna with an objective of empowerment of rural women socially, economically and other developmental activities regarding economically-weaker section of society. So, in Karnataka conveying services to poor women through SHGs has emerged as the dominant strategy for combating female poverty. The state Government has introduced several programmes which is one of the most significant schemes in terms of funding and outreach is Stree Shakti implemented by Department of Women and Child Development. It attempts to focus the attention of members on curbing domestic violence against women, promoting girl child education, preventing child marriage and empower women through savings and microcredit, social awareness, adequate budgetary provision for training, grant of Rs. 5000 per group as revolving fund.
SHGs mainly facilitated by Anganwadi workers from the Department of Women and Child Development and some NGOs now being involved. So it is the single largest Government sponsored economic development programme for women, which employs the SHG strategy, but with the self help groups having their origins from NGO-driven projects. There is some specticism about the Government's capacity to manage such programmes, more specifically when they have been up scaled very rapidly as with Stree Shakti,
SHG is a particular form of Microfinance. The international fund of Agriculture Development declared 2005, as international year of Microfinance. "Microfinance Institutions "provide financial services to the poor, those do not have access to formal means of obtaining credit. A micro finance Institution is usually an organization that acts as an interface between the formal credit delivery institution and credit seekers with an aim to assist for the socio-economic development of poor and marginalized people.
2.11 Self Help Group and Bank Linkage Programme
An insight into the SHG bank linkage program initiated by NABARD showed considerable disparities. For the financial inclusion of the weaker section of society, the poor and the other low-income earning people, NABARD Started SHG bank linkage scheme in 1992 as a pilot project by linking 500 SHGs with banks. At present, this Indian avatar of the Microfinance revolution is the most successful model in the world in terms of its outreach. The SHG Bank Linkage program has a positive impact on the participants by forming groups and by their own team efforts and their very own small savings.
The prime objective of SHG-Bank linkage program was to provide the poor with enhanced access to the banking these poor are land less laborers, artisans and marginal farmers and people like hawkers and small vendors.
The SHG-Bank Linkage has passed through various phases pilot testing (1992-1995), mainstreaming (1996-98) and expansion (1998 onwards) and metamorphosed into the biggest Microfinance movement in the world.
1. The physical and financial outreach of the programme has been impressive as much as the cumulative number of SHGs having savings bank accounts were 61.21 lakh with aggregate saving of Rs. 5,455.62 crore, out of which credit linked SHGs were 44.81 lakhs covering 860 lakh poor households as on – 31st March 2009, as per the report of all India data.
2. This includes Rs. 15.06 lakh Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana groups with savings of Rs. 1563.39 crore which formed 24.6 percent of total. SHGs and 28.1 percent of total savings.
3. During 2008-09, 42.24 lakh SHGs credit linked with outstanding bank loan of Rs.22679.85 crore as against 36.26 lakh SHGs with bank loan outstanding of Rs. 16999.90 crore as on 31st March 2008, thereby registered a growth rate of 16.5 per cent (number of SHGs) and 33.4 per cent (Bank loan).
4. During 2008-09, the bank financed 16.10 lakh SHGs including repeated loans, to the extent of Rs. 12,253.31 crore against 12.28 lakh SHGs with bank loan of Rs. 8,849.26 crore in 2007-08.
5. During 2008-09, the bank financed 581 MFIs with bank loan of Rs. 3,732.33 crore as against 518 MFIs with bank loan of Rs. 1970.15 during 2007-08.
2.12 Three Models of SHG and Bank Linkage have emerged over the past few years in India.
Model-I: Bank - SHG-Member
In this model bank plays the significant role. Formation and promotion of SHG is done by the bank. Savings accounts of the members are opened by the bank. After satisfying about the functions bank provides credit to SHGs. From the beginning the bank acts as SHG promoter institution.
Model-II: Bank (Facilitating Agency)-SHG-Member
Under this model NGOs, Government Agencies or Community based organizations act as facilitating agencies to form SHGs. The groups are developed, nurtured and trained-by these agencies. Bank observes the operations of the SHGs and after satisfaction of the functions, helps them to open savings accounts and provides credit directly to the-SHGs. Seventy percent of SHGs is linked under this model. Model-III: Bank-NGO-MFI-SHG-Member
This model is totally different from other, two models. Under this model SHGs are nurtured, promoted and even financed by NGOs. NGOs act as facilitator and Microfinance intermediaries (MFIs). After sometime, when the SHGs have fully developed and stabilized banks are being approached by the NGOs for loans leading to SHGs. Very important development in this model is that NGOs have also been found to federate the SHGs and gradually equip the SHG federations to follow these rules.
2.13 Government of Karnataka and Women Empowerment
In Karnataka, the State Government through its Women and Child Development Department (WCDD) continued its mission of empowering rural poor women in all the districts through its Stree Shakti Programme. WCDD has facilitated promoting 1,30,000 Stree Shakti groups as on 31 March 2009. The State Government has been striving to strengthen the groups through the SHGs in coordination with NABARD and other reputed NGOs in the State. The State Government has allowed interest subvention to Co-operatives for ensuring access of loans by SHGs at a low rate of 4 per cent interest per annum. The WCDD, Government of Karnataka has also facilitated formation of Taluk level Federations of Stree Shakti Groups. WCDD in association with NABARD and in consultation with MYRADA has conceived a training plan for arranging training for the trainers for key functionaries of Taluk level federations, so as to develop resource persons for further training of federation functionaries. The intervention is expected to bring about common standards among the emerging SHG Federation.
2.14 Banks Role in Karnataka
Banks Role in Karnataka have given importance to micro credit to make it as a crucial part of their loan portfolio. The overall credit flow during the year 2008-09 touched Rs. 1,207.02 crore, registering a growth of over 20 per cent increase over. Rs. 1004.36 crore during 2007-08. 1. Commercial Banks have a share of 55.5 per cent with Rs. 669.91 crore in the total bank loans lead to SHGs. Commercial banks have been reaching SHGs through MFIs. They directly finance to SHGs cover 33 per cent (Rs. 223.52 crore) and the balance of 67 per cent (Rs. 446.39 crore) through MFIs.
2. Regional Rural Banks have increased the share of SHGs loans in their Priority Sector Lending to 8.07 per cent during 2008-09, compared to 7.43 per cent during "2007-08 and 5.81 per cent during 2006-07. Looking to the share of SHG loans to the extent of 25.75 per cent in the priority sector lending to Visveshvaraya Grameena Bank during 2008-09, they appears to be tremendous untapped potential for other RRBs.
3. Co-operatives in Karnataka made a significant contribution in the micro credit segment. They have issued aggregate loans of Rs.227.60 crore to SHGs. The segment is monitored by exclusively by nodal officers positioned in each District Central Co-Operative Bank (DCCB) and reviewed on a quarterly basis by Administrative Cooperative Staff Training Institute. Co-Operative banks have responded well towards segregating the SHG strategy meet with the stakeholders. Some banks made classification, has paved way for initiating further interventions such as conducting micro enterprise development and capacity building programmes among the SHG members as per their needs.
2.15 Features of SHG-Bank Linkage Programme
The main aim of the SHG-Bank Linkage programme being implemented in India since 1992 is to tap the potential of the SHG concept to bring banking services to the doorsteps of poor.
The important features of the product developed under the SHG-Bank linkage programme in India are as under:
a) The members of the groups should be residents of the same area and must have an affinity. Homogeneity of relationship could be in terms of caste/occupation/ gender or economic status (which is critical).
b) Saving first, credit later. Small fixed savings at a regular interval. It helps in building up financial discipline.
c) SHG should hold regular meetings d) SHGs should maintain record of financial and other transactions
e) They should have norms regarding membership, meeting etc.
f) Group leaders should be elected by members and rotated periodically.
g) Transparency in operations of the group and participatory decision making
h) Rates of interest on loans should be decided by the group
i) Group liability and peer pressure to act as substitute for traditional collateral,
j) Shorter repayment period and progressive lending
k) The SHG deciding the quantum as also the terms and conditions for loans to members
l) No subsidies and no subsidization of interest
The meetings of the SHGs also serve as time and place for collection of regular savings and loan installments as also for consideration and sanction of loans. The attendance of the meeting is compulsory and absence attract fine. The fine so collected indicates that the "Group" is also able to ensure that it "Will" prevail over the members. The groups were also encouraged to rotate the office bearers to avoid dominance of one /two persons.
This approach also helped in reducing the transaction cost of the both banks and the ultimate users of credit. It as provided that the most essential minimum financial services at door steps in true since.
The Self Help movement is deep-rooted in southern states of the country. Karnataka is one among the top three States in the country in SHG-Bank Linkage. Key stakeholders have continued innovations for sustaining the SHG movement. Women and Child Development Department (WDCC), Government of Karnataka, Non Government Organizations (NGOs), the District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs), Primary Agriculture Co-operative Societies (PACS) and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) continued to play a significant role in promoting the SHGs in the State. The status of Self Help movement at the end of the year 2012-13 is highlighted as in the next page.
Table No.2.2 Table Showing SHGs Bank Linkage Programme in Karnataka From 1992-93 to 2012-13 No. of SHGs Bank Loan Refinance Year CF credit linked (Rs. In lakhs) (Rs.in lakhs) 1992-1993 114 5.73 5.73 5.73 1993-1994 51 5:51 5.51 11.24 1994-1995 481 77.71 70.71 81.95 1995-1996 1046 145.08 145.08 227.03 1996-1997 760 159.25 159.12 386.15 1997-1998 1138 232.19 228.10 614.25 1998-1999 2002 429.86 422.28 1036.53 1999-2000 5018 1054.81 649.00 1685.53 2000-2001 8009 1714.00 1404.00 3089.53 2001-2002 18413 3475.39 2229.00 5318.53 2002-2003 25146 7249.50 4073.55 9392.08 2003-2004 41688 13960.37 6090.22 15482.3 2004-2005 59332 26653.00 9951.00 25433.3 2005-2006 61730 44260.02 6695.43 32128.73 2006-2007 92708 81638.87 15599.24 47727.97 2007-2008 94280 100446.47 12699.52 60427.49 2008-2009 60319 120702.37 19219.00 79646.49 2009-2010 66351 132772.607 21140.9 100787.39 2010-2011 72986 146s049.868 23254.99 124042.38 2011-2012 80285 160654.856 25580.489 149622.87 2012-2013 88313 176720.34 28138.538 177761.41 Cumulative 780170 1018397 177761.41 Source: NABARD Annual Reports 2012-13
Interpretation:
The above table clearly shows the performance of SHGs bank linkage distribution of loans to the groups in Karnataka state. This programme is running successfully in this state. It is accounted that 114 numbers of SHGs linked with bank during 1992-1993 and it has been increased to 780170 in 2012-2013. The bank loan distributed is. 5.73 lakh in 1992-1993 has steadily increased to 176720.34 lakh in the year 2012-2013. Even the refinance of the group to the bank is very weft that is 5.73 lakh in 1992-1993 and in 2012-13 it has been reached to 28138.538 lakhs. The above table shows the details of the bank linkage among SHG. The SHG-Bank linkage has achieved progress in leaps and bounds over the years.
2.16 Role of NABARD and NGOs in Micro-finance, Financial Inclusion and SHGs’ Bank Linkage Programme.
Role of NABARD
NABARD established as an apex institution, accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural India with a vision to facilitate sustained access to financial services for the unreached poor in rural areas through various Micro Finance innovations in a cost effective and sustained manner. NABARD has been working as a catalyst in promoting and linking more and more SHGs to the banking system. The pioneering efforts at this direction were made by NABARD. In 1991-92, a pilot project for linking about 500 SHGs with banks was launched by NABARD in consultation with the RBI. It is considered as a landmark development in banking the poor. On the recommendation of the NABARD the Reserve Bank advised that the banks financing of SHG would be reckoned as part of their lending to weaker sections. As a follow up of the recommendations of the NABARD Working group, the RBI took some measures in 1996 to give a thrust to-micro-finance based lending. Banks were advised to consider lending to the SHGs as part of their mainstream credit operations, to identify branches having potential for linkage with SHGs and provide necessary support services to such branches. Further, it was decided that NABARD would continue to provide refinance to banks under the linkage project at the rates stipulated from time to time. NABARD has adopted a proactive approach to cover the rural downtrodden people who could not be covered under the fold of formal credit institutions, with this view, NABARD has adopted;
Liberal refinance assistance to its client banks viz. Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks and Cooperative Banks who extend loans to SHGs
Promotional assistance to NGOs/SHGs for their capacity building
Providing training to banks, NGOs and developmental agencies Conducting studies, awareness programmes, seminars and action research projects,
Accelerating the programme through consultation, coordination and collaboration arrangements and
Formulating policy measures to promote the linkage of SHGs with banks.
Special facilities for SHGs by NABARD
100 per cent refinance to the banks against their loans to SHGs
Relaxation in margins and security norms
Simple procedure in automatic refinance facilities
No target fixation for promotion and refinance of SHGs
Interest at the rate of 6.5 per cent irrespective of loan amount
Inbuilt flexibility in the scheme
No external regulation of SHG activities
Complete freedom to SHGs in the fixation of rate of interest, amount of loan, purpose and repayment period.
ROLE OF NGOs
NGOs have played a very-crucial role in the proliferation of SHGs, not only by promoting them, but also building their capacities by training them by group activities, maintenance of records, inculcating financial discipline, training in income generating activities, etc. they have been relied upon banks for grading the SHGs, complying with documentation formalities, and even loan monitoring. They have remained a crucial link between the SHGs on the one hand and banks and development functionaries, including the Government on the other.
To deprive optimal benefits from these camps, the crucial task is to create wide spread prior awareness of the Stree Shakti Programme, including the concept of preferential treatment at Government health institutions, in the selected community and equally important, to ensure that the results of the Camps are follow up in terms of the progress of the individual and it is reported to the appropriate agency for evaluation and to take correct action. The institutional mechanism best suited for this task seems to be the grass root NGO having close rapport with the communities concerned. However, in order to utilize the existing organization of Integrated Child Development Department (ICDS) For the reasons of economy, the task of creating awareness is being entrusted to the ICDS Staff in ICDS Project area. For other areas the grassroots NGOs will be responsible for the same.
It is an established fact that NGOs scheme are very close to the ground realities and they have done a commendable work at the grass root level for the upliftment of poorest among the poor and also helped them to get rid of from the clutches of moneylenders. In view of the above, the NGOs are expected to:
Play a crucial role in formation, linkage and stabilization of SHGs
Provide support services in terms of village survey, identification of members & motivation to form groups.
Render training, guidance for record management and loan disbursement etc,
Ensure democratic and transparent functioning
Facilitate development of groups in a proper lines.
History of NGOs taking interest in Micro-finance
There is widely held belief that micro finance is a key strategy for poverty alleviation and women empowerment. Micro finance programs, introduced and extended by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in several parts of India have the potential to minimize the problems of inadequate access to the poor. The Indian government formulated several schemes to support micro finance programs initiated by NGOs through NABARD, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) and SIDBI. The NGOs became prominent after independence especially after 1970s. This was because of the limited success in development policies pursued by the government.
After independence, a change in the perception on development and also the role of NGOs in rural development took place. In 1950s-and 1960s, it was assumed that the economic growth through state investment was the answer to poverty. This- was accompanied by welfare program for poor people. NGOs were approached by different state Governments and Aid agencies to assist in the implementation of these community development and welfare programs, especially in the rural areas.
During the 1960s, it was found that economic growth combined with welfare activities at the micro level was not adequate to alleviate poverty. Hence, the Indian government initiated small and marginal farmer development programs with a view to alleviate poverty. The government wanted to enlist support of the local population for these programs and called up many NGOs.
By 1990s, significant developments started taking place in India and across the world. NGOs have become popular with government and aid agencies in response to certain developments in economic and political thinking.
Thus, it can be summarized that the early 1990s gave a new face to the NGO and SHG Management in the state of Karnataka leadings to a revolutionary changes in the pursuance of self employment, women empowerment and group development.
Thus, the conceptual frame work, theoretical background gives simple scope for the implementation of SHG and Women empowerment programmes in the state of Karnataka especially in the sample district.
CHAPTER - III
A PROFILE OF CHAMARAJANAGARA-SAMPLE DISTRICT
3.1 Introduction
This chapter consists of two parts; First Section presents salient features of the Karnataka state, and Second Section discusses the Socio-Economic Profile of the study area in terms of geographical location of the area, population composition, professional distribution of population, educational facilities, transport and communication, industry and agriculture, landholding pattern, electricity consumption, banking services, health and other facilities, historical and cultural background, density, of population, sex ratio, rainfall, irrigated land, cereals of minor millets, pulses and oilseeds, and other nonfood crops, distribution of fertilizer, sericulture, animal husbandry, factories, co-operation and agricultural marketing.
Section I
A Profile of Karnataka State
3.2 An Overview of Karnataka State:
Karnataka state has a rich heritage with its special geographical location like its rivers, hills, valleys, plains, forests arid resources. The state is known for its tourist and industrial potential. The state is bordered by the Western Ghats with tall peaks and high greenery in the west. The tableland is fertile because of its black soil and irrigation facilities. The coastal strip to the west of the Ghats is renowned for its silvery beaches and rich green paddy fields.
Karnataka is a state of diverse cultures, languages and faiths. The economic and social scenario within the state reflecting in many ways. The scenario prevalent in the country itself, situated on a tableland where the western and eastern Ghats ranges are covering into the Nilgiri hill complex. The state of Karnataka is located between 11°.35 degree North and 18°.30 degree North latitudes and 74°.5degree towards East and 78°.35' degree East longitude. The state is bounded by Maharashtra and Goa states in the north and north-west and the Arabian Sea in the west; by Kerala and Tamil Nadu states in the South and by the state of Andhra Pradesh in the east. The state extends to about 750km from north to south and about 400km from east to west.
Geographically, Karnataka has a variety of topography and has a sea-coast of over 300kms. It has mountains raging up to 6000ft in height. There are vast, thick evergreen forests, which shelter hoarder of wild animals, as well as large plains which extend as far as the eye can see. The state has natural potential for the erection of hydroelectric works. The variety of crops, flowers and fruits is another note worthy feature. Food packing and floriculture are very profitable industries, mineral wealth especially manganese and iron ore are very rich and abundant and sustain more steel industry. Karnataka is the only state to have rich gold mines at Kolar district and Hatti. Recently, gold deposits have been identified in Gadag, Chitradurga and Koppal districts.
Geographically Karnataka state forms part of two well-defined macro-regions of Indian union, the Deccan plateau and the coastal plains. The state has four physiographic regions as given below. a. Northern Karnataka Plateau
It comprises of the district of Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Gulbarga. It represents a monotonous treeless extensive landscape with a general elevation of 300 to 600 meters from the mean sea level. b. Central Karnataka Plateau
It covers .the districts of Bellary, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Davangere; Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Raichur, Koppal and Shimoga. It represents the transitional surface between the northern Karnataka plateau of Deccan trap and southern Karnataka plateau with relatively higher surface. The general elevation varies between 450 and 700 meters. This region represents the area of Tungabhadra basin. c. Southern Karnataka Plateau
It covers the district of Bangalore Rural, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore, Chamarajanagara and Tumkur. This region largely covers the area of the Cauvery river basin lying in Karnataka. The general elevation of the region varies from 600 to 900 meters d. Karnataka Coastal Region
It extends between the-Western Ghats edge of the Karnataka plateau in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west and covers Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and-Uttara Kannada districts. The northern parts of the Ghats are of lower elevation (450-600 meters) as compared to southern parts (900 to 1500 meters). The coastal belt with an average width of 50 to 80 km covers, a distance of about 267km from north to south.
3.3 Area and Population
Karnataka state has a geographical area of 1,91,791 sq.km of which 38,724.km (20 percent) is under the control of the Forest Department. The forests are classified as reserved (28.611sq.km) protected (3,932sqkm), unclassified (5,748sqkm) village (124sqkm) and Private (309sqkm). The percentage of forest area to Geographical in the state is less than the all India average of about 23 percent, and 33 percent prescribed in the National Forest Policy. Located in the southern region of India, the state is divided into 30 districts and Administrative and financial capital is Bangalore, according to the 2011 census of India. The total population of Karnataka is 6.11,30,704. The male and female population of the state was 3,10,57,742 (50.80 percent) and 3,00,72,962 (49.19 percent) respectively. The density of population in the state was 319 per sq.km. The sex ratio of the population in the state was 968 females for 1000 males. The literacy rate of the population was 75.60 percent among males and 82.85 percent among females 68.13 percent. Religion wise Hindus constituted 83.86 percent, Muslims 12.23 percent Christian 1.91 percent, Jains 0.78 percent and others 1.22 percent.
Section II
A Socio Economic Profile of Chamarajanagara District
3.4 A Socio Economic overview of Chamarajanagara District a. Geographical Location of Chamarajanagar district
Chamarajanagar district lies in the southern maiden (southern plateau) and it is in the southern most part of Karnataka state: The geographical area of the district is 5101.00sq-kms and is situated geographically between north latitude 110357' and12°, 06'32' and east longitude 76°, 24'14‟ and 77°, 46'55' north latitudes. It is bounded by Mysore, Mandy and Ramanagara on north, in south Canara district of Kerala state (Udhaka Mandalam), Ooty (Nilgiri) district and on the east by Salem and Coimbatore district of Tamilnadu state.
The district comprises of 4 taluks and it has a population of11,30,704 according to 2011 census. The district covers an area of about 5101 sq. km and 4. taluks namely, Chamarajanagar (1,22,667, sq km) Gundlupet (1,39,288 sqkm) Kollegal' (2785.82 sqkm) and Yelandur (26,634 sqkm). b. Population / Demographic Features
An official Census 2011 detail of Chamarajanagar, a district of Karnataka has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Karnataka. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Chamarajanagar-District of Karnataka.
In 2011, Chamarajanagar had population of 1,020,962 of which male and female were 513,359 and 507,603 respectively. There was change of 5.75 .percent in the population compared to population as per 2001, In the previous census of India 2001, Chamarajanagar District recorded increase of 9.29 percent to its population compared to 1991. In this decade, actual population has increased by 0.56 percent per year and male population has increased by 0.47 per cent per year. The female population as concerned has increased by 0.66 per cent per year respectively. The initial provisional data suggest a density of 200 in 2011 compared to 189 of 2001. Total area under Chamarajanagar district is about 5101 sqkm. The density has increased by 0.57 per cent per year.
Average literacy rate of Chamarajanagar in 2011 were 61.12 compared to 50.87 of 2001 and it has increased by 1.85 per cent per year. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 67.88 and 54.32 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 59.03 and 42.48 in Chamarajanagar district. Total literate in Chamarajanagar district were 566,076 of which male and female were 3,15,321 and 2,50,755 respectively. In 2001, Chamarajanagar district had 4,32,700 in its total region. The female literacy rate has been increased by 2.49 percent.
With regards to Sex Ratio in Chamarajanagar, it stood at 989 female per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 971. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate. It also has increased by 0.18 per cent per year in the last decade.
3.5 History of Chamarajanagara District
Chamarajanagara is the southern-most district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was carved out of the original larger Mysore District in the year 1998. Chamarajanagara town is the headquarters of this district. It is the third least populous district in Karnataka (out of 30), after Kodagu and Bangalore Rural.
Chamarajanagar was earlier known as Arikottara. Chamaraja Wodeyar, the Wodeyar king of Mysooru was born here and hence this place was renamed after him. The Vijaya Parsvanath Basadi, a holy Jain shrine was constructed by Punisadandanayaka, the commander of the Hoysala king Gangaraja in the year 1117 A.D.
Being the southernmost district of Karnataka, Chamarajanagara district borders the state of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Most of the district lies in the leeward region of the Nilgiris and consists of mainly semi-arid rain-dependent flatlands along with forested hills. Since much of the southern area of the district is dense forest, it provided good refuge to the notorious bandit Veerappan, responsible for the death of over a hundred policemen. He was shot dead in an encounter with the specially formed Special Task Force (STF) on 18 October 2004, in Dharmapuri district,of Tamil Nadu.Chamarajanagara is devided into 4 talukas, they are : Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, Kollegal.and Yelandur
3.5.1 Chamarajanagara Taluk
Chamarajanagar is a town in the southern end of Karnataka, a state in India. It is also the headquarters of the Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka. it is named after Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1774-1796), king of Mysore, who was born in the town. It is also one of the less developed towns in Karnataka, even though it is situated on the interstate that links Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Chamarajanagar is also known as the Granite city.
Historical Importance of Chamarajanagara Taluk
Chamarajeshwara Temple
Chamarajeshwara Temple was constructed in 1828 by Krishna Raja Wodeyar and is dedicated to Lord Chamarajeshwara. There is a Shiva Linga inside the temple, which was originally constructed and brought from Sringeri. It was built with the blessings of Adi Shankaracharya.
Suvarnavathi Reservoir
Suvarnavathi Reservoir is situated at about 16 km from the main Chamarajanagar District and has a net storage capacity of 1258.76 ft. The length of the dam is 160 ft, while its width is 18 ft. The entire cost of the construction of this dam project was about INR299.60 lakhs.
Kanakagiri Hill
Kanakagiri Hill is also known as the Nakayama Shaila, which essentially means a hill in the form of a heaven. This hill is located near Maleyur in the Chamarajanagar District and has dense forests with sandalwood. Srikhetra Kanakagiri has been regarded as one of the holy Jain centres.
Leading Politicians of the Taluk
B. Rachaiah -Former Governor of Kerala
Srinivas Prasad - Present Revenue Minister of Katnataka State
Dhruvanarayan - Present Member of Parliment
Guruswamy - Former Member of Legislative Assembly
Vatal Nagaraju - Former Member of Legislative Assembly
Puttaswamy - Former Member of Legislative Assembly
Prof.K,R.Mallikarjunapp - Former Member of Legislative Council
M.Shivanna - Former Member of Parliment
3.5.2 Gundlupet Taluk
It is located to the west of Chamarajanagar Taluk. Bordering to this taluk to the south are Kerala and Tamil Nadu State. To the North is Nanjangud Taluk of Mysore District. To the East is Chamarajanagar Taluk. To the West of this Taluk is HD Kote Taluk of Mysore District. This Taluk consists of 4 Hoblis i.e Kasaba, Hangala, Begur and Terakanambi.
Rivers, Hillocks and Forest
Major river of the taluk is Gundlu River. It is also known by the name Koundinya. The birth place of this river is Gopalaswamy Hills. It flows from south to west and joins the Kapila river at Nanjangud. To the south of the taluk one more river by name Mayar also flows. This also serves as the border demarcating karnataka state and Tamilnadu state. This taluk has many ponds and tanks major ones are Kodahalli Kere, Nalloor Amani Kere, Koothanur Kere, Mallaiahanapura Kere, Gundlupet Kere, Annur Kere. These tanks get filled only when seasonal rains fall. This taluk is starved or parched for water. Kodahalli and Hakkalapura villages have small irrigation channels built. The most prominent hillock of the taluk is Himavad Gopala Swamy Hill. It lies 16 Kms south west of Gundlupet town. It has an height of 1446 Mts. At a distance of 12 Kms from Gundlupet lies the Parvathi Hill. It is also known by the name Skandagiri or Kandagala. Karasthala Nagalingana Hill is at a distance of 10 Kms from Gundlupet near Manchanahalli village. Hulligana Murudi is situated in Terekanambi Hobli and is at a distance of 7 Kms from Terekanambi, to the east lies the Sri Rama temple. The temples at Begur and Hirikati are also famous.
This taluk has a forest area of 44,859 Hectares. To the south lies the Bandipur forest with an area of 60 Sq.Kms. This forest is famous for its sandalwood tress , Indian Teak, Honne, Nandi, Jack fruit , Sampige trees. The Gopalaswamy hill is also thick forest area within the percincts of Bandipura with trees like Nerale, Suragi, SuraHonne, Sampige and treasure chest of various Ayurvedic medicinal plants.
Minerals
Manganese Garnet, Danite, Amphibolite, Cardied, White Stone, Manganese Quartz, Sagwandiet, Gabro, Dyorite, Dollarite, Corrundum, Kankar etc. are some of the minerals available in this Taluk.
Rain & Crop
This taluk receives very little rainfall i.e an average of 693 mm of rainfall per year. The soil is of sand mix type, Ragi, Castor Seeds etc. are the main crops. Wherever there is irrigation facility i.e water tanks or borewells sugarcane and paddy are grown.
Art & Folklore
This taluk has bountiful Folklore Art. The Rural women Folk have composed many a songs, stories, Threepadhis, Idioms and Phrases which they use when they are at work in their farm land to keep themselves entertained and also remember the Gods of the Taluk.
Historical Importance of Gundlupet Taluk Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar(1674) of Wodeyar dynasty was the person responsible for the growth of the taluk. Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar spent his childhood in small fort located in Hangala Village in confinement. When his father passed away when he was in childhood, he performed the last rites of his father on the banks of Gundlu River near Vijayapura, and returned back to his jail cell. Later after some years he built a Agrahara where his father was cremated, and expanded the Vijayapura fort and reinforced it and also built a temple for Paravasudeva on the grave of his father. From that day the town has come to be known by the name Gundlupet, but now the fort or the Agahara have ceased to exit. But some 224 Artifacts dating back to history have been found depicting the history of Taluk.
Terakanambi, it is 11Kms. East of Gundlupet. It is also Hobli Head quarters. It is also known by other names Thrikadambapura,Thirakanambi, Thirakanambay. This place came to be known as Terakanambi because of three Border stones indicating the border of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in this place hence it was called as Thrikadambapura later known as Terakanambi. The Kadambi family ruled this area. It was first ruled by the Gangas, then by the Cholas, then by the Hoyasalas.
Thriembakapura
It is 2.4 Kms to the North west of Terakanambi. Here a big temple for Thrikadambeshwara diety or God has been built. A 12.2 Mtr of height stone "Deepasthamba" is the main attraction and mantap has been built around it. The main temple consist of Garba Gudi and Sukanasi. To the South-East of Garba Gudi a small mandir for sapthamathruka has been built. To the North of Navaranga Subramanya diety in mayuraashna can be seen. To the South of Navaranga lies the Ganesha idol. To the South-West lies the Kalayana mantap. The Garba Gudi and Sukanasi was built in the times of Hoyasala Rulers. The Mahadwara at the East of the temple was built during the rule of Vijaynagara Empire. It is believed that the temple was built in the period 1250-1350 AD.
HuliganaMurudi
It lies 6.5Kms to the South of Terakanambi. It is famous for Venkataramaswamy temple. It is also known by another name Seshadri. It was built by Sahukar Dasakeshava Setty of Terakanambi in 1629. The Vykunta Narayana swamy temple and the Ammanavara temple was built in 1629. The Patalamantapa built in 1678. Dodda Muddamma wife of Chikka Devaraja wodeyar built a fort in the year 1696 on this hill.
Kotekare
It is at a distance of 4.8 Kms West of Begur Hobli. Here Veerakallu of 10th century was found depicting the heroics of Kollianna. Here Rameshwara, Venugopala, Chandramouleshwara and Ganesha Temple are famous ones . Out of these temples Venugopala Swamy temple is the biggest. The temple has a big stone mahadwara, mukamantap and Navaranga. To the South and North of the temple Sukanasi and Garba Gudi can be found respectively. To the South we can find deity in Padmaashna, to the left we can find the sculpture of Ramanuja and Nammalva.
Hangala
It is at a distance of 8 kms South of Gundlupet. The main temple of Vardharajaswamy consists of the Garba Gudi,Sukanasi, Navaranga and Chikka Mantapa. The Idol of the Janardhana lord also called as Vardharaja is the presiding deity of the temple. The third Narashima Ballala King has got all his rulings engraved on the temple side walls to the North of the Sukanasi. It is believed that the main Janardhana deity was installed during the period of Ballala King. Inside the Navaranga to the Southern side one can find the Namalvara Idol in the midst of these idols one can find the Madhava idol. The Madhava idol has been carved holding a ball of butter in the right hand in an elegant manner. It is very similar to the Madhava Idol at Banavasi Madhukeshvara temple in Uttar Kannada District.
Gopalaswamy Betta(Hill)
It is at a distance of 16 Kms South of Gundlupet. It is at a height of 1446 Mts above mean Sea Level . The area of Hill is 25 Kms. The temple is at the distance of 5 Kms from the base of the hill. It is also known by other names such as Kamalachala, Kanjagiri , Goverdhanagiri. From a distance it looks like it is covered by snow always. Hence the name Himavadh Gopalaswamy Hil. The 1504 Nanjangud Gazettier mentions this place as Moodanakote. The tradition says that the Agatsya saint came here to pray to god and make this place a spiritual centre. while praying when the God Gopalaswamy appeared in front of the saint, the saint asked the god to settle in the hills itself. For this the God Gopalaswamy agreed and settled with his wives Rukmini and Sathyabama. The Saint Koundinya is known to have been here. From this saint, Koundinya river is said to have been born in this hill.
Population
Gundlupet Town is the Taluk Head Quarter's. Historical name of the Gundlupet Town was Vijaypura. This was ruled by the Terkanambi Urs family for long time. It is located on the banks of Gundlu River and situated on the Mysore- Udhagamandalam (Ooty) National Highway. It is at a distance of 61 Kms to the south of Mysore City. From Chamarajanagar Town it is at a distance of 34 Kms to the West. From the Gundlupet, a road to Sultan Batheri of Kerala State goes or leads via West of the Town and from there to Cannore Town of Kerala State. The road to the North West leads to HD Kote taluk. The taluks latitude to the North is 11 degress and 49 minutes and longitude to the ease is 76 degree 45 minutes. Gundlupet Taluk has an extent of 1406.2 Sq.Kms and 162 Villages out of which 144 Villages are Habitated, 15 are un-inhabited. According to 2011 census, the population of Taluk was 222932 and the density of the population is 159 per sq.km.
Leading Politicians of the Taluk Abdul Nazir Shab - Former Rural Development and Panchayath Raj Minister K.S Nagarathnamma - Former Health Minister and Ex-Speakar assembly H.K Shivarudrappa - Former M.L.A H.S Mahadeav Prasad - Present Minister of Co-operation, Karnataka State M.P Vrushbendrappa - EX Z.P President. Siddaraju.A. - Former Member of Parliament
3.5.3 Kollegal Taluk
Kollegal is one of the taluks of Chamarajanagar District. It lies to the East of Chamarajanagar. It is bordered/bounded by Yelandur and T. Narsipur Taluks and to the west Mandya and Bangalore to the North, East and South it is bounded Dharamapuri District of Tamil Nadu state. It Consists of 5 Hobli's named Kasaba, Ramapura, Hanur, Palya, Lokkanahalli. Historical importance of Kollegala Taluk
Till 1956 Kollegal Taluk belonged to Coimbatore District of Madras State. In the year 1956, based on language criteria when states were re-formed, Kollegal Taluk was integrated into Mysore District of Karnataka State. In the year 1998, Chamarajanagar District was created and Kollegal taluk became part of this district.
It is stated that Kahala and Galava two saints had lived in this taluk. History states that this taluk got its name from these two saints. Maruleshwara and Kannikaparameshwari temples exists in the Kollegal Town. One can see lot of ruins or remains of Jain Basadi in many places of this Taluk. This place boasts of eminent persons like Jain Poet Pujyapadha, Sharana Madeshwara, Nijaguna Shivayogi and Muppina Shadakshari. At a distance of 10 KMS from Kollegal town in the village Chilakavadi one can find the Shambhu Lingeshwara Temple and also the Mandir/ Matt of Sharana Nijaguna Shivayogi. Every Year, a fair is held in the village for presiding deity of Shambhu Lingeshwara Temple. Nijaguna Shivayogi is an eminent Sharana Vidhwan and famous Kannada Poet. Malay Mahadeshwara Hills and Shambhu Lingeshwara Hillock is located in the taluk. In the Chikkalur Village one can find the Gaddhuge of Saint Siddappaji of Manteswamy fame. Every year a village fair is held in the name of Saint Siddappaji which attracts large number of people from far off places. The Sattegala village lies on the banks of Cauvery river and one can find a ruined ancient fort in the village.
Ecologically or Geographically Kollegal Taluk is an extension of the plains of Mysore. It lies to the South-East of Mysore Region. The Eastern Ghat section lies to the South-East of this Taluk. The Famous M. M. Hills (Malay Mahadeshwara Hills) belongs to this Eastern Ghat region and lies in this taluk. The Cauvery river flows through this taluk in the North-West. Gaganachukkhi and Bharachukkhi water falls lies to the North-West of this taluk. This Water falls place is also known as Shivanasamudra. A part of which belongs to the neighbouring Mandya District and houses the oldest power generating Hydro-Electric station in India which has completed 100 years of its existance in the year 2006. The Palar river flows to the South-East of this taluk. The Suvarnavathi River which flows from Chamarajanagar and Yelandur Taluk in the West of this Taluk joins the Cauvery river. The Gundluhole river flows from the eastern side of BR Hills through the gorges and valleys formed by BR Hills and M. M. Hills. Some of the other small rivers like Ulikoppahalla, Thattahalla and Uduthoreyhalla flows to the North-East along with Gundluhole and joins the Cauvery river in this taluk. Guliyuvanooruhalla and Mayalakkiyuruhalla, these two small rivers also join the Cauvery river in this taluk. Maydhagunooruhalla joins the Palar river in this taluk.
M.M. Hills: Mahadeshwara (Madeshwara) Hills is one of the most important piligrimage Centre of Karnataka State. It lies in the middle of the hills near to the Eastern Ghat Ranges and belongs to the Ramapura Hobli. It is at a distance of 80 Kms to the East of Kollegal and is at 3200 feet above the Sea level. According to the folklore songs and stories surrounding the presiding diety Mahadeshwara, the M. M. Hills is made up of Seven (7) Hills. The M. M. Hills Range is abounding with large number of Flora and Fauna. The Temple built in the name of Mahadeshwara is at the top of this Hill. According to the folklore the M. M. Hills consists of 77 ranges namely Anemalay, Jaynumalay, Kadumalay, Pacchaymalay etc.
According to the Rock scripture/inscriptions/engravings and copper plage engravings available at Suthur Matt, a Veerashaiva saint by name Mahadeshwara who lived in 14 and 15 century who lived in the Suthur Matt was reverred for his good deeds completed his life's journey on the Mahamalay range of M. M. Hills . Since this person had done good deeds and his disciples, beneficiaries of his good deeds believed in his magical healing powers, they built a temple in his name in this region. The temple consists of a Gopura at the main entrance, and big Nandi idol can also be seen on the temple. One can also see many small temples in and around the main temple. Antharagangey which flows on the left side of the temple is believed to have never dried up and piligrims who visit this holy place take a dip in this river to cleanse themselves of the sins they have committed. Devotees flock to this place during Shivaratri, Ugadi, Gouri Ganesha Festival (Bhadhrapada Masa), Mahalaya Amavasya and Deepavali. During Chariot pulling festival/fair more than one lakh devotees from entire South India throng to this place to witness the event. Apart from this for every Amavasya the devotees throng to this temple to get the blessings of the diety. The Odeyar Dynasty have gifted many a things to this temple. The temple administration is maintained by the Muzari Department, Government of Karnataka. The Saloor Matt of the Veerashaiva sect plays a major role in conduct of the rituals of the temple during festival and fairs. The Eastern Ghats provides a scenic and Panaromic view of the ranges. One can find elephants, Bisons, Indian Gaur etc. in the forests of MMHils. The Alambadi fort lies on the banks of Cauvery river on the foot hills of the restricted forest area of M. M. Hills. There is a small bullock cart road in the midst of the forest leading to Alambadi Fort. One can find an old Hanuman temple of Vijayanagar Empire inside the fort and also of Ranganatha Swamy temple which is of 30 mtr length. The clay fort is built in a square shape and is believed to be built in 15th Century with moat. Sathegala village in the taluk of Kollegal has many old temples. Basthipura village is said to be host of revered saint Jainayathi in the year 480.
Population
The extent of this taluk is 2786 Sq. Kms. This taluk has 240 villages out of which the habitated villages are 103 and Non-Habitated villages are 137. According to the 2011 census, the population of this taluk 347776. The density of population per sq. kms is 124.
Rain and Crop
This taluk receives an average rainfall of 8.3 mts. The main crops grown by the farmers are paddy, Ragi. Other main cash crops are Sugarcane, Coconut, Sericulture etc. These crops are grown in this taluk mainly because of the many rivers flowing through this taluk.
Leading Politicians of the taluk Jayanna - Former Member of Legislative Assembly Nanjundaswamy - Member of LegislativeAssembly Balaraj - Former Member of Legislative Assembly
3.5.4 Yelandur Taluk
It is the smallest Taluk of Charaarajanagar. The North,East,North-East lies the Kollegal Taluk and to the West,South lies the Chamurajanugar Taluk. Yelandur (Kasaba) and Agara are two Hobli's of the Taluk.
It was ruled by the Chok Kings and it was known as Hadhinadu Pranthya and it was also the capital During the rule of Vijayanagar Kings this place was known for its richness. Mummadi Krishnaraja wodeyar had given this taluk as Jhagir to Deevan Purnaiah under the Inam Grant. After Independence, under the abolition of Inam Act this taluk was taken over by the Government.
Historical importance of Yelandur Taluk
The Gourishwara Temple built by the Hadhinadu King Singhadeva in 1450 is famous for grandeur. The writing on the temple names this place as Yelekandur (Yeleya Chandra, Bala Chandra etc).
This place is sorrounded by eight hills, to the East Shwetha Giri(Billigri), to the South-East is Mallinatha Giri,to the South Suragiri, to the South-West Shankareshwara Giri, to the West Mallkarjuna Giri, to the North-West Shambulingana Giri, to the North Srisaila Giri and to North-East Nirmala Giri. The Historical name of Yelandur is Ilamaraduru as refered to anicent Tamil Scripts bccuase it was ruled by the Chola Kings.
Cave of Sadaksharaiah
The Veerashiva poet Sadaksharadeva the writer of Rajashekara Viksa is said to nave resided in the Dhanagooru Mutt at Yelandur. He was said to have gone for praying in the cave of Shambulinganna Hill and the cave is now known by the name Sadaksharaiahna Guha.
Biligiri Rangana Betta (BR Hills)
The Hill is covered with thick forest and it is at a height of 5091 feet above sea level and it has width of 16Kms at the base to the south. There is a temple for Billigiri Rangaswamy at the top of the hill and that's why it is known as BR Hills. The Temple is of Dravidan style. Eventhough the deity is that of Lord Venkatesha it is popukrly known by the name Ranganatha Swamy. The Idols of Ramanuja and Alvas have been placed in this temple. Kankadasa Guha, Brindavan and other temples on the hills are of religious importance. The remains of a fort (kanchina kote) said to be built in 15- 16th Century by the Shivasamudra Gangaraja can be found here. A small rivulet flowing at the foot of the hills is called Bargava Thoray. These hills are inhabitated by the Soliga Tribal people and this forest has rich flora and fauna. Population
This Taluk has an area of 265 Sq. Kms. This taluk has 26 villages and the population according to 2011 census 82170 and density of the population is 310 per Sq. Kms. The main river of the taluk is Suvarnavathi, it enters the taluk in Ambale village and exits the taluk at the North-East towards Kollegal Taluk. The main crops of the taluk are paddy, sugarcane, coconut, ground nut, areca nut, Sericulture/Mulbeny. Average rainiall per year 793 mm.
Famous Personalities
Narashima Bhatta is known for his Ayervedic book, Sanchi Honnamma known for her work on Hadibaday religion, Vishakksha Pandit the Jain Vidvan and Y.N Krishnamurthy the Editor of Kannada Prabha daily are from Yekndur. In Agara and Billigiri Ranga Hill there are four more temples ofRameshwara, Narashima, Vardharaja and Durgadevi.
Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra
Dr. Sudarshan is the founder of Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK) which is situated on top of the BR Hills. Dr. Sudarshan has been awarded the International Right livelihood award for his work among the Tribals of BR Hills. The Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra Trust is involved in leprosy eradication programme. With the help of Government, it is also running a Primary Health Centre in Gumballi Village.
3.1 General Indicators of the Chamarajnagara District
Table No. 3.1
Table Showing General Indicators of the Chamarajnagara District
Growth Rate Description 2001 2011 (Per Annum) Actual Population 965,462 1,020,962 0.56 Male 489,940 513,359 0.47 Female 475,522 507,603 0.66 Population Growth 9.29% '5.75% -4.68 Area Sqkms 5,102 5,102 0.00 Density/kms 189 200 0.57 Proportion to Karnataka Population 1.83% 1.67% -0.91 Sex Ratio (per 1000) 971 989 0.18 Child Sex Ratio (0-6 age) 964 942 -0.23 Average Literacy 50.87 61.12 1.85 Male Literacy 59.03 67.88 1.41 Female Literacy 42.48 54.32 2.49 Total Child, Population (0-6 age) 114,937 94,859 -1.90 Male Population (0-6 age) 58,511 48,854 -1.79 Female Population (0-6 age) 56,426 46,005- -2.02
Source:2001 and 2011 Census and District at a Glance, Chamarajanagara district
Above table explains the census enumeration; data regarding children under 0- 6 age were also collected for all districts including Chamarajanagar. There were total of 94,859.00 children in 2001 under age of 0-6.against 114,937 of 2001 census of which male and female were ,48,854 and 46,005 respectively. Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 942 compared to 964 of census 2001 which have declined by minus 0.23 per cent. During 2011, children under 0-6 formed 9.29 percent of Chamarajanagar district compared, to 11.90 percent of 2001. There was a net change of 2.61 percent between the census of 2001 and 2012.
3.2 Rural and Urban Indicators of the District
Table No.3.2
Table Showing Rural and Urban Indicators of the District
Description Rural Urban Ratio Population. (%) 82.83% 17.17% 4.82 Total Population 845,669 175,203 4,83 Male Population 425,680 87,679 4.85 Female Population 419,989 87,614 4.79 Sex Ratio 987 999 0.99 Child Sex Ratio (0-6) 943 935 1,01 Child Population (0-6) 78,034 16,825 4.64 Male Child (0-6) 40,159 8,695 4.62 Female Child (0-6) 37,875 8,130, 4.66 Child Percentage (0-6) 9.23% 9.60% 0.96 Male Child Percentage 9.43% 9.92% 0.95 Female Child Percentage 902.00% 928.00% 0.97 Literates 441,521 124,555 3.54 Male Literates 249,199 66,22 3.77 Female Literates 192,322 58,433 3.29 Average Literacy 57.52% 78.60% 0.73 Male Literacy 64.64% 83.72% - Female Literacy 50.33% 73,.2% -
Source: 2001 and 2011 Census and District at a Glance, Chamarajanagara
Interpretation:
The above table (table no 3.2) represents the information about the district of Chamarajnagara on population, child labour, etc. The ratio of different variables on rural areas over urban have been worked out and highlighted the rural strength. The average literacy in rural area is lower than that of urban area and literates in absolute members is more in rural than that of urban.
3.3 General Information of the District Table No.3.3 Table Showing General Information of the District
Name of the Revenue Gram Area in Habitations Hoblies inhabitant Hamlet Taluk Villages panchayath (sqkm) Chamarajanagar 184 171 42 5 1226.67 13 97 Percent 36.15 4.03 35.00 31.25 24.05 15.29 17.51 Gundlupet 158 140 30 4 1392.88 18 55 Percent 2.95 3.30 25.00 25.00 27.31 21.18 9.93 Kollegala 139 85 37 5 2785.82 54 376 Percent 27.31 2.00 30.83 31.25 54.61 63.53 67.87 Yelandur 28 28 11 2 266.34 - 26 Percent 5.50 0.66 9.17 12.50 5.22 0.00 4.69 Total 509 424 120 16 5101.00 85 554 Percent 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Source: Chamarajanagar district at a glance 2006-07 (general) Source: 2011 census of district at a glance, 2009-10 Source: Chamarajanagar district at a glance (area) Interpretation:
Above table provides details about general information of the district. There are 4 revenue administrative blocks and educational blocks for administrative purpose. Kollegala and Gundlupet blocks are having vast geographical area. Based on sqkms Chamanarajanagar taluk is having more number of grama panchayaths (42) in the district. This is due to more population in the district compared to remaining "blocks of the district. Apart from the above the district has municipalities, 2 City Corporation, 4 taluk panchayaths, Zilla panchayath and 120 gram panchayaths and 366 revenue villages and 424 habitations. About 16 hoblies .and 85 inhabited villages, which are higher than hamlet (554 in the district).
The revenue villages in Chamarajnagar taluk has 36.15 per cent of the total in the district which is followed by Kollegala with 27.31 per cent. The Gramapanchayats are concerned; Cahmrajnagara has 35 per cent followed by Kollegala 30.83 percent and Gundlupet 25 per cent respectively. Area wise, Kollegala has the highest coverage i.e. 54.61 per cent of the total in the district, which is followed by Gundlupet and Chamarajanagara with an area of 27.3 per cent and 24.05 percent respectively.
3.4 Population of the District
Table No.3.4
Table Showing Population of the District (2011 Census)
Urban Population Rural Population Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Chamarajanagara 34903 35056 69959 144044 144081 288125 178947 179137 358084
Percent 9.75 9.79 19.54 40.23 40.24 80.46 49.97 50.03 100.00
Gundlupet 14013 14141 28154 97133 97645 194778 111146 111786 222932
Percent 6.29 6.34 12.63 43.57 43.80 87.37 49.86 50.14 100.00
Kollcgal 34346 34045 58391 147582 141803 289385 181928 175848 347776
Percent 9.88 9.79 16.79 42.44 40.77 83.21 52.31 50.56 100.00
Yelandur 4417 4372 8789 36921 36460 73381 41338 40832 82170
Percent 5.38 5.32 10.70 44.93 44.37 89.30 50.31 49.69 100.00
Total 87679 87614 175293 425680 419989 845669 513359 507603 1020962
Percent 8.59 8.58 17.17 41.69 41.14 82.83 50.28 49.72 100.00
Source: Census 2011 (Population of the district)
Interpretation:
Above table provides details of population of the district. The district has a population of 10,20,962 (2011 census) of which 5,13,359 (50.28 percent) are males and 5,07,603 (49.71 percent) are females. The total population of the district is 1,75,293 (17.16 percent) is urban and 8,45,669 (82.83 percent) rural. Kollegala has the highest rural population followed by Chamarajanagara and Gundlupet. The literacy rate of the district is 61.12 (2011 census) percent with 83.55 percent of male and 68.30 percent of female. 78.60 percent of urban population and 57.52 percent of rural population are literate. The sex ratio of the district is 989 female per 1000 male and district population density is 200 per sqkms.
3.5 Land Utilization in Chamarajanagar District
Table No. 3.5
Table Showing Land Utilization in Chamarajanagara District (in hectares)
Land not available for Other uncultivated land cultivation
Geographic Taluk Forest Groves Non Cultivated Permanent Area Barren Total and Total Agricultural pasture waste trees
Chamarajanagar 26903 10017 2763 12780 2921 11703 1180 15804 123078
Percentage 21.86 8.14 2.24 10.38 2.37 9.51 0.96 12.84 100.00
Gundlupet 44859 3381 7,988 11369 3265 10287 3485 16808 140607
Percentage 31.90 2.40 5.68 8.09 2.32 7.32 2.48 11.95 100.00
Kollegala 193259 5815 10445 16260 1305 445 40 1780 279743
Percentage 69.08 2.08 3.73 5.81 0.47 0.16 0.01 0.64 100.00
Yelandur 10589 5393 238 5631 146 315 36 507 26473
Percentage 40.00 20.37 0.90 21.27 0.55 1.19 0.14 1 .92 100.00
Total 275610 24606 21434 46040 7637 22750 4741 34899 569901
Percentage 48.36 4.32 3.76 8.08 1.34 3.99 0.83 6.12 100.00 Source: District statistical office in Chamarajanagar.
Interpretation:
Above table explains land utilization in Chamarajanagar district. It has a total area of 5,69,901 hectares consists of the net sown area 31 percent is the cultivable area in the district. Approximately only 35 per cent of which is provided with irrigation facilities. The irrigation facilities include canals, tanks, wells, borewells and a lift irrigation area under mulberry cultivation is about 4650.72 hectares. The majority of the area consists of wide spread forest. The land use pattern as per 2009- 10 statistic reveals that out of the total geographical area of 5,69,901 hectares 2,75,610 hectares (43 percent) is under forest land which is higher than non- agriculture use, that is 24606 hectares (4 percent) is Barren land 21434 (4 percent) waste 7637 hectares (1 percent) permanent pasture is about 22750 (4 percent) is cultivated. The net gown area is including (4741) 2 percent in the district.
3.6 Size of Land Holdings of Chamarajanagar (Census 2005-06)
Table No. 3.6
Table Showing Size of Landholdings of the District
Taluk Marginal Small Semi- Medium Large Total
(1-H) (1-2H) medium (4-10H) (10H) (2-4H)
Chamarajanagar 19659 24813 17311 9019 1738 72530
Percentage 27.10 34.21 23.87 12.43 2.40 100.00
Gundlupet 11921 20847 17413 9488 1727 61391
Percentage 19.42 33.96 28.36 15.46 2.81 100.00
Kollegal 17097 24174 17975 6689 1456 67391
Percentage 25.37 35.87 26.67 9.93 2.16 100.00
Yelandur 4759 2503 1842 925 317 10346
Percentage 46.00 24.19 17.80 8.94 3.06 100.00
Total 53436 72337 54541 26121 5233 211658
Percentage 25.25 34.18 25.77 12.34 2.47 100.00
Source and Note: Figures in the brackets indicate. The actual data hectares
Sources: GoK, 2009: 13-18 and GoK, 2009: 17-22 and district at a glance 2009-10
Interpretation:
An area of 2,11,658 hectares in the district is used for agriculture by formers of the total agriculture land 25.25 percent i.e., 53,436 hectares are owned by marginal forming another 34.18 percent of land i.e., 72,337 hectares is owned by small holders and 54,541 hectares of land is owned by semi medium holders of the total agriculture land 12.34 percent and 2.47 are owned by medium and large holders respectively.
3.7 Communication facilities of the District
Table No.3.7
Table Showing Communication Facilities of the District
Surface Taluk Major Post Telephone Telephones roads bridges office exchanges Kms
Chamarajanagar 478.59 1 73 14 4310
Gundlupet 336.02 1 59 12 2009
Kollegala 529.73 3 45 16 4254
Yelandur 141.38 1 26 2 701
Total 1485.72 6 203 44 11274
Source: Gok, 2009: 31-34 and Gok, 2009a: 35-38 and post office, Nanjangud Postmaster, Chamarajanagar.
Interpretation:
Above table depicts Communication facilities of the District. Chamarajanagar district has good number of communication facilities. Which consists of 203 post office, 44 telephone exchanges and around 11,300 telephone lines apart from more than half a million mobile connections. The district is having more than 1,400 Kms of good roads.
3.8 Banking facilities in the Chamarajanagar district
Table No.3.8
Table Showing Banking facilities in the Chamarajanagar
Type of bank Chamarajanagar Gundlupet Kollegala Yelandur Total
Commercial 18 7 16 4 45 Banks
Grameena Banks 6 6 7 3 22
Co-operative 2 2 2 2 8 Banks
PLD Banks 1 1 1 1 4
Total 27 16 26 10 79
Credit Deposit 1.17 0.44 0.55 1.09 0.95 Ratio
Source: Lead District Manager, State Bank of Mysore in Mysore and and Gok, 2009: 28-30 and Gok, 2009 -31-32
Interpretation:
The above table explains Banking facilities in Chamarajanagara district. Chamarajanagar district has a number of commercial banks numbering around of 45 banks. The Grameena Banks in Chamarajanagara district consists of 22 and 08 Co-operative banks in the district. There are 4 PLD banks, one each intaluks of the district. The details are given in the above table. The credit deposit ratio is the highest in Chamarajanagara that is 1.17 followed by 1.09, 0.55 and 0.44 in Yelandur, Kollegala and Gundlupet respectively.
3.9 Agricultural Economy of the District
Table No. 3.9
Table Showing Agricultural Economy of the District
Cotton Maize Total & Taluk Marginal Small Semi- Total and Medium Large food sugar Medium Farmers Jowar grains cane (Ha) (Ha)
Chamarajanagar 44526 17956 6525 1686 114 70807 36754 7239 13796
Percentage 62.88 25.36 17.75 23.29 0.83 100.00 27.97 57.14 24. 1-3
Gundlupet 23287 14758 6368 1716 124 46253 31008 2115 12422
Percentage 50.35 31,91 20.54 81.13 1.00 100.00 23.60 16.70 21.73
Kollegala 36385 17354 7016 1239 92 62086 56487 1608 30561
Percentage 58.60 27.95 12.42 77.05 0.30 100.00 42.99 1 2,69 53. 46
Yelandur 15830 1899 722 163 21 18635 7153 1706 389
Percentage 84.95 10.19 10.09 9.55 5.40 100.00 5.44 13.47 0:68
Total 120028 51 967 20631 4804 351 197781 131402 12668 57168
Percentage 60.69 26.28 15.70 37.92 0.61 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: GoK, 2009: 13-18 and GoK, 2009: 17-22 and district at a glance 2009-10
Interpretation:
Above table explains Agricultural Economy of the District Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of this district as is with the rest of India. Though the agriculture is dependent on the rainfall, rivers Kaveri and Kabini provide the irrigation needs required for agriculture in this district. According to the 2005-06 census about 1, 97,781 farmers are involved in cultivation in this district. In the year 2009-10 Chamarajanagar district yielded a food grain production of 1,31,402 tones. There are three seasons in the district, Khariff, Rabi and summer. Khariff is the predominant season because of this season it gets medium rainfall and rainfall in Rabi is scanty. The cotton and sugarcane is cultivated in 57.14 percent of the total in Chamarajanagara Taluk and Maize and Jowar is grown in Kollegala with an area of 53.46 per cent of the total.
The district has diversity of crops and includes cereal crops (Ragi, Maize, Jower and Paddy), Pules (Horsegram, Blackgram, Redgram and Cowpeas) oil seeds such as Groundnut and Sunflower. The commercial crops in the district also consist of Coffee and Sugarcane, Maize and Jowar were grown in 12668 ha and 57168 ha during 2009-10. Groundnut was also grown abundant in the district. Nearly, 43 per cent of area on food grains was cultivated in Kollegala taluk alone which is followed by Chamarajanagar and other taluks respectively.
3.10 Level of education in the district
Table No.3.10
Table Showing Level of Education in Chamarajanagara District
General Primary High P.U. Polytechnic Engineering P.G Taluk Degree Schools Schools Colleges College College Center Colleges
Chamarajanagara 304 59 15 06 01 01 02
Gundlupet 204 41 12 03 - - -
Kollegala 328 70 24 04 - - 01
Yelandur 07 18 03 02 - - -
Total 843 188 54 15 01 01 03
Source : Deputy Director, public education Department in Chamarajanagara District and District at a Glance Chamarajanagara.
Interpretation:
The above table depicts Level of education in the district. Primary and high School educational infrastructure facilities are provided mainly by State government. The medium of instruction is Kannada, Telugu and Urdu in government run schools where as English in private Schools.
In Chamarajanagara district private institution are providing primary, Higher secondary education, PU, General Degree, ITI, Diploma, Engineering, Nursing, P.G etc.
There are 843 primary schools and 188 High Schools, 54 P.U. Colleges in the district and 15 General Degree Colleges 1 Polytechnic college 1 Engineering Colleges and 3 P.G Centers are there in the District.
3.11 Performance of sericulture in District
Table No.3. 11
Table Showing Performance of Sericulture in the District
Taluk Area under Cocoon No of Farmer Values of silk Mulberry (Ha) Production (T) in the production Rs
Occupation in Lakhs Chamarajanagar 3623.57 231.049 383 380.70 Gundlupet 313.74 58614 522 99.18 Kollegala 489.38 103.649 775 174.27 Yelandur 224.03 19794 202 32.54 Total 4650.72 413.106 5332 686.69
Source: Deputy Director of Sericulture in Chamarajanagar district
Interpretation:
The above table depicts Performance of Sericulture in the District Sericulture is a traditional Activity, providing Direct employment in the rural Areas to the extent of 5332 farmers in the district in sericulture. This occupation is old and important one. The number of families engaged in silk worm rearing is declining due to recent problems in this sector. The area under mulberry cultivation reduced 4650.72 (7960) ha during 2012-13 and cocoon production fell to a meager 413.106 (710) tones. This occupation engaged around 5332.8 (9000) farmer in the district. Overall production of silk value 686.9 laksh in the district.
3.12 Livestock Animal Husbandry in District
Table No. 3.12
Table Showing Livestock Animal Husbandry
Taluk Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Pigs Veterinary Institution
Chamarajanagar 76248 8240 51339 26743 512 026
Gundlupet 75146 1786 36079 26641 260 024
Kollegala 110322 14023 34493 56196 189 025
Yelandur 11926 4383 11151 5304 044 007
Total 273642 28432 133062 114884 1005 82
Source: Deputy Director Sericulture Department in Chamarajanagar and District at a Glance.
Interpretation:
The above table depicts Livestock Animal Husbandry Allied Activities of Agriculture comprises of Dairy farming, poultry of sheep, Goat and Piggery Development. The climate is well suited for dairy forming in the district. It is highly dependable and provides regular income, sheep rearing is a profitable activity and poultry units provide employment opportunities to thousands of farmers and agricultural laborers. Livestock resources consist of cattle- 2,73,642 Buffaloes-28432, Sheep-133062, Goats–1,14,884 and Pigs-1005 and the district has 82 veterinary institutions. The district has cattle amounted to 49 percent of the total livestock.
The district lacks coastlines; fishing activity is confined to inland. Fishing, fisheries are mostly earned out in major tanks and reservoir areas of river Cauvery and its tributaries. During 2012-13, fish catch amounted to 2680.00 M. Tonnes and the value of fish production were around Rs.1,03,824 lakhs.
3.13 Net Sown and Net Irrigated Area in Chamarajanagar District
Table No. 3.13
Table Showing Share of Net Sown and Net Irrigated Area
Share of Net Sown Geographical Area Share of Net Taluks Area to (in Hectares) Irrigated Area to Geographical Area net Sown Area (%) (%)
Chamarajanagar 123078 44.68 34.67
Gundlupet 140607 36.84 17.44
Kollegala 279743 21.69 36.31
Yelandur 26473 33.67 124.39
Total 569901 30.95 34.70
Source: Computed using Chamarajanagar District at a Glance,
Interpretation:
The above table depicts Net Sown and Net Irrigated Area. Irrigation facilities are mainly concentrated in Yelandur. As per the agricultural Census of 2005-06, the total number of farmers holdings was 61,97,781 over an area of 2,11,658 hectares. The marginal and small farmers (0-2 hectares) had 87 per cent of the land holdings while the semi medium farmers (2-4 hectares) had 10 per cent and the medium and big farmers (greater than 4 hectares) had the remaining minority of 3 per cent approximately.
The total population of the district is 10,20,962 as per the 2011 census, out of which the total number of male is more than female Nearly, 8,17,372 of the total population reside in the rural area. The total number of workers in, the district is 4,48,369 in number. Of this total 27.7 percent are cultivators, 43 percent are agricultural labourers, 4.4 percent are workers in household industry and 24.9 percent are engaged in other services. The literacy rate of the district as per 2011 census is 61.12 percent, which is way below that of the state level. The literacy rate of the urban population is much higher reaching 78.60 per cent as compared to 57.52 percent of the rural population.
Raitha Mitra Yojana
The Government of Karnataka established Raitha Sampark Kendra (RSK) with the aim of providing extension services to farmers and there by encourage them to adopt new technology through seed and soil testing, experiments, demonstrations and trials. The needy farmers can visit these RSKs and obtain the required agriculture related information. Presently there are 16 RSKs in Chamarajanagar district, one each at Hobli level to help the farmers in the use of modern technology,
Infrastructure
The district of Chamarajanagar has few national and state highways that cross through the district. There are few district roads and village roads as well. Since it, has vast forestland there is about total of 486.779km of forest roads within the district. There are 9 major-bridges in the district. As for communication facilities, there are 203 post offices and 44 telephone exchanges in the district.
The education infrastructure includes 843 primary schools, 188 high schools and 54 pre-university colleges. The degree colleges are very few in number.
For the good health and welfare of people, there area few private hospitals, community health centers, dispensaries and family welfare centers in each taluk, which are maintained by both government and NGOs.
Chamarajanagar being a backward agrarian district does not have many factories/industries. There are 25 factories i.e 7 textiles, engineering and others are 18 in numbers. These factories provide employment to just 1612 people.
Industries in Chamarajanagara
The district has as many as 407 Milk producers Co-operative Societies during 2013-14 as on March 2014. The district also had 6 Agricultural regulated markets with a turnover of Rs. 10482.75 lakhs. Small scale industries at the end of March, 2013-14 were at 7661 generating employment to the tune of 33,400.
Banking and Financial Institutions
NABARD has come out with a detailed plan of the financial requirements for 2009-10 pertaining to each sector. According to these projections, the total amount of credit required for the agriculture sector was estimated at Rs.318 cores with crop loans constituting about 54 per cent of' the total, A sum of Rs.52 cores is required to carry out allied activities such as dairy farming, sheep and goat rearing. Also, non- farm sector and agro-processing needed. to the tune of Rs. l1 cores and Rs.2.8 cores respectively together adding up to 4.2 per cent of the total .
Table No.3.14
Table Showing Sector-wise potential linked plan (PLP) Projections (2009-10) Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka
Financial Projections Sl.No. Sector (Rs.in lakhs)
1 Crop Loan 17159.00
Term Investment for Agriculture and Allied 2 5203.18 Activities
Total Investment under Agriculture and Allied 3 22362.18 Activities (1+2)
4 Non-farm Sector 1061.25
5 Agro-Processing 2,80.60
6 Other Priority Sector 8100.00
7 Total Priority Sector (3+4+5+6) 31804.03
Source: PLP 2009-10. Chamarajanagar District, NABARD.
Interpretation:
The above table depicts Performance of Credit Agencies. Credit availability is a critical factor, which determines the development of agriculture and farming sector in the district. Therefore, it is necessary to have an adequate and continuous supply of credit for which there exist a number of financial institutions in Chamarajanagar district.
Micro Finance
Micro finance is a major source of credit in the district. It comprises of SHGs (Self-Help Groups) NGOs, Farmers' Club and Credit packages for Women. The status of micro finance profile in the district is shown below:
Table No. 3.15
Table Showing SHGs and Related Information of the District
Particulars Total. No
No. of blocks in the district 4
No. of blocks where SHGs- exist 4
Total No. of blocks where SHGs are credit linked 4
No. of NGOs in the- district 30
No. of NGOs participating in the linkage programme 27
No. of Additional NGOs to be roped 3
No. of Government/other agencies participating 5
No. of Government/other agencies likely to participate 2
Source: SHG: Self Help Groups and PLP, Chamarajanagar District, NABARD
Financial Inclusion
Apart from the regular from of financial intermediation, financial inclusion includes a basic 'No Frills' banking account for making and receiving payments, a savings product suited to the pattern of cash flows of a poor household, money transfer facilities, small loans and overdrafts for productive, personal and other purposes, insurance etc. Although the banking network seems to be adequate, many villages do not have access to banks due to poor connectivity. In order to ensure that the entire district is having access to financial services, RB1 advised banks to make available a basic banking 'No-Frills' account with low or no minimum balance, relaxation in KYC norms, provide General Purpose Credit Card (GCC) facility up to Rs.25,000 at their rural and semi-urban branches.
Government of India (GOI) created two funds, Financial Inclusion Fund (FIF) and Financial Inclusion Technology Fund (FITF), and is operationalised by NABARD. FIF is meant for meeting the cost of developmental and promotion interventions, whereas FITF is meant to meet the cost of technology adoption. Each fund will have an overall corpus of Rs.500 crore.
Conclusion
Thus, the profile overview of Chamarajanagara district throw light on the need for SHGs and bank linkage programme activity, as the district is one of the backward and poor districts. With the available information, the study was carried out keeping in mind the need of the hour for the sample district.
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
The study envisages four taluks of sample district which constitute around 3948 registered SHGs. Though these groups scattered all over district there is no uniformity and consistency in the establishment of these groups. Physical establishments of SHGs are found mostly in the dwelling places of one or other members or the founder members of the SHGs. Though these units are propounded with well-defined objectives, none of them are parting with well-defined objectives mostly because of mal-functioning of the group. On the whole, the study reveals the performance and functioning of 400 SHGs which were established from the year - 2000. Though the number is 400, spread around 4 taluks, the nature of operation, the nature of enrollment, the nature of lending method of mobalising subscriptions method of lending resembles the same. Thus originally SHGs or placed on the common platform.
The expectations of the Members at of the Micro level and the society followed by the government at the macro level determining the degree of involvement of SHGs in upgrading the economic level at large and the socio economic pattern of living of individuals in specific are the basic questions to be address by these SHGs. But the expectations seems to be very huge and the performance is very minimal. Normally a group of 10 or more individual or supposed to form these groups in a village. SHGs is a village based financial intermediary. The origin of these SHGs are found mostly in South and South Eastern Assian country. Though the initiations to make a small contribution in the form of saving from the members over a period of few months in turn which constitute enough capital for the group for lending. Later such generated funds could be lent back to the members of the same group for the any economic purpose. In India many such SHGs are linked for the delivery of micro credits. The result of SHGs functioning should be an economically poor individual gain strength as a part of the group. This enabled individual borrower the economic strength. The result of these SHGs in especially India under NABARD Bank linkage programme, borrowed funds from the nationalized banks once the formed the basic capital. The numbers of SHGs in India is around four million covering 200 million number of people. If this number is true and fair definitely to the extent of the population of India would have been either self- reliant or self-dependent for the purpose of sustainability.
The following pages reveal the true and fair level of performance of SHGs, lending norms, borrowers perception and act of social and economic development of SHG members.
4.1 Number of Members in SHGs in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.1
Table Showing Number of Members in SHGs in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Numbers Respondents Percentage 1 Up to 10 28 11.5 2 11-15 180 73.7 3 16-20 36 14.8 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=44.984; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the number of members in SHGs in Gundlupet taluk. When number of members in SHG groups are analysed, it was found that 11.5 percent of them had upto 10, a large majority of them had members between 11-15, and remaining 14.8 percent of them had 16-20 members. Chi-square test revealed significant difference between frequencies of numbers with chi-square value of 44.984 and p value of .000. In other words, in Gundlupet taluk, significantly higher number of groups was with 11-15 members.
4.2 Number of Members in SHGs in Kollegal Taluk
Table No. 4.2
Table Showing Number of Members in SHGs in Kollegal Taluk
Sl. No. Numbers Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 10 Nil 0 2 11-15 20 27.8 3 16 -20 52 72.2 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=3.556; p=.059 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the number of members in SHGs in Kollegal taluk. In Kollegal, it was observed that large majority of the SHG‟s had 16-20 members which accounted to 72.2 percent, 27.8 percent of the respondent groups indicated 11-15 members, and none with up to 10 members. However, chi-square test revealed a non- significant difference between these groups of frequencies (X2=3.556; p=.0.059).
4.3 Number of Members in SHGs in Chamarajanagar Taluk
Table No. 4.3
Table Showing Number of Members in SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Numbers Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 10 NIL 0 2 11-15 12 50.0 3 16-20 12 50.0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square= 4.605; p= .067(NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation: Above table shows the number of members in SHGs in Chamarajanagara taluk. It can be inferred that 50 percent of SHGs formed with 11 to 15 members and another 50 percent of the SHGs formed with more than 16 members but less than 20 members. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=3.556; p=.0.67)
4.4 Number of Members in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.4
Table Showing Number of Members in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Numbers Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 10 12 20.0 2 11-15 36 53.3 3 16-20 16 26.7 Total 64 100.0 Chi-square=2.80; p=.247 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the number of members in SHGs in Yelandur taluk. A majority of 53.3 percent of the SHGs formed with 11 to 15 members. Followed by 26.7 % and 20 % of SHGs formed with 16 to 20 members and upto 10 members respectively. However, it revealed a non significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.80; p=.247)
Figure No. 4.1 Figure Showing Number of Members in SHGs
4.5 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.5
Table Showing Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Savings/ Subscription Respondents Percentage 1 Rs.40 88 36.1 2 Rs.80 124 50.8 3 Rs.100 32 13.1 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=13.213; p=.001 (S)
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the monthly savings of the respondents in Gundlupet taluk. 50.8 percent of the respondents are saving 80/- Rupees every month. 36.1% of respondents are saving 40/- rupees every month. Only 13.1% of respondents are saving 100 rupees every month. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=13.213; p=.001)
4.6 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.6 Table Showing Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Savings/ Subscription Respondents Percentage 1 Rs.40 04 5.6 2 Rs.80 36 50.0 3 Rs.100 32 44.4 Total 72 100 Chi-square=6.333; p=.042 (S)
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the monthly savings of the respondents in Kollegala taluk. 50 percent of the respondents are saving 80/- Rupees every month. 44.4% of respondents are saving rupees 100 every month. Only 5.6 % of respondents savings is rupees 40/- in a month. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=6.333; p=.042)
4.7 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.7
Table Showing Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Savings/ Subscription Respondents Percentage 1 Rs.40 12 50.0 2 Rs.80 - 0 3 Rs.100 12 50.0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=0; p=1.000 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the monthly savings of the respondents in Chamarajanagara taluk. 50 percent of the respondents are saving 40/- Rupees every month and other 50 percent of the respondent‟s savings is rupees 100/- in a month. However, it is revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0; p=1.000)
4.8 Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.8
Table Showing Monthly Savings of the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Savings/ Subscription Respondents Percentage 1 Rs.40 04 6.7 2 Rs.80 36 60.0 3 Rs.100 20 33.3 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=6.40; p=.041 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the monthly savings of the respondents in Yelandur taluk. 60 percent of the respondents are saving 80 Rupees every month. 33.3% of respondents are saving 100/- rupees every month. Only 6.7 % of respondents savings is 40/- rupees in a month. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=6.40; p=.041)
Figure No. 4.2 Figure Showing Monthly Savings of the Respondents
4.9 Banks with SHGs Transactions in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.9
Table Showing Banks with SHGs Transactions in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Bank Respondents Percentage 1 CKGB 108 44.3 2 SBM 32 13.1 3 SBI 12 4.9 4 Union 60 24.6 5 MDCC 24 9.8 6 Others 08 3.3 Total 244 100 Chi-square=43.951; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table depicts the Banks with SHGs Transactions in Gundlupet Taluk. A majority (44.3 percent) of SHGs are transacting with CKGB. Followed by 24.6 percent and 13.1 percent of SHGs are transacting with Union Bank and SBM respectively and another group of 31.1 percent of SHGs are transacting with all other banks. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=43.951; p=.000)
4.10 Banks with SHGs Transactions in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.10
Table Showing Banks with SHGs Transactions in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Bank Respondents Percentage 1 CKGB - 0 2 SBM 12 16.7 3 SBI - 4 Union 36 50.0 5 MDCC - - 6 Others 24 33.3 Total 72 100 Chi-square=3.0; p=.223 (NS)
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Banks with SHGs Transactions in Kollegala Taluk. Most of the SHGs (50 percent) are transacting with Union Bank. Followed by 33.3 percent and 13.1 percent of SHGs are transacting with other Banks and SBM respectively. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=3.0; p=.223)
4.11 Banks with SHGs Transactions in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.11
Table Showing Banks with SHGs Transactions in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Bank Respondents Percentage 1 CKGB - 0 2 SBM 24 100.0 3 SBI - 0 4 UNION - 0 5 MDCC - 0 6 OTHERS - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square X2=0.0; p=.000
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Banks with SHGs Transactions in Chamarajanagara Taluk. 100 percent SHGs in Chamarajanagara are extensively depending and transacting with SBM only. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.0; p=.000)
4.12 Banks with SHGs Transactions in Yelandur Taluk Table No. 4.12 Table Showing Banks with SHGs Transactions in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Bank Respondents Percentage 1 CKGB 44 73.3 2 SBM - 0 3 SBI - 0 4 UNION - 0 5 MDCC 04 6.7 6 OTHERS 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=11.20; p=.004 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Banks with SHGs Transactions in Yelandur Taluk. Most of the SHGs (73.3 percent) of SHGs are transacting with CKGB. Followed by 20 percent and 6.7 percent of SHGs are transacting with other Banks and MDCC respectively. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=11.20; p=.004)
Figure No. 4.3 Figure Showing Banks with SHGs Transactions
4.13 Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs in Gundlupet Taulk
Table No. 4.13
Table Showing Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs in Gundlupet Taulk
Sl. No. Response Respondents Percentage 1 YES 176 72.1 2 NO 68 27.9 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=11.951; p=.001 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Number of members borrowed loan from SHGs in Gundlupet Taulk. It can be inferred that 72.1 percent of members of SHGs agreed that they borrowed loan from SHGs. Only 27.9 percent of members of the SHGs have not taken loan from SHGs. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=11.951; p=.001)
4.14 Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs in Kollegala Taulk
Table No. 4.14
Table Showing Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs in Kollegala Taulk
Sl. No. Response Respondents Percentage 1 YES 68 94.4 2 NO 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=14.222; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Number of members borrowed loan from SHGs in Kollegala Taulk. It can be inferred that 94.4 percent of members of the SHGs agreed that they took loan from SHGs. Only 5.6 percent of members of the SHGs said that they have not taken loan from SHGs. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=14.222; p=.000)
4.15 Number of Members Borrowed Loan from SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taulk
Table No. 4.15
Table Showing Number of Members Borrowed Loan from SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taulk
Sl. No. Response Respondents Percentage 1 YES 20 83.3 2 NO 04 16.7 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=2.667; p=.102 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the number of members borrowed loan from SHG in Chamarajanagara Taulk. It can be inferred that 83.3 percent of members of the SHGs agreed that they took loan from SHGs. Only 16.7 percent of members of the SHGs said that they have not taken loan from SHGs. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.667; p=.102).
4.16 Number of Members Borrowed Loan from SHGs in Yelandur Taulk
Table No. 4.16
Table Showing Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs in Yelandur Taulk
Sl. No. Response Respondents Percentage 1 YES 48 80.0 2 NO 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=5.40; p=.020 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the number of members borrowed loan from SHGs in Kollegala Taulk. It can be inferred that 80 percent of members of the SHGs agreed that they took loan from SHGs. Only 20 percent of members of the SHGs said that they have not taken loan from SHGs. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=5.40; p=.020)
Figure No. 4.4 Figure Showing Number of Members borrowed Loan from SHGs
4.17 Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.17
Table Showing Repayment of loan Amount by the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Loan borrowed and 176 72.1 repayment on time 2 Loan not borrowed 68 27.9 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=11.951; p=.001 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that all members who took loan from SHGs are repaying loan amount on time. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=11.951; p=.001)
4.18 Repayment of loan Amount by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.18
Table Showing Repayment of loan Amount by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk Sl. No. Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Loan borrowed and 68 94.4 repayment on time 2 Loan not borrowed 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=14.222; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the repayment of loan amount by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk. It can be inferred that all members who took loan from SHGs are repaying loan amount on time. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=14.222 p=.000)
4.19 Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.19 Table Showing Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Loan borrowed and 20 83.3 repayment on time 2 Loan not borrowed 04 16.7 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=2.667; p=.102 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the repayment of loan amount by the respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that all members who took loan from SHGs are repaying loan amount on time. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.667 p=.102)
4.20 Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.20 Table Showing Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk Sl. No. Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Loan borrowed and 48 80.0 repayment on time 2 Loan not borrowed 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=5.40; p=.020 (S) Source: Survey Data Interpretation:
The above table shows the repayment of loan amount by the respondents in Yelandur Taluk. It can be inferred that all members who took loan from SHGs are repaying loan amount on time. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=5.40 p=.020)
Figure No. 4.5 Figure Showing Repayment of Loan Amount by the Respondents
4.21 Total Savings of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.21 Table Showing Total Savings of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Savings in Rupees(p.a) Respondents Percentage 1 Less than 2,000 112 45.9 2 2001 – 3,000 48 19.7 3 3001 – 4,000 40 16.4 4 4001 – 5,000 32 13.1 5 More than 5,000 12 4.9 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=29.246; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the total savings of the respondents in Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that 45.9 percent of respondent members total savings is less than Rs. 2000 p.a. Followed by 19.7 percent, 16.4 percent and 13.1 percent of the respondent membes total savings is Rs. 2001 to Rs. 3000, Rs. 3001 to Rs. 4000 and Rs. 4001 to Rs. 5000 respectively. Only 4.9 percent of the respondent members total savings is above Rs. 5000. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=29.246; p=.000)
4.22 Total Savings of the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk Table No. 4.22 Table Showing Total Savings of the Respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Savings in Rupees(p.a) Respondents Percentage 1 Less than 2,000 28 38.9 2 2001 – 3,000 16 22.2 3 3001 – 4,000 12 16.7 4 4001 – 5,000 08 11.1 5 More than 5,000 08 11.1 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=4.778; p=.311 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the total savings of the respondents in Kollegala Taluk. It can be inferred that 38.9 percent of respondent members, total savings is less than Rs. 2000p.a. Followed by 22.2 percent, 16.7 percent and 11.1 percent of the respondent members total savings is Rs.2001 to Rs. 3000, Rs.3001 to Rs. 4000 and Rs. 4001 to Rs. 5000 respectively. Only 11.1 percent of the respondent members total savings is above Rs. 5000. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=4.778; p=.311)
4.23 Total Savings of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.23
Table Showing Total Savings of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Savings in Rupees(p.a) Respondents Percentage 1 Less than 2,000 08 33.3 2 2001 – 3,000 04 16.7 3 3001 – 4,000 04 16.7 4 4001 – 5,000 04 16.7 5 More than 5,000 04 16.7 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=0.667; p=.955 (NS) Source: Survey Data Interpretation:
Above table shows the total savings of the respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that 33.3 percent of respondent members total savings is less than Rs. 2000. Followed by 1/6th each of the respondent members total savings is Rs. 2001 to Rs. 3000, Rs. 3001 to Rs. 4000 and Rs. 4001 to Rs. 5000 respectively. Only 16.7 percent of the respondent members total savings is above Rs. 5000. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.667; p=.955)
4.24 Total Savings of the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.24 Table Showing Total Savings of the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Savings in Rupees(p.a) Respondents Percentage 1 Less than 2,000 24 40.0 2 2001 – 3,000 16 26.7 3 3001 – 4,000 08 13.3 4 4001 – 5,000 08 13.3 5 More than 5,000 04 6.7 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=5.333; p=.255 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the total savings of the respondents in Yelandur Taluk. It can be inferred that 40 percent of respondent members total savings is less than Rs. 2000 Followed by 26.7 percent, 13.3 percent and 13.3 percent of the respondent members total savings is Rs. 2001 to Rs. 3000, Rs. 3001 to Rs. 4000 and Rs. 4001 to Rs. 5000 respectively. Only 6.7 percent of the respondent members total savings is above Rs. 5000. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=5.333; p=.255)
Figure No. 4.6 Figure Showing Total Savings of the Respondents
4.25 Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.25
Table Showing Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Purpose of loan Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 112 45.9 2 Education 16 6.6 3 Marriage 12 4.9 4 Festival 04 1.6 5 Health 04 1.6 6 Business 08 3.3 7 Home 12 4.9 8 Others 08 3.3 9 Not taken 68 27.9 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=103.803; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the purpose of loan borrowed by the respondents in Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that 45.9 percent of respondent members are of the opinion that they utilize loan money for agricultural expenses. 26.2 percent of respondents spend loan money for their children Education, Marriage expenses, Festival expenses, Health, Business, Home and other expenses. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=103.803; p=.000)
4.26 Purpose for Loan Borrowed by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.26
Table Showing Purpose for Loan Borrowed by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Purpose of loan Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 44 61.1 2 Education 08 11.1 3 Marriage 0 0 4 Festival 0 0 5 Health 0 0 6 Business 08 11.1 7 Home 04 5.6 8 Others 04 5.6 9 Not taken 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=26.000; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the purpose for loan borrowed by the respondents in Kollegala Taluk. It can be inferred that 61.1 percent of respondent members are of the opinion that they utilized loan money for agricultural expenses. 33.3 percent of respondents spend loan money for their children Education, Marriage expenses, Festival expenses, Health, Business, Home, Others expenses. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=26.000; p=.000)
4.27 Purpose for Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.27
Table Showing Purpose for Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Purpose of loan Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 12 50.0 2 Education 04 16.7 3 Marriage 0 0 4 Festival 0 0 5 Health 0 0 6 Business 0 0 7 Home 04 16.7 8 Others 0 0 9 Not taken 04 16.7 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=2.00; p=.572 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the purpose for loan borrowed by the respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that 50 percent of respondent members are of the opinion that they utilize loan money for agricultural expenses. 33.4 percent of respondents spend loan money for their children Education, Household expenses, However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.00; p=.572)
4.28 Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk Table No. 4.28 Table Showing Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondents in Yelandur Taluk Sl. No. Purpose of loan Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 36 60.0 2 Education 04 6.7 3 Marriage 0 0 4 Festival 0 0 5 Health 0 0 6 Business 0 0 7 Home 04 6.7 8 Others 08 13.3 9 Not taken 08 13.3 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=15.333; p=.004 (S) Source: Survey Data Interpretation: Above table shows the purpose for loan borrowed by the respondents in Yelandur Taluk. It can be inferred that 60 percent of respondent members are of the opinion that they utilize loan money for agricultural expenses. 6.7 percent of respondents spend loan money for their children Education and 20 percent of them used the loan money for Household and other expenses. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=15.333; p=.004)
Figure No. 4.7 Figure Showing Purpose of Loan Borrowed by the Respondent
4.29 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.29
Table Showing Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Marital Status Respondents Percentage 1 Married 244 100.0 2 Un married - 0 3 Widow - 0 4 Diversed - 0 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=-; p=.- Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the martial status of sample respondents in Gundlupet Taluk. It is quite interesting to note that all members (100%) of SHGs are married members. This might reveal that the marriage has forced them to become the members of SHGs or moreover all members are forced to become members because of family and husband‟s financial commitment. In some cases it was also found that the hunband‟s are forcing wives to become members.
4.30 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.30 Table Showing Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Marital Status Respondents Percentage 1 Married 72 100.0 2 Un married - 0 3 Widow - 0 4 Diversed - 0 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=-; p=.- Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the marital status of sample respondents in Kollegala Taluk. All respondents members are married. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.000; p=.000)
4.31 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.31
Table Showing Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Marital Status Respondents Percentage 1 Married 24 100.0 2 Un married - 0 3 Widow - 0 4 Divorced - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=-; p=.- Source: Survey Data
Interpretation: Above table shows the Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taluk. All respondent members are married. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.000; p=.000) 4.32 Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Yelandur Taluk Table No. 4.32 Table Showing Marital Status of Sample Respondents in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Marital Status Respondents Percentage 1 Married 60 100.0 2 Un married - 0 3 Widow - 0 4 Diversed - 0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=-; p=.- Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the marital Status of sample respondent in Yelandur Taluk. All respondent members are married. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.000; p=.000)
Figure No. 4.8 Figure Showing Marital Status of Sample Respondents
4.33 Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.33
Table Showing Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Gundlupet Taluk Sl. No. Qualification Respondents Percentage 1 Illiterates 28 11.5 2 Upto 4th Standard 20 8.2 3 Upto 7th Standard 52 21.3 4 Upto 10th Standard 128 52.5 5 Upto PUC 16 6.6 6 Upto Graduation - 0 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=44.164; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the educational qualification of the SHGs members of Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that 52.5 percent of respondent members are studied upto SSLC. Followed by 21.3 percent of the respondents educated upto seventh, 8.2 percent of the respondents educated upto fourth standard and 6.6 percent of the respondents educated upto PUC. Around 11.5 percent of the respondent members are illiterates. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=44.164; p=.000)
4.34 Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Kollegela Taluk
Table No. 4.34
Table Showing Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Kollegela Taluk
Sl. No. Qualification Respondents Percentage 1 Illiterates 12 16.7 2 Upto 4th Standard 08 11.1 3 Upto 7th Standard 08 11.1 4 Upto 10th Standard 32 44.4 5 Upto PUC 08 11.1 6 Upto Graduation 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=10.667; p=.058 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk. It can be inferred that 44.4 percent of respondent members are educated upto SSLC. Followed by 11.1 percent of the respondents educated upto seventh, 11.1 percent of the respondents educated upto fourth standard and 11.1 percent of the respondents educated upto PUC and around 16.7 percent of the respondent members are illiterates. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=10.667; p=.058)
4.35 Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.35 Table Showing Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk Sl. No. Qualification Respondents Percentage 1 Illiterates - 0 2 Upto 4th Standard 08 33.3 3 Upto 7th Standard 04 16.7 4 Upto 10th Standard 08 33.3 5 Upto PUC 04 16.7 6 Upto Graduation - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=0.667; p=.881 (NS) Source: Survey Data Interpretation:
Above table shows the Educational Qualification of the SHGs members in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that 33.3 percent of respondent members are educated upto SSLC. Followed by 16.7 percent of the respondents educated upto seventh 33.3 percent of the respondents educated upto fourth standard and 16.7 percent of the respondents educated upto PUC. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.667; p=.881)
4.36 Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.36 Table Showing Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk Sl. No. Qualification Respondents Percentage 1 Illiterates - 0 2 Upto 4th Standard 08 13.3 3 Upto 7th Standard 20 33.3 4 Upto 10th Standard 28 46.7 5 Upto PUC 04 6.7 6 Upto Graduation - 0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=6.067; p=.108 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk. It can be inferred that 46.7 percent of respondent members are educated upto SSLC. Followed by 33.3 percent of the respondents educated upto seventh standard, 13.3 percent of the respondents educated upto fourth satandard and 6.7 percent of the respondents educated upto PUC. However, it revealed a non- significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=6.067; p=.108)
Figure No. 4.9 Figure Showing Educational Qualification of the SHGs Members
4.37 Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taulk
Table No. 4.37 Table Showing Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taulk Sl. No. Size(Members) Respondents Percentage 1 2 to 4 176 72.1 2 5 to 7 56 23.0 3 Upto 10 12 4.9 4 Above 10 - 0 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=44.295; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Gundlupet Taulk. It can be inferred that 72.1 percent of respondents family size is 2 to 4 members. 23 percent of respondents family size is 5 to 7 members. Only 4.9 percent of respondents family size is upto 10 members. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=44.295; p=.000)
4.38 Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Kollegala Taulk
Table No. 4.38
Table Showing Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Kollegala Taulk
Sl. No. Size (Members) Respondents Percentage 1 2 – 4 48 66.7 2 5 – 7 16 22.2 3 Upto 10 08 11.1 4 Above 10 - 0 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=9.333; p=.009 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Kollegala Taulk. It can be inferred that 66.7 percent of respondents family size is 2 to 4 members 22.2 percent of respondents family size is 5 to 7 members. Only 11.1 percent of respondents family size is upto 10 members. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=9.333; p=.009)
4.39 Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taulk Table No. 4.39 Table Showing Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taulk
Sl. No. Size (Members) Respondents Percentage 1 2 – 4 16 66.7 2 5 – 7 08 33.3 3 Upto 10 - 00 4 Above 10 - 00 Total 24 100 Chi-square=0.667; p=.414 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Size of the Family of the Respondents in Chamarajanagara Taulk. It can be inferred that 66.7 percent of respondents family size is 2 to 4 members. 33.3 percent of respondents family size is 5 to 7 members. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.667; p=.414)
4.40 Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Yelandur Taulk
Table No. 4.40
Table Showing Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Yelandur Taulk
Sl. No. Size (Members) Respondents Percentage 1 2 – 4 52 86.7 2 5 – 7 08 13.3 3 Upto 10 - 0 4 Above 10 - 0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=8.067; p=.005 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Size of the Family members of the Respondents in Yelandur Taulk. It can be inferred that 86.7 percent of respondents family size is 2 to 4 members. 13.3 family size is 5 to 7 members. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=8.067; p=.005)
Figure No. 4.10 Figure Showing Size of the Family members of the Respondents
4.41 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Gundlupet Taulk
Table No. 4.41 Table Showing Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Gundlupet Taulk
Sl. No. Rate of Interest Respondents Percentage (%p.m) 1 5 160 65.6 2 6 44 18.0 3 7 20 8.2 4 8 12 4.9 5 10 08 3.3 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=83.18; p=.000 (S)
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Gundlupet Taulk. It can be inferred that 65.6 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 5 percent of interest. 18 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 6 percent of interest. Remaining 16.4 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 7 to 10 percent of interest on money which they had lent. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=83.18; p=.000)
4.42 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Kollegala Taulk
Table No. 4.42
Table Showing Rate of Interest Charged By Money Lenders in Kollegala Taulk
Sl. No. Rate of Interest Respondents Percentage (%p.m) 1 5 32 44.4 2 6 24 33.3 3 7 08 11.1 4 8 04 5.6 5 10 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=11.444; p=.022 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Rate of Interest Charged By Money Lenders in Kollegala Taulk. It can be inferred that 44.4 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 5 percent of interest. 33.3 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 6 percent of interest. Remaining 22.3 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 7 to 10 percent of interest on money which they had lent. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=11.444; p=.022)
4.43 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Chamarajanagara Taulk
Table No. 4.43
Table Showing Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Chamarajanagara Taulk
Sl. No. Rate of Interest Respondents Percentage (% p.m) 1 5 12 50.0 2 6 04 16.7 3 7 04 16.7 4 8 04 16.7 5 10 - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=2.00; p=.572 (NS)
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Chamarajanagara Taulk. It can be inferred that 50 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 5 percent of interest. 16.7 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 6 percent of interest. Remaining 33.4 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 7 to 8 percent of interest on money which they had lent. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.00; p=.572)
4.44 Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Yelandur Taulk
Table No. 4.44 Table Showing Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Yelandur Taulk
Sl. No. Rate of Interest Respondents Percentage (% p.m) 1 5 28 46.7 2 6 16 26.7 3 7 08 13.2 4 8 04 6.7 5 10 04 6.7 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=8.667; p=.070 (NS) Source: Survey Data Interpretation:
Above table shows the Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders in Yelandur Taulk. It can be inferred that 46.7 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 5 percent of interest. 26.7 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 6 percent of interest. Remaining 26.6 percent of the respondents opine that money lenders are charging 7 to 10 percent of interest on money which they had lent. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=8.667; p=.070)
Figure No. 4.11 Figure Showing Rate of Interest Charged by Money Lenders
4.45 Occupation of SHGs Members in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.53
Table Showing Occupation of SHGs Members in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Occupation Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 172 70.5 2 Animal husbandry 20 8.2 3 Coolie / wage 36 14.8 4 House wife 16 6.6 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=68.246; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Occupation of SHGs members in Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that 70.5 percent of respondent members are occupied agriculture. Followed by 14.8 percent of respondent members are coolies. 8.2 percent of respondent members are doing animal husbandry. remaining 6.6 percent of them are housewives. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=68.246; p=.000)
4.46 Occupation of SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.54 Table Showing Occupation of SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Occupation Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 36 50.0 2 Animal husbandry 12 16.7 3 Coolie 16 22.2 4 House wife 08 11.1 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=6.444; p=.092 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Occupation of SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk. It can be inferred that 50 percent of respondent members are occupied with agriculture. Followed by 22.2 percent of respondent members are daily wages. 16.7 percent of respondent members are doing animal husbandry. Remaining 11.1 percent of them are housewives. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=6.444; p=.092)
4.47 Occupation of SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.55
Table Showing Occupation of SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Occupation Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 12 50.0 2 Animal husbandry - 0 3 Coolie 04 16.7 4 House wife 08 33.3 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=1.0; p=.607 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Occupation of SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that 50 percent of respondent members are occupied agriculture. Followed by 33.3 percent of respondent members are housewives. 16.7 percent of respondent members are coolies. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=1.0; p=.607)
4.48 Occupation of SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.56
Table Showing Occupation of SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Occupation Respondents Percentage 1 Agriculture 28 46.7 2 Animal husbandry 12 20.0 3 Coolie/wages 08 13.3 4 House wife 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=3.933; p=.269 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
Above table shows the Occupation of SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk. It can be inferred that 46.7 percent of respondent members are occupied agriculture. Followed by 20 percent of respondent members are housewives. 20 percent of respondent members are doing animal husbandry. remaining 13.3 percent of them are coolies. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=3.933; p=.269)
Figure No. 4.12 Figure Showing Occupation of SHGs Members
4.49 Age of the SHGs Members in Gundluet Taluk Table No. 4.57 Table Showing Age of the SHGs Members in Gundluet Taluk
Sl. No. Age Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 20 08 3.3 2 21 – 30 76 31.1 3 31 – 40 116 47.5 4 41 – 50 36 14.8 5 Above 50 08 3.3 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=44.820; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data Interpretation: The above table reveals the Age of the SHGs Members in Gundluet Taluk. Majority of 47.5 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 31 to 40 years. 31.1 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 21 to 30 years. 14.8 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 41 to 50 years. 3.3 percent of the respondent members belong to age group of upto 20 years and remaining 3.3 percent of the respondent members belong to age group of above 50 years. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=44.820; p=.000) 4.50 Age of the SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk
Table No. 4.58 Table Showing Age of the SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Age Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 20 - 0 2 21 – 30 08 11.1 3 31 – 40 52 72.2 4 41 – 50 08 11.1 5 Above 50 04 5.6 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=21.556; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table reveals the Age of the SHGs Members in Kollegala Taluk. Majority of 72.2 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 31 to 40 years. 11.1 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 21 to 30 years. 11.1 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 41 to 50 years. and remaining 5.6 percent of the respondent members belong to age group of above 50 years. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=21.556; p=.000)
4.51 Age of the SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.59
Table Showing Age of the SHGs Members in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Age Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 20 - 0 2 21 – 30 - 0 3 31 – 40 12 50.0 4 41 – 50 12 50.0 5 Above 50 - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=0; p=1.000 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table reveals the age of the SHGs members in Chamarajanagara Taluk. 50 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 31 to 40 years and other 50 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 41 to 50 years. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=0.000 p=1.000)
4.52 Age Structure of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.60
Table Showing Age of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Age Respondents Percentage 1 Upto 20 - 0 2 21 – 30 28 40.0 3 31 – 40 20 33.4 4 41 – 50 08 13.3 5 Above 50 08 13.3 Total 72 100.0 Chi-square=3.40; p=.334 (NS) Source: Survey Data Interpretation: The above table reveals the Age of the SHGs Members in Yelandur Taluk. (40 percent) of the respondent members belong to the age group of 21 to 30 years. 33.4 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 31 to 40 years. 13.3 percent of the respondent members belong to the age group of 41 to 50 years. and remaining 13.3 percent of the respondent members belong to age group of above 50 years. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=3.40; p=.334)
Figure No. 4.13 Figure Showing Age Structure of the SHGs Members 31 – 40
4.53 Period of Meetings Conducted by SHGs in Gundlupet Taluk
Table No. 4.61
Table Showing Period of Meetings Conducted by SHGs in Gundlupet Taluk
Sl. No. Period Respondents Percentage 1 Weekly 216 88.5 2 Fortnightly 20 8.2 3 Monthly 08 3.3 4 Half yearly - 0 5 Yearly - 0 Total 244 100.0 Chi-square=83.836; p=.000 (S) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Frequency of meetings Conducted by SHGs in Gundlupet Taluk. It can be inferred that 88.5 percent of SHGs conduct meetings every week. 8.24 percent of the SHGs conduct meetings fortnightly and remaining 3.3 percent of SHGs conduct meeting monthly. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=83.836; p=.000)
4.54 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Kollegala Taluk Table No. 4.62
Table Showing Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Kollegala Taluk
Sl. No. Period Respondents Percentage 1 Weekly 40 55.6 2 Fortnightly - 0 3 Monthly 32 44.4 4 Half yearly - 0 5 Yearly - 0 Total 72 100 Chi-square=.222; p=.637 (NS) Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Frequency of meetings Conducted in SHGs in Kollegal Taluk. It can be inferred that 55.6 percent of SHGs conduct meetings every week. And remaining 44.4 percent of SHGs conduct meeting on monthly basis. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=.222; p=.637)
4.55 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Table No. 4.63
Table Showing Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taluk
Sl. No. Period Respondents Percentage 1 Weekly 20 83.3 2 Fortnightly - 0 3 Monthly 04 16.7 4 Half yearly - 0 5 Yearly - 0 Total 24 100.0 Chi-square=2.667; p=.102 (NS) Source: Survey Data Interpretation:
The above table shows the Frequency of meetings Conducted in SHGs in Chamarajanagara Taluk. It can be inferred that 83.3 of SHGs conduct meetings every week and remaining 16.7 percent of SHGs conduct meeting monthly. However, it revealed a non-significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=2.667; p=.102)
4.56 Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk
Table No. 4.64
Table Showing Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk
Sl. No. Period Respondents Percentage 1 Weekly 60 100.0 2 Fortnightly - 0 3 Monthly - 0 4 Half yearly - 0 5 Yearly - 0 Total 60 100.0 Chi-square=-; p=.- Source: Survey Data
Interpretation:
The above table shows the Frequency of meetings Conducted in SHGs in Yelandur Taluk. All SHGs in Yelandur taluk conduct meetings once in every week. However, it revealed a significant differences between these groups of frequencies (X2=-; p=-)
Figure No.4.14 Figure Showing Period of Meetings Conducted in SHGs
CHAPTER – V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1. INTRODUCTION
Researcher has focused on various aspects such as , financial inclusion, Self- Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programmes in Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka State. The summary of findings has been presented in two parts i.e., Specific Findings and General Findings in the following pages. Later, suggestions, and Conclusion have also been presented.
5.2. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY :
Specific Findings of the Study Specific findings of the study has been summarised as follows. 1) Most of the households prior to micro finance programme were engaged in Agriculture, labour – Activity (39.6 and 47.8 percent respectively) in Chamarajanagara District. 2) Nearly 28.9 (Chamarajanagara) and 34 percent (Gundlupet) of the women are housewives and another 88.9 and 87.5 percent of respondents in Chamarajanagara and Gundlupet respectively are unemployed. 3) Most of the respondents in Gundlupet are Forward Castes (30.8 percent) and Schedule Castes are 30.2 percent and Schedule Tribes are 23.9 percent. However, majority of the respondents in Chamarajanagara belong to other back ward castes (48.4 percent). Scheduled Tribes are 22.6 percent and Scheduled Caste are 13.8 percent. 4) On an average 61% of the Self-Help Groups are formed with 11 to 15 members in sample district. Self-Help Groups of Gundlupet, Kollegala, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur Taluks comprise of 73.7 percent, 27.8 percent, 50 percent and 53.3 percent respectively, formed with 11 to 15 members. 5) On an average 40 percent of the Self-Help Groups members in sample district are saving Rs.80/- (Rupees Eighty only) per week. Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur taluks comprising 50.8 percent, 50 percent, 50 percent and 10 percent respectively Saving Rs. 80/- per week. 6) 78% of the Self-Help Groups member availed loan from Self-Help Groups in sample district. Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur taluks comprising 72.1 percent, 94.4 percent, 83.3 percent and 80 percent members respectively borrowed loan from Self-Help Groups. 7) 78 percent of the members who have borrowed loan from Self-Help Groups are repaying on time in the sample district. Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur taluks comprising 72.1 percent, 94.4 percent, 80 percent and 67 percent members respectively repaying loan amount on time. 8) 51 percent of Self-Help Groups members of Chamarajanagar have borrowed loans for agricultural and allied activity. This percentage is made up of 51 percent of Gundlupet, 45.9 percent of Kollegala, 50 percent of Chamarajanagar and 60 percent of Yelandur respondents. 9) 49 percent respondents of Self-Help Groups members of Chamarajanagar district studied upto 10th standard only. Whereas Self-Help Groups members of Gundlupet, Kollegal, and Yelandur have either studied upto PUC or SSLC respectively. Only a handful members of less than 5 percent are graduates. 10) 58 percent of the Chamarajanagar District Self-Help Groups members are of the opinion that money lenders charge about 5 percent of interest per month. 65.6 percent, 44.4 percent, 50 percent and 46.7 percent in Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur respectively raise loans at 5 percent per month. 11) 62 percent of Self-Help Groups members in Chamarajanagar are depending on agriculture for bread and butter. Particularly in Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur is 70.5 percent, 50 percent, 50 percent and 46.7 percent respectively, are depending on agriculture. 12) 50 percent of the Self-Help Groups members are belong to 31 to 40 years of age group in Chamarajanagar district, of which, 47.5 percent, 72.2 percent, 50 percent and 33.4 percent of respondents belong to Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur respectively. 13) 84 percent of the Self-Help Groups members meet once in a week in Chamarajanagar district. Out of total members 88.5 percent, 55.6 percent, 83.3 percent and 100 percent of Self-Help Groups members of Gundlupet, Kollegal, Chamarajanagar and Yelandur respectively meet once in a week.
GENERAL FINDINGS
1) In all, it was observed that Self-Help Groups are helping the people in order to increase their self esteem and members can protect themselves from the exploitation of money lenders. Self-Help Groups are promoting habits of voluntary savings which constitute the key for economic progress. Thus, it is proved that the poor people are saving substantially through group efforts. 2) Self-Help Groups have the potential to bring women into the main stream of economic development, inturn leadings to social upliftment as well. As a result poverty is gradually eradicated. Further, it is leadings to empowerment of the poor. In the sample district it was observed that 90% of the respondents are land less labourers and 100 percent of them are from the informal sector. 3) As it was identified by a nobel laureate Prof. Amarthasen unless women are empowered issues like health, literacy and population explosion will remain unresolved in developing countries like India. In the same lines Self-Help Groups of sample district are progressing in family health and education development activities. 4) Self-Help Groups of the sample district inculcating the habit of saving which is resulting in a banking culture. This leads to gaining economic prosperity through borrowings and landings. 5) The sample district has witnessed an effective nexus between Self-Help Groups and the banks, leading to strong institutional base for approaching credit to Micro Women Entrepreneurs. 6) The respondents have shown their economic impact in the form of increasing in the annual incremental income, interms of regularity of savings and group participation in financial transaction. 7) Self-Help Groups through the Bank Linkage Programme is becoming a window for better technology and skill upgradation, which is helping to increase the income of the family. 8) Apart from financial literacy and transactions Self-Help Groups are also becoming a source of inspiration for women to achieve the family well being. Further, Self-Help Groups are also educating women about their rights and duties. 9) Self-Help Groups are also offering and arranging short term training programmes to educate and generate employment. But the sample district is lacking from experts who can extend training and their expertise. 10) Though Self-Help Groups are utilizing bank‟s services, for various hidden reasons banks are not willing to be linked directly with Self-Help Groups. 11) Self-Help Groups are also suffering from internal conflicts. It was observed that most of the members reveal that there is a sort of discrimination in sanctioning advances to specific members of the group. 12) It was observed that most of the women members are more likely to spend the money borrowed on the basic needs of life than the economic activity. 13) In some Self-Help Groups it was noticed that money is employed to take construction work like laying of roads and closing down of liquor shops in the nearby locations which is results in non-alcoholic family. This act leads to save some money. 14) Most of the members raise the funds to meet their day to day requirement, rather than employing the same for productive purpose, in other words Self-Help Groups‟ are feeding fishes rather than training them to catch the fish. 15) Self-Help Groups‟ Bank Linkage Programme has greatly helped weaker sections of the rural area.
SUGGESTIONS
1) Since, Self-Help Groups are lacking experts who can train the members, government and banks should provide expert services to different types of training and awareness programmes. 2) Banks must organize educating programmes to Self-Help Groups at regular interval. As Banks can afford to spend than the Self-Help Groups. 3) Banks and leading NGOs in the country need to sharpen women empowering strategy to make them effective and result oriented. 4) Banks should monitor the application of funds which was raised by the members for the productive purposes only. 5) The office bearers of Self-Help Groups should try to increase the participation of women members. It was found that these Self-Help Groups are lackings long term social, political and cultural vision. 6) As the government of India announced several insurance schemes to common people, all the Self-Help Groups should be roped in to avail the same facility. 7) Self-Help Groups should be empowered in such a way that they should become the engines of rural development. This is possible through an enactment of a legislation which monitory the progress and performance of Self-Help Groups. As of now there is no mandating body to administer the governance. 8) Banks should provide ATM cards for the Self-Help Groups as members scattered and sometimes residing away from the bank. There should be a provision to use the same card for over draft. This facilitates the Self-Help Groups members to raise money for immediate and emergency requirement. 9) Educational Institutions such as Universities and Colleges should introduce the curriculum to educate the role of Self-Help Groups in Women Empowerment, Economic development and social upliftment. Diploma courses can also be introduced to educate the women folk. 10) Self-Help Groups should also orient members in self employment generation scheme for individual members. Small and tinny manufacturing units should be established to manufacture day to day requirement of the neghbourhood.
CONCLUSION
Self-Help Groups are playing a significant role in eradicating poverty, educating women about their rights and improving the status of social and economic life of rural poor. Hence, Self-Help Groups are the ladders for the upliftment of the downtrodden socially and economically. In a way Self-Help Groups are sowing the seeds for silent revolution in the village level. Self-Help Groups are really becoming engines of social development in employing the rural poor by generating funds/loans from bank and indulging members in various activities such as making soaps and candles, running and managing tea shops, preparing pappads etc. which enables women to realize their identity, and potentiality. These activities enhances self- confidence and self - esteem of Self-Help Groups members, especially women folk of the society.
Micro fiancé being provided through Self- Help Groups is successful it has solved most of the problems which were overdue for many villagers especially women, Apart from this the Bank Linkage Programme has greatly helped the weaker sections hither to who didn't have any identity in any manner. These Self-Help Groups are certainly aiming at empowerment of women.
Rural development is very vast and complex problem. Many governments and government institutions have miserably failed to meet the expectations of rural masses, especially women. These Self-Help Groups are becoming a ray of hope and a oasis in the desert. When this sphere of development is tapped properly, along with the support of commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks. Co-operative banks and some governments agencies, the days are not far to declare the economic freedom for women folk in rural areas. Not just in rural areas alone, even the urban poor are employing this model to elevate their status.
The results of progress of Self-Help Groups and Bank Linkage Programmes of Self-Help Groups turned into a better education and training for women; women can earn money; economic status of women improved and results in greater voice for women. As women's economic power grows it is easier to overcome the tradition of 'son preference' and also put end of the evil of dowry. Hence it can be concluded that ; i) Self-Help Groups are visionaries of rural development. ii) Self-Help Groups are increasing the financial assets of the rural poor. iii) Decision making ability of women is increasing because of financial strengths. iv) Self-Help Groups are paving the way for fuller utilization of female human potential. v) Self-Help Groups are popularizing anti-poverty programs in rural area. vi) Women Self- Help Groups‟ are becoming family planning and family health education centers. vii) Self-Help Groups are financial the poorest of the poor ensuring excellent recovery levels. viii) Women Self-Help Groups in the villages are concentrating on educating about the use of sanitation and also focusing on improving sanitation facility by offering special incentives. Hither to Self-Help Groups were just craving for their existence. But now they are becoming pioneers in building the nation. Days are not far where hands which rock the cradle rule the world as women are empowered through their association with Self-Help Groups.
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QUESTIONER (Please check the appropriate box / boxes, as the case may be)
APPENDIX
QUESTIONER
SCHEDULES TO SHG'S MEMBERS
1. Name of the Sangha : ......
2. Member : ......
3. Year : ......
4. Taluk : ......
5. Occupation : a. House wife
b. Coolie
c. Business
d. Others
6. Age : ......
7. Family Type : a. Nuclear
b. Joint
c. Other specify
8. Education level of members
1. Illiterate
2. Primary School
3. SSLC
4. Under Graduation
5. Post Graduation 9. Size of the Group (Actual) :
10. Your Group consists of
1. All castes member
2. Only Particular Caste
11. Do you conduct meeting regularly
1. Yes
2. No
12. If yes, Mention the period of Meetings :
1. Weekly
2. Fortnightly
3. Monthly
4. Other Specify
13. How much money do you save monthly ......
14. Does your group maintains registers
1. Yes
2. No 15. If yes, what type of registers does you have 1. Attendance 2. Personal passbook 3. Savings 4. Other specify
16. Which is the lending institution for your group?
l. PACC
2. SBM
3. CGB
4. Canara Bank
5. Vijaya Bank 6. Other Banks 17. Have you taken loan? 1. Yes
2. No 18. If yes, up to what extent
1. 1000-5000 2. 5000-10,000 3. 10,000-20,000 4. More than 20,000
19. Rate of interest ……………………………….
20. In which bank you will deposit your money 1. PACC 2. SBM 3. CGB 4. Canara Bank 5. Vijaya Bank 6. Other Banks 21. For what purpose do you get loan
1. Consumption purpose 2. Productive purpose 3. Both 22. What type of Consumption Purpose?
1. Education 2. Marriage 3. Festivals 4. Health 5. None 23. Productive Purpose
1. Agriculture 2. Business 3. Home 4. Others 5. None 24. Are you repaying the loan regularly?
1. Yes
2. No 25. How is your repayment to be?
1. One week 2. Fifteen days 3. One month 4. More than 1 month 26. Do your sangha insist any security to avail loan?
1. Yes 2. No 27. Savings details
How often do you save money Amount per savings Total savings
1. Weekly
2. Fortnightly 3. Monthly
28. Loan Details
SI. Monthly/ Sponsored Purpose Required Sanctioned Rate of Security No Yearly scheme and amount amount interest bank
1. Education
2. Marriage
3. Festivals 4. Health 5. Agriculture 6. Business 7. Home 8. Others
29. Position a. Do you get the opportunities to take your own decision after Yes/No joining the group
b. If you want to go outside do you take your spouse permission Yes/No
c. Does your family extend co-operation after joining this group Yes/No
d. Does your spouse co-operate with you after joining to this group Yes/No
e. Are you getting freedom from your family from joining this Yes/No group
30. Socio-Economic a. Freedom of Mobility Do you go to some Yes / No Before After If yes, with places like Whom 1. Family 2. Members Government offices Banks Market for buying Market for selling Movies b. Who will make shopping for your family a. Husband b. Yourself c. Both What type of household goods do you have
Assets Acquired before joining SHG Acquired after joining SHG
Radio
TV
Scooter
Gas stove
Jewellery
Other specify
31. Health and Education
a. Do you eat healthy food in your family
1.Yes
2. No
b. Do you eat the following at least once in a week 1. Pulses 2. Fruits & Vegetables 3. Meat/Fish 4. Milk 5. Others
c. Are your children's going to schools
1. Yes
2. No d. Do you get any benefits from your group for educating your children
1. Yes
2. No
e. Do Anganwadi teachers will help you to learn literacy
1.Yes
2. No
f. Are you able to read and write by Joining this group
l .Yes
2. No 32. How is your sangha samste is working at present
a. Not Satisfactory b. Satisfactory c. Good d. Other specify 33. Are you getting any training in this group?
a. Yes
b. No 34. If yes, what kind of training you have undergone
a. Papad making
b. Stitching
c. Agarbathi
d. Pickles
e. Candle Making
f. Others 35. Do you face any problems after you enrolled as member of sangha
a. Yes
b. No 36. Are you aware of Family Planning? If so have you undergone?
a. Yes
b. No 37. Are you involved in decision making processes of your family?
a. Yes
b. No 38. Do you feel that you are enjoying the equal status in the society after becoming member of Sangha.
a. Yes
b. No 39. Do you discuss the issue of social evils in your Sangha?
a. Yes b. No
40. Have you been involved in preventing such evils? a. Yes b. No 41. Do you have any-suggestions for effectively functioning of a group?
a. Effective training b. Increase the loan amount c. marketing assistance d. Reduction of interest rate e. Other specify
Signature of Respondent