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Military Teletypewriter Systems of World War II

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Military Teletypewriter Systems of World War II M*ilitar Teletypewriter Systems . eThe Bell Telephone System and tele- iitary eeletypewriter oystems or graph companies also furnished private- line switched teletypewriter service on a network to some of the Id r rleased basis",131,4 orld War II (a large users of teletypewriter service. This form of service permits a very rapid F. J. SINGER handling of messages and a high traffic- MEMBER AIEE carrying capacity of the intercity trunks used in the network. THE TELETYPEWRITER was a Through successive improvements made OVERSEAS TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS vital communications tool of World in teletypewriter apparatus' and in the Prior to the war telegraphic communi- War II. Secret teletypewriter communi- d-c2'3 and carrier telegraph4" line facili- cations between the continental United cations to permit close and efficient co- ties since World War I, it was practicable States and foreign countries were handled ordination between all echelons, from to send several teletypewriter messages by radio and submarine cable. Traffic comparatively small tactical units to the simultaneously over long wire-line circuits was handled on an efficient basis over highest military and diplomatic leaders, at speeds of 60 words per minute and high-speed submarine cables'5 using the were handled with accuracy and dispatch higher. synchronized time division system.'6 on a very efficient basis. Wire and radio The Western Union Telegraph Com- The long-haul radio links employed in- teletypewriter networks, extending over pany and Postal Telegraph Company ternational Morse code methods gen- land and sea were used intensivelv by our utilized teletypewriters for communica- erally using perforated tape sending and armed forces and Government officials tions between their local offices and main dot-dash inked tape receiving. '7 With for handling the stupendous tactical, distributing centers in each city. These this tape method it is necessary to read supply, and administrative problems, as companies passed their intercity public the receiving tape and translate the infor- well as the affairs of state, brought about message and their large customers' leased mation manually into typed messages. by the war. These teletypewriter com- circuit traffic over carrier and d-c tele- Teletypewriter methods'"9 were applied munications became a reality as a result of graph channels generally using either only to a minor extent over long-haul the development since late 1941 of im- synchronized time-division multiplex tele- radio because of transmission difficulties. proved teletypewriter c'ipher arrange- graph methods6 or variations of this ments and of means to permit dependable method,7", thereby obtaining very effi- SYSTEMS USED BY THE NAVY teletypewriter operation, not only over cient use of the line facilities. With syn- The Navy operated a rather extensive short-haul radio and military wire-line chronized time-division multiplex, com- network between shore stations, between networks, but also over transoceanic and mutating devices provide a means ships and between ships and shore. Prac- other long-haul radio circuits. whereby two or more messages are sent tically all of the Navy traffic was handled This paper reviews the evolution of over a single telegraph channel. by manuai international Morse code teleg- military teletypewriter communications The Bell Telephone System furnished raphy. The Navy had not adopted the since 1941 and briefly describes some of teletypewriter exchange (TWX) s9o10 teletypewriter although to care for large the important systems that were de- and private line manual Morse and tele- traffic over their main communication veloped during the war by Bell Telephone typewriter"",2 services, providing direct routes they used the perforated-tape- System engineers for the armed forces. communication between two or more sending and inked-tape-receiving method stations in each customer's connection or of transmitting international Morse code Telegraph Communication Systems network, as is done in telephone service. signals. Skilled operators and reasonably as of 1940-41 With direct connections the sender's good radio paths were required and the message is recorded at all customers' latter were not always available. It was, COMMERCIAL WIRE LINE SYSTEMS IN THE offices in the network as soon as the mes- of course, necessary to transcribe UNITED STATES sage is sent. manually incoming dot-dash messages at Immediately prior to the Pearl Harbor ___________________ the receiving end of the circuit attack the large amount of commercial Paper 48-251, recommended by the AIEE comn- and the relatively small amount of mili- technicalmunicationprogramcommitteecommitteeand approvedfor presentationby the AJEEat SYSTEMS CONSIDERED BY THE ARMY tary telegraph communications within the AIEE Midwest general meeting, Milwaukee, Because of restrictions imposed by the United States were handled mostly Wis October 18-22, 1948.bManuscript submuittued peacetime conditions the Army usedonlY over wire lines. Teletypewriter, rather 17, 1948. a relatively small amount of wire-line than manual keying methods, were used F. 3. SINGER is switchinlg development engineer teletypewriter communications facilities with the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New n inthemalortythe majority of~~~~~o thesths comumcatonS.cmuiaon. wticd- h ntdSae.Teecni York, N. Y.wihnteUtdSaesTee 1398 Singer-Military Teletypewriter Systems AJEE TRANSACTIONS TELETIPEWRITER TG-7-8 CHEST CHA-5SS TELETYPEWR,ITER CHESTACHAO0F SECTAIFEO77 TG-7 -S SWITCHBOARD BD-100 CHESTCH-S53.; _ | ^ iE;IM'Ae a CHESTCH_5 T _ TELETYPEWRITER ETESATELTPWRITERETCPOWER UNIT CHESTAH-53 Ij TELESRAPII 77ER OFF.SET _ _CHESTl CH-70 CHEST EI-F TS IHU50RUTCHEST CH-62-A C. Figure 1(a). Teletypewriter set, EE-97-A CS-82-A Figure 3(a). Telegraph central office set TC-3 i TELETYPEWRITER SET TELETYPEWRITERSET 7 1TERRAL i.TE IONA I l l l 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ELEGRAPH CE3NT OFFSXET UNT+TELETYPE RICl LWUI | ___NEUrRALSTATION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RPAELI ELINE--LIN-- UNITLS- ^N Aos POLARRTIBI L8E RPAE B { L | | { TtLETYPEWRI TERl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aPOL_RENTI^LLINAll I I_3| l I l 1, l I l 1 l SWITCBOARRD AlC A-C .,.-LINES, STATIOR| I RECTIIER SUPL Y SUPPL RECTFE iIS. EERP I BA- RABY ii A N~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EUTRtAL~ TLTPWIELIRE E l * PE-TT-( YE-IA FIB L.I..lB__B-________ L___________ o.c TELEGRAPH picalFigure connecting3(b). Ty- Figure 1(b). Figure 1(b). Application oF teletypewriter set,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T-79EE-97-A TELETYPEWRITER OTH'ERi=gohcnrlo LOSgraph central oF- tions made it very difficult for the Signal lI Corps to do more than consider potential BA-S-R I4 not only for local but also for direct on- communication networks for war pur- poses. At the beginning of World War the-line usage in which ciphered messages POWER UNT are hndled with practically the same II the Signal Corps had worked out com- -ease prehensive plans for handling wire-line L. The and speedstartedastoplainapplytextbothmessages.arrange- telegraph and teletypewriter communica- me Armvsoon after arlHabor. tions. WVork had been done in co-opera- larly suitable means of providing military Teletypewriter cipher communication tion with the Teletype Corporation en- and diplomatic communications. Indeed methods rhave theroustndngcadian gineers and other groups toward the de- it was during this period that they .tages se dependait easeao velopment and production of portable developed the method of locally eni tages of secrecy, dependablity, ease of military teletypewriter equipment. The phering and deciphering teletypewriter messages and of accurate and efficient at that time 24 trend indicated, however,' ' signals.20 ~~~~~~~~~~~useusefeof the ansmissiontransmission medium.medium.OrOr- the use of slow manual Morse methods With the advent of World War II it dinary telegraphy, coded words of speech and not teletypewriters over radio. was natural for the Bell Telephone Labo- d theraphys do ot haeeal ratories and Teletype Corporation engi- of these advantages. The advantages of Evolution and Advantages of Cipher neers to advocate the use of ciphered tele- cipher teletypewriter communications Teletypewriter Systems for typewriter arrangements in military and were generally recognized by the War and Military and Diplomatic diplomatic communications. With close Navy Departments and by the other de- Communications co-operation of the Army, modernized partments of the Government and their teletypewriter enciphering and decipher- use over both wire and radio networks During World War I Bell Telephone ing arrangements were quickly developed rapidly became the backbone method of System engineers recognized the advan- military communication during World tages of the teletypewriter as a particu- War II, especially where long distance communications were involved and where REPERFORA7OR conference connections were desired. TRANSMITTER TO- 26A- C a 7S RECTIFIER BA-87 BE-77-A CHEST CH-53-A -C and Carrier Telegraph CHESTCNt1 | I lSystems for Wire Lines Used in World War II Figure 2. Re- It was recognized at the outset of World perforator tele- Wgar II that military wire-line telegraph typewriter set CHEST CH-158 systems must be capable of withstanding TC-16 extreme and widely fluctuating tempera- 1948, VOLUME 67 Singer-Military Teletypewriter Systems 1399 OPERATINCINSTRUCTION SHEET POC.ET *OR - Figure 4 (left). Telegraph re- peater TG-30 (Terminal) rEOM ORUINS CASE YC EQCIAMEETROMC CAS Figure 5. Tele- graph repeater TG-31 (Inter- P- C.RRIING ~~~~~~~E ~mediate)
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