DOCSLIB.ORG

Freshwater Trie Lads (Turbellaria) of North America IV. the Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Freshwater Trie Lads (Turbellaria) of North America IV. the Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata ROMAN KE Freshwater Trie lads (Turbellaria) of North America IV. The Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1970 NUMBER 80 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to ^oology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. Each publica- tion is distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, institutes, and interested specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smith- sonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIP LEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 80 RomanKenk Freshwater Triclads (Turbellaria) of North America IV. The Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1970 ABSTRACT Kenk, Roman. Freshwater Triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. IV. The Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 80:1-18, 1970.—Two polypharyngeal species of Phagocata are recognized: P. gracilis (Haldeman), which includes P. subterranea Hyman, and P. woodworthi Hyman. The distinguishing characteristics of the two species are described and illustrated. P. gracilis has a backward loop of each sperm duct before it enters the penial bulb, an elongated, pointed penis papilla, a fibrous layer below the epithelium of the papilla to which longitudinal muscles attach, a non-glandular antechamber to the glandular seminal vesicle, and lacks a sphincter on the bursal canal. In P. woodworthi the sperm ducts enter the bulb without forming a back- ward loop, the penis papilla is short and truncate, its outer muscle layer consists of alternating sheets of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers, the penial lumen is not differentiated into seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct, and the bursal canal is very wide and is provided with a terminal sphincter. The morphology of the reproductive system, geographic distribution, ecology, and life cycle of the two species are discussed in detail. Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents Roman Kenk Freshwater Triclads (Turbellaria) of North America IV. The Polypharyngeal Species of Phagocata Introduction been seen in several planarian species as an extraor- dinary occurrence, probably of traumatic origin. Polypharyngy, or the development of multiple It is also different from the transverse duplication pharynges, has been observed in three genera of or triplication of structures (pharynx, eyes) reported freshwater triclads: Phagocata, Crenobia, and by Ste"phan (1963) and by Tar and Torok (1967) Sphalloplana. The arrangement of the 3 to about for some clones of Dugesia tigrina. 40 pharynges within the common pharyngeal cavity From the taxonomical standpoint, polypharyngy generally is such that one pharynx occupies the is of very limited significance. The polypharyngeal normal position in the midline of the body, at- forms of the European genus Crenobia, i.e., C. tached to the anterior wall of the pharyngeal pouch montenigrina (Mrazek) and C. teratophila (Stein- and connected with the anterior ramus of the in- mann), agree so closely in other characters with the testine, while the remaining pharynges are inserted on the lateral walls of the pouch, more or less more widely distributed C. alpina (Dana) that they serially alternating on the right and left and con- are often considered subspecies of C. alpina. The nected to the corresponding posterior intestinal tripharyngeal C. anophthalma (Mrazek) differs rami. They may be separated from each other by from C. alpina chiefly by the lack of body and eye partial septa formed by tissue projecting from the pigment besides the presence of three pharynges. walls of the pouch. During the process of food in- In the American genus Sphalloplana, comprising gestion several pharynges are extended through the only subterranean planarians, polypharyngy is single, very distensible mouth opening. The origin known to occur in 5. mohri Hyman and related and phylogenetic significance of the polypharyngy forms discovered in caves of Texas, which in other have been amply discussed in the literature. The anatomical features entirely conform with the various hypotheses tendered on the basis of com- monopharyngeal species of this genus. The same parative morphological and experimental consid- may be said of the polypharyngeal forms of Phago- erations have been reviewed by Steinmann (1917: cata which, by the anatomy of their reproductive 3293-3304) and need not be repeated here. True systems, fit the design exhibited by other species of polypharyngy is a genetically stable condition, not the genus which have only one pharynx. It is a to be confused with the occasional development of coincidence that the generic (originally subgeneric) individual supernumerary pharynges which has name Phagocata was first applied by Leidy (1847: 248) to the polypharyngeal Planaria gracilis Halde- Roman Kenk, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National man and that its derivation (from phagein, Greek, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- to eat, devour) apparently alludes to the mode of ington, D.C. 20560. food ingestion. This seems to be one of the reasons 1 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY why some investigators, particularly in Europe, genus, Phagocata, on account of its polypharyngeal prefer the generic name Fonticola Komarek (1926: characteristic. With regard to its occurrence he 9) which, however, is superseded by the older name stated: "The animal I have only found in abun- Phagocata. dance in the neighborhood of Prof. Haldeman's Within the genus Phagocata, polypharyngy oc- residence, near Columbia, Pa. In a spring in front curs in the forms currently designated as P. gracilis of his house, thousands of them may be seen glid- gracilis, P. gracilis woodworthi, and P. subterranea. ing along the bottom. ." In a later paper, Leidy Examination of the anatomical characteristics of (1885: 51) gives more details about the locality: these three forms revealed, however, that their in- My attention was first called to the singular creature by the terrelationship has been misunderstood. late Prof. S. S. Haldeman, while I was a guest in his hos- pitable home at Chickis, on the Susquehanna river, in 1847. He had previously described it, in 1840, with the name of Acknowledgments Planaria gracilis. In front of the house is a beautiful spring This study was supported by National Research of water, which has its source in the neighboring cliff of Potsdam sandstone, and runs in a clear stream over a sandy Foundation Grant GB-6016 to the George Wash- bottom into the Susquehanna. ington University. I wish to express my thanks to the many persons who have contributed to my ef- Thus, we may consider the spring at Chickis (pres- forts by furnishing materials or information or have ent spelling Chickies), Lancaster County, Pennsyl- served as guides and collaborators in the field: Dr. vania, to be the type locality of Phagocata gracilis. J. T. Baldwin, Jr. (College of William and Mary), EXTERNAL FEATURES (Figure 1A-D).—Descriptions Mr. Ian R. Ball, Dr. Thomas E. Bowman (Na- of the external habit of Phagocata gracilis have tional Museum of Natural History), Mr. Harold S. been given by Haldeman (1840: 3), Leidy (1847: Feinberg (American Museum of Natural History), 248), Peaslee (1910: 5-6), and Hyman (1937a: 302). Dr. John R. Holsinger (Old Dominion College), Sexually mature specimens are generally 8 to 20 Mr. Leslie Hubricht, Mr. Lyndon Jon Mayers, mm long and 1.5 to 5 mm wide. Peaslee has ob- Dr. Marvin C. Meyer (University of Maine), Mr. served individuals measuring up to 30 mm in length Russell M. Norton, Dr. R. A. Raff (Massachusetts and 6 mm in width. As has been pointed out by Institute of Technology), Mr. Dale Webb, Mr. Law- Hyman, P. gracilis is a polytypic species, popula- rence Weingartner, and Dr. Eliot C. Williams tions from various localities differing particularly (Wabash College). in the shape of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic
    water Review Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic Valentina S. Artamonova 1, Ivan N. Bolotov 2,3,4, Maxim V. Vinarski 4 and Alexander A. Makhrov 1,4,* 1 A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Phylogenetics, Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; [email protected] 3 Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia 4 Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Analysis of zoogeographic, paleogeographic, and molecular data has shown that the ancestors of many fresh- and brackish-water cold-tolerant hydrobionts of the Mediterranean region and the Danube River basin likely originated in East Asia or Central Asia. The fish genera Gasterosteus, Hucho, Oxynoemacheilus, Salmo, and Schizothorax are examples of these groups among vertebrates, and the genera Magnibursatus (Trematoda), Margaritifera, Potomida, Microcondylaea, Leguminaia, Unio (Mollusca), and Phagocata (Planaria), among invertebrates. There is reason to believe that their ancestors spread to Europe through the Paratethys (or the proto-Paratethys basin that preceded it), where intense speciation took place and new genera of aquatic organisms arose. Some of the forms that originated in the Paratethys colonized the Mediterranean, and overwhelming data indicate that Citation: Artamonova, V.S.; Bolotov, representatives of the genera Salmo, Caspiomyzon, and Ecrobia migrated during the Miocene from I.N.; Vinarski, M.V.; Makhrov, A.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for Hoffmaster's Cave Flatworm
    Conservation Assessment for Hoffmaster’s Cave Flatworm (Macrocotyla hoffmasteri) (from Kenk, 1975) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region December 2001 Julian J. Lewis, Ph.D. J. Lewis & Associates, Biological Consulting 217 W. Carter Avenue Clarksville, IN 47129 [email protected] This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on Macrocotyla hoffmasteri. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject community and associated taxa, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Conservation Assessment for Hoffmaster’s Cave Flatworm (Macrocotyla hoffmasteri) 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................... 4 NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY .................................................. 4 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES .................................................................... 4 LIFE HISTORY............................................................................................ 5 HABITAT ...................................................................................................... 5 DISTRIBUTION
    [Show full text]
  • R E S E a R C H / M a N a G E M E N T Aquatic and Terrestrial Flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) and Ribbon Worm (Nemertea)
    RESEARCH/MANAGEMENT FINDINGSFINDINGS “Put a piece of raw meat into a small stream or spring and after a few hours you may find it covered with hundreds of black worms... When not attracted into the open by food, they live inconspicuously under stones and on vegetation.” – BUCHSBAUM, et al. 1987 Aquatic and Terrestrial Flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) and Ribbon Worm (Nemertea) Records from Wisconsin Dreux J. Watermolen D WATERMOLEN Bureau of Integrated Science Services INTRODUCTION The phylum Platyhelminthes encompasses three distinct Nemerteans resemble turbellarians and possess many groups of flatworms: the entirely parasitic tapeworms flatworm features1. About 900 (mostly marine) species (Cestoidea) and flukes (Trematoda) and the free-living and comprise this phylum, which is represented in North commensal turbellarians (Turbellaria). Aquatic turbellari- American freshwaters by three species of benthic, preda- ans occur commonly in freshwater habitats, often in tory worms measuring 10-40 mm in length (Kolasa 2001). exceedingly large numbers and rather high densities. Their These ribbon worms occur in both lakes and streams. ecology and systematics, however, have been less studied Although flatworms show up commonly in invertebrate than those of many other common aquatic invertebrates samples, few biologists have studied the Wisconsin fauna. (Kolasa 2001). Terrestrial turbellarians inhabit soil and Published records for turbellarians and ribbon worms in leaf litter and can be found resting under stones, logs, and the state remain limited, with most being recorded under refuse. Like their freshwater relatives, terrestrial species generic rubric such as “flatworms,” “planarians,” or “other suffer from a lack of scientific attention. worms.” Surprisingly few Wisconsin specimens can be Most texts divide turbellarians into microturbellarians found in museum collections and a specialist has yet to (those generally < 1 mm in length) and macroturbellari- examine those that are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: Diversity and Notes on Ecology
    Zootaxa 2779: 1–38 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology MIQUEL VILA-FARRÉ1,5, RONALD SLUYS2, ÍO ALMAGRO3, METTE HANDBERG-THORSAGER4 & RAFAEL ROMERO1 1Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain 2Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics & Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, Ph. O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3Departamento de Biología Evolutiva y Biodiversidad. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain 4European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 2 Introduction . 2 Material and methods . 4 Order Tricladida Lang, 1884 . 5 Suborder Continenticola Carranza, Littlewood, Clough, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort, 1998 . 5 Family Dendrocoelidae Hallez, 1892 . 5 Genus Dendrocoelum Örsted, 1844 . 5 Dendrocoelum spatiosum Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 5 Dendrocoelum inexspectatum Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 10 Family Planariidae Stimpson, 1857 . 12 Genus Phagocata Leidy, 1847 . 12 Phagocata flamenca Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 12 Phagocata asymmetrica Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 15 Phagocata gallaeciae Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 18 Phagocata pyrenaica Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 20 Phagocata sp. 24 Phagocata hellenica Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 24 Phagocata graeca Vila-Farré & Sluys, sp. nov. 27 Genus Polycelis Ehrenberg, 1831 . 30 Polycelis nigra (Müller, 1774) . 30 Family Dugesiidae Ball, 1974 . 30 Genus Girardia Ball, 1974 . 30 Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850). 30 Genus Schmitdtea Ball, 1974. 31 Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861) .
    [Show full text]
  • List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland
    List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland December 2016 Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service Natural Heritage Program Larry Hogan, Governor Mark Belton, Secretary Wildlife & Heritage Service Natural Heritage Program Tawes State Office Building, E-1 580 Taylor Avenue Annapolis, MD 21401 410-260-8540 Fax 410-260-8596 dnr.maryland.gov Additional Telephone Contact Information: Toll free in Maryland: 877-620-8DNR ext. 8540 OR Individual unit/program toll-free number Out of state call: 410-260-8540 Text Telephone (TTY) users call via the Maryland Relay The facilities and services of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, national origin or physical or mental disability. This document is available in alternative format upon request from a qualified individual with disability. Cover photo: A mating pair of the Appalachian Jewelwing (Calopteryx angustipennis), a rare damselfly in Maryland. (Photo credit, James McCann) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Maryland Department of Natural Resources would like to express sincere appreciation to the many scientists and naturalists who willingly share information and provide their expertise to further our mission of conserving Maryland’s natural heritage. Publication of this list is made possible by taxpayer donations to Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay and Endangered Species Fund. Suggested citation: Maryland Natural Heritage Program. 2016. List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21401. 03-1272016-633. INTRODUCTION The following list comprises 514 native Maryland animals that are among the least understood, the rarest, and the most in need of conservation efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Subterranean Aquatic Ecology of England and Wales
    A review of the subterranean aquatic ecology of England and Wales Science report SC030155/SR20 SCHO0408BNYC-E-P The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned and funded by the Environment Agency’s Science Programme. Author(s): Published by: Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Robertson, A.L., Johns, T., Smith, J.W.N. and Proudlove, G.S. Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 Other contributors: www.environment-agency.gov.uk Wood, P. and Knight, L. ISBN: 978-1-84432-890-1 © Environment Agency April 2008 Project steering group Anne Roberston, Tim Johns, Jonathan Smith, Chris Extence, All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior Bill Brierley, Anna Richie, permission of the Environment Agency. Dissemination Status: The views and statements expressed in this report are those of Release to all regions the author alone. The views or statements expressed in this Publicly available publication do not necessarily represent the views of the Keywords: Environment Agency and the Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for such Ecology, groundwater, hyporheic, diversity, protection views or statements. Stygobite, styophile, cave, hypogean This report is printed on Cyclus Print, a 100% recycled stock, Research Contractor: Roehampton University, UK which is 100% post consumer waste and is totally chlorine free.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Biology: a Guide for Experimental Study
    Welcome to the electronic Developmental version of the laboratory Biology manual. Developmental Biology, A Guide A GUIDE FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDY for Experimental Study, by Mary S. Tyler. Third Edition Each chapter of the text contains a set of laboratory exercises that corresponds to a module in the main part of the CD. The text chapters are in PDF format, with hyperlinks to an extensive glossary. You can access these chapters through the Vade Mecum modules or through the Contents below. The printed form of this lab manual is available through the publisher, Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) Mary S. Tyler Sinauer Associates • Publisher Sunderland, Massachusetts 01375 t a b l e o f Contents Preface x 1. Getting Started Things you will need 1-1 Your laboratory notebook 1-1 A format for your notebook 1-3 Formal laboratory reports 1-3 Anatomy of a scientific paper 1-3 Some hints about writing 1-4 Using the library 1-5 Accompanying materials 1-6 Selected bibliography 1-7 2. Embryological Tools Microknives 2-1 Microneedles 2-2 Hairloops 2-2 Pipettes 2-3 Embryo spoons 2-4 Instrument tray 2-4 Retooling metal instruments 2-5 Sterile technique 2-6 The workbench 2-6 Dissecting tools 2-6 Glassware 2-7 Fluids 2-7 Rules for the road 2-8 Accompanying materials 2-8 Selected bibliography 2-8 Suppliers 2-8 Glossary 2-10 Pre-lab questions 2-11 Contents ii 3. Using the Compound Microscope The microscope 3-1 Safety first 3-2 Stage 3-2 Magnifications 3-2 Oculars 3-2 Objectives 3-3 Koehler illumination 3-4 The condenser 3-4 Iris diaphragm 3-5 Other settings when maximum resolution is not desired 3-5 Oil immersion 3-5 Make your $1000 microscope into a $10,000 instrument for pennies 3-6 Color filters 3-6 Polarizing filters 3-7 Dark-field optics 3-8 Measurement under the microscope 3-8 Care and maintenance of your microscope: “Twelve good rules” 3-9 Accompanying materials 3-9 Selected bibliography 3-10 Suppliers 3-10 Glossary 3-11 Pre-lab questions 3-14 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Diversity and Molecular Markers: a New View of an Old Group
    Diversity 2014, 6, 323-338; doi:10.3390/d6020323 OPEN ACCESS diversity ISSN 1424-2818 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Review Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) Diversity and Molecular Markers: A New View of an Old Group Marta Álvarez-Presas and Marta Riutort * Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.:+34 934035432. Received: 6 February 2014; in revised form: 24 March 2014 / Accepted: 27 March 2014 / Published: 15 April 2014 Abstract: Planarians are a group of free-living platyhelminths (triclads) best-known largely due to long-standing regeneration and pattern formation research. However, the group’s diversity and evolutionary history has been mostly overlooked. A few taxonomists have focused on certain groups, resulting in the description of many species and the establishment of higher-level groups within the Tricladida. However, the scarcity of morphological features precludes inference of phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. The incorporation of molecular markers to study their diversity and phylogenetic relationships has facilitated disentangling many conundrums related to planarians and even allowed their use as phylogeographic model organisms. Here, we present some case examples ranging from delimiting species in an integrative style, and barcoding them, to analysing their evolutionary history on a lower scale to infer processes affecting biodiversity origin, or on a higher scale to understand the genus level or even higher relationships. In many cases, these studies have allowed proposing better classifications and resulted in taxonomical changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendices for MMP Biological Inventory Final Report
    9. APPENDICES Appendix A1. Minutes of meeting with long-time residents, Feb. 16, 2010 Notes on the meeting with long-term resident Friends of Madrona Marsh : Jane Nishimura, Jack Knapp, Shirley Turner, and Ruth McConnell, and Tracy Drake [TD], conducted by Dan Cooper [DSC] & Emile Fiesler [EF]. (Notes in brackets are clarifications by TD/EF/DSC) 1. Jack Knapp: (Jack has lived in Torrance since 1958, near the intersection of Crenshaw Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard.) In his neighborhood, he has observed: * Coyotes * Gray "Desert" Fox * Red Fox, and their dens & pups * Jackrabbits and Cottontail rabbits in area, but not on Preserve * Norway Rats, in association with restaurants * "Meadow Mice" * Quail, but not for a long time * Ringneck Snakes [= Diadophis punctatus ] * Rattlesnakes: observed by "old-timers" Jack spoke with in past; still on PV * Toads, in his yard, which were mainly active at night; many became traffic victims * Lizards; commonly seen on walls, etc., in neighborhood. In the area that is now the Preserve, he has observed: * Bats: inside a fenced section (of the Kelt area) in between stacked railroad ties lived batsand their "joeys" (= "pups"); they would stream out at night [= Mexican free- tailed bat? (DSC); which are common in urban Los Angeles area, incl. Downtown L.A./L.A. River]. Tracy said that Jack was the last person to see bats on the Preserve. * Red Squirrels [= eastern fox squirrel; noted "red tails"] * "Field Mice" [probably Mus musculus , DSC] * Cliff Swallows (couldn't recall where they nested) * Western Meadowlark: hundreds of them * Swimming snake in the Sump [could be Calif.
    [Show full text]
  • Shock Duration and Adhesion in the Planaria, Phagocata Graci/Is 1
    Shock duration and adhesion in the planaria, Phagocata graci/is 1 JAMES H. REYNIERSE, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA DONALD D. JENSEN AND ORLEND F. SCHROEDER, INDIANA UNIVERSITY Planaria, Phagocata gracilis, were assigned to five shock period, the trough was filled with aged tap water duration conditions. Shocks were continued every 18 sec. at room temperature. until Ss no longer responded by moving free Iy but adhered Procedure firmly to the trough. Trials to adhesion was found to be an Each S was assigned to one of five shock duration inverse function of shock duration; total shock required for conditions and tested individually according to a ran­ adhesion was a direct function of shock duration. The re­ dom, predetermined order. A pipette was used to trans­ sults are discussed in terms of morphological characteristics fer planaria from the colony bowl to the trough. All of planaria. Ss were free-moving in the trough at the onset of train­ ing. Each planarian was individually centered between Electric shock may selectively produce several be­ the electrodes and the relative position of each S in havioral effects in planaria depending on the parameters relation to the electrodes was maintained by manual of shock used (Halas, Mulry, & DeBoer,1962; Barnes & rotation of the trough. When an S turned around in Katzung, 1963). An unconditioned behavioral conse­ the trough, a switch permitted the polarity of the quence of repeated noxious stimulation is a reduction electrodes to be reversed. Each S received either in responsiveness and locomotion. Such reduction has .5, 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 sec.
    [Show full text]
  • A Key to the Freshwater Triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) of Herzegovina Watercourses
    PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 117, No 3, 425–433, 2015 CODEN PDBIAD DOI: 10.18054/pb.2015.117.3.2951 ISSN 0031-5362 original research article A key to the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) of Herzegovina watercourses Abstract LEJLA KNEZOVIĆ1 MARKO MILIŠA2 The aim of this paper is to describe morphological characteristics of fresh- MIRJANA KALAFATIĆ2 water triclads in Herzegovina and to provide a key for their identification 2 NIVES RAJEVIĆ based mainly on their external morphology. Our research is based on the ADRIANA PLANINIĆ1 freshwater triclads collected at 26 sites in Herzegovina, including 10 rivers, 1 Faculty of Science and Education 6 springs and 1 lake. University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb BiH-88000 Mostar Triclads were collected by hand and with the bait jar with a lid bearing many small perforations. Specimens were identified immediately after being 2 Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Rooseveltov trg 6, RH-10000 Zagreb collected or we transported them to the laboratory in termal containers with ice. The morphological features used for species identification in this key are: Correspondence: body coloration (color of the dorsal and ventral side), the size of the pharynx, Lejla Knezovi} the presence of tentacles and their location, number and position of the eyes Faculty of Science and Education University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb in respect to each other and the body margin, and the shape of the head. BiH-88000 Mostar Specimens were fixed using Steinmann’s fluid and conserved in 70 % alco- e-mail: [email protected] hol. Inner morphological feature, shape of a penis, was used in determination of Polycelis tenuis and Polycelis nigra.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised List of the North American Freshwater Planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola)
    Revised List of the North American Freshwater Planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola) ROMAN KENK SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 476 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]