6th Grade Hybrid Social Studies World Cultures

UNIT 5 Book Study:

Who Was ?

By Pam Pollack

Distance Learning Resources Name: Homeroom:

Who Was Nelson Mandela? Reading Journal

Chapter 1 1. How was Rolihlahla’s life similar to Nya’s? How is it different?

2. Consider three ways that Europeans influenced Rolihlahla’s life. Give specific EVIDENCE to support your claims in the organizer below.

How did Europeans influence Rolihlahla’s Evidence Page # life?

Chapter 2 3. What did the tribal leader mean when he said “Among these young men are chiefs who will never rule because we have no power to govern ourselves”?

4. How many colleges could Nelson apply to? Why do you think that was? Answer Evidence Page #

5. Nelson was adopted by a rich man. How did being wealthy shape Nelson’s life? (What opportunities did he have that he might not have had as a poor boy?)

6. How did education change Nelson’s life? Answer Evidence Page #

7. Nelson is surprised by the “electricity” in the big city of Johannesburg. What does this tell us about the area where he grew up?

8. Why did Nelson want to be a lawyer? Use evidence from the text to support your claim. Answer Evidence Page #

9. What was the purpose of the ANC (African National Congress)?

10. What was “”? Chapter 3

11. How do you think Nelson Mandela felt when the Nats won control of the government in 1948? Have you ever felt that way?

12. What kinds of things were illegal under the system of apartheid? Give 3 examples:

1. 2. 3.

13. What was the purpose of apartheid?

14. Define civil disobedience:

15. What is an example of an act of civil disobedience?

16. Nelson Mandela became a lawyer. What kinds of crimes were his defendants accused of committing? Give 2 examples.

1. 2.

17. Do you think the laws were fair under apartheid? Use evidence to support your claim. Answer Evidence Page #

Chapter 4

18. How did Black South Africans feel about apartheid? Answer Evidence Page #

19. How did protesters use civil disobedience to fight against the system of apartheid? Give an example.

20. What was similar about the way the both Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. made change in their countries?

21. Find 2 pieces of textual support for this claim: “South African protesters were very brave.”

Evidence (find a quote from the text that supports the claim) Page #

22. Predict: What effects might happen based on the government’s new laws limiting black education?

All black children would be taught that they were inferior to whites and only good for serving them. They could only learn

enough to become a janitor or a maid. They were not allowed to hold higher paying jobs like doctor or lawyer.

Chapter 5

23. Describe how the women in the photographs below are related to Nelson Mandela:

ß Who is ß Who is Zenani Winifred Madikizela? Mandela?

24. Why were black South Africans trying to get arrested?

25. What were people protesting in Sharpeville on March 21, 1960?

Why did they want to protest?

26. A “massacre” is defined as “violently killing a whole group of helpless people.” Do you think what happened in Sharpeville was a massacre? GIVE REASONS for your opinion. My Opinion My Reasons

27. PREDICT: What do you think will happen in after the Sharpeville massacre?

Chapter 6

28. How did the government respond to the Sharpeville massacre? Is that what you predicted?

29. Why did leave South Africa after the shooting? Do you think this was a good idea?

30. What does it mean to go “underground?”

31. What was the purpose of the group called the Spear of the Nation?

32. How was the Spear of the Nation different from the old ANC?

33. What do you think Dr. Martin Luther King would have said to Mandela about leading the Spear of the Nation group? Explain your thinking.

Chapter 7 The following is an interview with Christo Brand, a prison guard on when Mandela was there. He later became Mandela's guard at .

What went on in this wing for the prisoners on Robben Island what were the rules? This is B section, where Mandela and all the leader figures of the struggle were kept ... ANC, PAC, all different organizations, were kept here. Single cells. They isolated them from the main community section. We opened in the mornings at 7:00, then ... the food came, till 8:00. People started cleaning their cells. They took their toilet buckets outside ... at the back there is the section where they cleaned it and put it outside in the sun. Some of the people would start doing some rounds, around on the courtyard outside, they would walk in the mornings. In the afternoons ... between 12:00 and 2:00, prisoners were locked up. After 2:00 ... some prisoners would go and play tennis outside--table tennis, tennis in the courtyard. Mandela would work in his garden. He was always busy working in his garden ... He would also sometimes take part in the activities outside in the yard, playing tennis ...

Tell me about Mandela and his garden. ...[That was ] in Pollsmoor prison. We were fighting for a garden on the top roof. We got these 44-gallon drums cut in half. We brought up some soil, manure and everything ... I was also helping him ... He and Sisulu were mixing the soil with the manure and filling up the drums. There he started really producing a garden from onions, tomatoes, lettuce and different things he was planting. He was really fond of his garden ... [At Pollsmoor], in the mornings, he woke up early, which we observed through a window ... He would first ... exercise for at least an hour, push- ups, sit-ups ... then he would go to the shower. After that, Mandela would come back, start making his bed and things, and carry on with his studies. When we opened at 7:00 ... he stood up and he greeted us in the morning ... We started dishing out the food ... after that he did his washing ... [on] certain days ... Outside were community toilets ... and Mandela would do his washing there and would hang up his washing. He would come back and maybe drink a coffee or a tea ... after he was finished with his garden, he would study there till 12:00 [when] we locked up. Then he was moved back to the community cell ... he would, at least, sleep an hour during lunch hour, wake up at 2:00, exercise outside at the back, walk with his friends, colleagues, walk all around the courtyard, look at his garden before we locked him up. But he would also study sometimes in the afternoons. After lock up time in the evening, they would eat their food. He would start playing cards till 9:00, 10:00, and then he would maybe go through his books quickly again before he went to bed sometimes past 12:00 ... And that was his schedule on Pollsmoor prison and here at Robben Island was little bit different.

On Robben Island after 4:00 lock-up time ... we would play music from 4:00 till 6:00 ... at 6:00 we automatically played some cassettes with the news bulletins of the day which were recorded. We would play that through on the intercom ... And when I was working that office, we also taped certain programs like Radio Today and other programs which they requested. We recorded it for them. And then the next day that would be censored by ... one of the people who was very expert on censoring in the office ... Then after the news finished in the evenings, we would start playing records, that is jazz music and records which people donated for Robben Island for the recreation of the prisoners ... They had a library where they kept all the records. They would pick the records of the day ... then 9:00 we closed everything down. Prisoners were actually not allowed to study late in the evenings ...

Did you talk to Mandela while he was a prisoner? The head of the prison told us that we mustn't try to have unnecessary communication with the prisoners. We mustn't discuss politics or discuss any family members ... just do our job. They were very strict. We did communicate in certain ways with them, but not for long. Especially when they exercised at the back. Sometimes, when I greeted Mandela I would ask him how's his health, how is he feeling today. And ask, "What are you studying?" and be interested in what he was doing. But there was not really much communication between us. But from after '82, things changed. They tried to break the spirit of the ANC on Robben Island. They moved some of the leaders away from Robben Island, like Mandela, Sisulu, Mlangeni, four of them to Pollsmoor. I was also transferred to Pollsmoor prison that time. There, the communication was better. If you entered the cell, Mandela would ... make some coffee ... we must eat and drink coffee with him ... there was a more relaxed atmosphere there at Pollsmoor. Then we discussed his problems with his letters. I actually discussed his studies while we were drinking coffee ... there was not that strict relationship like on Robben Island.

34. What can we learn about Mandela by reading this account of how he spent his time in prison? Primary Sources Make Me HAPPY! An Acronym for Analyzing Primary Sources

Why is this important? How might this Description affect the reliability or value of the source? Where and when was this source written? What else was going Historical on at the time? Context

Who was this source meant for? How might

Audience Who wrote this & Author source? How does her/his age, gender, job, nationality, race, religion, etc. impact this source? What is the Point of View of the author? What did this person Point Of think/feel/believe/ View or know?

Why was this source created? Purpose

What does the document help us Y is this understand? What makes this an Important? important text? Why does this matter?

Chapter 8

35. Why did the government make a law that subjects like math and science had to be taught in the white language of (instead of tribal languages)?

36. Why did the white government work so hard to stop non-whites from getting a good education?

What does this tell us about the importance of education?

37. What was the purpose of forcing Black people to move to “homelands” that were not their homes?

Did anything similar ever happen in the United States?

38. What were the students protesting in ?

39. What similar event happened here in Texas?

40. What do the and the murder of tell us about the government of South Africa?

Chapter 9 41. Read Mandela’s letter below and for each paragraph, provide a brief summary of the content in your own words. Then complete the HAPPY organizer on the next page.

On 31 January 1985, South African President P.W. Botha, speaking in parliament, offered Mandela his freedom on condition that he ‘unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon’. His daughter Zinzi read Mandela’s reply to this offer to a mass meeting in Jabulani Stadium, Soweto, on 10 February, 1985. Below is an excerpt of text of his response as read publicly by Zinzi. I am surprised at the conditions that the government wants to Example Summary: impose on me. I am not a violent man. My colleagues and I wrote in 1952 to [Daniel François] Malan asking for a round Why does the government want me to say I table conference to find a solution to the problems of our won’t support violence? I’m a peaceful man country, but that was ignored. When [Johannes Gerhardus] Strijdom was in power, we made the same offer. Again it was and I’ve tried many times to peacefully solve ignored. When [Hendrik] Verwoerdwas in power we asked for a national convention for all the people in South Africa to decide this problem with the government, but they on their future. This, too, was [ignored]. have ignored me when I want to talk. It was only then, when all other forms of resistance were no longer open to us, that we turned to armed struggle [violence]. Let President Botha show that he is different to Malan, Strijdom and Verwoerd. Let him renounce violence. Let him say that he will [destroy] apartheid. [Let him make the African National Congress legal again.] Let him free all who have been imprisoned, banished or exiled for their opposition to apartheid. Let him guarantee free political activity so that people may decide who will govern them.

I cherish my own freedom dearly, but I care even more for your freedom. Too many have died since I went to prison. Too many have suffered for the love of freedom. I owe it to their widows, to their orphans, to their mothers and to their fathers who have grieved and wept for them. Not only I have suffered during these long, lonely, wasted years. I am not less life- loving than you are. But I cannot sell my birthright, nor am I prepared to sell the birthright of the people to be free. I am in prison as the representative of the people and of YOUR organization, the African National Congress, which was banned.

What freedom am I being offered while the organization of the people [the ANC] remains banned? What freedom am I being offered when I may be arrested on a pass offence? What freedom am I being offered to live my life as a family with my dear wife who remains in banishment? What freedom am I being offered when I must ask for permission to live in an urban area? What freedom am I being offered when I need a stamp in my pass to seek work? What freedom am I being offered when my very South African citizenship is not respected?

Only free men can negotiate. Prisoners cannot enter into contracts. Herman Toivo ja Toivo, when freed, never gave any undertaking, nor was he called upon to do so. I cannot and will not give any undertaking at a time when I and you, the people, are not free. Your freedom and mine cannot be separated. I will return. Chapter 10

42. Above is the Preamble (basically an introduction) to the South African Constitution of 1996. Based on the Preamble, what is the purpose of the new Constitution?

43. Look at the excerpt of the Constitution given to you. What problems that existed under apartheid does this section of the Constitution try to solve?

How things were during Apartheid How the new Constitution says things should be

44. Make a timeline of Mandela’s life from his released until his death. Add details and draw pictures to make your timeline complete.

February 11, 1990 Mandela is released from prison.

December 5, 2013 Mandela dies at home in Johannesburg