DOCSLIB.ORG

Jakob Engblom, Phd, Product Management Engineer, Simics Team, Intel, Stockholm, Sweden 2019-05-22

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jakob Engblom, Phd, Product Management Engineer, Simics Team, Intel, Stockholm, Sweden 2019-05-22 Jakob Engblom, PhD, Product Management Engineer, Simics team, Intel, Stockholm, Sweden 2019-05-22 Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 4 My Background Jakob Engblom . Datavetenskap, Uppsala: D92 . PhD, Computer Systems, Uppsala . Product Management Engineer, Intel System Simulation team , Sweden – Previously at IAR, Virtutech, Wind River . Intel Software Evangelist – Simulation . https://software.intel.com/en-us/meet-the- developers/evangelists/team/jakob- engblom . http://engbloms.se/jakob.html Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 5 What Does Intel Do? • Processors • Intel® Xeon® Phi™ • SSD • Ethernet • Chipsets • Intel® Xeon® • 3D XPoint™ • WiFi • Processors • Intel® Optane™ • Bluetooth • Chipsets • GNSS • Accelerators • 5G Laptop and Server Storage Connectivity desktop • SoC-FPGA • Movidius • Processors • Development tools • FPGA • Nervana • Gateways • Compilers • FPGA-CPU • MobilEye • Connectivity • Simulation solutions • Xeon • Linux & Windows drivers • FPGAs • UEFI & BIOS FPGA AI etc. IoT Software Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 6 What I do: Product Management Market communications (“PR”) Engineering Product Management Customer Support Sales Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 7 What’s In a Processor? What’s in a ”Computer”? (Main) Processor cores . Run user-visible OS and applications Main memory - RAM Graphics and display Audio and media processing . Camera, microphone, speakers, image processing, ... Storage – ”Disk” . SATA, NVMe, M.2., SCSI, PCIe, ... Input and output . Local devices: USB, Thunderbolt, Serial, Bluetooth, ... Remote: Ethernet, WiFi, ... Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 9 Once Upon a Time... The PROCESSOR was the essential part of a system It measured the goodness of the machine in terms like . Megahertz . Instructions per cycle . Cache size The supporting chips did some basic stuff to make the processor do its job... A better computer meant a better processor (mostly) Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 10 2009: Intel® Core™ i7 Processor: Still a Processor Intel® Core™ i7-960 Processor (2009) . http://hexus.net/tech/reviews/cpu/1618 7-intel-core-i7-x58-chipset-systems-go- . The processor chip is a processor with fsb-invited/?page=3 minimal connections to the rest of the system . Cores + cache . Memory controller – just moved on-chip! . Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) – link to the rest of the system Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 11 2009: Intel® X58 Express Chipset IOH (I/O Hub) . QPI to processor (on the previous slide) . Graphics card interface . Connection to ICH10 ICH10 (I/O Controller Hub) . DMI link to the IOH . Main IO chip . SATA, Audio, USB, PCIe, Ethernet Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 12 2018: Intel® Core™ i9 Processor: Lots of Other Stuff Intel® Core™ i9-9900K Processor (2018): . High-end eight-core desktop processor On the chip: . Graphics + media block bigger than four processor cores – 3D graphics, display, video decode, ... “System Agent” - Memory controller & IO about 2 processor cores https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/core_i9/i9-9900k . L3 cache (2MB per core) not very large Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 13 2017: Intel® Z370 Chipset Compared to Core i7-960, 7th and 8th gen processors have added: . Integrated PCI Express (PCIe), version 3 . Integrated GPU, multiple displays, video decoding hardware, … . Secure boot and other security functions (not shown) . DMI 3.0 connection has about 160x the bandwidth of the QPI from 2009 Intel® Z370 chipset is a single chip (PCH, Platform Controller Hub): . 24 Additional PCIe version 3 lanes . USB 3 and USB 2, 14 ports total . Storage connections: SATA, eSATA, RAID, PCIe/NVMe, Intel® Optane™ Memory, eMMC, SDXC, … . Advanced sound processing, including onboard DSP . Management Engine (ME) . Programming guide is 1700+ pages long! Additional functions added on PCIe . Wireless module: Wifi, Bluetooth, GNSS, … Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 14 Pure CPU chip: IO and Cache Dwarf the Cores Intel® Core™ i7-6950K Processor (2016): . Memory controller as big as 5 cores! – Four (4) channels of DDR4 2400! . ”Queue, Uncore, and I/O” bigger than the 25MB L3 cache http://www.anandtech.com/show/10337/the-intel-broadwell-e-review- core-i7-6950x-6900k-6850k-and-6800k-tested-up-to-10-cores Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 15 Note that these instructions Innovation: The Instruction Set Itself are virtually useless unless there is also supporting software libraries, SDKs, and compilers. People will not use them on their own Instruction set architecture are Recent Intel examples: without help. evolving a quick pace . Intel® Core™ i7-4xxx Processor: . Better instructions = many times faster – AVX2 vector processing computations on specific tasks – BMI1, BMI2 bit-manipulation instructions – https://software.intel.com/en- us/blogs/2017/01/09/resetting-the-lowest-n- Main trends: set-bits . Vector compute = more math per cycle – SMAP - Supervisor Mode Access Prevention – TSX – Transactional memory . Virtualization = faster, more efficient, more capable virtual machines . Intel® Core™ i7-5xxx Processor – RDSEED – Hardware random-number seed . Cryptography = crypto on CPU not on accelerator . Intel® Core™ i7-6xxx Processor – SGX – Software Guard Extensions . Security = better SW-SW protection Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 17 Example of the effect of ISA: AVX Without AVX: With AVX and AVX512: Source: https://www.anandtech.com/show/13400/intel-9th-gen-core-i9-9900k-i7-9700k-i5-9600k-review Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 18 Example: Instruction Set Flags - CPUID See feature flags & instructions Software should check feature availability before executing them . CPUID instruction is crucial! . Software adopt dynamically to the machine it is running on Using Intel® Xtreme Tuning Utility . https://downloadcenter.intel.com/do wnload/24075/Intel-Extreme-Tuning- Utility-Intel-XTU- Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 19 Innovation Area: Networking Ethernet speeds keep increasing Network interfaces add intelligence . 10GbE on Base-T: 2006 . Packet processing offload . 100GbE on Base-T: 2010 . Integrated switches . 40GbE & 25GbE . Virtualization – one physical interface appears as multiple virtual interface WiFi speeds keep increasing directly connected to virtual machines Cellular 4G/LTE/5G speeds keep – Intel® VT-d for VM access to hardware increasing – PCIe SR-IOV for multiple virtual devices in a single physical device = more bytes going in and out than ever before! Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 20 Innovation Area: Connectors USB Type C m.2 connector . Multiple interfaces in one connector . Multiple interfaces in – USB one connector – Thunderbolt – PCIe – HDMI – SATA – Displayport – USB – Power – I2C, Serial, PCM, ... More flexible computer design More compact SSDs Small ports = thinner machines Add-in other functions More user friendly like modems Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 21 Summary Innovation in computing today is Buying a better machine: really in the platform capabilities . Faster disk and interface: – Once it was spinning disk on IDE Transistor budget being used to: – Then, SSD on SATA . Integrate previously separate functions – Now, SSD on M.2. PCIe NVMe onto processor die . More and faster external IO – Memory controller, GPU, IO, … – USB 3, USB 3.1 Type C, Thunderbolt, … . Add new functions to the platform . Higher display resolution, multiple displays, high dynamic range (HDR), … without increasing number of chips . Better network connectivity . Add new instructions to resolve software – WiFi standards, cellular standards, Bluetooth, bottlenecks Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), … Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 22 What makes a system Tick? Answer: Firmware Inside the processor, PCH, and other chips are many small programmable cores . Any semi-complicated subsystem has a programmable core inside The software running on these cores is called firmware . It is not hardware . But it is not as soft as software . Firmware – long-standing name for close-to-hardware software http://www.ganssle.com/book.htm Disclosure: I wrote a chapter in the book Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 24 Example: SSD Intel® Solid-State Drive Toolbox . Looking at the Intel® 600p M.2. PCIe NVMe drive in one of my PCs . Note the ”firmware revision” – There is a processor (or several) in there! – Updates are available to download and install Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 25 Example: Keyboard with 32-bit Processor The tech specs for the Corsair* Gaming K95 keyboard: . ”32-bit ARM* Processor” . ”Display Controller” Conclusion: . If it is ”smart” or capable of acting independently, it has firmware in it http://www.corsair.com/en-us/corsair-gaming-k95-rgb- mechanical-gaming-keyboard-cherry-mx-red *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 26 Example: Functionality Upgrades via Firmware Sony* Playstation* 4 (PS4) HDMI controller upgraded from HDMI 1.4 to 2.0 to support HDR - using a firmware update! Hardware had the bit-pushing ability needed, but not the protocol and copy-protection bits http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/09/whats-up-with- ps4s-surprise-firmware-update-is-4k-around-the-corner/ Computer Architecture - Uppsala - 2019-05-22 28 ”Russian Dolls” Applications Memory Operating system Main Main core core The operating system and user sees a device on Timer Crypto the PCIe bus, with memory-mapped IO
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intel and Mobileye Autonomous Driving Solutions
    PRODUCT BRIEF Autonomous Driving Intel and Mobileye Autonomous Driving Solutions Together, Mobileye and Intel deliver scalable and versatile solutions using purpose-built software and efficient, powerful compute that will make autonomous driving an economic reality. Total Technology and Resources Making the self-driving car a reality requires an unprecedented integration of technology and expertise. Together, Mobileye and Intel provide comprehensive, scalable solutions to enable autonomous driving engineered for safety and affordability. With a combination of industry-leading computer vision, unique algorithms, crowdsourced mapping, efficient driving policy, a mathematical model designed for safety, and high-performing, low-power system designs, we deliver a versatile road map that scales to millions, not thousands, of vehicles. Purpose-built software and hardware Mobileye’s portfolio of innovative software across all pillars of autonomous driving (the “eyes”) complements Intel’s high-performance computing and connectivity expertise (the “brains”). This winning package supports complex and computationally intense vision processing with low power consumption, creating powerful and smart autonomous driving solutions from bumper to cloud. We start with revolutionary software from Mobileye that includes: • Low-cost, 360-degree surround-view computer vision • Crowdsourced Road Experience Management™ (REM™) mapping and localization • Sensor fusion, integrating surround vision and mapping with a multimodal sensor system • Efficient, semantic-based artificial intelligence (AI) for driving policy (decision-making) • A formal safety software layer via our Responsibility Sensitive Safety (RSS) model This advanced software calls for a powerful compute platform. We use a combination of proven Mobileye EyeQ® SoCs for computer vision, localization, sensor fusion, trajectory planning, and our RSS model designed for safety, as well as Intel® processors for translation of the planned trajectory into commands that are issued to the vehicle’s actuation system.
    [Show full text]
  • Simics* Model Library for Eagle Stream Simulation Environment
    Simics* Model Library for Eagle Stream Simulation Environment Release Notes May 2020 Revision V0.6.00 Intel Confidential Notice: This document contains information on products in the design phase of development. The information here is subject to change without notice. Do not finalize a design with this information. Intel technologies’ features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software, or service activation. Learn more at intel.com, or from the OEM or retailer. No computer system can be absolutely secure. Intel does not assume any liability for lost or stolen data or systems or any damages resulting from such losses. You may not use or facilitate the use of this document in connection with any infringement or other legal analysis concerning Intel products described herein. You agree to grant Intel a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to any patent claim thereafter drafted which includes subject matter disclosed herein. No license (express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise) to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. The products described may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. This document contains information on products, services and/or processes in development. All information provided here is subject to change without notice. Contact your Intel representative to obtain the latest Intel product specifications and roadmaps. Intel disclaims all express and implied warranties, including without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement, as well as any warranty arising from course of performance, course of dealing, or usage in trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Fax86: an Open-Source FPGA-Accelerated X86 Full-System Emulator
    FAx86: An Open-Source FPGA-Accelerated x86 Full-System Emulator by Elias El Ferezli A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Copyright c 2011 by Elias El Ferezli Abstract FAx86: An Open-Source FPGA-Accelerated x86 Full-System Emulator Elias El Ferezli Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2011 This thesis presents FAx86, a hardware/software full-system emulator of commodity computer systems using x86 processors. FAx86 is based upon the open-source IA-32 full-system simulator Bochs and is implemented over a single Virtex-5 FPGA. Our first prototype uses an embedded PowerPC to run the software portion of Bochs and off- loads the instruction decoding function to a low-cost hardware decoder since instruction decode was measured to be the most time consuming part of the software-only emulation. Instruction decoding for x86 architectures is non-trivial due to their variable length and instruction encoding format. The decoder requires only 3% of the total LUTs and 5% of the BRAMs of the FPGA's resources making the design feasible to replicate for many- core emulator implementations. FAx86 prototype boots Linux Debian version 2.6 and runs SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks. FAx86 improves simulation performance over the default Bochs by 5 to 9% depending on the workload. ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my supervisor, Professor Andreas Moshovos, for his patient guidance and continuous support throughout this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiport M.2 NGFF PS/2 HDMI Firewire Network SATA IDE Mini
    Connection-Know-How www.delock.com RF Memory SATA Displayport Graphics / Video radio frequency technology Cards SATA SATA male female Dualport HDMI + Displayport Cinch Video Cinch Video Cfast female female male female N plug F plug eSATA SATA male female S-Video female Compact Flash female Sub-D Displayport Displayport male female eSATAp eSATAp TNC Coaxial NEW male female Scart male plug plug Serial Serial mini mini 9 pin 9 pin Displayport Displayport Contact Golden Strip male female male female eSATApd male SD SD 4.0 DMS male DMS female female female RP-TNC RP-TNC UHS-I-Card UHS-II-Card plug jack Slim SATA 13 pin male Null Modem 8 pin male HDMI VGA Micro SATA 16 pin VGA Parallel 25 pin male female M.2 NGFF male male HDMI A HDMI A FME FME male female plug jack M.2 NGFF Key B+M Micro SATA 16 pin female Parallel 25 pin female VHDCI-68 male HDMI HDMI mini-C mini-C M.2 NGFF Key B male female SATA 22 pin male BNC BNC Sub-D 15 pin Gameport VHDCI-68 female plug jack male M.2 NGFF Key M SATA 22 pin female HDMI HDMI micro-D micro-D male female Sub-D 15 pin Gameport SMA SMA female LFH 60 male plug jack mini PCIe SAS male Multiport Sub-D 37 pin male PS/2 miniPCIe female mSATA female RP-SMA RP-SMA NEU plug jack BNC Stecker miniPCIe male mSATA male Sub-D 37 pin female Multiport female BNC Buchse PS/2 female SMB SMB plug jack Audio USB Mobile DVI FireWire MCX MCX plug jack Audio Stereo iPhone 30 pin female DVI-D Dual Link 24+1 USB 2.0 A USB 2.0 A FireWire A FireWire A female male male female 6 pin 6 pin male female UHF UHF Stereo 3 pin Stereo 3 pin
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Intel CEO Remarks Pat Gelsinger Q2'21 Earnings Webcast July 22
    Intel CEO Remarks Pat Gelsinger Q2’21 Earnings Webcast July 22, 2021 Good afternoon, everyone. Thanks for joining our second-quarter earnings call. It’s a thrilling time for both the semiconductor industry and for Intel. We're seeing unprecedented demand as the digitization of everything is accelerated by the superpowers of AI, pervasive connectivity, cloud-to-edge infrastructure and increasingly ubiquitous compute. Our depth and breadth of software, silicon and platforms, and packaging and process, combined with our at-scale manufacturing, uniquely positions Intel to capitalize on this vast growth opportunity. Our Q2 results, which exceeded our top and bottom line expectations, reflect the strength of the industry, the demand for our products, as well as the superb execution of our factory network. As I’ve said before, we are only in the early innings of what is likely to be a decade of sustained growth across the industry. Our momentum is building as once again we beat expectations and raise our full-year revenue and EPS guidance. Since laying out our IDM 2.0 strategy in March, we feel increasingly confident that we're moving the company forward toward our goal of delivering leadership products in every category in which we compete. While we have work to do, we are making strides to renew our execution machine: 7nm is progressing very well. We’ve launched new innovative products, established Intel Foundry Services, and made operational and organizational changes to lay the foundation needed to win in the next phase of our company’s great history. Here at Intel, we’re proud of our past, pragmatic about the work ahead, but, most importantly, confident in our future.
    [Show full text]
  • Thunderbolt™-To- 8Gb/S Fibre Channel Desklink™ Device Thunderlink™ FC 1082
    Tech Sheet Thunderbolt™-to- 8Gb/s Fibre Channel Desklink™ Device ThunderLink™ FC 1082 ATTO’s 8Gb/s Fibre Channel to Thunderbolt Desklink Technical Features Device product provides the highest performing SAN • Dual 8Gb/s Fibre Channel Ports storage connectivity for content creation, streaming • (2) Optical SFPs+ included media and high performance and low latency workflows. • Dual 10Gbps Thunderbolt with Display Industry Proven Technology Port and PCIe Support ATTO has over 25 years of experience developing first-to-market high performance and • Thunderbolt certified for Mac and PC reliable storage connectivity solutions for customers. ATTO ThunderLink Fibre Channel products now provide creative professionals using Thunderbolt-enabled hosts, cost • Dual ports enable daisy-chaining up effective access to storage not previously available using FireWire or USB. The integrated to six devices family of ThunderLink products boasts an extensive list of customer design wins and • Exclusive Advanced Data Streaming certifications with respected industry partners. (ADS™) Technology Flexible Connectivity Solutions • ATTO ConfigTool for customized performance settings With dual channel configuration, and support for load balancing and failover, the 8Gb/s Fibre Channel Desklink Devices are an ideal solution for users looking to achieve the highest • Proven interoperable with leading I/O and data throughput for advanced video and access to IT applications. ThunderLink storage hardware and software 8Gb/s Fibre Channel Desklink Devices offer driver support for Mac OS® X 10.6.8 and later vendors and Windows® 7 and 8.1 (Linux® when Thunderbolt enabled platforms become available), • Complete SAN connectivity when providing a single connectivity solution for customers with heterogeneous operating combined with ATTO FibreConnect system environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivestation™ Ultra Series PERFORMANCE MATTERS HD-D/R6, HD-HN/R6
    DriveStation™ Ultra Series PERFORMANCE MATTERS HD-D/R6, HD-HN/R6 BLAZING FAST SPEEDS & LARGEST CAPACITY DESKTOP DAS IN THE INDUSTRY Bualo's DriveStationTM Ultra is a high performance, high capacity direct attached storage solution ideal for businesses that demand fast data transfer speeds for large les, such as 4k high resolution video. The DriveStation Ultra is available in either a ten-drive or six-drive desktop model, with capacities ranging from 12 TB to 80 TB, the largest capacity desktop DAS available today. With multi-interface support, Mac® users can experience blazing fast speeds using a Thunderbolt 2 connector, while PC users can also connect through high-speed USB 3.0 and eSATA interfaces. RAID 6 support provides extra protection that allows up to two hard drives to fail without data loss. The DriveStation Ultra is equipped with either enterprise or NAS hard drives designed for continuous operation. Extremely fast data transfers for both Mac and PCs and safe data storage with RAID options make the DriveStation Ultra an ideal solution for storing large les quickly and safely. FEATURES THUNDERBOLT 2 SPEEDS HIGH PERFORMANCE HARD DRIVES The DriveStation Ultra comes equipped with two The DriveStation Ultra features 10 helium-lled enterprise Thunderbolt 2 connectors, allowing Mac users to experience hard drives for the 80 TB model, and 6 or 10 NAS hard drives write speeds up to 1243 MB/s using RAID 0. With the fastest for the 12 TB, 24 TB & 40 TB models. These high performance connection available, it’s an ideal solution for transferring hard drives are optimized for continuous 24/7/365 operation and storing large les such as 4k high resolution videos.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe and Secure Model-Driven Design for Embedded Systems Letitia Li
    Safe and secure model-driven design for embedded systems Letitia Li To cite this version: Letitia Li. Safe and secure model-driven design for embedded systems. Embedded Systems. Université Paris-Saclay, 2018. English. NNT : 2018SACLT002. tel-01894734 HAL Id: tel-01894734 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01894734 Submitted on 12 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Approche Orientee´ Modeles` pour la Suretˆ e´ et la Securit´ e´ des Systemes` Embarques´ These` de doctorat de l’Universite´ Paris-Saclay prepar´ ee´ a` Telecom ParisTech Ecole doctorale n◦580 Denomination´ (STIC) NNT : 2018SACLT002 Specialit´ e´ de doctorat: Informatique These` present´ ee´ et soutenue a` Biot, le 3 septembre` 2018, par LETITIA W. LI Composition du Jury : Prof. Philippe Collet Professeur, Universite´ Coteˆ d’Azur President´ Prof. Guy Gogniat Professeur, Universite´ de Bretagne Sud Rapporteur Prof. Maritta Heisel Professeur, University Duisburg-Essen Rapporteur Prof. Jean-Luc Danger Professeur, Telecom ParisTech Examinateur Dr. Patricia Guitton
    [Show full text]
  • Hardware Mechanisms for Distributed Dynamic Software Analysis
    Hardware Mechanisms for Distributed Dynamic Software Analysis by Joseph Lee Greathouse A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Science and Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Todd M. Austin, Chair Professor Scott Mahlke Associate Professor Robert Dick Associate Professor Jason Nelson Flinn c Joseph Lee Greathouse All Rights Reserved 2012 To my parents, Gail and Russell Greathouse. Without their support throughout my life, I would never have made it this far. ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I must thank my advisor, Professor Todd Austin, for his help and guid- ance throughout my graduate career. I started graduate school with the broad desire to “research computer architecture,” but under Professor Austin’s watch, I have been able to hone this into work that interests us both and has real applications. His spot-on advice about choosing topics, performing research, writing papers, and giving talks has been an invaluable introduction to the research world. The members of my committee, Professors Robert Dick, Jason Flinn, and Scott Mahlke, also deserve special gratitude. Their insights, comments, and suggestions have immea- surably improved this dissertation. Together their expertise spans low-level hardware to systems software and beyond. This meant that I needed to ensure that any of my ideas were defensible from all sides. I have been fortunate enough to collaborate with numerous co-authors. I have often published with Professor Valeria Bertacco, who, much like Professor Austin, has given me invaluable advice during my time at Michigan. I am extremely lucky to have had the chance to work closely with Ilya Wagner, David Ramos, and Andrea Pellegrini, all of whom have continued to be good friends even after the high-stress publication process.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramp: Research Accelerator for Multiple Processors
    ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... RAMP: RESEARCH ACCELERATOR FOR MULTIPLE PROCESSORS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... THE RAMP PROJECT’S GOAL IS TO ENABLE THE INTENSIVE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY INNOVATION John Wawrzynek THAT THE COMPUTING INDUSTRY WILL NEED TO TACKLE THE PROBLEMS OF PARALLEL David Patterson PROCESSING. RAMP ITSELF IS AN OPEN-SOURCE, COMMUNITY-DEVELOPED, FPGA-BASED University of California, EMULATOR OF PARALLEL ARCHITECTURES. ITS DESIGN FRAMEWORK LETS A LARGE, Berkeley COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY DEVELOP AND CONTRIBUTE REUSABLE, COMPOSABLE DESIGN Mark Oskin MODULES. THREE COMPLETE DESIGNS—FOR TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY, DISTRIBUTED University of Washington SYSTEMS, AND DISTRIBUTED-SHARED MEMORY—DEMONSTRATE THE PLATFORM’S POTENTIAL. Shih-Lien Lu ...... In 2005, the computer hardware N Prototyping a new architecture in Intel industry took a historic change of direction: hardware takes approximately four The major microprocessor companies all an- years and many millions of dollars, nounced that their future products would even at only research quality. Christoforos Kozyrakis be single-chip multiprocessors, and that N Software
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Architectures an Overview
    Computer Architectures An Overview PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 25 Feb 2012 22:35:32 UTC Contents Articles Microarchitecture 1 x86 7 PowerPC 23 IBM POWER 33 MIPS architecture 39 SPARC 57 ARM architecture 65 DEC Alpha 80 AlphaStation 92 AlphaServer 95 Very long instruction word 103 Instruction-level parallelism 107 Explicitly parallel instruction computing 108 References Article Sources and Contributors 111 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 113 Article Licenses License 114 Microarchitecture 1 Microarchitecture In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design. Relation to instruction set architecture The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The Intel Core microarchitecture microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU)s and even larger elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomous Vehicle Technology: a Guide for Policymakers
    Autonomous Vehicle Technology A Guide for Policymakers James M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn D. Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, Oluwatobi A. Oluwatola C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr443-2 This revised edition incorporates minor editorial changes. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-8398-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Advertisement from 1957 for “America’s Independent Electric Light and Power Companies” (art by H. Miller). Text with original: “ELECTRICITY MAY BE THE DRIVER. One day your car may speed along an electric super-highway, its speed and steering automatically controlled by electronic devices embedded in the road. Highways will be made safe—by electricity! No traffic jams…no collisions…no driver fatigue.” Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.
    [Show full text]