President's Communique Glover Harrison and China Hall: Majolica Butters, Five O'Clock Teas and Tete-ll-Tete Sets ... Ellen Blaubergs Press Cuttings The Amerindian Discovery of Europe: Accounts of First Contact in Anishinabeg Oral Tradition ... D. Peter MacLeod 11 Members Correspondence 16 NIAGARA: AN INTERPRET AnON ... John Steckley 17 Announcing: Heritage Act Postcard Campaign ... Christine Caroppo 23 Digging Without a Degree; Understanding the Nature of the Silent Mexican Archaeologist: Zygogemys trichopus ... William M. Carter 25 An Older Age for the Japanese Early Palaeolithic ... Lorenz W. Briichert 33 From the O.A.S. Office ... Charles Garrad 34 O.A.S. Chapters 39 O.A.S. Provincial Officers 40

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Cedarcroft, R.R. #4 MarkdaJe, Ontario NOC tHO (519) 986·4026 Greetings once again from the OAS Office. Now to the good news. 1 am very pleased to Quite a number of things have occurred in the report that our application for funding from past two months about which you should all the MacLean Foundation for the OA know. Endowment Fund was successful. We have The first is bad news. For personal reasons, been sent a cheque for $6,000.00. This sum Mr. Lawrence Jackson has resigned from the pushed us nearly over the magical figure of Board of Directors. The Board accepted his $20,000.00 so the Ministry replied with a resignation with reluctance and much regret. cheque for $55,000.001 This means that we As a professional and consulting archaeologist have practically achieved our goal of acquiring who has worked extensively not just in $80,000.00 as an endowment for OA. I Ontario, but Belize and elsewhere, Lawrie had would like to thank MCC, the MacLean much to offer the Society. The experience, Foundation and all you members and non- expertise and insights he brought to the Board members who sent us money to achieve our will be sorely missed. On behalf of the Board goal. Most of all, I would like to thank the of Directors and the OAS membership, I wish Fund Raising Committee for their work in Lawrie well and the best of luck in completing achieving this so quickly. I understand they his thesis. have already set a new goal and are in the process of sending applications to other Fortunately, we have been able to fill the foundations and institutions for further Director's post vacated by Lawrie. Mr. funding. Many, many thanks. It would seem Andre Bekerman, a candidate in the 1991 the future of Ontario Archaeology is now election, has agreed to sit as a Director for the secure. remainder of the year. I welcome him aboard and hope he does not find it too daunting. Finally, you will note elsewhere that you can And while on the subject of positions on the now pre-register for the 1992 OAS Board, you will note elsewhere in this issue Symposium. Given the interest on the theme - that the Nominating Committee for 1992 has the Contact Period - we hope to attract a been set up. So if you know of anyone you large audience, especially since a few of the would like to nominate to the Board or would papers are concerned with areas outside like to see your own name in bright lights, Ontario. There is, however, space for a few please contact the Committee or the OAS more papers so if any of you wish to give a Office as soon as possible. paper related to our theme please send it on. GlOVlE1RHAIRIR~SOINANDJ CH~NA HAll: MAJOUCA lBl!JlIlilElRSu f~VIE OUClOCK 1IIEAS AND urEulE-A-lirElIlE SlEliS

Another version of this paper was presented as "Documentary Context and its Importance: Preliminary Research into a Nineteenth Century China Merchant" at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, London, Ontario - May 9, 1992.

Introduction printed maker's mark (Fig. 1). In 1990 the Toronto Board of Education's The marks exhibits a decorated jug with the

Archaeological Resource Centre began a four- words "CHINA ------and below year investigation of the Gore Vale site in "GLOV A similar mark is Trinity-Bellwoods Park (Hamalainen et al. displayed in the second edition of Elizabeth 1991). Constructed in 1820 by the Collard's definitive Nineteenth Century Honourable Duncan Cameron, Secretary of Pottery and Porcelain in Canada (1984:322). the Legislature of Upper Canada, Gore Vale This complete version reads: "CHINA was one of the first brick residences visible in HALL/GLOVER HARRISON/KING . STREET/TORONTO". It quickly became Cameron and his sister Janet lived there to the apparent that this was not a maker's mark; time of his death in 1838. Janet, his heir, instead, this was a dealer's or importer's mark continued to live on the property but sold the on an imported piece. southern part for the construction of Trinity Collard summarizes (1982:21) that "pottery College in 1850. Subsequent Gore Vale and porcelain with importer's marks are one owners included Boulton family members, of the most useful and reliable ways to railway mogul Edward Oscar Bickford and document Canadian ceramic trade in the Trinity College itself (Purmal and Smardz nineteenth century. The importer's mark 1991: 17). clearly states that a specific type of ware, in a The 1990 exploratory excavations focused on specific pattern, was being sold in a defined determining the exact location of buried area, at a date that can be determined. It adds foundation walls on the property, the extent to our knowledge of the taste, demand and of demolition circa 1928 and identifying layers economic status of importer and customer". and features relating to activities on the site In the nineteenth century, importer's marks (in area after Gore Vale was demolished. most instances) are found on printed Determining the amount of disturbance and fill earthenware and ironstone china. Only some associated with the site was also a prime focus dealers added their names to their wares - a (Hamalainen 1992:76). good advertising ploy, no doubt. China Hall Importer's Mark Collard documents several other known China Hall/Glover Harrison marks. One appears It was from a layer associated with the clay printed in brown on the bottom of a very capping of a demolition layer below, that the graceful white ironstone sauce boat with a subject of this article was recovered. Two gold rim and gold line around the foot white ironstone ceramic base sherds were (1982:26). This piece was imported by mended to comprise a partial black transfer- Harrison ca. 1865 and rests in the former National Museum of Man collections. The where men and ladies can dine in com/on, mark in brown, black or blue was in use from and as luxuriously as any in New York or about the mid-1860s. An 1880s mark in blue London. Is there any taste you desire to with "POUR/GLOVER gratify, any decorative an you would pursue? HARRISON/TORONTO" appears on In that case, 0 reader "put money in thy porcelain manufactured by Haviland & Co., purse" (for that is an indispensable condition) France. An 1890's mark in red also on a1Uitake a walk along the south side of King Haviland porcelain reads "CHINA HALL/49 Street". C. Pelham Mulvaney, M.A., M.D, KING ST. EAST/TORONTO". A similar the author of this 1884 description must have one depicting "FOR CHINA enjoyed many such walks and his familiarity HALL/TORONTO" appears on ironstone with the elegant south King Street store front made by Ashworth Brothers, ca. 1890 in of China Hall requires no speculation. Staffordshire Wi II i a m (1982:26). Dendy in Lost China Hall Toronto Context describes the Further architecture of research into China Hall: the primary "... it had two source storeys of documents plate glass ... identified by framed in cast Collard (1984) i r 0 n , combined with supponing a other sources, two-storey begin to shed facade of cut additional light stone with a on the initial h i g h discovery of balustrated the importer's cornice and mark found at windows the Gore Vale framed with site. They wid e provides a mouldings and wonderful strapwork Figure 1. China Hall Importer's Mark on Gore Vale site designs. The context for sherd. this artifact, cast-iron namely the framing of the latter part of commercial and social nineteenth second floor was designed as a row of century Toronto. panelled arches supponed on thin colonnettes above a three-bayed shop front " (1978:77). A To begin establishing this context, a rather ca. 1884 photograph shows both levels of verbose quotation seems appropriate: China Hall and its main product, ceramic "Nonh of Wellington Street and parallel to it, wares. Large tableware and statuary seem to extends from the western limits of the city to be the most identifiable pieces (Fig. 2). the point where, taking a nonh-easterly China Hall is also described as "handsome, direction it joins at the Kingston commodious with dimensions of 40 x 200 feet, Road, King Street, the oldest, the most four stories in height with a plate glass front historic, the stateliest and most beautiful of and neatly arranged show windows" Toronto's streets. Here are restaurants, (Industries of Canada 1886: 111). Its wholesale and retail business commanded a storefronts of the day including those of large share of the best patronage in the city numerous life insurance companies, jewellers, and surrounding country. Harrison imported stationers and dry goods sellers (de Volpi direct, kept in stock a full and complete 1965: Plate 127). assortment of china, glass and earthenware, plated and fancy goods, table cutlery, busts and Parian marble statuary, Bohemian vases etc. Specimens could be seen in great variety is his well-appointed sample room. A specialty was made of importing Royal Worcester, Dresden, Derby, Doulton, W edgwood, and Copeland goods (Industries of Canada 1886:111). Glover Harrison, a native of the west of Ireland, arrived in Canada ca. 1847. He first appears in the Toronto Street Directories in 1860 where his profession is listed as grocer. Before becoming a china merchant, Harrison was employed as a clerk and salesman (Toronto City Directories 1860- 65). Interestingly, China Hall is one of Figure 2. China Hall, ca. 1884; Courtesy of the t wen t y - n i n e Reference Library. business's depicted in a nineteenth century engraving in the Canadian Illustrated While researching China Hall, one of its News. The engraving entitled "Toronto - The neighbours "The Golden Lion" dry goods Queen City of the West" appeared in the May emporium appeared to be prolifically 28, 1881 issue. China Hall joins other elegant documented and photographed. Standard historic Toronto references such as Toronto department; while on the other hand his efforts No Mean City (1986) and Lost Toronto have been appreciated by all classes,jrom the (1978) as well as archival photographs and highest, who have expended their wealth in documents all include the magnificent facade furnishing and decorating their houses of this cast-iron and plate glass storefront with (showing as much as in anything else the its lion rampant in stone mounted on a wonderful progress of Toronto), down to the pedestal. According to William Dendy, this humblest, who have suited themselves in every building was more dramatic and structurally article necessary for comfort and more adventurous than China Hall (1978:77). convenience ". Industries of Canada - Historical and Periodically, Harrison visited his suppliers Commercial Sketches of Toronto, an 1886 overseas including Limoges and S~vres in publication, felt that among the many France, and Dresden in Germany. Taylor businesses on King Street, the house of Glover notes that "a visit to Harrison's gallery of art Harrison was definitely worthy of a special treasures would provide interest and mention in a review of Toronto's commercial instruction in everything to furnish the and industrial resources (1886: 111). mansion, hotel orcottage "(1887:313-314). Glover Harrison founded China Hall in 1864. Advertisements Before he opened for business at 71 King St. East, he was briefly at 49 King St. East, an Several 19th century advertisements aptly address he would return to in 1881. Elizabeth demonstrate the wide variety of products Collard notes that importer's marks with the Harrison made available to the public. One of 49 King St. E. address, almost always date to his advertisements in the Mail (Nov. 28, the years after 1880 (1984:414). Towards the 1879) lists such delightful pieces as "majolica end of 1866 until the end of the 1870s, China butters and sardines", "five o'clock teas and Hall's address was 71-73 King Street East. In trays" and "tete-a-rete-sets". Other offerings 1881, Harrison moved to 49 King St. E. include "China and Queensware Dessert Sets", which remained China Hall's location until "China breakfast and tea sets" as well as 1899. Harrison died in 1888 after which the "jasper cheese covers and game pies" . business was managed by the "Estate of Advertisements in the Daily Globe (Dec. 13, Glover Harrison" (Collard 1978:98). When 1866), the Mail (Sept. 10, 1879), and Toronto the estate was settled, Joseph Irving of Junor City Directories (1867, 1868, and 1886) and Irving (Toronto City Directory 1895) promote white tea sets, cut class, Bohemian became the new proprietor. He moved China vases, toilet sets, table cutlery, cake and card Hall to in 1900 (Collard baskets as well as leather bags, fancy goods 1984:78). and toys. Harrison and his shop seem to have been held Belleek in quite high regard. Another 'kudo' in A new item, "Irish China", appears in Industries of Canada mentions that "during Harrison's ads after 1870. Irish China is, a long and successful career in Toronto [he] actually, Belleek, an ivory-coloured, eggshell- has acqUired the esteem and regard of the thin porcelain made at Belleek in County mercantile community and the general public" Fermanaugh. The Canadian market received (1886: 111). it with a high degree of enthusiasm. Founded C. C. Taylor in The Queens Jubilee and in 1857, the Belleek china factory began to Toronto "Called Back" (1887:313) pays export its fine porcelain to North America Harrison an enormous compliment in the circa 1870 (Collard 1984: 174). Collard notes following quotation: "in catering for the that Harrison, an Irishman, was the first to citizens of Toronto, [Harrison] has done much strongly promote it in Toronto and refers to to educate the taste of the people in this two 1871 ads in the Evening Leader where he branch of trade, combining the useful with the cries "COME AND SEE IT" and the "New ornamental more than in any other Irish China" a ware he identified with 'first class quality' and 'superior taste King'(1892: 127-128). (1984:98,174). Eight years later he is stil1 Conclusion promoting it, in several newspapers, as among "the most beautiful.. .. ornamental goods ever Inquiries directed at several Toronto offered to the public" (The Mail, Sept. 10, archaeologists reveal that importer's marks are 1879 and Collard 1984:174). not a very common item among their nineteenth century ceramic assemblages 1879 Industrial Exhibition (P.Hamalainen, D. Doroszenko and M.C. Glover Harrison displayed his wares in a most Garden, pers. comm.). Additional and future spectacular exhibit at the 1879 Industrial finds may add another dimension to nineteenth Exhibition in Toronto. The September 12, century ceramic studies, perhaps one that 1879 edition of the Mail reported that Princess focuses on the context of the china shop where Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria "minutely the vessels were originally purchased. Recent inspected" his exhibit and ordered a set of personal communications with two descendants ironstone jugs of antique form. Imagine the of Glover Harrison and a resident of Victoria, flurry of activity in Harrison's shop after this B.C., who still owns several China Hall pieces article was published. The Princess purchased by relatives in the nineteenth undoubtedly set quite a trend and the Toronto century (Miss Cross, V.I. Slater and M. L. elite probably adorned many subsequent fine Bryers 1992), will assist in this contextual tables with these jugs of 'antique form'. study which began so innocently with the Dating the Importer's Mark recovery of a broken base sherd in 1990. Perhaps the subtitle of this research should be The Glover Harrison/China Hall importer's "An Artifact on a Tangent". mark from the Gore Vale site is incomplete and, to date, a duplicate has yet to be Acknowledgements discovered in the ceramic or historic My sincere thanks to Natasha Glickman who archaeological literature. China HaIl's King located many of Elizabeth Collard's and other St. East operation dates fall between 1864 and primary source documents in the Metro 1900. The sherd's current placement is on a Reference Library and City of Toronto timeline between the 1880s and 1890s, among Archives. Thanks also to Rod Crocker, other diagnostic artifacts recovered from the Mich~le Tremblay, Greg Purmal and Andreas same demolition layer capping. In fact, Koch for their various contributions! between 40 and 50 percent of the diagnostic References Cited items recovered from this layer date to the period when the well-to-do Bickford family Arthur, Eric occupied Gore Vale. Edward Oscar Bickford 1986 Toronto No Mean City. Third spent considerable sums on interior Edition, renovations of Gore Vale in the 1870s and Press, Toronto. 1880s as well as beautifying the grounds of his Collard, Elizabeth property (Purmal and Smardz 1991:46). The Bickfords and perhaps their predecessors, the 1982 Nineteenth Century Canadian Boultons, may both have enjoyed their meals Importers' Marks. In served on the gracious wares of China Hall. Ceramics in Canada, Material History Bulletin 16, ed. by The ladies and gentleman of these households David Newlands, 21-29. may have also occasionally indulged in an History Division, National activity so aptly included in C.C. Taylor's Museum of Man, . Toronto "Called Back" From 1892 to 1847 as he quotes a writer in the Canadian 1984 Nineteenth Centu!)' Potte!)' lIIustrated News: "Amid the upper classes, and Porcelain in Canada. there is a performance that goes on daily, that McGill-Queen's University is known among habitues as 'doing Press, Montreal and Kingston. Dendy, William Taylor, C.c. 1978 Lost Toronto. Oxford 1887 The Oueen's Jubilee and University Press, Toronto. Toronto 'Called Back'. de Volpi, Charles P. 1892 "Toronto Called Back" From 1965 Toronto - A Pictorial Record - 1892 to 1847. Historical Prints and Toronto City Directories Illustrations of the City of 1860-1865,1867-1868,1886 .• Toronto, Province of Ontario. Canada 1813-1882. Dev-sco Publications, Montreal. Hamalainen, Peter et al. 1991 The Trinity-Bellwoods Public Archaeology Project Archaeolgical Site Report for the 1990 Season. Manuscript 543 Timothy Street on file, The Ontario Heritage Newmarket, Ontario Foundation, Ministry of Culture and Communications, Toronto. Hamalainen, Peter • A travelling exhibit from the Royal Ontario Museum, entitled "The 1992 Educational and Public Ontario Iroquois: History Through Archaeology at the Trinity- Archaeology", will be at the Bellwoods Site. In Second museum from July 7 to September Annual Archaeological Report. 3. The exhibit will explain how years Ontario 1991, Vol. 2 (New of archaeological research have Series), ed. by Peter L. Stork, increased our knowledge of the 75-78. The Ontario Heritage Iroquois lifestyle in Ontario before Foundation. European contact. 1886 Industries of Canada • "Pipes of the Iroquois", also from Historical and Commercial the R.O.M., will supplement the Sketches of Toronto. other Iroquois exhibit and will be in Mulvaney, C. Pelham place August 4 to September 30. The skill and artistry of the pipe 1884 Toronto Past and Present Until makers are shown by twenty-two 1882. 1970 Reprint, Ontario pipes and pipe fragments in this Reprint Press, Toronto. bilingual display. Purmal, Greg and Karolyn Smardz 1991 Historical Background. In The Museum open Tuesday to Saturday, Trinity-Bellwoods Public 1O.OOam to noon, 1.00pm to 4.00. Archaeology Project Admission and parking free. Archaeological Site Report for the 1990 Season, by Peter Hamalainen et. al. , 17-62. Manuscript on file, The Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry of Culture and Communications, Toronto. NEWS

High school students eagerly digging up the We're actually out here digging and finding past things. " For most kids, rusty nails and broken glass Ravi will be going into Grade 11 in September are things they've traditionally been taught to and will have already earned his Grade 12 avoid. But this summer a Toronto Board of history credit at the site last summer. Education program - the Archaeological Resource Centre, established in 1985 with a Ravi is one of 50 summer school students $250,000 provincial grant" is encouraging digging up what used to be the Gore Vale kids to find those things and learn about mansion, named for Sir Francis Gore archaeology and the history of Toronto. lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada befor; the War of 1812. "This is the only centre for teaching archaeology like this in the world," The mansion was built in 1820 by Duncan administrator and cofounder Karolyn Smardz Cameron, the first provincial secretary of said. "We invented it because most people Upper Canada. It was the first brick house in find archaeology interesting and we wanted to the west end of the city. In 1928, the mansion find the best way to teach them about it. " was torn down and covered with dirt to increase the size of Trinity-Bellwoods Park. In The latest excavation site is at Trinity- its 100 years, the mansion also served as a Bellwoods Park in central Toronto, where a hospital, a dormitory for Trinity College and huge mansion stood until 1928. It is the a community centre. seventh site the Board of Education has chosen. The park site is the largest and longest excavation attempted by the Archaeological So far in digs during the past two summers, Resource Centre. Excavation will be steps leading to the mansion's basement, as completed by the end of next summer. All of well as undamaged sections of the basement the estimated 70,000 artifacts that will have floor and walls, have been uncovered. The site been found at the site by the end of next year is about 20 m by 30 m and is fenced off, with are being measured, drawn to exact size, 24-hour security against vandals. Digging has numbered and bagged. gone down about two metres. When the excavation is completed, the site Organizers call it an "outdoor classroom" and will be covered with dirt and turned into students can earn a Grade 11 or 12 history parkland again. credit during the six-week field schools, which started last week. The classes are six hours "It's a great way to put the human interest each day, with three hours in the classroom back into the history of the period'" said and three hours of digging at the site. Some Carole Stimmell, public relations coordinator students like the program so much they return of the resource centre. It's also a great way for a second year, like Ravi Jagasia. for students to find out whether they'd like a career in archaeology. • "It's a different kind of learning," the fifteen- year-old said during a break from excavating. "It isn't the same as being in a classroom. THIE AMIE~~INl[NAINllD~SCOVIE~V O~ IElUJ~OIPIE: ACCOlUJlNlTSO~ ~~~ST COINlTACT ~1Nl AN~SH~INlABIEGO~Al T~AlD~T~OINl

This paper deals with one account of first recollections were subsequently transmitted by contact between Ameridians and French tribal elders, from generation to generation, during the seventeenth century, when a small until the mid-nineteenth century. Then, they group of people made a voyage of exploration were preserved in print by a group of and discovery, then returned home bearing Anishinabeg authors. These writers, who had new and exotic goods and strange tales of received European-style educations, used the their encounter with a new and profoundly oral tradition as the basis for a series of alien civilization. It examines how this first histories of the Great Lakes region from the contact expanded into a permanent relationship perspective of the Anishinabeg (MacLeod, between two peoples. 1992: 70-75). One version of the Anishinabeg Narratives of first contact in the seventeenth traditions of the contact period was obtained century are of course very common. Yet by a missionary in the Lake Superior region most, in fact almost all, of our narrative who interviewed Peter Jones, an Anishinabeg sources from this time are found in European who had become a Methodist minister (Kohl, documents. They naturally express the 1860: 244). perceptions and prejudices of their writers, We examine here an account of first contact and thus portray the contact period as a time that tells how one group of Amerindians when Europeans discovered America. In remembered their nation's first contact with these narratives, Europeans are the actors, and Europeans. Amerindians the passive objects of discovery. In the oral traditions of the Anishinabeg first In this paper, on the other hand, we will be contact with Europeans occurred soon after the examining an account of the contact period arrival of the French in the St. Lawrence which is based entirely upon Amerindian valley. At this time word reached the sources. This version of the history of first Anishinabeg of the existence of "some strange contact is of particular interest because the persons living on this continent" (Blackbird, . "explorers" and "discoverers" are 1887: 92). In some versions these were Amerind ians. supernatural "spirits in the form of men" More specifically, they were Anishinabeg. (Warren, 1885: 118), in others they were just The Anishinabeg, or Ojibwa, belong to the "extraordinary people" (Assikinack, 1858: p. Algonkian family nations and, although this is 307). The Anishinabeg met in council to something of a simplification, during the decide how to respond to this information and contact period they lived in the upper Great eventually decided to prepare an expedition to Lakes region, roughly the area east and west travel eastward to seek out the strangers of what is now Sault Ste. Marie. (Kohl,1860: 245). We know of their impressions of the contact This expedition, organized and led by a period through their oral traditions. Those shaman, departed early in the spring soon after the breakup. The Anishinabeg explorers Anishinabeg who first encountered Europeans travelled down the Great Lakes, along the in the seventeenth century passed on their French River, then down the Ottawa. memories of events to their children. These Towards the mouth of the Ottawa River they discovered the first physical evidence of the attached to poles and sent from village to existence of the newcomers - a hut standing in village spreading the word of the arrival of the a clearing, surrounded by the stumps of large strangers (Blackbird, 1887: 93; Kohl, 1860: trees that had not been cut with stone axes 247; Warren, 1885: 119-120). (Warren, 1885: 119). The trees appeared, in Now this account of first contact between the fact, "to have been cut through by the teeth of Anishinabeg and the French is most notable a colossal beaver" (Kohl, 1860: 246). The for the fact that rather than waiting passively shaman and his party deduced that this was a to be "discovered" by European "explorers," campsite of the strange people and were it is the Anishinabeg who discovered the pleased to have found this tangible indication French and took the initiative in opening of their reality. commercial relations. Although they were Further down the river the intrepid explorers impressed by some aspects of European were further encouraged when they found technology and intrigued by unusual French another clearing and a cabin that had customs it was the Anishinabeg who remained apparently been occupied by the strangers firmly in control of the situation and the during the previous winter (Warren, 1885: Europeans who responded graciously to 119). Anishinabeg overtures. According to these Finally, the party reached the St. Lawrence oral traditions the Anishinabeg remained in River. There they found a settlement control when the first French traders travelled occupied by the strangers who greeted them to the Anishinabeg country. cordially. These people were indeed very odd Some of these traders produced accounts and, in fact, rather resembled squirrels. This which suggest that the Amerindians were most was because, according to the oral tradition, impressed with these heroes. Pierre Radisson, they kept: in particular, appears to have believed himself their goods and provisions in hollow places, to be rather charismatic and left his readers but instead of digging holes in the ground like with little doubt that the mere presence of a squirrels, they took the trouble to put several pair of Europeans and their goods was enough pieces of wood together, in the shape of a to dominate the nations of Lake Superior. In hollow tree sometimes, fastened with hoops, his own words: where they kept their provisions (Assikinack, We weare Caesars, being nobody to contradict 1858: 307). us. We went away free from any burden, From these strangers the Anishinabeg whilst those poore miserable [Amerindians] travellers acquired, either as gifts or through thought themselves happy to carry our trade, a variety of items, including cloth, Equipage,for the hope that they had that we metal axes and knives, flint and steel, beads, should give them a brasse ring, or an awle, or blankets, and firearms (Assikinack, 1858: a needle ... Wee ... weare lodged in ye 8307; Blackbird, 1887: 93; Warren, 1885: cabban of the chiefest captayne ... We like 119). Then they set out for home. not the company of that blind, therefore left him. He wondered at this, but durst not Immediately following their return a second speake, because we were demi-gods council was called. The travellers provided a (Radisson, 1885: 200-201). complete account of their successful voyage and displayed the interesting items that they The Amerindians who compiled the oral had obtained. These goods aroused traditions were apparently less impressed. considerable interest among the Anishinabeg. Their account of this visit is rather different. Hunters came in from the forest to obtain Accord ing to the oral trad ition: shavings or chunks of wood that had been cut Early the next morning, ... the young men once with an ax. Bolts of cloth were cut into small more noticed the smoke arising from the pieces so that everyone could have one. eastern end of the unfrequented island, and led Splinters of wood and shreds of cloth were on by curiosity, they ran thither and found a small log cabin in which they discovered two ... declaring to the aforesaid Nations that white men in the last stages of starvation. The henceforward as from this moment they were young Ojibways filled with compassion, dependent on his Majesty, subject to be carefully conveyed them to their village, controlled by his laws and to follow his where, being nourished with great kindness, customs (0 'Callaghan, 1855: 803-804). their lives were preserved (Warren, Yet St. Lusson was evidently a good deal 1885:122; Nute, 1943: 62n). more circumspect when negotiating with the So in this phase of the contact period the oral Anishinabeg for a less baroque but more traditions contrast the resourceful, confident convincing account of the same meeting was and compassionate native community with preserved by the descendants of the member rather pathetic commercial travellers who need of the Crane Clan that represented the indigenous help to keep from starving to death Anishinabeg: in the midst of one of the richest fishing Sieur du Lusson ... The envoy of the French grounds in the Great Lakes region. Inspiring king, asked, in the name of his nation, for neither respect nor fear the two Europeans permission to trade in the country, and for were wholly dependent upon the tolerance and free passage to and from their villages all charity of the peoples through whose times thereafter. He asked that the fires of the homelands they travel. They were welcomed French and Ojibway nations might be made but valued only for the products that they one, and everlasting (Warren, 1885: 131). sold. For they could contribute nothing else to the lives of their Anishinabeg rescuers and The alliance thus established was remembered hosts except perhaps the entertainment by the Anishinabegas characterized by the afforded by the presence of such unusual close adherence of the French to Anishinabeg individuals. customs and forms (Warren, 1885: 132, 135). This alliance entailed only the granting of Yet these goods were valued and trade access to Anishinabeg villages to French between the Anishinabeg and the French traders and certainly no surrender of flourished. As the trade continued the two Anishinabeg sovereignty or freedom of action. groups decided to formalize their relationship with an alliance. The terms of the alliance Yet if the impact of the Europeans themselves were amicably negotiated at a meeting near the was something less than overwhelming their site of Sault Ste. Marie in 167l. technology was nonetheless very much appreciated both for its novelty and its utility. The reports that delegates brought home from Of all European products it was firearms that this conference reflected widely varying received the most attention in the oral interpretations of the nature of the traditions of the contact period. In these relationship. Simon Francois Daumont de St. traditions, the Anishinabeg portrayed Lusson, representing the French crown, themselves as quickly mastering a new produced an account for his superiors that technology and using it to further their goals. depicted the Anishinabeg as completely subordinate to the French: In one narrative the acquisition of firearms by the party that first set forth in search of ... IN THE NAME OF THE MOST HIGH, Europeans makes their return rather more MOST MIGHTY AND MOST REDOUBTABLE dramatic than they might have intended. For MONARCH LOUlS, THE XIVth OF THE as the returning adventurers came in sight of CHRISTIAN NAME, KING OF FRANCE AND their homes they used one of their new NAVARRE, we take possession of the said muskets to fire a shot into the air. According place of St. Mary of the Falls as well as of to the oral tradition: Lakes Huron and Superior, the Island of Caientolon [Manitoulin] and of all other they arrived at their village on an exceedingly Countries, rivers, lakes and tributaries, calm day, and the water was in perfect contiguous and adjacent thereunto, stillness ... The Indians saw the canoe coming towards the shore of the village, when suddenly a puff of snwke was seen and a acquire new technology. It is most important terrific clash of sound followed immediately. for what it reveals of Anishinabeg attitudes All the inhabitants were panic stricken, and regarding first contact. Some historians have thought it was something supernatural successfully used Anishinabeg oral traditions approaching the shore (Blackbird, 1887:93) as a guide to actual events (Eccles, 1984; This confusion was resolved when the Eid,1979; Schmalz, 1984). Here we are explorers landed and the Anishinabeg began to concerned less with what happened than with consider the strategic implications of this new how it was perceived and remembered by military technology. One account of this Amerindians. process is rather charming: The Anishinabeg remembered the contact Intercourse had been opened between the period as a time when their lives were French and the and Chippewas on the enhanced and their power increased through straits of Mackinac and being supplied with contact with Europeans and access to fire arme [sic] and axes by the French people, European technology. The French appear in it occurred to the Ottawas that these Anishinabeg histories of the contact period, implements would be effective in battle" not so much as intrusive aliens, but as a new (Blackbird, 1887: 93). people who are first discovered then accepted and incorporated into the world of the According to Anishinabeg sources some Anishinabeg. They are remarkable only for a unsuspecting enemies "thought that they number of rather peculiar but harmless habits [firearms] were nought but clubs" but were and for their technology. In the beginning this then taken by surprise and suffered a technology had been impressive, even "crushing defeat" (Blackbird, 1887: 93). In frightening, but it was quickly mastered and fact, the oral traditions relate a series of exploited by the Anishinabeg. According to victories by the Anishinabeg over enemies Anishinabeg oral traditions Europeans, in the who were not equipped with firearms. This contact period, posed no threat to the continues until these enemies themselves gain Anishinabeg who remained very much in access to European weapons (Warren, 1885: control of their lives and destinies. 120, 124, 126, 148, 223). So European weapons, if not Europeans themselves, are First contact had occurred as the result of the portrayed in the oral traditions as quickly actions of the Anishinabeg. Their oral becoming a key element in the military traditions demonstrate very clearly that the balance in the Great Lakes region. A nation Anishinabeg did not remember their ancestors possessed of firearms was in a position to as the passive objects of discovery by dominate its neighbours. Enemies with equal Europeans. Instead, they remembered these access to European military technology on the ancestors as actors who had themselves taken other hand met on equal terms. the decision to seek out and contact the Europeans. So for the Anishinabeg the history Yet apart from supplying military technology of the contact period is not the story of the the French are not portrayed as exercising any European discovery of America, but of the great influence on the course of events in the Amerindian discovery of Europe. Great Lakes region during the contact period. At the end of the contact period the Anishinabeg remain as firmly in control of * D. Peter MacLeod recently completed his their lives as they had been when they first PhD. programme in history at the University became aware of the existence of Europeans. of Ottawa. He is currently writing a history This is, on the face of it, a rather ordinary of the Amerindians in the Seven Years' War story of how the Anishinabeg hear of a new for the Canadian War Museum's Historical Publications series. and mysterious people, of unknown potential, and then follow up and investigate, establish This paper was read at the 11th Annual commercial relations and an alliance and Ottawa Valley Archaeological Symposium, " 'The Mythical Kingdom of the Saguenay:' NUTE, GRACE LEE Archaeology of the Contact Period in Eastern 1943 Caesars of the Wilderness: Ontario," Ontario Archaeological Society, Medard Chouart, Sieur des Ottawa Chapter, 28 March, 1992. Groseilliers and Pierre Esprit Radisson, 1618-1710. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1943, reprinted St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1978. ASSIKINACK, FRANCIS O'CALLAGHAN, E.B. 1858 "Social and Warlike customs of the Odahwah Indians" The 1855 Documents relative to the Canadian Journal of Industry, Colonial History of the State of Science. and Art vol. 3, no. 16 New York: procured in Holland. (July, 1858), pp. 297-309. England, and France. by John Romeym Brodhead. esg., agent BLACKBIRD, ANDREW J. under and by virtue of an act of 1887 History of the Ottawa and the legislature entitled "an act to Chippewa Indians of Michigan; a appoint an agent to procure and grammar of their language. and transcribe documents in Europe personal and family history of the relative to the colonial history of author. Ypsilanti, Michigan: The the state" volume IX, Albany: Ypsilantian Job Printing House, Weed, Parsons, and Company, 1887. 1855. ECCLES, W.], RADISSON, PIERRE ESPRIT 1984 "Sovereignty Association, 1500- 1885 Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson. 1783" Canadian Historical being an account of his travels Review, vol. 65, no. 4 and experiences among the North (December, 1984), pp.475-51O. American Indians, from 1652 to EID, LEROY V. 1684. Gideon D. Scull, ed., Boston: Prince Society 1979 "The Ojibwa-Iroquois War: The Publications, 1885, reprinted War the Five Nations Did Not New York: Peter Smith, 1943, Win" Ethnohistory, vol. XXVI, pp. 198, 200-201. no. 4 (fall, 1979), pp. 297-324. SCHMALZ, PETER S. KOHL, J.G. 1984 "The Role of the Ojibwa in the 1860 Kitchi-Gami: Wanderings Round Conquest of Southern Ontario, Lake Superior. London: . 1650-1701" Ontario History vol. Chapman and Hall, 1860. 76, no. 4 (December, 1984),327- MacLEOD, D. PETER 328. 1992 "The Anishinabeg Point of View: WARREN, WILLIAM WHIPPLE The History of North America to 1885 History of the Ojibways. based 1800 in nineteenth century upon traditions and oral , Odawa and Ojibwa statements. Minnesota Historical Historiography" Canadian Society, 1885, reprinted as Historical Review, vol. LXXII, History of the Ojibway People St. no. 2 (June, 1992), pp. 70-86 Paul: Minnesota Historical (forthcoming). Society Press, 1984 .• ... members correspondence ...

Ministry of Ministere de la 6th Floor 6- elage 77 Bloor Street West 77. rue Bloor Quest Culture and Culture et des Toronto. Ontario Toronto (Ontario) Communications Communications M7A 2R9 M7A 2A9 (416) 325·6200 (416) 325-6200

Mr. A. E. Stapells 39 McKenzie Avenue Toronto, Ontario M4W lKl

I am replying to your letter to Premier Rae regarding the outcome to our appeal of the London Regional Art and Historical Museums court case.

Her Honour Judge Livingstone found that the case was dismissed because there was insufficient evidence to support the charge of conducting archaeological excavation, surveyor fieldwork without a licence. In other words, this particular case was dismissed due to lack of evidence of a violation and not because there is a problem with the current act. While I am disappointed that we did not win either the case or the appeal, these decisions do not in any way jeopardize the Ontario Heritage Act.

As you mentioned, we are reviewing the Act with a view to improving our heritage conservation capabilities. Meanwhile, I will continue to issue licences for archaeological work and will prosecute any violations of the current Act. It seems that in interpreting place names that 'translations' that appear in popular works. In have their roots in Native languages there are this short article, I will attempt to achieve all three main tasks to perform: discovering the three tasks for the name 'Niagara'. identity of the source language; finding a 1.0 Source Language meaning that makes sense; and, possibly most difficult of all, dispelling romantically During the 17th century, 'Niagara' was appealing, but etymologically flimsy recorded in the following ways:

Name Date Context Ongmarahronon 1640 a Neutral people living (-m- a misprint for -ui-) between the Aondironon and the Akhrakuaeronon Onguiaahra 1641 the river JR21:190-1 Onguiaahra 1641 the village JR21 :209- 10 Ongiara 1656 the falls Sanson's map "Le Canada ou Nouvelle France" (Heidenreich 1971: map 9) 1657 the falls (7) Bressani's map "Novae Franciae Accurata Delineatio" (Heidenreich 1971: map 10) 1660 the falls Du Creux's map "Tabula Novae Franciae" (Heidenreich 1971: map 1 1) Niagagarega 1680 the people Bernou's (7) map (White 1978:408) Niagara 1683 the falls Hennepin in Guillet 1933: 12 Niagara 1688 the falls Coronelli's map, JR21:3 16 Niagara 1698 the falls Hennepin 1974:53-6, passim

Before I analyze these names for their source language family a Native place name belongs. languages, I have to get something off of my In trying to determine the source language of chest. There is a deep, abiding form of the words presented in the chart above, it is ignorance with respect to Native place names necessary to divide them into two groups, that should have no residence on the modern each reflecting a different source language. I published page. What I am talking about is believe that this division reflects the writing of saying that a place name is "... Indian for. .. " an originally Neutral word, first in a Northern (Mika and Mika 1983:39), "derived from an Bear version, second in a Mohawk version. Old Indian name" (De Volpi 1966:4), or is One reason for this belief is how closely the "an Indian word" (Bramble 1990:66). This grouping parallels the grouping of terms for just perpetuates the myth that there is Lake Simcoe in the 17th century. In a recent somehow only one 'Indian' language. Imagine article about the name 'Toronto' (Steckley someone saying that 'Little Lake' is European 1992:23-25) I outlined how a Huron term was for Kontareia, or that 'Trees in Water' is the only one used from 1641 to 1660, to be European for Toronto. What makes this replaced by a Mohawk word that first especially ridiculous is that there are more appeared in 1670. language families, greater language diversities existing among languages in Native Canada Further support for the Northern than in Europe. It does not take a great deal of Bear/Mohawk hypothesis comes from looking scholarship to at least find out to what at the linguistically significant differences between the names in the two groupings. They are as follows: Northern Bear version of an originally Neutral word. a) initial -Q- as opposed to -l:!- (nothing) before the -n-; The second group has a version of this b) mid -ngfuli- as opposed to -ni-; and feature, -m:-, which corresponds in Mohawk c) final -~- as opposed to -agara-. to the -ndi- and -ngfuli- in Huron. We can see this in the following cognates of an Iroquoian The initial -Q- of the first grouping represents verb meaning 'to marry': an FZP (feminine zoic patientl) pronominal prefix. This commonly found prefix is 1.2 probably absent in the second grouping Mohawk -- "-Irlills- to get married" (Michelson because of a mistake rather than because a 1973:86) Rock -- "se marier ,andia,i" (FH1697:115) dialect or language difference is being Northern Bear -- "echienguiae ... en mariage 2 represented. Abbe Claude Bernou (or !echiengiai - you will marry!" (Brebeut whoever put together the map of 1680) seems 1830:9) to have been a linguistic 'trend setter' in the Southern Bear -- "Es·tu marie? att. Sagyaye recording of Native place names. He was the !sangya,i - you are married?!" (Sagard 1866:82) first to use the form "Taronto" (as opposed to Wyandot -- ",and'ia,i ...se marier" (Potier 1920:288 "Tar8nteau") for Lake Simcoe (Steckley #861 1992:25). There might have been some The final distinction, between -a(a)ra- and - confusion in his mind as to whether the name agara- could also be indicative of having of a people should begin with an -Q-, as Northern Bear as the language of the first appeared in earlier representations of the group, and Mohawk as that of the second. The word, or with -atti- ("they") as was the case -Jill- of the 1641 Jesuit Relation entries and the for the other Neutral group referred to on the -ill- of the second group may represent an map, the "Attiragenrega". Not sure, he might instance in which Northern Bear had -0-, other 3 have left the prefix blank. Huron dialects had -Y.-(see Steckley 1991b) The second difference is one that brings with and Mohawk (as other Iroquois languages) has it a division according to language. The a -g- or -k-. feature represented by -ngfuli- is a dialect 2.0 What does Niagara Mean? indicator within the Huron language, standing as a Northern Bear, Southern Bear and Before I investigate the validity of different Wyandot characteristic in opposition to Rock proposed meanings of Onguiara/Niagara, I dialect -ndi-. We can see this in the Wyandot want to point out that the ending of both superscript addition that Jesuit Father Pierre versions of the word, -ara-, strongly suggests Potier made in the mid 18th century to the that the word being represented is a noun. The Rock dialect form for the word 'Niagara': -fl- is by far the most common noun suffix in Huron6 as with other Iroquoian languages, and 1.1 "8nd&iara* niagara" (Potier 1920:154t -ara- appears over seventy times in Potier's Significantly, it is a distinction that appears in list of nouns (Potier 1920:445-455), more the recording of another Neutral village name, often than it does for the longer list of verbs. which was recorded as "Te otongniaton" It is thus more likely that the word is a noun (JR21 :225; possibly actually 'te otonguiaton') rather than a verb or a noun incorporated into in the Jesuit Relation of 1641, when Northern a verb. Bear was the Huron dialect used in Jesuit There are four different translations that one writing (see Steckley 1990a and 199Ia), and typically encounters in works presenting the "Te otoCndiaton" in the Jesuit Relation of 1650 meaning of Niagara. The one that I favour (JR36:141), when Rock was being used. presents the word as a noun meaning: When we add to this the fact that the Huron "... "neck", referring to the strip of land would often use as tribal names 'Huronized' between Lakes Erie and Ontario, cut off by versions of a tribe's own name,5 we get the this river." (JR21 :316; Smith 1987:20; sense that what we have in the first group is a Stewart:327 and Harder 1985:379). lake." (Stewart 1970:327) Significantly, all four of those sources cited or as given by Iroquoian scholar J.N.B. identify either the language or language family Hewitt it signifies "bisected bottom land" of the word. Further, there is one instance in (Hewitt in Hodge 1971 :347; also in Harder my Huron dictionaries of a noun that would 1985:379). Hewitt is rather imaginative in his provide supporting evidence of the claim that etymological reconstructions. I feel he is Onguiara/Niagara means 'neck'. In the extending the meaning to include what it was French-Huron dictionary I have termed referring to, not what it literally meant. FH1697 we find the following: The construction that would appear to be 2.1 "Ia nuque du co!. /the nape of the neck/ suggested is that of a noun incorporated into a tanCdiakacront." (FH1697:238) verb. The noun root, meaning 'point of land' The construction of this word includes a dualic (see Steckley 1984) was presented in Potier as prefix -t- and the verb root -ont-, meaning 'to "ondgia... pointe de terre ... " (Potier 1920:455), attach' (Potier 1920:418). The noun root is - in 17th century Mohawk as "Oncnia, pointe de mJiakacr-, with the -k- presumably being the terre" (Bruyas 1970:120) and in modern equivalent of the -g- in Niagara. Unfortunately Mohawk as "unhya point of land, cape I have uncovered no clear evidence that this - u:nhya" (Michelson 1973: 115). The verb is g- existed in Mohawk. Although Donald that which was given in Potier as "kaia,i as, Smith, one of Canada's foremost writers of aj, axe couper in deux" (Potier 1920:264), in Native history, states that Niagara comes from 17th century Mohawk as "Oh-nya-ka-ra", a Mohawk word for 'neck' "Gaiagon ... couper ... kaiagon ... couper en (Smith 1987:20), he does not state his source. deux" (Bruyas 1970:57), and in modern In my three Mohawk sources, the first two Mohawk as "-iya?k- to cut down" (Michelson 17th century, the last 20th century, we get a 1973: 122). term without the -g-: There are a number of difficulties with this 2.2 "Onniara, tete coupee ... Ganniariagon. R. interpretation. The dualic prefix (represented couper Ie col." (Bruyas 1970:75). "Col, as -k- and -g- above) is absent. Further, in honiara" (Shea 1970:33). "-nya?r- neck Huron there can be no -J]l- final in such a onya:ra" (Michelson 1973:87). combination, the only choices being the stative ending -j-, -~-, the punctual ending -ill- and This does not preclude the possibility that the the dislocative plus purposive ending -xe-. Mohawk were staying true to the Neutral origins of a word with -g- or -k- that did 3.0 Silencing the Thunder: the Romantic relate to neck, or that in some dialect of Interpretation of 'Niagara' Mohawk the longer version existed. The interpretation most often found is one that Two sources I have seen refer to Niagara as conjures up an imagery that 'sounds Indian' to meaning 'strait' (Bramble 1990:66 and many people. It is perhaps for this reason that Carnochan 1973:2). That neither source it is so often repeated, especially in sources identified the language or language family of that do not cite either language or language the word makes them suspect as providers of family. The name pertains to the falls and is good quality information. I suspect that they presented in some form of 'thunder(ing) (of) might be referring to an extrapolation made by water(s)' (Burtuiak 1887:313, Cole 1983 some earlier investigator from the 'neck' voI.20:27, De Volpi 1966:4, Grolier 1977 meaning. voI.7:334, Hamilton 1978:191, Marsh 1988:1497 and Mika and Mika 1983:39). This It is also possible that the meaning 'strait' was 'translation' presents major difficulties in that derived by some writer(s) from another it does not seem to relate to any term for translation that has been proposed: thunder or thundering. In Huron (as well as "'point-of-Iand-cut-in-two,' to designate the some other Iroquoian languages)? was 'hinnon' place at which the river flows out into the (FH1697:21O; see Potier 1920:323 for an etymology). For making a sound like thunder, Dedication the verb was the following: This article is dedicated to Jennifer, who was 3.1 ",anderondi. .. tonner, bruire, faire un bruit more in my mind than Huron words when I semblable a celui du tonnere, un bruit de was writing. tonnere ... handerond'ia ill tonne" (Potier FOOTNOTES 1920:286). 1. This pronominal prefix typically translates The Huron/Wyandot scholar Marius Barbeau as 'she', 'it' or even sometimes as 'one'. presented his translation of Niagara as 2. It is possible that his was not the first "lightning strikes"', possibly thinking of the writing of the word in what can be called the following interpretation of the verb -ill.-, 'Mohawk style'. Hennepin visited and meaning 'to shoot': described the falls in 1678, not publishing 3.2 "',aia,i. .. hoia,i v/el/ e80ia, ide hinnon Ie until 1683 (in French) and 1698 (in English). tonnere est tombe (quasi dicas) deux & It is difficult to know whether the published ejaculatus est tonitru" (Potier 1920:204). form was influenced by what appeared in the This is still a long way from Niagara. 1680 map. 3. The flawed form of his writing is evidenced Another possibility for the origin of this in the extra -gl!- he added to the word. interpretation is that it is a translation of an 4. The -~- is a Wyandot dialect version of -Q-. Ojibwa term for Niagara, mistakenly 5. We see this on the Novvelle France map in transposed to the lroquoian Onguiara/Niagara. the names "Oskovararonon" (Steckley This, however, fails as well. In Baraga's 1990b:2l), "Skenchioronon" (ibid), excellent 19th century dictionary of Ojibwa, "Chaovaeronon" (op.cit., p23), we get the following entry: "Eachiriovachronon" (op.cit., p24), "WaHinag. Basin of water; pI. -in s. wana "Aovechissaeto-non" (ibid) and "Nadovess-ro" Waifulag kakabikawang. A basin of water (op.cit., p25). where there is a waterfall over steep rocks, 6. What the Jesuits were attempting to that is, Niagara Falls." (Baraga 1878:395). represent with this -g- was an -g- plus a glottal stop (and sometimes similar sounds). Summary 7. See Seneca for example (Chafe 1961:33). We have seen that in the 17th century there 8. Barbeau 1957. were two different ways of representing the REFERENCES CITED word we know now as 'Niagara'. The first, 'Ong(u)iara', appears to have been a Huron Baraga, F. (Northern Bear dialect) reworking of an 1878 A Dictionary of the Otchipwe originally Neutral word. The second, Language Montreal, 'Niagara', seems to have been a bad copying Beauchemin & Valois (i.e. with pronominal prefix dropped) of a Mohawk reworking of the same word. The Bramble, Linda most likely candidate for the best translation 1990 Undiscovered Niagara The of the term is 'neck', referring to the piece of Boston Mills Press land between Lake Erie and 'cut Bruyas, James off by the Niagara River. The romantic 'Indian sounding' translation of 'thundering 1970 Radical Words of the Mohawk water', popular especially with writers who do Language (orig. 17th century, not give the language or language family the pub. 1863), New York, AMS word came from (something that should Press always render suspect the reliability of the Burtuiak, John source) does not appear to have any basis in 1887 The History of the County of fact. Welland Barbeau, Marius Heidenreich, Conrad 1957 "My Life in Recording 1971 Huronia: A History and Canadian Indian Folklore" Geography of the Huron recording, Folkways Indians 1600-1650 Toronto, Recording Service, New York McClelland & Stewart Carnochan, Janet Hennepin, Louis 1973 History of Niagara (orig. A New Discovery of a Vast 1914), Belleville, Mika Publ. Country in America (orig. Chafe, Wallace 1698), Toronto, Coles Pub. Ltd. 1961 Seneca Thanksgiving Rituals Bur. of Amer. Ethn. Bull. Hodge, F.W. 183, Smithsonian Inst. 1971 Handbook of Indians of Washington Canada (orig. 1912), Toronto, Cole, David Coles Pub. Ltd. 1983 " N i a gar a F a II s " i n Marsh, James ed. Encyclopedia Americana vol. 1988 The Canadian Encyclopedia 20:297, Grolier Pub. vol. 3 De Volpi, Charles Michelson, Gunther 1966 The Niagara Peninsula: A 1973 A Thousand Words of Pictorial Record Montreal, Mohawk Ottawa, Nat. Dev. Sco. Pub. Ltd. Museum of Man Grolier of Canada Mika, Nick and Mika, Helma 1977 "Niagara Falls", in 1983 Places in Ontario Pan III N-Z Encyclopedia Canadiana vol. Belleville, Mika Pub. Co. 7:334, Toronto Potier, Pierre 1920 The Fifteenth Report of the French-Huron dictionary, ms. Bureau of Archives for the cl697 Province of Ontario Toronto, Guillet, Edwin C.W. James 1933 Early Life in Upper Canada Shea, John G. Toronto, The Ontario Pub. 1970 A French-Onondaga Co. Ltd. (citing Hennepin's Dictionary (written in the 17th "Description de la Louisiane") century, orig. pub. 1860) New Hamilton, William York, AMS Press 1978 The Macmillan Book of Smith, Donald Canadian Place Names 1987 Sacred Feathers: The Reverend Macmillan Co. of Canada, Peter Jones (Kahkewaguonaby) Toronto and the Mississauga Indians Harder, Kelsie ed. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press 1985 Illustrated Dictionary of Place Steckley, John L. Names: United States and Canada New York, Facts on 1984 "A Neutral Point" in Arch File Pub. Notes 84-4: 19-23 1990a "One Bear or Two" in Arch Notes 90-6: 15-6 1990b "The Early Map "Novvelle France": A Linguistic INTERMEDIATE Analysis" in Ontario ARCHAEOLOGIST Archaeology 51: 17-30 Porter Dillon Limited/M. M. Dillon 1991a "The Mysterious -M-" in Arch Limited, Consulting Engineers, Planners, Notes 91-2: 14-20 and 25 and Environmental Scientists, has an 1991b "Rock and Southern Bear: opening for an innovative and dedicated Another Feature Shared" in intermediate level archaeologist seeking Arch Notes 91-4: 12-5 challenging projects in assessment, 1992 "Toronto: What Does It survey, and mitigation. The successful Mean?" in Arch Notes 92- candidate would work out of the Halifax 3:23-31 office but be involved extensively with Stewart, George projects in Ontario, as well as other 1970 American Place Names New regions of the country. York, Oxford Univ. Press We are seeking an individual with a Thwaites, Reuben G. (JR) ed. Master's Degree in Anthropology or 1959 The Jesuit Relations and Allied related discipline, and five to ten years Documents New York, of archaeological field and analytical Pageant Books Company experience, with at least two years in the White, Marian consulting industry. The successful 1978 "Neutral and Wenro" in The candidate will have a demonstrated Handbook of North American knowledge and understanding of Ontario Indians vol. 15 The Northeast prehistory, as well as strong oral and Smithsonian Inst. pp407 -11. written communications skills. Porter Dillon Limited/M. M. Dillon Limited, is a leading Canadian multi- Journal of the Society disciplined consulting group. The firm of Bead Researchers offers superior salary and benefits, substantial opportunity for advancement and a dynamic professional environment. Volume 2 of Beads recently rolled off the presses. It is a hefty issue, If you are interested in helping a proven team respond to the challenges of the containing 112 pages, seven of 1990s, please forward your resume in which are colour plates. The confidence to: contents include four book reviews and five articles dealing with various PORTER DILLON LIMITED, 2701 aspects of bead research around the Dutch Village Road, Suite 700 Halifax, world. Nova Scotia. B3L 4G6 The journal is available for $16.75 Attn: W. Bruce Stewart or telephone postpaid from: Bruce Stewart, Senior Archaeologist, Karlis Karklins (902)453-1115. SBR Editor 802-2850 Cedarwood Drive Applications are encouraged prior to 31 Ottawa, Ontario K1V 8Y4 August 1992. During the months OAS Director Lise Ferguson MPPs who are presently in Cabinet are and I have served on the Minister's Advisory addressed as "The Honourable". Committee for a New Heritage Act, it has been The OAS urges you to send in your card as soon impressed upon us that the NDP government as possible. If you would like to write a letter or places a lot of weight on the voice of the people: have friends and family send notes in support of the grass roots approach. We were told by the proposed new Act, simply use the same Culture and Communications Minister Haslam address and your own writing paper. Every and her political staff that it did little good to card, note and letter will go a long way to "preach to the converted" by writing to her in helping to make the proposed new Act a reality. support of new legislation for heritage. She There are many good points about this new Act emphasised that she was but one voice in for archaeology and archaeological sites in Cabinet and that she would have to "sell" a new Ontario; it isn't perfect, but the draft Act Act to them when there are already scores of prepared by the Minister's Advisory Committee demands for new legislation on the table. deserves your support. Therefore, any support that we can muster for a new Act would be immensely helpful. P.S. If you have the zeal and the extra time you may want to write to one or more of the Further, there is a real concern that this Act be following key players, at the same address. introduced to the House and passed before the next election as the new government may not be I. The Hon. , Premier as "heritage conscious" as this one seems to be. 2. The Hon. David Cooke, House Leader and Currently, the timetable allows for the Act to be Minister of Municipal Affairs (his position as before Cabinet this fall. It has been close to 20 House Leader gives him clout in deciding which years since we have had the chance to write a bills come before the House and in what order. new Heritage Act and one is desperately needed Also, the Min. of Municipal Affairs is notorious in a province where the number of sites shrinks for being anti-heritage). every day. It may be another decade or more if 3. The Hon. , Minister of Culture we cannot make use of this window of and Communications opportunity to pass a new Heritage Act. 4. Margaret Marland, PC critic for Culture and Communications The best approach is a postcard campaign aimed 5. Jim Henderson, Lib. critic for Culture and at the individual Members of Provincial Communications Parliament whether they are NDP or not. Just 6. The Hon. , Minister of Natural the fact that constituents would take the time to Resources (this ministry says that the write (send a card) means a great deal (votes) to preservation of natural areas is important and MPPs and sensitizes them to issues they may has gone a long way to identify, categorize and know nothing about. "priorize" areas of speclal natural heritage In this issue of Arch Notes you will find the interest BUT has not passed any significant postcard and a Iist of all the MPPs and their legislation to adequately protect them. That is ridings (we have also included an 800 telephone why the natural heritage lobby came to the number which you can dial to find which riding Minister's Advisory Committee to ask for you are in if you don't already know). Simply protection for significant natural heritage sites in find the name of your MPP, write it on the card, the new Act). add the 42c postage (sorry, but only the feds allow you to write to your member for free), fill If you don't know your riding phone: in your name and address and sign it. Cards 1-800-668-2727 with no address, name or signature are routinely (or in Toronto 321-3000) ignored by all levels of government. Remember, Algoma Wildman, Hon. C.J. (Bud) Nepean Daigeler, Dr. Hans Algoma~Manitoulin Brown, Mike Niagara Falls Harrington, Margaret Beaches·Woodbine lankin, Hon. Frances Niagara South Coppen, Hon. Shirley -North McClelland, Carman Laughren, Hon. Floyd Brampton-South Callahan, Bob Nipissing Harris, Mike Brantford Ward, Brad Norfolk Jamison, Norman Brant-Haldimand Eddy, Ron Northumberland Fawcett, Joan Bruce Elston, Murray J. Oakville South Carr, Gary Burlington-South Jackson, Cameron Oak wood Rizzo, Tony Cambridge Farnan, Mike Oriole Caplan, Elinor Carleton Sterling, Norman W. Oshawa Pilkey, Hon. Allan C. Carleton East Morin, Gilles E. Gigantes, Hon. Evelyn Chatham Kant Hope, Randy Ottawa East Grandmaitre, Bernard C. Cochrane North Wood, len Ottawa-Rideau O'Neill, Yvonne Cochrane South Bisson, Gilles McGuintv, Dalton J.P. Cornwall Cleary, John Chiarelli, Bob Don Mills Ward, Margery Oxford Sutherland, Kimble Dovercourt Silipo, Hon. Tony Parkdale Ruprecht, Tony Perruzza, Anthony Parry Sound Eves, Emie Dufferin·Peel Tilson, David Perth Haslam, Hon. Karen Durham Centre White, Drummond Peterborough Carter, Jenny Mills, Gordon Port Arthur Wark-Martyn, Hon. Shelley Wiseman, Jim Prescott· Russell Poirier, Jean Durham-York O'Connor, lawrence Prince Edward-lennox-South Hastings Johnson, Paul Eglinton Poole, Dianne Quinte O'Neil, Hugh P. Elgin North, Hon. Peter Rainy River Hampton, Hon. Howard Essex-Kent Hayes, Pat Conway, Sean Essex-South Mancini, Remo Riverdale Churley, Hon. Marilyn -Humber Henderson, Dr. Jim Sarnia Huget, Bob Etobicoke-lakeshore Grier, Hon. Ruth Sault Ste Marie Martin. Tony Etobicoke-Rexdale Philip, Hon. Ed Scarborough-Agincourt Phillips, Gerry Etobicoke West Stockwell, Chris Scarborough Centre Owens, Stephen Fort William Mcleod, lyn Frankford, Dr. Robert Marchese, Rosario Scarborough·Ellesmere Warner, Hon. David Frontenac-Addington Wilson, Hon. Fred Scarborough North Curling, Alvin Gray Murdoch, Bill Scarborough Wesr Swarbrick, Anne Gualph Fletcher, Derek Wessenger, Paul Halton Centre Sullivan, Barbara McLean, Allan Halton North Duignan, Noel Simcoe West Wilson, Jim Christopherson, David St. Andrew-St. Patrick Akande, Zanana L. Hamilton East Mackenzie, Hon. Bob St. Catharines Bradley, Jim Charlton, Hon. Brian A. St. Catharines-Brock Haeck, Christel Hamilton West Allen, Hon. Richard St. George-St. David Scott, Ian G. Hastings-Peterbo rough Buchanan, Hon. Elmer Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry & East Grenville -Swansea Ziemba, Hon. Elaine Villeneuvre, Noble Huron Klopp, Paul Sudbury Murdock, Sharon Kenora Miclash, Frank Sudbury East Martel, Hon. Shelley Wilson, Gary Timiskaming Ramsay, David Kitchener Ferguson, Will Victoria-Haliburton Drainville, The Rev. Dennis Kitchener-Wilmot Cooper, Michael Witmer, Elizabeth lake Nipigon Pouliot, Gilles Weiland-Thorold Kormos, Peter Lambton MacKinnon, Ellen Wellington Arnott, Ted Lanark-Renfrew Jordan, leo Wentworth East Morrow, Mark Lawrence Cordiano, Joseph Wentworth North Abel, Don Leeds-Grenville Runciman, Robert W. Willowdale Harnick, Charles Lincoln Hansen, Ron Wilson Heights Kwinter, Monte london Centre Boyd, Hon. Marion Windsor-Riverside Cooke, Hon. Dave London North Cunningham, Dianne Windsor-Sandwich Dadamo, George London South Winninger, David Windsor-Walkerville Lessard, Wayne Markham Cousens, Don Sorbara, Gregory Middlesex Mathyssen, Irene Malkowski, Gary Sola, John York Mills Turnbull, David Offer, Steven Beer, Charles Mississauga South Marland, Margaret Rae, Hon. Bob Mahoney, Steven W. Yorkview Mammoliti, George Muskoka-Georgian Bay Waters, Dan (J{)[Q)O@@Olf\l]@WOu[)=[](Q)QJ]u /k, [Q)~@[R1~~OO~ QJ]lf\l][Q)~[R1~u/k,lf\l][Q)Olf\l]@u[)=[]~ If\l]/kuQJ, ][R1~ (Q)~ u[)=[]~ ~O[L~lf\l]u [I¥\]~~O~/k,lf\l] /k,[R1~[)=[]/k,~(Q)[L(Q)@O~u~ ~W@@@@ITiJj)W~ ir[J'o©[h)@[P)()l]~

Abstract: "Faunalturbation" , a form of soil formation caused by extraneous biological forces has received little recognition as a potentially archaeologically destructive process. Such agents as eanh worms, ground squirrels, mice and pocket gophers all play an integral role in soil disturbance and redistribution. This essay will focus panicularly on Zygogemys trichopus "Tuza", an indigenous Mexican pocket gopher. By examining the habitat and living structure a greater understanding of soil formation and ani/act recovery can be determined.

Every archaeologist has encountered it and all Pedoturbation is a soil disturbance process that have walked away cursing the culprit that incorporates all aspects of natural soil produced it. Recently, the notion of rodent alteration, of which faunalturbation is an burrowing as a major factor in site formation example (Schiffer, 1987;206). has gained the attention and respect of The importance of properly understanding the archaeologists. This essay will attempt to factors involved in pedoturbation allows the resolve some of the misunderstandings about archaeologist to adequately interpret the faunalturbation and its effects on 'matrix' of the site (Woods & Johnson, archaeological sites. By specifically studying 1978;315). It has become relevant that the one of the major players from the rodentia term "in situ", used to denote undisturbed family, Geomyidae, more commonly known as artifacts, "is probably more optimistic than the pocket gopher, a greater comprehension of realistic" (Wood & Johnson, 1978;317). With its ability to assist or destroy possible regards to faunalturbation the present day archaeological sites will be given. The main archaeologist must not only be a geologist of focus will be on Zygogemys trichopus (Tuza), sorts, but also a zoologist, to suitably Mexican pocket gophers of the Basin of determine the proper interpretations. By Mexico and the Sierra Madre. knowing the environmental conditions in which certain animals operate, a clear and concise picture will develop.

The context in which a pocket gopher survives and ekes out an existence is in the ground. Like many other rodents, the pocket gopher is Tracing their roots back to the miocene age, adapted to life underground and occasionally, pocket gophers today have become highly in its quest for food, stumbles upon an specialized (Parker, 1990;131). As a new archaeological site. It is in this context that world mammal, the pocket gopher has adapted the soil formation becomes altered and to almost every ecological niche. It can be artifacts dislodged. Faunalturbation is the found in the grasslands and coasts of process in which underground living animals, California, the forested mountains of Colorado like the pocket gopher, disturb the or the Sierra Madres and the Rain forests of archaeological context (Schiffer, 1987;209). Central America. Each ecological area will 92-3 have one only specialized sub-species of except during the reproduction period which pocket gopher adapted to those conditions lasts no longer than a few days or weeks (Laycock, 1958;146). Overlapping occurs (Parker, 1990;134). The standard mating only on the fringes or buffer zones of two periods occur in early Spring, late Summer different ecological areas. and Fall (Parker, 1990;134) and corresponds With varying degrees most pocket gophers with the period prior to optimum mound have massive flat skulls which act somewhat building. Males are polygamous, have up to like a bulldozer (Parker, 1990;131). Due to four females with which they cohabit, and will its life underground the pocket gopher is produce a litter size determined by deficient in both sight and sound relying only environmental influences (Parker, 1990;134). on the virissae and tail to monitor vibrations in In addition, newborn pocket gophers will not the soil (Grinnell,1923;139). Although small leave the parental burrow until approximately and seldom relied upon, the pocket gopher's 60 days after birth (Parker, 1990;135). The eyes and ears have special flaps to prevent soil reproduction age for a Tuza is less than three particles from penetrating them (Parker, months and, if in an agriculturally cultivated 1990;131). Its neck and body are short and area with artificial irrigation, the Tuza may cylindrical, and its shoulders and forelimbs are reproduce nearly all year long (Parker, strong and muscular (Parker, 1990;131). 1990;135). The massive cranium houses two sets of tall cylindrical incisors which act like scrapers in ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: conjunction with the long curved claws of the The Tuza is one of the few species of pocket forefeet (Parker, 1990;131). Wear on the gopher yet to be fully researched. Data claws is so extensive that the three central gathered to date suggests that the Tuza is a claws of the forefeet grow twice as fast as the highly specialized member of the others (Parker, 1990;134). Information on the Mesoamerican gopher population. Its habitat wear and rejuvenation of the molars is limited; includes small isolated areas west of the Sierra however, it has been suggested that growth is Madre (see fig. 1) but is centrally located in a continuing factor in certain rodent the Basin of Mexico (Honacki, 1982;382). populations. Pocket gophers have two fur- lined cheek pouches that do not empty into the The Tuza is specialized due to the limited mouth cavity, but open to the outside, laterally space it occupies. The average living from the mouth (Parker, 1990;134). These elevation ranges between 2438-2591m asl, pouches are used to transport food only. roughly the height of Mexico City (Honacki, 1982;382), but overall extends from 1810 to The Tuza's maximum weight is 450 gm with 3600m above sea level and is the width of the its average body and tail length measuring 20- Basin of Mexico (Parker, 1990;136). 25 cm and 9-12 cm respectively (Parker, Traditionally, the Tuza is a marginal forest 1990;136). Like other pocket gophers, the dweller; however studies not only of Tuzas Tuza's fur colouration will resemble the soil it but of other pocket gophers suggest that their inhabits. This is part of the process of genetic preferred habitat is that of irrigated, cultivated plasticity which all pocket gophers appear to land (Beuchner, 1942;348); (Stahl, 1982;826); possess (Miller, 1964;259). The pocket (Bocek, 1986;589). This creates problems in gopher will adapt to soil depth and texture, archaeological interpretation; for historically this resulting in physical changes within the the Basin of Mexico was, agriculturally, body structure (Miller, 1964;259). One extensively exploited, allowing for many distinguishing factor between similar pocket centuries of Tuza activity and disturbance. gophers is the number of grooves on the upper Most soils in the Basin of Mexico today incisors; the Tuza possesses two grooves per consist of sandy loams and are conducive to incisor (Parker, 1990; 136). high production based agriculture (Sanders, Pocket gophers are extremely territorial, 1979;87). Features Legend .•••. Mountains

All pocket gophers prefer fine sandy loam and below this range the soil loses its tactile nature moderate moisture content as a suitable living making it difficult for the pocket gopher to environment (Erlandson, 1984;786);(Miller, properly excavate (Miller, 1948;41)(Hansen, 1948;41); (Beuchner, 1942;348). This type of 1968;397). Mound formation occurs only in environment usually corresponds to this median range; below 9 % formation is agriculturally altered areas where a high almost non-existent (Miller, 1948;41). moisture content is required for domesticated With an outside temperature variance of plant growth (Beuchner, 1942;348). In a between 1 and 30'c, pocket gophers can study conducted within Colorado, mountain adequately maintain their body temperature at pocket gophers like the Tuza preferred a constant rate of 36.9'c (Parker, 1990;136). disturbed soil overgrown with weedy Combined with soil moisture, if the summer vegetation (Miller, 1964;260). Furthermore, months are dryer and hotter than normal, a it was recorded that gopher populations peaked pocket gopher will induce a state of "summer in areas where optimum soil conditions hibernation" which is distinguished by the resulted in a maximum alfalfa crop harvest number of days or weeks, but not months, of (Miller, 1964;260). Thus in favourable sleep (Parker, 1990;135). This "hibernation" grassland environments there can be as many will continue only until optimum conditions as 125 pocket gophers per hectare (Bocek, are brought back into a state of equilibrium 1986;589). (Parker, 1990;135). Conversely, the winter Unlike most mammals the pocket gopher does months do not effect the pocket gopher's not need an ample water source to survive. It active life (Hansen, 1968;391). therefore has the ability to rely totally on the moisture content within tuberous roots and other vegetation (Parker, 1990; 135). The MOUND and TUNNEL PRODUCTION: favoured soil moisture content is between 9 % A study on habitual processes of the pocket and 18% (Hansen, 1968;397). Above or gopher revealed that 99 % of their entire Iife CZI Horizon A: sandy loam, 1-50cm deep ~ Horizon B: mixing of rock and sandy loam, 50-200cm deep lIB Tepetate

span is spent underground soil on the surface (Laycock, 1958;350). (Grinnell,I923;139). It showed further that Recently constructed mounds are easily the pocket gopher is productive 24 hours of detectable due to their dark moist texture the day (Grinnell, 1923;140) and that their (Grinnell, 1923;140). Mounds built in spring internal process never ends as no direct will show increased surface plant growth on evidence has shown that the pocket gopher them throughout the summer months as a hibernates (Grinnell, 1923; 142);(Parker, result of the presence of favourable soils 1990;135). (Laycock, 1958;349). The m~ority of mound production occurs in Beneath the surface the pocket gopher's tunnel the twilight hours of predawn and is subject to system is a maze of galleries and foraging seasonality with excavation peaks in late tunnels. Most subsurface-dwelling mammals spring and autumn when soil conditions are at maintain a burrow system of 20 to 200 square an optimum level (Bocek, 1986;590);(Miller, metres and 3 to 36 linear kms in size (Bocek, 1948;41);(Grinnell, 1923; 140). Their mounds 1986;590). Each burrow system is designed consist of nutrient rich subsoils which fan out for that particular occupant; thus the diameter in a conical alluvial pattern. Pre-mound of the tunnel itself is relative to the builder's preparation involves the removal of all own dimensions (Hansen, 1968;395). vegetation within an eight inch radius of the There are two types of tunnel complexes tunnel opening before the depositing of any (Diagram I); the horizontal side tunnels and the vertical nesting chamber tunnels (Parker, Mountain gophers on the west slope of the 1990;134). The horizontal tunnels usually Sierras of California have been estimated to occur in the A horizon, between 1 and 50cm bring to the surface 7 tons of subsoil per down from the surface. The tunnels act as an square mile per year (Daubenmire, 1959;37). underground harvesting system which allows Where dense populations occur the surface soil the pocket gopher to exploit the roots of crops can be turned over 15-20% in a single season. growing on the surface (Parker, This would result in a total mixing with 1990; 134);(Erlandson, 1984;788). A horizon A within five to six years (Thorp, horizontal tunnel will normally run up to 1949; 190). In realistic terms a pocket gopher 150m in length with a backdirt mound every can expel up to 2.3 kilograms of soil per day 65cm (Bocek, 1986;591). Storage chambers (Bocek, 1986;591). Using Thorp's model, if are located along the horizontal tunnels and the Tuza's population density was the same or separately house fecal pellets and food. greater in the final stages of Teotihuacan, the During the summer and winter months, when total surface soil displacement within mound production is lowest, filled fecal and agricultural zones of the Basin of Mexico by spoiled food chambers will be sealed with soil 1991 would be approximately 839 kg per year from a newer chamber (Hansen, 1968;391). for a total of 915,894.50 kg over a span of The main purpose of the horizontal tunnel is 1,091 years. one of exploration and it is connected to the The pocket gopher excavates dirt by using its main vertical tunnel leading to the nesting massive forefeet and large cranium to push chamber (Parker, 1990: 134). soil forward (Grinnell, 1923;144). Although Vertical tunnels are normally larger and are the pocket gopher spends more time in the regularly utilized for the entire year. Their horizontal tunnels, transportation of materials depth depends on soil material beneath horizon occurs more frequently and at greater B which, in the Basin of Mexico, is a hard distances in an upward vertical direction volcanic material called tepetate, impenetrable (Bocek, 1986;591). Soil displacement in the to pocket gophers (Sanders, 1979;82,247). vertical tunnels is unidirectional thus materials Total soil depth before tepetate is usually are stratigraphically segregated (Bocek, 200cm, which is the deepest recording of 1986;591). Horizontal soil displacement is pocket gopher activity to date (Sanders, multidirectional creating a homogeneous 1979;82,247)(Erlandson, 1984;785). To mixture (Bocek, 1986;591). The pocket prevent predation from surface enemies the gopher has the uncanny ability to travel pocket gopher attempts to build its nesting backwards and forwards at the same rate of chamber underneath a large object like a speed. This is rather an excellent adaptive boulder or log (Grinnell, 1923;145). The characteristic; for when the pocket gopher digs chamber itself is cushioned with dried grasses the excess soil is pushed underneath its body regularly replenished with new material from and is deposited directly behind it (Parker, the surface (Bocek, 1986;590). 1990;134). As stated previously, most soil from the horizontal tunnels is used as a plug to seal filled storage chambers; thus, the The TUZA as EXCAVATOR: pocket gopher preserves energy and time by If it hasn't yet been made apparent, the pocket simply pushing the excess dirt backwards into gophers sole reason for living is to dig. Most the chamber (Bocek, 1986;591). The pocket archaeologists realize that faunalturbation can gopher's large incisors also act as weathering and does disturb the stratigraphic record but agents upon the soil matrix; in conjunction they are ignorant of the extent. To place this with its forefeet they slice at the soil in a in perspective, it would take 160 carloads of vertical direction (Parker, 1990;134). On soil, at 50 tons each, to equal the amount of occasion impenetrable objects within the soil soil displaced by pocket gophers within matrix will be circumvented by digging Yosemite Park, per year (Grinnell, 1923: 144). underneath them (Grinnell, 1923; 145). Over time, as the weight of the object becomes too depositing rocks slightly larger than 5cm on great, the tunnel structure will collapse; thus the surface (Hansen, 1968;395), but generally causing stratigraphic displacement downwards any object larger than 5cm is avoided and dug (Bocek, 1986;591). Due to the repeated around (Bocek, 1986;591). In highly process the blocking of the tunnel will again disturbed areas there will be a massive, result thereby creating an extensive disproportionate amount of smaller sized stratigraphic anomaly (Schiffer, 1987;207). materials on or near the mound entrance Due to a scarcity of food, energy has to be (Bocek, 1986;591). Thus pocket gopher allotted; thus the pocket gopher's metabolism activity will seriously affect the reliability of allows it to store up to 21 % of its body mass surface-collection data (Bocek, 1986;600). in reserved body fats at anyone time (Parker, Nesting materials and food are supposedly the 1990;135). This allows the pocket gopher to only objects carried below ground by pocket be in a constant state of activity. Above gophers (Bocek, 1986;590) ;(Hansen, surface plant material accounts for 25 % of the 1968;391), as soil and other fine material are pocket gopher's total daily diet (Parker, the only products carried above ground 1990;135). The Tuza accomplishes this (Bocek, 1986;590). This theory is being gathering task only at night, as predation is challenged as new information becomes intense during the sunlight hours (Parker, available. In an excavation of a plains pocket 1990;135). gopher's burrow system in Texas, the food Research on burrowing activities of the pocket storage area located near the nesting chamber gopher reveals that its inadvertent behaviour revealed a vast array of surface food products segregates soil contents by size and mass and two 12 gauge shotgun shell metal casing (Bocek, 1986;589). This sorting causes an ends (English, 1932;127). The casings had a artificial concentration of large materials 40cm measured circumference of 5cm and a width below the surface, with smaller materials of 2.5cm (English, 1932;127). In 1987, an appearing above horizon B (Bocek, archaeologist working within the Teotihuacan 1986;589,601). In some extreme cases it is valley reported that a Tuza mound had impossible to differentiate between 'in situ' developed overnight within an excavated and rodent krotovina deposits (Erlandson, square. Perched upon the freshly dug mound 1984;785). Finer dry soil particles will be was a human talus (Spence, 1991; personal lost during transportation, mingling with the communication); the measurements both in larger rocks. The pocket gopher's continuous width and diameter were beyond 5cm, but the movement will result in a smoothing effect bone was extremely porous, thus reducing it's along the tunnel floor (Hansen, 1968;397). original mass. Overall, cultural material less This cobbling feature strikingly resembles that than 6cm in size will be displaced within a of culturally constructed forms (Schiffer, depth of about 40cm below the surface. Any 1987;208). material larger than 6cm will be avoided or displaced downwards to a depth of Movement of larger materials occurs as a one approximately 200cm (Erlandson, way process - out (Bocek, 1986;590). The 1984;788);(Schiffer, 1987;207). tunnel diameter severely limits the size of objects to be transported to the surface. The average tunnel diameter never exceeds 6cm CONCLUSION: (Hansen, 1968;395);(Bocek, 1986;591). This With reference to archaeology, the disturbance corresponds with the maximum breadth of any created by the Tuza and other pocket gophers pocket gopher (Parker, 1990; 135). Most is extensive. Within the Basin of Mexico the researchers' report that rocks deposited on the conditions for increased Tuza activity have surface are no larger than 5cm in length or been apparent for centuries and oddly enough diameter (Hansen, 1968;395);(Bocek, have been propagated by human activity. 1986;591). Occasionally, some mountain Interpretation lies hidden within a maze of pocket gophers like the Tuza, will be observed extraneous factors of which the archaeologist Bocek, Barbara must be aware. 1986 Rodent Ecology and Burrowing The inclusion of gopher faunal remains usually Behaviour: Predicted Effects on occur within the first 50cm of subsoil. The Archaeological Site Formation. pocket gopher is not selective when intruding American Antiquity 51:589-603. within an archaeological site. Their remains Daubenmire, R.F. at times are associated with middens. This poses a problem in interpreting whether the 1959 Plant & Environment: A textbook of remains are intrusive or part of the Plant Autecology. 2nd Ed., New archaeological record. In a study of small York. mammal food procurement by historic Plains English, P.F. Indians, the pocket gopher was determined to 1932 Some Habits of the Pocket Gopher. be 89.9% edible (Stahl, 1982;824). To solve Journal of Mammalogy, 13:126-132. this problem the faunal remains of the pocket gopher must be tested independently of the Erlandson, J.M. feature, or if traces are apparent of tunnel 1984 A case study in Faunalturbation: intrusion, excavation of the tunnel system is Delineating the effects of the strongly recommended. A simple surveying burrowing pocket gopher on the method for Tuza environments would be to distribution of Archaeological examine mound contents during the peak Materials. American Antiquity, production period. If cultural material is 49:785-790. apparent, and faunalturbation the process, an excavation of the nesting chamber and food Grinnell,1. storage galleries would be a recommended 1923 The burrowing rodents of California as procedure. agents in soil formation. Journal of In the Basin of Mexico further information can Mammalogy,4:137-149. be attained by enlisting the services of a Hansen, R.M. & M. J. Morris Tucero. A Tucero is a 'gopher hunter' whose 1968 Movement of Rocks by Northern job is to reduce the presence of Tuzas within Pocket Gophers. Journal of agricultural areas (Nowak et aI, 1983;551). Mammalogy, 49:391-399. This position is considered a highly respected aspect of village life and is passed down from Hillson, Simon father to son. This in itself represents a 1986 Teeth. Cambridge University Press. lineage of information easily attainable on the Great Britain. aspects of Tuza life. Honacki, James H. In conclusion, the purpose of this essay is to 1982 Mammal Species of the World: A give insight into the various aspects of Tuza Taxonomic & Geographic reference. life and how this life can affect the Association of Systematics Collections, archaeological record. By giving the Tuza the Kansas. respect due to a highly efficient excavator a genuine understanding may emerge. Laycock, W.A. 1958 The Initial pattern of Revegetation of REFERENCES CITED Pocket Gopher Mounds. Ecology, 39:346-351. Beuchner, Helmut K. Miller, Milton A. 1942 Interrelationships between the Pocket 1948 Seasonal Trends in Burrowing of Gopher and Land Use. Journal of Pocket Gophers (Thomomys). Journal Mammalogy, 23:346-348. of Mammalogy, 29:38-44. Miller, R.S. 1964 Ecology and Distribution of Pocket Christopher Andreae Gophers (Geomyidae) in Colorado. Elected to Board of Directors of Ecology, 45:256-272. the Ontario Historical Society Nowak, et al The OHS announces that 1983 Walker's Mammals of the World. 4th Christopher Andreae of London, ed., vol 1, Johns Hopkins University Ontario was elected to its Board of Press, Baltimore. Directors at its annual meeting in Parker, Sybil P. May. Andreae is well known in the field of 1990 Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. industrial archaeology and Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill Inc., Toronto. preservation and was instrumental Sanders, William T. et al in founding the Ontario Society for Industrial Archaeology. At present 1979 The Basin of Mexico; Ecological Andreae operates his own business, Processes in the Evolution of a Historica Research Ltd., in London. Culture. Academic Press, New York. Schiffer, M.B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of "Piecing Together Our Past" New Mexico Press, New Mexico. Stahl, Peter W. CALL FOR PAPERS 1982 On Small Mammal Remains in Manitoba Archaeological Society Archaeological Context. American and Manitoba Universities Antiquity, 47:822-827. Anthropology Student Conference Thorp, J. Date: October 2 - 4, 1992 Location: University of Winnipeg 1949 Effects of certain animals that live in the soil. Science Monthly, 68: 180- Relevant subject areas: 191. • Archaeology • Physical Weaver, Muriel Porter Anthropology ·Cultural Anthropology • Native Studies • 1981 The Aztecs, Maya, and their Ethnohistory Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica. 2nd. ed., Academic Papers will be directed at: Press Inc. • Recent fieldwork • Student Wood, W. Raymond and Donald L. Johnson Research • MA and PhD research projects • Avocational 1978 A Survey of Disturbance Processes in archaeological pursuits Archaeological Site Formation. Advances in Archaeological Method & Please mail abstracts to: Theory. vol. 1 edited by M. B. Manitoba Archaeological Society Schiffer, pp. 315-381. Academic P.O. Box 1171 Press, New York .• Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 2Y4 (204) 942-7243 Deadline: September 1, 1992 Conference preregistration will be required. Preregistration forms and further program A Conference on Intertribal and details will be available after June I, 1992.• Interethnic Relationships in the Northeast During the Early Contact Period AN OLDER AGE FOR THE JAPANESE EARLY Sponsored by the PALAEOLITHIC Research Division Rochester Museum & Science Center Rochester, New York During the summer field season of 1991, excavations at the Ohira site, located in eastern Japan, saw the recovery of flaked tools This conference is in recognition of the that may now push the Japanese Early quincentenary of Columbus' voyage to the Palaeo lithic back by 10,000-15,000 years. New World and its significance as a crucial (Keally 1992; Yanagida 1992). turning point in the history of both native The arti facts recovered, besides an assortment inhabitants and Europeans. of flaked tools and scrapers, were large flaked The conference is aimed at expanding current tools showing evidence of bifacial flaking and understanding of human interactions in retouching. Similar bifacial tools have been northeastern North America during the period recovered from other sites in surrounding of earliest contact between Old and New regions of the Ohira site and were dated as World peoples (c. A.D. 1500-1700). It will early as 49,000 ± 5,000 B.P. (Yanagida encompass the complex and varied 1992). interrelationships among Native American While further testing is still taking place it is tribal groups during this period as well as the becoming probably that the date of 45,000 relations between diverse groups of Native B.P. will remain for the Ohira site. Americans and Europeans. Papers prepared from this intercultural perspective are invited on topics such as population movements and amalgamations; the formation of political I would like to give special thanks to Dr. and/or economic alliances through treaty, Charles T. Keally (Sophia University, Japan) trade, or intermarriage; warfare, captive for his help while I was in Japan and taking, and adoption; the effects of epidemic providing data on the Ohira site. diseases; and the spread of ideologies, languages, and cultural practices. Potential contributors are asked to submit a 150-word abstract to the conference committee Keally, Charles T. by April I, 1992. Please send to: 1992 Japan's "Early Palaeolithic": a People to People Conference changing controversy. Current c/o Charles F. Hayes III Research in the Pleistocene. 9. Rochester Museum & Science Center (in press) 657 East Avenue Box 1480 Yanagida, Toshio Rochester, New York 14603-1480 1992 The Ohira Site: a probably "Early Papers will be selected by the conference Palaeolithic" site in Fukushima committee by June I, 1992 on the basis of Prefecture, eastern Japan. Current their relevance to the conference theme, their Research in the Pleistocene. 9. (in scholarly nature, and their foundation in press) • archaeological, osteological, and/or ethnohistoric data. Jul/Aug 1992

f~OM THE OoAoSo Off~CE Charles Garrad

1992 ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM Nominating Committee now solicits "IMPACf AND INFLUENCE; EARLY nominations of consenting candidates from NATIVE AND EUROPEAN CONTACf members. Written nominations may be IN THE AMERICAS" forwarded to the Nominating Committee in Tucked into this issue of ARCH NOTES you confidence care of the OAS Office, the will find a Symposium Pre-registration Form. envelope being clearly marked "Attention - Pre-registration is at a lower rate than paying Nominating Committee". The Chairman of at the door. A whole host of top-notch invited the Committee can be reached at home speakers are coming this year, so don't miss (519)853-4483. The Nominating Committee this event. Hotel early-registration cards are will present its slate and report to the Board of not provided this year, but if you intend to Directors and general membership at the stay at the Westbury Hotel, by all means let Annual Business Meeting, at which time them know you are attending the OAS nominations may be made from the floor Symposium. before closure. An election, if necessary, will be held by mailed ballot accompanying the NOTICE OF ANNUAL BUSINESS November-December issue of ARCH NOTES. MEETING This notice is intended to comply with the The 1992 Annual Business Meeting of The requirements of Article VI of the Society's Ontario Archaeological Society will be held at Constitution. the Metro Central YMCA Auditorium NOTICE OF PROPOSED MOTION TO Grosvenor Street, Toronto, Ontario, o~ AMEND THE CONSTITUTION Saturday afternoon, October 24, 1992. All Society members in good standing may attend. The following proposed amendments to the Copies of the financial statements, with an Constitution have been enacted by a majority Agenda and activity reports, will be circulated vote of the Board of Directors. Following at the Meeting. To ensure that there is time discussion at the Annual Business Meeting the for adequate consideration, motions should be proposed amendments will be submitted for submitted in writing in advance to the ratification by a two-thirds vote of the Society's office during the previous work responding membership within 60 days of the week. This notice is intended to comply with Annual Business Meeting in accordance with the requirements of Article V(3) of the Article XI of the Constitution. Society's Constitution. 1. To correct incorrect usage throughout the NOTICE OF APPOINTMENT OF Constitution the term "Executive Committee" NOMINATING COMMITTEE has been replaced by "Board of Directors", "Executive Officers" by "Directors", A Nominating Committee of three members "Officer(s)" by "Director(s)" and "members of has been appointed to prepare a slate of seven the Executive Committee" by "Directors". The or more candidates for office as Directors of following articles are affected by the above: The Ontario Archaeological Society for 1993. The Committee members are: Bob Burgar III.3,?; IV.l; V.l,2,3; VI.title 1 2346' (Chair), Bernice Field and Bob Mayer. The VII.l; VIII.title,I,2,5; IX.title,l; X.'I; XI:l~ XII.I; xv. 1,9,10,11; XVI. 2; XVII.2,7; "All cheques in payment of authorised XVIlI.I,2; XIX.I; XX.I; XXII. I. accounts and bills shall be prepared by the 2. References in the Constitution to the Past Treasurer and signed by any two of the three President have assumed that the current signing officers. The signing officers shall be President's term of office is one year only. the President, the Treasurer and, in the Article V.2, 2nd paragraph has been changed absence of the President, one designated from: Director or Officer. " to:. "All cheques in payment of authorised "The Past-President shall serve as a non- voting member of the Executive Committee for accounts and bills shall be signed by any one year from the date of the end of the term two of the three signing officers. The of office. " to: signing officers shall be the President, the Treasurer and one designated Director or "The immediate Past President shall serve officer." as a non-voting member of the Board of Directors." and Article VI. 4 has been changed Article VIII.!, first and last sentences have from: been changed from: "The President, on the expiration of his term "The President shall preside at meetings of the of office, and not being a candidate for re- Society and at meetings of the Executive election, or for other Executive Office, shall Committee; shall sign cheques in payment of continue as a non-voting member of the authorised accounts and bills, after such Executive Committee for onejunher year, with cheques have been prepared and signed by the the title Past President. " to: Treasurer; shall sign the minutes immediately upon their confirmation. ... One of the "The President, on the expiration of his members of the Executive Committee shall be term of office, and not being a candidate appointed by the President to perform the for re-election as a Director, shall continue duties of the President in the event of the as a non-voting member of the Board of latter's absence or upon the President's Directors, with the title Past President, until request. " to: the current President becomes Past President. " "The President shall preside at meetings of the Society and at meetings of the Board of 3. Adjustment is made in the Constitution to Directors; shall sign cheques, when the duties of the Secretary to enable clerical necessary, in payment of authorised help to be employed as necessary. Article accounts and bills; shall sign the minutes VIII.2 has been changed from: immediately upon their confirmation. ... "The Secretary shall issue notices of Executive One of the members of the Board of Committee meetings, shall record all Directors shall be appointed by the proceedings, shall prepare and read the President to perform the duties of the minutes, and having signed them shall present President, except for cheque-signing duties, them after confirmation to the President for in the event of the laUer's absence or upon signature. " to: the President's request." "The Secretary shall issue notices of Board An additional paragraph has been added as of Directors meetings, shall have recorded follows: all proceedings, shall prepare and read the "Article IV.6 - Major expenditures, i.e. minutes, and having signed them shall staff pay, office rent and capital equipment present them after confirmation to the should be recorded in the Boards' Minutes President for signature." when approved." 4. Adjustments have been made to the NOTICE TO TWENTY-FIVE YEAR following fiscal articles - Article IV. 3 has MEMBERS been changed from: Two members identified as having held continuous membership in the Society since repeated with this mailing of ARCH NOTES, joining in 1967 will be presented with a with instructions elsewhere in the text. Please Twenty-Five Year lapel pin and accompanying note that the telephone numbers to call, if you certificate at the Symposium Banquet on don't know your riding, are: in area code 416 October 24, 1992. These are Jerome Cybulski call (416)321-3000, in other area codes call and Paul Lennox. (800)668-2727. The special recognition of twenty-five year NO INCREASE IN FEE FOR '93 ! members was introduced by the Society in At the July Board meeting the fee schedule for 1987. To date nineteen members have been 1993 was discussed. It was decided the recognized. Any other member who believes Society must hold the line. Accordingly there himlherself eligible please contact the OAS will be no change in Society membership fees office. in 1993. 1991 HERITAGE CONSERVATION OAS COMMENTS ON CEMETERIES AWARD ACT Mad River Development Inc. has been A letter has been sent by OAS President Dr. selected to receive the OAS Heritage Bruce Welsh to Consumer and Commercial 1991. The Conservation Award for Relations Minister nomination letter states: commenting on a number of potential "In 1988 the Mad River Development Inc. problems with the new Ontario Cemeteries Act commenced development of a parcel of land in and particularly the Regulations concerning Nottawasaga Township for the Mad River Unmarked Burials. Golf Club. An enquiry for possible ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY archaeological remains on the property .. ENDOWMENT FUND APPEAL determined that the Peacock BcHa-5 Site was potentially threatened. The precise boundaries More names for The Honour Roll! The OA of the site were not then known. Endowment Fund continues to grow. New contributions have been received from An archaeological assessment was undertaken Associated Heritage Publishing, Dorothy by the nominee to determine the site Hunt, Eva MacDonald and David A. boundaries .. The development was then Robertson, Dr. Phillip MacFarlane, the redesigned to avoid the site. Construction of McLean Foundation, the Ministry of Culture the Mad River Golf Club was completed in and Communications, Jean-Luc Pilon, the 1991 with no impact on the Peacock BcHb-5 Quaternary Sciences Institute, and Amy Site. " Stewart. The Award will be made at the Society's 1992 In return for three cheques postdated a month Annual Banquet at the Westbury Hotel, or two apart for $10 each, you will receive a Toronto, October 24, 1992. The Society donation receipt for income tax purposes, help extends thanks and regrets to the other to ensure the permanency of ONTARIO nominees and their sponsors. ARCHAEOLOGY, and the government will HERITAGE ACT POSTCARD quadruple your donation. Cheques made to CAMPAIGN The Ontario Archaeological Society and Enclosed in the recent mailing of ONTARIO marked OA ENDOWMENT FUND should be ARCHAEOLOGY was a preprinted postcard sent to the office. and explanatory pamphlet offered to you as a PASSPORT -TO- THE-PAST PROGRAM means of expressing your desire to see a new UPDATE Ontario Heritage Act. You were asked to To the date of writing the office has mailed ascertain who the MPP for your provincial six Volunteer Opportunity Bulletins for 1992. riding is and add hislher name to the card If you are not receiving Volunteer Opportunity before mailing it. The preprinted card is Bulletins and believe you should be because UPDATE ON ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY you were once registered in the program, ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY 54 was mailed please advise the office. out early in July, only three months after The fee to join the program, receive a OA53! What an accomplishment. Passport document and Volunteer Opportunity Congratulations to all concerned, and Bulletins for the first year remains $10. For esp~cially to Editor Dr. Peter Reid. subsequent years the annual service fee toward Manuscripts are solicited for future issues. the cost of mailing the Bulletins is $5. These may be submitted on diskette or hard New Agencies are solicited for the Passport copy, and may be sent to the office or (if program and existing Agencies are asked to three hard copies) directly to Dr. Peter Reid, please report opportunities for Volunteers. Dept. Sociology and Anthropology, University 1992 OAS SUMMER BUS TRIP REPORT of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4. The requirement of three hard copies is waived for A nearly-full bus-load enjoyed a glorious day text submitted on either size diskette in any on July 4. We travelled to Niagara-on-the- version of Word Perfect. Lake to see the re-enactment of the arrival of 1 BATMAN 60KAS Lt.-Governor Simcoe and a whole host of = associated events. On the way we stopped at Fear not, the great defender of the American Burlington Beach to pick up the Hamilton Way has not become involved in contingent and to inspect the site of the King's Canadian/Mohawk relations. According to Head Inn, the first Inn in the area, built in Horace Doursther's "Dictionnaire universel des Simcoe's time, and recently the subject of Poids et Mesures ancience et modernes .. " archaeological exploration. At St. Catharines batman and okas are the names of ancient arabic we picked up Jim and Suzanne Pengelly, weights still in use in parts of Turkey and Persia representing the Niagara Chapter OAS in its in 1840. "Le batman ordinaire" weighed 7.6 fifth anniversary year. Thanks to the video- kilograms, and was equivalent to 6 okas, 10 mennas or 24 rattons. The dictionnaire is an equipped bus and Stew Leslie's tape of the incredible compilation of ancient weights and OAS trip last November, we journeyed along measures, which varied tremendously over time the QEW via Egypt and Jordan. It was fun and space. For example the French word "pied" that so many people in the video were on the is usually equated directly with the English word bus. When we got to Niagara-on-the-Lake, "foot". The dictionnaire has no less than 718 who should we meet in the crowd of entries for "pied", showing that it ranged from thousands but Ottawa Chapter Past President 7.276 English inches in ancient Delphi to 25.565 Helen Armstrong and Dr. Armstrong, proud in Cervia. The countries listed where a foot that their daughter was among the costumed actually equalled twelve English inches were re-enactors greeting Simcoe. those where "Le pied anglais" was then in use, We were able to go on one of the "Tall the British countries and some of the overseas Ships", watch many events, do a little colonies, the United States, and major trading shopping, attend the ceremonies, watch the ports. Some countries used 'Le pied anglais" as an optional measurement, co-existing with other troops parade and battle. MCC Minister measuring systems. Russia, for example, had Karen Haslam was in period costume and five different measurements for the foot, ranging made a great speech. We left in the middle of from twelve (anglais) to 14.135 English inches a mock battle for dinner in St. Catharines. (L'ancien pied russe). This was great but a little slow and so we got home bit late, tired, happy, and clutching Stew Many thanks to Conrad Heidenreich for Leslie's handout about the King's Head Inn, suggesting this book, to Evelynne Currie of the the many-page OAS handout covering the Public Library for securing it on inter-library loan, and the University of major event, and souvenirs galore. No doubt Saskatchewan for releasing it.• Kodak and other photo houses noted a business boom the Monday after. IPlAlNlNlEDG~V~INGAIND uHIE OlNuA~~O A~CHAIEOlOG~CAl ~OC~lEuV - VOU~ lA~u W~ll AIND ulE~uAMlElNu

Last issue we discussed the benefits of Life Insurance as The amount of your bequest will vary but all donations a way to leave a bequest to are an important part of preserving worthwhile charitable organizations the Society. Whether a simple like The Ontario Archaeological legacy, an endowment or a Society. A second method of charitable trust, your contribution is ensuring the OAS will still exist for important. In addition your bequest future generations is through a gift is: to the Society when you no longer I. Tax deductible in the year of need to rely on the funds for living death to the extent that it does not expenses, a bequest in your will. exceed 1/5 of total income and any We all enjoy archaeology in one unused deductions can be carried form or another - as a professional, back to the previous year. an avocational or even as an 2. Able to provide you with the armchair archaeologist. And we wonderful feeling that "I made a know what the OAS does for difference", you really will feel good archaeology and what it does for us about yourself. personally - but the OAS cannot do this without cost. If you would like to help by leaving a bequest to The Ontario When you are revising your Last Archaeological Society through your Will and Testament, remember the last will and testament please consult pleasures and achievements you have your trust officer, lawyer or other enjoyed and do your part to ensure advisor or the OAS for further succeeding generations also will The GAS Endowment Fund details. have something to remember. Ask guarantees your immortality! your lawyer to include a bequest to: Invest now in Archaeology's THE ONTARIO future - (416)730-0797 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY YOU CAN MAKE A INC. DIFFERENCE

------CUTHERE------I am interested in obtaining more information about establishing a Personal Planned Giving Program.

I understand that this request for information does not place me under any obligation to establish a plan. GRAND RIVERIWATERLOO President: Henry Ford (519) 821-1572 f------Vice-President: Ken 01dridge, Marcia Redmond Treasurer: Jack Redmond Secretary: Eva McFadden, 402 Lakeview Dr., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 4Z6 Newsletter: THE BIRDSTONE - Editor: John D. A. MacDonald Fees: Individual $7 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at the Adult Recreation Centre, 185 King Street W., Waterloo.

LONDON President: Pat Weatherhead (519) 438-4817 Vice-President: Chris Ellis Treasurer: Harri Matilla Secretary: Tom Arnold, Grosvenor Lodge, 1017 Western Rd., London, Ontario Newsletter: KEWA - Editor: Tom Arnold Fees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Thursday of the month, except June - August, at the London Museum of Archaeology.

NIAGARA President: Jim Pengelly (416) 834-7802 f------Vice Presidents: Mary Joan Hale, Bill Parkins Treasurer/ Secretary: Dave Briggs, PO Box 571, Niagara Falls, Ontario, L2E 6V2 Newsletter: THE THUNDERER - Editor: Jim Pengelly Fees: Individual $10 Meetings: Usually at 7.30pm on the 3rd Friday of the month at Room H313, Science Complex, Brock University, SI. Catharines.

OTTAWA President: Ishtar Luesby (613) 233-2398 Vice-President: Jim Montgomery Treasurer: Jack Earnshaw Secretary: Lois King, Box 4939 Station E, Ottawa, ON KIS 5Jl Newsletter: THE OTTAWA ARCHAEOLOGIST - Editor: Peggy A. Smyth Fees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at the Victoria Memorial Building, Metcalfe & McLeod Streets, Ottawa.

THUNDER BAY President: Frances Duke (807) 683-5375 1------Vice-President: George Holborne Treasurer: Secretary: 331 Hallam SI., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A lL9 Newsletter: WANIKAN - Editor: A. Hinshelwood Fees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the last Wednesday of the month, except June - August, in the Board Room, M.C.C., 1825 East Arthur Street, Thunder Bay.

TORONTO President: Duncan Scherberger (416) 463-1677 Vice-President: Greg Purmal Treasurer: Eva MacDonald Secretary: Annie Gould, Box 241, Station .p., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S8 Newsletter: PROFILE - Editor: Valerie Sl'JDstenes Fees: Individual $10 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesday of the month, except June - August, at Room 561A, Sidney Smith Hall, St. George Street, Toronto.

WINDSOR President: Rosemarie Denunzio (519) 253-1977 Vice-President: Suzanne Gero Treasurer: Ilinka Temerinski Secretary: Sandra Lesperance, 3461 Peter St. #507, Windsor, On. N9C 3Z6 Newsletter: SQUIRREL COUNTY GAZETTE - Editor: Peter Reid Fees: Individual $7 Meetings: Usually at 7.30pm on the 2nd Tuesday of the month, except June - August, at the Public Library, 850 Ouellette, Windsor. 126 Willowdale Ave., Willowdale, Ontario M2N 4Y2 Phone, Fax or Modem - (416) 730.()797

Mr. Michael W. Kirby DR. BRUCE WELSH Ms Ellen Blaubergs 1225 Avenue Road 33 HARBOUR Sa. #3227 77 Quebec Ave. #1233 Toronto, Ontario TORONTO, ONTARIO Toronto, Ontario M5N 2G5 M5J 2G2 M6P 2T4 (416) 484-9358 (416) 531-6396 (416) 767-2393 FAX 531-6552

Mr. Arthur F. Howey Ms. Lise A. Ferguson Mr. Andre Bekerman R.R. #1 536 Glengrove Ave. W. 265 Waverley Road Brantford, Ontario Toronto, Ontario Toronto, Ontario N3T 5L4 M6B 2H4 M4L 3T5

Mr. Tony Stapells Ms Christine Caroppo 39 McKenzie Ave. 142 Glebeholme Blvd. Toronto, Ontario Toronto, Ontario M4W lKI M4J IS6 (416) 962-1136 (416) 466-D460

Mr. Charles Garrad 103 Anodale Drive Willowdale, Ontario M2N 2X3 (416) 223-2752

Scientific Journal: ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY Individual: $28 Newsletter: ARCH NOTES Family: $34 Monographs:MONOGRAPHSIN ONTARIO Institutional: $55 ARCHAEOLOGY Life: $400 Special Publications:(As advertised) Chapter Fees Extra