Soils and Agricultural Suitability of the Childers Area, Queensland
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Land Resources Bulletin Series DNRQ97158 Soils and Agricultural Suitability of the Childers Area, Queensland P R Wilson RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane Queensland 1997 ii ISSN 1327-5763 Agdex 524 This publication was prepared by Department of Natural Resources officers. It may be distributed to other interested individuals and organisations. State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources 1997 Department of Natural Resources GPO Box 2454 Brisbane Qld 4001 iii C o n t e n t s Page List of Tables iv List of Figures v Acknowledgments vii Summary viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Geology 2 3. Soils 5 4. Limitations to irrigated land uses 55 5. Land suitability 64 6. References 66 Appendices I Diagrammatic cross-sections showing idealised relationships between: 69 (a) basalts and intermediate volcanics/metamorphic rocks, landform and soils 69 (b) granites, landform and soils 70 (c) moderately weathered sedimentary rocks, landform and soils 70 (d) deeply weathered fine grained sedimentary rocks, landform and soils 71 (e) deeply weathered coarse grained sedimentary rocks, landform and soils 73 (f) alluvium, landform and soils 74 (g) beach ridges, landform and soils 75 II A key to soils in the Childers study area 76 III Soil profile classes 83 IV Land suitability classes 97 V Coastal Burnett-Wide Bay Land suitability classification scheme for irrigated 98 crops iv List of Tables Page 1. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Podosols 6 2. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Podosols 9 3. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Vertosols 9 4. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Vertosols 11 5. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Vertosols 11 6. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Hydrosols 12 7. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Hydrosols 17 8. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Hydrosols 18 9. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Kurosols 18 10. Mean profile soil nutrients for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 21 11. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 22 12. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Sodosols 23 13. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Sodosols 30 14. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Sodosols 31 15. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Chromosols 32 16. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Chromosols 34 17. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Ferrosols 35 18. Mean profile soil nutrients for the Childers soil of the Ferrosols 37 19. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Ferrosols 37 20. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Dermosols 38 21. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Dermosols 45 22. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Dermosols 48 23. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Kandosols 48 24. Mean profile soil nutrients for soils of the Kandosols 52 25. Estimated PAWC (mm) and rooting depth (m) for soils of the Kandosols 53 26. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Rudosols 53 27. Major attributes, classification and areas for soils of the Tenosols 54 28. Land use requirements and limitations for irrigated farming systems in the Childers area 55 (from Land Resources Branch Staff, 1990) 29. Areas suitable for agricultural land uses in the Childers area 64 v List of Figures Page 1. Locality map 1 2. Mean clay content profiles for soils of the Podosols 7 3. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for soils of the Podosols 8 4. Mean ESP profiles for soils of the Podosols 8 5. Mean clay content profiles for soils of the Hydrosols 14 6. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for soils of the Hydrosols 14 7. Mean EC (1:5) profiles for soils of the Hydrosols 15 8. Mean ESP profiles for soils of the Hydrosols 16 9. Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) profiles for soils of the 16 Hydrosols 10. Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for soils of the Hydrosols 17 11. Mean clay content profile for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 19 12. Mean pH (1:5) profile for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 19 13. Mean EC (1:5) profile for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 20 14. Mean ESP profile for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 20 15. Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) profile for the Kolan soil of 21 the Kurosols 16. Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for the Kolan soil of the Kurosols 22 17a. Mean clay content profiles for the Gigoon, Givelda and Brooweena soils of the 25 Sodosols 17b. Mean clay content profiles for the Turpin, Avondale, Auburn and Peep soils of 26 the Sodosols 18a. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for the Gigoon, Givelda and Brooweena soils of the 27 Sodosols 18b. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for the Turpin, Avondale, Auburn and Peep soils of the 27 Sodosols 19a. Mean EC (1:5) profiles for the Gigoon, Givelda and Brooweena soils of the 28 Sodosols 19b. Mean EC (1:5) profiles for the Turpin, Avondale, Auburn and Peep soils of the 28 Sodosols 20. Mean ESP profiles for soils of the Sodosols 29 21. Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and cation exchange capacity 29 (CEC) profiles for soils of the Sodosols 22. Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for soils of the Sodosols 31 23. Mean clay content profiles for the Booyal and Tirroan non-sodic variant soils of 33 the Chromosols 24. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for the Booyal and Tirroan non-sodic variant soils of the 33 Chromosols 25. Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for soils of the Chromosols 34 26. Mean clay content profiles for the Childers soil of the Ferrosols 36 27. Changes in Clay Activity Ratio (ECEC meq/100g clay) with pH for the Childers 36 soil 28a. Mean clay content profiles for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Corfield, Flagstone and 40 Drinan soils of the Dermosols vi 28b. Mean clay content profiles for the Gooburrum, Isis, Kepnock, Woolmer and 41 Woco soils of the Dermosols 29a. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Corfield, Flagstone and Drinan 41 soils of the Dermosols 29b. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for the Gooburrum, Isis, Kepnock, Woolmer and Woco 42 soils of the Dermosols 30. Mean EC (1:5) profiles for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Isis, Kepnock, Woolmer, Woco, 42 Flagstone and Drinan soils of the Dermosols 31a. Mean ESP profiles for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Corfield, Flagstone, and Drinan soils 43 of the Dermosols 31b. Mean ESP profiles for the Gooburrum, Isis, Kepnock, Woolmer and Woco soils 43 of the Dermosols 32a Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and cation exchange capacity 44 (CEC) profiles for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Corfield, Flagstone and Drinan soils of the Dermosols 32b Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) profiles for the Gooburrum, 44 Isis, Meadowvale, Kepnock, Woolmer and Woco soils of the Dermosols 33a Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for the Doolbi, Kowbi, Corfield, 47 Flagstone and Drinan soils of the Dermosols 33b Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for the Gooburrum, Isis, Meadowvale 47 Kepnock, Woolmer and Woco soils of the Dermosols, 34. Mean clay content profiles for soils of the Kandosols 49 35. Mean pH (1:5) profiles for soils of the Kandosols 50 36. Mean ESP profiles for the Farnsfield, Quart and Redbank soils of the Kandosols 51 37. Mean effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) profiles for soils of the 51 Kandosols 38 Mean profile calcium/magnesium ratios for soils of the Kandosols 52 Accompanying maps Soils Childers area (Ref. No. 95-CBW-1-P3006) Scale 1:100 000 Land suitability for irrigated sugar cane (Ref. No. 96-CBW-1-P3140) Scale 1:100 000 vii Acknowledgments The author would like to thank: Deirdre Homan and Louise Henricksen for word processing of the report Garry Fullelove, DPI; Graham Kingston, Peter Downes, Trevor Wilcox and Ross Ridge BSES; Mike Smith, Bundaberg Sugar Company; Robin Hyde (previously Maryborough Sugar Mill); Trevor Glanville, Mark Sallaway, Clem Hill, Roger Shaw, DNR; for technical information on land use specifications and suitability assessment Dennis Baker, Doug Smith and Val Eldershaw for editorial comments on the report Sharon Otto and Russel Scarborough for UMA data entry Marc Bryant for map preparation, and GIS presentation and management Liz Kidston and Kerry Rosenthal for computer data management Agricultural Chemistry, DNR for chemical and physical analysis of soil profiles Adrian van der Voort for assisting in mapping part of the project area viii Summary A land resource survey of 244 254 ha in the Childers area was aimed at providing information for improved sustainable farming systems and for regional planning, catchment management and property management planning. The report focuses on detailed descriptions of the physical and chemical attributes and the limitations of the soils for agricultural production. The report should be used in conjunction with the published soils and suitability map. The very complex distribution of the 52 soils identified in the study can be attributed mainly to a complex geomorphic history. The relatively simple geology gives little indication to this complexity. Rapid soil changes over short distances and their associated attributes contributes to a general fragmentation of rural activities and infrastructure. Water supply and associated infrastructure are the main limitations to agricultural development. At present, the bulk of the agricultural development is restricted to the Bundaberg Irrigation Area (BIA) with little room for further development on freehold land within the BIA.