Book of Abstracts 2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance

Oaxaca, Mexico, 6-8 November 2019

Version of 21 October 2019

The conference is hosted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico, together with the Earth Sys- tem Governance Project.

The 2019 Mexico Conference will be organized around the five analytical lenses structuring the new earth system governance research agenda, as captured in the 2018 Science and Implementation Plan; and a sixth stream focusing on specific issues and challenges relevant to the Latin American region.

Contents Architecture and Agency ...... 2 Democracy and Power ...... 63 Justice and Allocation ...... 79 Anticipation and Imagination ...... 104 Adaptiveness and Reflexivity ...... 128 Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization ...... 150

Conference Co-Hosts:

Category: Architecture and Agency

Panel ID 3 implementation of the Agenda 2030, therefore, Partnerships for Sustainable Develop- depends on effective and legitimate partnerships and responsive, representative and partic- ment Goals: The promise and pitfalls ipatory models of inclusion of major groups and Chairs: Ayşem Mert, Sander Chan stakeholders. This paper aims to answer this Discussants: Karin Bäckstrand, Åsa Persson question and discuss how these two process-ori- 23 ented goals are being taken up in existing SDG SDG Partnerships for the Implementation of initiatives, how they are perceived and inter- Agenda 2030: Mapping and comparing inclusion preted by key stakeholders and the ways in and legitimacy across goals which different interpretations influence the Karin Bäckstrand, Ayşem Mert, Faradj Koliev perceived legitimacy and success of SDG initia- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden tives. In 2019, we are developing a unique data set at Stockholm University on multi-stakeholder The SDGs and Agenda 2030 highlight the crucial partnerships related to three specific SDGs: Goal role of partnerships in global environmental gov- 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), Goal 11 (Sus- ernance for the achievement of seventeen sustainable Cities) and Goal 13 (Climate Action). tainable development goals. Partnerships, it is These three SDGs are selected because of their argued, could potentially solve implementation priority to the HLPF process and will be assessed gaps and address democratic deficits in sustain- in 2019. Using this database and preliminary inability governance, particularly by including vari- terview data, we systematically analyze and ous stakeholders. In other words, inclusive gov- compare over 1000 multi-stakeholder partner- ernance (Goal 16) and partnerships (Goal 17) are ships and their specific characteristics. expected to go hand in hand and provide the blueprint of a process to achieve Agenda 155 2030. Previous research shows that the specific Joining Forces for Sustainable Development – A ways in which partnership and inclusion are Social Network Analysis of Multi-stakeholder practised have major consequences for the Partnerships for SDG Implementation achievement of the policy goals. Successful and Lisa-Maria Glass1, Simon Ruf2 legitimate partnerships depend on a set of fac- 1Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany. 2Independent tors, such as accountability, transparency, and scholar, Berlin, Germany representative models of inclusion of major stakeholders. However, there is a need for a Multi-stakeholder partnerships have been more focused study on what type of partner- deemed essential for the implementation of the ships have been developed and implemented in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the the specific context of the SDGs? Which groups light of an alleged declining capacity of govern- of SDG partnerships make a meaningful contri- ments to effectively steer societal development bution to the implementation of Agenda 2030, towards a more sustainable future, contribu- and are regarded as legitimate governance tions of non-state actors to the implementation mechanisms by most stakeholders involved? of the 2030 Agenda offer great potential to lev- How can we explain the legitimacy, or the lack erage synergies in the path to sustainable devel- thereof, in these partnerships? The successful opment. Since the SDGs are highly interrelated

Category: Architecture and Agency and involve numerous complex trade-offs re- topology of the current multi-stakeholder part- garding social, economic and environmental ob- nership network and on how synergies for SDG jectives, multi-stakeholder partnerships can help achievement are leveraged in practice. to share knowledge, values and resources and 144 thus facilitate SDG achievement. The 2030 Agenda, as part of SDG 17, explicitly calls for the Creating a “Momentum for Change” in the devel- enhancement of these partnerships as im- oping world through transnational climate part- portant means of implementation. While re- nerships Sander Chan1,2, Frank Biermann2, Friederike Eichhorn3 search has focused on identifying interlinkages 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- between different SDGs in theory or through wicklungspolitik (DIE)), Bonn, Germany. 2Copernicus Insti- case study approaches, less is known about the tute of Sutainable Development, Utrecht University, emerging architecture of multi-stakeholder part- Utrecht, Netherlands. 3Independent researcher, Leipzig, nerships for the SDGs and the synergies it cre- Germany ates in practice. In this article, we aim at explor- The body of research on transnational partnering the underlying structure and actor composi- ships in climate resilient and sustainable devel- tion of 4,086 multi-stakeholder partnerships and opment has grown considerably in recent years, voluntary commitments registered on the Part- contributing to a better understanding of their nerships for the SDGs online platform. Since data role in climate and sustainable governance; their is only available through a browser-based web potential to contribute to mitigation, adaptation interface, we develop an automatic crawling and sustainable development; as well as their ef- software to systematically retrieve the infor- fectiveness. However, there is a considerable mation provided and conduct computer-assisted lack of understanding of such initiatives in the identification and matching of entities to create context of developing countries. Current schol- a structured database of actors with normalized arship has observed considerable underrepre- names. Subsequently, we explore the structured sentation and relative underperformance of de- data by means of a Social Network Analysis veloping country-based transnational partner- (SNA). We investigate what kind of interlinkages ships, but has thus far failed to explain these pat- between different SDGs can be identified in the terns. This paper offers a better understanding multi-stakeholder partnership network and how of transnational climate initiatives in developing these reflect nexus previously identified by re- countries in the context of sustainable develop- search. Additionally, we analyze what type of ac- ment, asking how effective these initiatives are, tors (UN Member States, civil society, local au- and what explains variations of effectiveness. thorities, private sector, scientific and techno- The empirical focus is on a broad sample of initi- logical communities, academia) combine in atives under the “Momentum for Change” cam- which constellation to address which goals. paign led by the secretariat of the UN Frame- Here, we further assess the nature of the links work Convention on Climate Change. Despite a identified between individual SDGs by calculat- global coverage, this campaign uniquely focuses ing the betweenness centrality of different types on climate actions in developing countries with of actors. Finally, we examine the centrality of strong sustainable development co-benefits, in- actors in the network and test for potential dif- cluding women empowerment (“women for references between public and private stakehold- sults”), poverty alleviation (“urban poor”), and fi- ers’ connections to the overall network. The nance (“finance for climate friendly invest- findings shall provide insights on the structure of ment”). Using a mixed method approach, which transnational governance for the SDGs, the includes a large-n analysis and expert interviews,

Category: Architecture and Agency we assess and explain effectiveness; patterns of environmental governance and social science implementation; and transnational leadership of scholarship. We find that the research repre- “Momentum for Change” initiatives. sented in the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvesting Database reflects a multi-disciplinary Panel ID 9 and growing field of scholarship with distinct Agency in Earth System Governance: clusters of researchers working in the areas of Sharing the bounty of our harvest (1) global environmental politics, policy studies, and Chair: Andrea Gerlak social-ecological systems.

75 104 Introduction: Agency in Earth System Governance Theories and Methods of Agency Research in Michele Betsill1, Tabitha Benney2, Andrea Gerlak3, Calum Earth System Governance Brown4, Sander Chan5, Ron Mitchell6, Ina Moller7, James Tabitha Benney1, Amandine Orsini2, Devon Cantwell1, Laura Patterson8, Michelle Scobie9, Sandra van der Hel8, Oscar Iozzelli2 Widerberg10 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 2Université Saint- 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA. 2University of Louis, Brussels, Belgium Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 3University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 4Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Parten- This chapter reviews the articles in the Earth Sys- kirchen, Germany. 5German Development Institute, Bonn, tem Governance-Agency Harvesting Database Germany. 6University of Oregon, Eugene, USA. 7Lund Uni- from the perspective of the theoretical and versity, Lund, Sweden. 8Utrecht University, Utrecht, Nether- lands. 9University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad methodological approaches used. The Earth Sys- and Tobago. 10VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands tem Governance-Agency Harvesting Database is a collection of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles The Earth System Governance-Agency Harvest- published between 2008 and 2016 and provides ing Initiative draws lessons from Earth System a snapshot of how Earth System Governance Governance research on agency through a sys- scholars have taken up the analytical problem of tematic analysis of 322 peer-reviewed journal ar- Agency. We observe that most of the scholarship ticles published in the period 2008-2016. Our falls into one of three broad theoretical catego- forthcoming edited volume, Agency in Earth Sys- ries. Social and system dynamics approaches, tem Governance, provide an accessible synthesis which explore the complex interactions between of some of the field’s major questions and de- agents and structures in Earth System Govern- bates and a state-of-the-art understanding of ance, are the most prominent. Agent-based ap- how diverse actors engage with and exercise au- proaches, which place greater emphasis on the thority in environmental decision-making. This autonomy of agents as they engage with Earth introductory chapter details the harvesting pro- System Governance, are also central to this area cess, which involved compiling and coding the of research. Critical theoretical approaches that articles to reveal the broad contours of agency- emphasize asymmetric relationships related to related research conducted within the context of power, class, race, gender, and human-nature the Earth System Governance Project. The Earth relations are surprisingly less common within System Governance-Agency Harvesting Data- this body of scholarship. We find that despite base provides a unique basis for examining how earlier calls for methodological pluralism, Earth scholars within this research community have System Governance-Agency scholarship is domi- approached the analytical problem of Agency, in nated by qualitative research approaches, alt- the process identifying key findings and debates. hough we note that scholars increasingly apply It also allows for reflection on how the Earth Sys- multi-method qualitative approaches to their tem Governance Project engages with broader analyses of agency in Earth System Governance.

Category: Architecture and Agency

In the future, scholars in this field may benefit Earth System Governance scholars better under- from the integration of cross-disciplinary and in- stand how governance can mitigate power im- creasingly complex methods in an effort to foster balances. As a number of authors in our assess- the linking of environmental sciences more ment have demonstrated, using power to ana- broadly into environmental governance re- lyze normative governance considerations can search. reveal dynamics and relationships that might otherwise remain hidden (e.g. Bernstein, 2011; 182 Cashmore et al., 2015; Menga & Mirumachi, Power (ful) and Power (less): A Review of Power 2016). Thus, the field will benefit from studies in the Earth System Governance-Agency Scholar- that effectively use power to further improve ship our understanding of normative issues such as Andrea Gerlak1, Thomas Eimer2, Marie Claire Brisbois3, Me- equity, justice, legitimacy, inclusion, and trans- gan Mills-Novoa1, Luuk Schmitz2, Jorrit Luimers2, Paivi Aber- nethy4 parency in earth systems governance. 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 3University of Sussex, Brighton, 223 United Kingdom. 4University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Can- Issues and Geography in Earth System Govern- ada ance-Agency Scholarship 1 1 1 In the 2009 Earth System Governance Science Andrea Gerlak , Megan Mills-Novoa , Alison Elder , Oke- chukwu Enechi2, Pritee Sharma3, Kanak Singh3 Plan (Biermann et al., 2009), Power was identi- 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2VU Amsterdam, Am- fied, alongside Norms, Knowledge, and Scale, as sterdam, Netherlands. 3Indian Institute of Technology In- a cross-cutting research theme that is crucial for dore, Indore, India the study of each analytical problem, and also for In the 2009 Earth System Governance Science the integrated understanding of Earth System Plan (Biermann et al., 2009), Power was identi- Governance. Power has both constraining fied, alongside Norms, Knowledge, and Scale, as (power over) and enabling (power to) effects. a cross-cutting research theme that is crucial for The purpose of this chapter is to summarise the the study of each analytical problem, and also for ways in which Earth System Governance scholars the integrated understanding of Earth System have studied the link between Agency and Governance. Power has both constraining Power over the last decade through an analysis (power over) and enabling (power to) effects. of publications in the Earth System Governance- The purpose of this chapter is to summarise the Agency Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 ways in which Earth System Governance scholars peer-reviewed journal articles published behave studied the link between Agency and tween 2008-2016. We reflect on how power is Power over the last decade through an analysis used as an explanatory variable in research on of publications in the Earth System Governance- agency in Earth System Governance and note Agency Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 that while power is a frequent consideration, it peer-reviewed journal articles published be- often remains undefined and/or under-theo- tween 2008-2016. We reflect on how power is rized. We differentiate between agency-centred used as an explanatory variable in research on notions of power (power to) and structural per- agency in Earth System Governance and note spectives (power over) and connect these con- that while power is a frequent consideration, it ceptions of power to broader literatures and de- often remains undefined and/or under-theo- bates in the social sciences. Moving forward, we rized. We differentiate between agency-centred hope to see research that better conceptualizes notions of power (power to) and structural per- and measures power. Future research can help spectives (power over) and connect these

Category: Architecture and Agency conceptions of power to broader literatures and grounded in an examination of the Earth System debates in the social sciences. Moving forward, Governance-Agency Harvesting Database, a col- we hope to see research that better conceptual- lection of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles izes and measures power. Future research can published between 2008 and 2016. We identify help Earth System Governance scholars better six key scholarly debates over the last decade re- understand how governance can mitigate power lating to: 1) scientific expertise, 2) participatory imbalances. As a number of authors in our as- knowledge-production, 3) local and indigenous sessment have demonstrated, using power to knowledge, 4) knowledge-based authority and analyze normative governance considerations power, 5) learning, and 6) actor diversity. The can reveal dynamics and relationships that might Earth System Governance-Agency scholarship otherwise remain hidden (e.g. Bernstein, 2011; contributes to larger debates in the social sci- Cashmore et al., 2015; Menga & Mirumachi, ences concerning the growing importance of 2016). Thus, the field will benefit from studies participatory processes of knowledge co-produc- that effectively use power to further improve tion, moving beyond the conventional primacy our understanding of normative issues such as of scientific expertise in environmental govern- equity, justice, legitimacy, inclusion, and trans- ance and elevating the role of non-scientific parency in earth systems governance. knowledge holders.

230 Panel ID 10 Agency and Knowledge in Environmental Govern- Agency in Earth System Governance: ance – A Thematic Review Sharing the bounty of our harvest (2) Manjana Milkoreit1, Jennifer Bansard2, Sandra Van der Hel3 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. 2University of Chair: Michele Betsill Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. 3Utrecht University, Utrecht, 91 Netherlands Agency and Norms: Who Defines What Ought to This chapter unpacks the complex relationship Be? between knowledge and agency in environmen- James Mike Angstadt1, Ina Möller2 tal governance by assessing the scholarship pro- 1Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA. 2Lund University, duced by members of the Earth System Govern- Lund, Sweden ance Project over the past ten years. The envi- This chapter evaluates how the nexus of norms ronmental governance literature accords and agency has been treated in the Earth System knowledge a special status, regarding it as crucial Governance research network, through a review for “identifying problems and devising solutions of the Earth System Governance-Agency Har- to global environmental problems” (Bäckstrand, vesting Database, a collection of 322 peer-re- 2004: 695). Without knowledge of the environ- viewed journal articles published between 2008 ment, there would be no foundation to act upon and 2016. Our review indicates that the subject environmental problems. Seeking to tie this of Norms, identified as an important cross-cut- basic insight to the notion of agency, we explore ting theme in the first Earth System Governance how Earth System Governance scholarship has Science Plan (Biermann et al. 2009), has gar- addressed a number of agency-related ques- nered interest amongst many. However, the tions, such as how do different agents create, ac- amorphous character of this theme makes the quire, use and share knowledge? And how and evaluated contributions fragmented and dis- when does knowledge generate, enable or con- persed, necessitating systematic review to bring strain agency in global environmental govern- together key insights. We find that norms are ance? The analysis presented in this chapter is

Category: Architecture and Agency conceptualized in different ways, including as their individual governance contributions, but regulatory instruments, as parts of the surround- also whether and how interactions affect gov- ing structure, and as expectations held by re- ernance. The Earth System Governance project searchers. These diverse conceptions yield dif- specifically engages questions of the evaluation ferent research approaches that are not neces- and effectiveness of agency against a back- sarily comparable. With respect to agency, we ground of analytic problems, including account- find that actors engage with norms in multiple ability and legitimacy; allocation and access; and ways. These include commonly discussed efforts the design and adaptiveness of institutions, all of to use agency to shape norms, but also include which have prompted diverse scholarship over exercising agency to interpret and use norms the last decade. This chapter reviews publica- and exerting agency to manage norms and other tions in the Earth System Governance-Agency actors’ interpretation of them. We also find that Harvesting Database, a collection of 322 peer-re- the research on norms and agency, at least in viewed journal articles published between 2008 this sample of articles, has concentrated within a and 2016. We find that Earth System Govern- few regions. Thus, the international perspective, ance-Agency scholars have embraced the notion the European perspective and Asian perspective that agent influence is complex, contingent, and are much more heavily represented than African context dependent, with the success of environ- or Oceanian perspectives. We conclude that fu- mental governance depending considerably on ture case studies should give priority to un- propitious environmental and social conditions. derrepresented regions and themes, and we also We note a shift from evaluating agent influence highlight the need for theoretical contributions on behaviour and environmental outcomes to a that draw insights from existing empirical litera- focus on governance processes, with particular ture. attention on democracy, participation, legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. Along 143 with this more nuanced understanding of agency Earth System Governance and the Evaluation of and its effects on Earth System Governance, we Agents and Agency. Growing complexity, contin- observe an increase in the diversity of methodo- gency and context dependency, and the road logical approaches and efforts to integrate find- ahead ings from many different types of studies. At the Sander Chan1,2, Ronald Mitchell3 same time, we see a need to return to evalua- 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für tions of agency influence on behaviors and envi- 2 Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. Copernicus Insti- ronmental quality through more interdiscipli- tute of Sutainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 3University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, nary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary ap- USA proaches to meeting the governance challenges associated with the Anthropocene. Evaluating agents and their effectiveness has long been, and continues to be, an important 169 topic for scholars of Earth System Governance. Agency in a Multi-scalar World The growing number and types of actors en- Michelle Scobie1, Michele Betsill2, Hyeyoon Park2 gaged in environmental governance provides 1The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad 2 new opportunities to understand how agency and Tobago. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA works in Earth System Governance while, simul- Earth System Governance processes take place taneously, making such assessments more com- within and across diverse boundaries, which in plicated. For instance, the growing relevance of turn shape the way actors understand problems multiple agents not only raises the question of and possibilities for addressing them (Bulkeley,

Category: Architecture and Agency

2005; Sternlieb et al., 2013). The scales at which 176 governance processes take place are marked by Agency in the Allocation of and Access to Natural particular ideologies (Bai et al., 2010; Dore and Resources Lebel, 2010), goals and values (Armitage et al., Pritee Sharma1, Okechukwu Enechi2, Salla Kumar1 2012; van Leeuwen, 2015), and power dynamics 1Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India. 2Vrije (Mirumachi and Van Wyk, 2010; Sova et al., Universitiet Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2015; van Kerhoff and Lebel, 2015), which affect The problem of access and allocation, under- who is able to participate, what forms of author- stood as the process of sharing scarce resources ity are recognized as legitimate, and whether among multiple users, resulting in an overall agents are effective in influencing decision-mak- maximum social welfare, has emerged as a dom- ing processes and outcomes. This chapter re- inant discourse among academics and global pol- views research by scholars associated with the icy makers in the field of sustainable develop- Earth System Governance network on the link ment, especially with the critical role of agency. between Agency and Scale through an analysis of The concepts are inextricably associated with ef- the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvest- ficiency criteria and pricing mechanisms playing ing Database, a collection of 322 peer-reviewed key role in economic development and environ- journal articles published in the period 2008- mental conservation. Fair and equitable alloca- 2016.We define scale as ‘the spatial, temporal, tion of benefits produced from the conservation quantitative, or analytical dimensions used to of environment among all stakeholders reduces measure or rank any phenomenon’ (Gibson et inequalities, poverty and promotes sustainable al., 2000, p. 218). Noting the existence of multi- livelihoods. Following its importance, studies on ple scales in Earth System Governance, we find access and allocation are raising key questions that Earth System Governance-Agency scholars and debates regarding the issues of distributive have focused most heavily on the institutional and procedural justice in an uneven global polit- and geographic scales, often in conjunction with ical environment, and continue to generate un- one another. Our review reveals that agents de- resolved debate in earth system discourses. This ploy many different strategies, such as bridging chapter focuses on the linkages between the an- organisations, networks, and orchestration, to alytical problems of Agency of Allocation & Ac- navigate the multi-level and multi-scalar dynam- cess in Earth System Governance research. The ics of Earth System Governance. Whether these goal of the analytical question of access and allo- dynamics enable or constrain the exercise of cation in the Earth System Governance research agency depends on the power relations between is focused on analysing and understanding the different actors as well as whether agents have role and influence of state and non-state actors sufficient resources and capacities to engage towards fulfilling functions under the earth sys- with Earth System Governance. The chapter contem transformations. This chapter reviews rele- cludes by encouraging Earth System Govern- vant articles within the Earth System Govern- ance-Agency scholars to look to literatures in ge- ance-Agency Harvesting Database, a collection ography and political ecology to strengthen un- of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles published derstandings of how agents shape the social con- between 2008 and 2016. We examine this body struction of levels and scales in Earth System of literature through the lens of different natural Governance. resource systems: land and forests, water, and biodiversity. We note that research on the particular questions of allocation of and access to resources has focused on developing countries

Category: Architecture and Agency in Africa, Asia, and South America. We highlight governance systems as well as the challenges of the trade-offs and synergies between environ- developing participatory processes that truly mental conservation and socioeconomic devel- empower stakeholders and account for diverse opment and emphasize the importance of recog- interests. We then reflect on what we have nizing those stakeholders who are dependent on learned about ourselves as a research commu- resources and providing opportunities for mean- nity. While Earth System Governance-Agency ingful participation in decision-making. scholars have made exemplary advances in empirical research, we note that many of the core 184 analytical concepts, such as agency, power, au- Policy implications of Earth System Governance- thority, and accountability, remain under-theo- Agency research and reflections on the road rized. In addition, some types of actors, including ahead women, labour, non-human agents, those who Andrea Gerlak1, Michele Betsill2, James Patterson3, Sander work against Earth System Governance, and Chan4, Tabitha Benney5, Marie-Claire Brisbois6, Thomas Eimer7, Michelle Scobie8 many voices from the global South, remain 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Colorado State Univer- largely hidden in Earth System Governance- sity, Ft. Collins, USA. 3Copernicus Institute of Sustainable De- Agency scholarship. We conclude by suggesting 4 velopment, Utrecht, Netherlands. German Development In- next steps for future research and connecting stitute, Bonn, Germany. 5University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. 6Sussex University, Brighton, United Kingdom. 7Rad- our findings from the past decade of Earth Sys- boud University , Nijmegen, Netherlands. 8The University of tem Governance-Agency research to the Earth the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago System Governance Project’s new Science Plan (Earth System Governance Project, 2018). Collectively, the contributions to Agency in Earth System Governance provide a state-of-the-art Panel ID 11 understanding of how diverse actors engage Discussing the (city) network effect I: Is- with environmental decision-making and exercise authority in steering society towards (and sues of effectiveness in global climate away from) a more sustainable future as well as governance their capacity to deliver effective, legitimate, and Chair: Marielle Papin-Manjarrez equitable Earth System Governance. Drawing on Discussant: José Manuel Leal a systematic analysis of 322 journal articles pub- 79 lished in the period 2008-2016 within the context of the Earth System Governance Project, the From Fragmented Global Climate Politics to the chapters offer an accessible synthesis of this Assemblage of Local Climate Policy: the role of broad body of literature and a valuable orienta- Transnational Municipal Networks actor´s con- tion to some of the field’s major questions and stellations in effectiveness debates. The purpose of this final chapter is to Marielle Papin-Manjarrez1, José Manuel Leal2 1 2 connect key findings from our analyses of arti- Université Laval, Québec city, Canada. University of Ot- tawa, Ottawa, Canada cles in the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvesting Database to broader debates in envi- Global decarbonization involves politics within ronmental governance scholarship and the social and between multilevel spaces. An interesting sciences. In this final chapter, we outline how example of this comes from transnational mu- Earth System Governance-Agency scholarship nicipal climate networks (TMCNs) engaged in cli- can inform decision-making across the policy mate governance. TMNs are spaces where cities process. We highlight the complex, fragmented, discuss a variety of urban issues on an equitable and multi-scalar nature of environmental basis. They are also transnational structures that

Category: Architecture and Agency go beyond their staff and cities, but also include 95 diverse partners who collaborate (e.g. local or The Importance of Networks in Urban Climate multinational companies, intergovernmental or- Policy ganizations, research institutes, other TMCNs, Milja Heikkinen private foundations, NGOs, etc.), influence University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland TMCNs and are influenced by them. We claim Cities are widely considered as an important ac- that TMCNs can be better pictured as broad con- tor group when it comes to climate change miti- stellations of actors from diverse levels and sec- gation and adaptation. Different networks have tors that interact to influence policy-making. been created to support urban climate policy. Likewise, such interaction, we argue, has a con- High hopes are placed on the effectiveness of siderable impact in the policy´s effectiveness. these new parts of governance architecture. When studying local climate policies, we must However, if and how they actually support consider the impact of these transnational con- reaching the climate goals remains unclear. In stellations. How do TMCNs, as programmers of a this presentation, I explore effectiveness from system of constellations of actors, influence local four different perspectives regarding networks climate policy, and the effectiveness of such pol- in urban climate policy using both quantitative icies? We envision these constellations of actors and qualitative methods. I define effectiveness as complex adaptive systems (CAS), whose in- as the ability to support change towards sustain- volvement in urban climate politics has an im- ability. Here, I focus on climate change mitiga- pact in the effectiveness of such policies sug- tion and adaptation as parts of change towards gested by them. The CAS interdependent actors sustainability. This means that measuring effec- exchange information to explore and exploit the tiveness of climate change mitigation cannot be system. Nonlinearity, positive feedback and reduced to measuring the decrease of GHG emis- openness make change very likely. Focusing on sions or temperature. The mitigation process the interactions of actors themselves and con- needs to support sustainability in a wider sense. stellations of actors rather than on their attrib- Similarly, adaptation cannot be reduced to e.g. utes might help us understand better the dy- responses to direct consequences of climate namics of the system, the role of marginal actors, change, like sea level rise. This raises the ques- and the origins of change, as well as the effects tion of how the effectiveness of city networks on policy´s effectiveness. We then conduct a so- can be observed or measured. First, in the level cial network analysis and three case studies of strategic planning, I analyse how fundamental based on interviews, observation and document are the changes cities propose in their climate analysis of the CAS identified around three change mitigation and adaptation strategies. I North-American cities and their TMCNs: Mexico use as a sample example a group of C40 mem- City, Guadalajara, and Montreal. These cities bers cities, since the network and its members have had increasing participation in TMCNs over define themselves as leaders towards sustaina- the years. We find that the implementation of bility. Second, I present the results from a statis- low-impact climate policies by city members tical analysis of connections between network might foster the design of climate policies with participation and adaptation planning process of bigger impact by other city members and that 402 large cities. Third, I explore the effectiveness the promotion of TMCNs actions might lead to from the point of view of city officials and their the design of climate policies in untargeted cit- daily implementation of climate policy, using in- ies. terview data from Madrid, Stockholm and Hel- sinki. All three cities participate in various

Category: Architecture and Agency networks at different levels of governance. based action.” I argue that given the constraints Fourth, I give a network analysis perspective on that many cities in the Global South face, city cli- how effectiveness can be understood in a city to mate action planning networks operate as key business network that attempts to commit pri- sites for capacity building and financing (e.g. vate sector to the climate change mitigation in funding sustainability initiatives). To support this the city of Helsinki. As a summary of the results, argument, I use interview data and city policy city networks seem to be effective to some ex- documents collected between 2005-2019 from tent, and at least cities themselves experience Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Buenos Aires, Argen- them as effective. Certain networking methods tina; Mexico City, Mexico; and Seoul, South Ko- are described as more effective than others. rea. In all four cities, I have conducted interviews However, from the wider perspective of global with city officials who work on sustainability ini- sustainability, there seems to be unlocked po- tiatives to understand what types of learning oc- tential. Overall, the four examples demonstrate cur in climate change action networks, which cit- the difficulty of measuring the effectiveness of ies are most influential in these networks, and city networks, as well as defining cause and ef- how networks either support or bolster sustain- fect relationships. These sources of uncertainty ability goals. I also use city planning documents highlight the need to further develop methodol- to map references to climate action planning ogy in the field. networks and other cities in order to understand the influence of external actors in cities setting 105 climate action goals. Through both interview and Global City Networks and Internal Motivations: policy analysis data, I find that city climate action Four Case Studies networks can help cities approach resilience, ad- Devon Cantwell aptation, and mitigation in differentiated ways University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA that take into account each city’s unique histori- Globally, many cities have taken on responsibil- cal background, available resources, and agency. ity for climate mitigation and adaptation efforts These findings reframe our understanding of for myriad reasons. Chief among these reasons how we consider networks to be effective. While include increasing climate vulnerability in the reduction of GHG and decreasing climate vulner- form of heat waves, flooding, and decreased air ability are important measures of effectiveness quality. City leadership on climate action plan- of city networks, this research shows that cli- ning has not happened in a vacuum, however. mate action networks also play a critical role in Especially in the case of cities within countries building technological, financial, and human ca- that have experienced histories of colonialism, pacities necessary for cities to sustainably de- occupation, and exploitation, understanding velop. global networks for city climate action planning have proved crucial. A recent report from the In- Panel ID 12 ternational Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Con- Discussing the (city) network effect II: Ad- ference on City Climate Governance, released in vances in the study of cities in global cli- December 2018, listed the need for “more evi- mate governance dence […] to understand the impacts and ef- Chair: José Manuel Leal fectiveness of different forms of govern- Discussant: Marielle Papin-Manjarrez ance, to solve tensions and reduce trade-offs, negotiate business practice and information use and create enabling conditions for effective city-

Category: Architecture and Agency

81 complexity of social and intergovernmental rela- Subnational Contribution to Global Climate Gov- tions in the contemporary world, where classical ernance: the case of São Paulo and the SDG 13 theories are no more apt to explain interrelation- Pedro Henrique Torres ship in the proportion claimed. From a global University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil south perspective, how is the current status and The relevance of subnational contribution to planning of São Paulo government in relation to govern climate change is no longer a matter of the SDGs 13. Preliminary research indicates two discussion, but imperative to the effectiveness of questions: what are the limits from the subna- international agreements. The objective of this tional contribution to reach the objectives estab- article is to discuss the implementation, or the lished and what is the relationship between ini- performance of the Sustainable Development tiatives for mitigation and adaptation to climate Goals (SDG) 13 at a subnational level, focusing on change in the São Paulo already underway re- São Paulo, the largest city in South America, with lated to Goal 13 of the SDG which has synergy a population of 21.7 milion. Replacing the Mil- with Paris Agreement? In this sense this lennium Development Goals (MDGs), estab- study aims to contribute to a more comprehen- lished in 2000 after the adoption of the United sive of the architecture of Earth System Govern- Nations Millennium Declaration, the Sustainable ance global analysis of climate actions from a city Development Goals (SDG) are adopted without level engagement. the ensembles of the countries involved having 190 achieved the previously established objectives Where Does Novelty Come From? A Social Net- and targets. In the Millennium Development work Analysis of Transnational Municipal Net- Goals, the environmental issue was focused on a works Engaged in Global Climate Governance single indicator, Goal 7, “Ensure environmental Marielle Papin-Manjarrez sustainability”, in which climate change, had no Université Laval, Québec city, Canada protagonism, focusing on access to water, or in- Research on Transnational Municipal Networks tegration of principles of sustainable develop- (TMNs), spaces where cities from different coun- ment in public policies to reverse the loss of bio- tries discuss distinct issues, among which climate diversity. The goals of Sustainable Development, change, has become increasingly promi- based on its 17 goals, make a considerable dif- nent. Scholars have highlighted TMNs’ horizon- ference to the MDGs in relation to governance tal and voluntary nature. Besides, they have an- strategies and the attempt to bring the environ- alysed their effects on local climate action mental issue transversally to each of the goals. through various case studies. In that From the environmental governance point of sense, ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainabil- view, SDGs actions and obligations are federal ity, created in 1990, or the C40 Cities Climate responsibility. However, it has grown not only Leadership Group, founded in 2005, have been perception, but also the indication that it is not the object of numerous analyses. Researchers possible to achieve the targets only with national have also emphasised TMNs’ innovativeness, but responsibility. In this sense, the importance of have not clearly defined what this innovative- cities – and its networks (ICLEI, C40, e.g.) - has ness is and where it comes from. As in the case being increasingly emphasized in actively partic- of other nonstate actors, reviewing the literature ipating in the decision-making processes. An al- on TMNs shows a need for more diverse empiri- ternative, therefore, is the implementation of a cal research, moving beyond individual case multilevel environmental governance. A differ- studies and engaging in discussions on how ent architecture governance approach, given the

Category: Architecture and Agency

TMNs behave as a group. This effort implies ob- According to the International Energy Agency serving their interactions and their effects. This (IEA), between 40% and 70% of GHG emissions paper thus focuses on the interactions of TMNs in three of the largest cities in Latin America, and their capacity to produce new arrange- comes from the public transportation system. In ments, seeking to answer the following ques- the same sense, the IEA expects urban transport tion: why do some TMNs produce more novelty energy consumption in the region to double by than others? This paper uses a theoretical 2050, while the tendency in global transport framework based on complex systems ap- emissions has been growing by nearly 2 billion proaches and network theory, and claims that annual tones of CO2equivalent (CO2eq.) since the centrality of TMNs and the diversity of their 2000. In this sense, the question of urban mobil- partners might be significant in their generating ity can be studied around different aspects, such novelty. Although the attributes of TMNs do as the social, political and economic. This article matter, in a nonlinear and open system, in which focuses on the aspect of transportation and mo- interdependent entities constantly exchange in- bility of people within an urban area, also known formation, considering interactions is necessary. as commuting, and all the economic and political The most central TMNs that also have most di- interest that guide public policies related to that. verse partners receive more information, and in- Therefore, the article aims to show the dynamics formation other actors do not necessarily have. involved in their design in two Latin American cit- Therefore, they are likely to generate novelty, ies; Lima and Mexico City. As a secondary goal, here identified in the production of novel gov- the chapter aims to describe Lima´s and Mexico ernance instruments. The paper then conducts City´s relations with foreign actors related to cli- an empirical analysis based on data compiled by mate politics. Ananalysis of cities’ international the author. Data enumerates the memberships activity related to climate change contributes to and partnerships of 15 climate-related TMNs realizing until which point transnational actors that have at least one city member in the Euro- influence urban politics. The study aims to ob- pean Union, and lists their governance tools. An serve if the urban politics respond to interest analysis of these tools in terms of governance from external actors, if the urban policies and functions, obligation, directness, and target fol- strategies related to climate change follow lows, and underlines the most novel. A social tendencies dictated by foreign actors; or up to network analysis then links interactions to the which point cities’ climate politics are formu- production of novel tools. By looking at the lated, and driven, by endogenous actors. The ar- changes TMNs and cities might offer, this work is ticle is about transnational actors with the power in line with the Architecture and Agency stream to influence public transportation policies in the of Earth System Governance. All in all, it pro- big metropolis by offering technical solutions or poses a new way to study these entities, which contacting those who have technical solutions we must consider more comprehensively in the with city officers. These group of actors, as well assessment and strengthening of global climate as international institutions, contribute to shap- action. ing different cities’ strategy in the public transportation sector. Specifically, the article de- 80 scribes the influence from transnational actors in Urban policies related to Low Carbon Emissions Lima and Mexico City –in particular from net- Public Transportation (LCEPT) in Latin American works such as C40- to promote the implementa- cities. The cases of Lima and Mexico City tion of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in each José Manuel Leal city. For instance, how these actors influenced University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Category: Architecture and Agency the decisions of construction, implementation as local decision-makers. The development of ser- well as the expansion of the BRT system based vices by which (climate) data are transformed as on the optics and the results its promoters can part of a specific and applied solution, requires show. Particularly, the article aims to show the scientific creativity combined with real-world in- economic interests that motivate the develop- novation. INNOVA, an ERA4CS project 2017- ment of BRT systems in each city, and the pro- 2020, is providing pathways to developing cli- cess of, what I call, the neo-liberalisation of mate services covering all components of the cli- Transnational Climate Change Governance mate change policy cycle and how innovations in (TCCG). climate services provisions could assist governance in climate policy. The objective of this pa- 384 per is to demonstrate how INNOVA is identifying From the Ground Up: How Co-development of In- and exploring ways and means through which novation Climate Service Provision could Assist the development of climate services can be ac- Climate Governance in Cities celerated, simplified and contextualised at the Louis Celliers, María Máñez Costa, Jo-Ting Huang-Lach- local scale. It also promotes innovative develop- mann, Rodrigo Valencia Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz- ment models for climate services that can be Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Hamburg, Germany replicated and transformed to be broadly fit-for- purpose. Cities in urban, peri-urban, coastal and Climate change manifested as both slow-onset islands case studies are selected for to co-de- and extreme impacts threaten sustainable devel- velop and co-produce technological and social opment and challenges welfare achievements. innovation in climate risk management is critical While facing impacts of climate change, cities are for addressing vulnerabilities and becoming cli- encountering extreme weather events and this mate resilient. climate governance. has motivated us to further look into whether the different climate scenarios cities employ in Panel ID 48 their climate adaptation projections and plan- Private sector governance, engagement ning (e.g. perceiving the very different levels of and activism magnitude from the expected climate risks. Un- Chair: Kate O’Neill derstanding how climate is changing, and how this change becomes evident as impacts on ur- 18 ban communities are critically important for lo- Exploring the prospect for a sectoral decarboniza- cal adaptation. There is a growing volume of tion club in the steel industry both observational and climate change model- Lukas Hermwille ling data admissible to decision- and policy-mak- Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, ers of different scales, from global to local. It is Wuppertal, Germany. IVM Institute for Environmental Stud- the primary role of such actors to address vulner- ies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands abilities and becoming climate resilient. Even Meeting the well below 2°C target adopted in while we are increasingly becoming data rich, the Paris Agreement requires the decarboniza- there are pertinent questions and challenges re- tion of global economies and societies early in lating to the usability and admissibility of such the second half of the century. Emission inten- wealth to contribute to local climate change ad- sive industries play a central role in this monu- aptation. The production of “climate services” is mental transformation challenge. The sector promoted as an important mechanism to close merits special attention also in terms of the pro- the usability gap between climate data and infor- vision of international governance. First, emis- mation (model predictions and projections) and sion intensive industries are at the core of

Category: Architecture and Agency competitiveness concerns that have historically Designing effective and legitimate solutions to hampered ambitious climate policies. Second, environmental problems requires multi-actor sustainable alternatives are much less devel- governance, particularly for coastal zones (CZ), oped than e.g. in the power sector. And third, where accelerated environmental changes place previous analysis has shown that the potential social and natural systems at risk. Agency, for international governance to support decar- through the substantive participation of private bonization in the sector remains vastly underuti- actors in rule making, has been research, but lized. A dedicated sectoral vision/roadmap has there is need to examine the dynamics involved not been institutionalized with a high degree of in, and consequence of hybrid governance ar- authority/legitimacy at the international level, rangements, that is, when public and private ac- the level of transparency and accountability is tors come together to govern. Understanding of low, global governance initiatives on innovation whether hybrid governance enhances govern- rarely focus on emission intensive industries, mentality, improves environmental outcomes, and knowledge creation and dissemination pro- and supports or hinders democratic governing vided by various institutions does not meet the (traditionally understood to involve transpar- much greater demands e.g. for R&D of decar- ency, accountability and legitimacy) remains lim- bonized production technologies or low-carbon ited. We provide an empirical study of hybrid alternatives. Given this apparent gap in global governance, involving federal and local govern- climate governance, it is the aim of this study, to ment and private actor from civil society organi- explore how and to what extent sectoral decar- zations, environmental non-government organi- bonization club(s) can contribute to closing zations and business interest associations, in CZ those gaps towards decarbonizing emission in- governance in the state of Quintana Roo, Mex- tensive industries. Based on a series of inter- ico. The CZ of Quintana Roo has an ecologically views with stakeholders from companies, trade rich ecosystem with an extensive coral reef, eco- associations, (sub-)national governments, and nomically important for many stakeholder CSOs we will explore different “club goods” that groups. However, the area faces strong pres- provide an incentive to join a club (e.g. intensifi- sures from economic development, mainly tour- cation and coordination of cooperation on tech- ism, with consequences for water pollution and nology and innovation, risk sharing arrange- fishery resources. Qualitative, mixed methods ments for high capex, high risk investments in (in-depth interviews, direct observation, partici- demonstration plants, coordination on hydrogen patory workshops, and document analysis) were infrastructure) and review potential roles for dif- used to gather data during the period 2016- ferent actors. On that basis we prepare a tem- 2018. A thick network of private actors was plate for a sectoral decarbonization club. found, which have mobilized to play an important role in environmental management and 313 to act in collaboration with the local state. Mul- Hybrid Environmental Governance: Coupling Pri- tiple rationales account for this development, in- vate Sector Engagement and Institutional Order cluding high levels of environmental awareness for Sustainable Coastal Zone Management in among both state and non-state actors, particu- Quintana Roo, Mexico. lar with respect to water pollution, and lack of Susan Baker1, Bárbara Ayala-Orozco2, Eduardo García- institutional capacities that motivates state ac- Frapolli2 1Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, tors to seek private partnerships. Private actors Cardiff, United Kingdom. 2Institute for Ecosystem and Sus- also mobilize in response to state corruption and tainability Research, National Autonomous University of failure and concern that environmental Mexico UNAM, Morelia, Mexico

Category: Architecture and Agency deterioration is undermining their economic in- (e.g., hazardous chemicals, land use, working terest. Outcomes include self-regulation and vol- conditions, ethical sourcing). Using social net- untary codes of conduct, alongside environmen- work analysis, we identify: (a) which actors, and tal monitoring to provide data and evidence to which types of actors, occupy key positions in the state, including about the robustness and the network in terms of their centrality, ability to suitability of existing regulations and about bridge between diverse communities in the net- problems with regulatory compliance. This de- work, and other related structural measures; velopment is occurring alongside, and feeding and (b) which sustainability challenges are most into, state and municipal reorganization and leg- central, or conversely least central, in the net- islative reforms, resulting in a complex and dy- work. This approach advances current research namic hybrid governance form. Hybrid govern- on keystone actors by moving beyond examining ance contributes to effective environmental gov- the actors themselves, to situating keystone ac- ernance of the CZ of Quintana Roo. However, tors within a larger business ecosystem, and fo- this form of governance risks the privatization of cusing the analysis on identifying other organiza- environmental public goods and may support tions occupying influential positions in the wider state retreat from its public responsibilities. networks in which keystone actors are embedded. Lastly, this study also illustrates how devel- 324 oping approaches to Earth System Governance Keystone actors in the global clothing industry may benefit from considering an industry-wide Jacob Hileman, Ivan Kallstenius, Celinda Palm, Tiina Häyhä, approach, as doing so directly addresses the con- Sarah Cornell Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm, Sweden nections among different components of the earth system that must be navigated in order to The majority of global industries are dominated achieve truly global transformations. by a few disproportionately large corporations, or “keystone actors.” While concentration of 325 economic production is not a new phenomenon, From reactionaries to activists? Corporate lobby- in an increasingly interconnected and globalized ing for high ambition SDGs: understanding how world the magnitude of the impacts that trans- and why private sector actors in Earth System national corporations have on diverse social- Governance evolve over time ecological systems is greater than ever before. In Matt Gitsham1 , Ajit Nayak2 , Jonathan Gosling3 this study, we examine the case of keystone ac- 1Ashridge Executive Education at Hult International Busi- tors in the global clothing industry – one of the ness School, Berkhamsted, United Kingdom. 2University of most polluting industries in the world – and iden- Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. 3University tify potential leverage points for encouraging in- of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom dustry-wide transformations toward sustainabil- How do private sector actors in Earth System ity. Through reviewing the sustainability reports Governance respond to change and evolve over for the 20 largest clothing companies, followed time? Much literature has documented how, by multiple rounds of online snowball sampling, over decades, the private sector has exerted in- we map the network of high-level collaboration fluence to frustrate efforts to strengthen public taking place among global actors to address core policy and government action on environmental sustainability challenges in the industry. The net- issues. At the same time, a significant literature work consists of 455 actors (e.g., clothing com- has also grown exploring how some private sec- panies, trade associations, NGOs, research insti- tor actors have worked in polycentric govern- tutes) working on a suite of 16 different biophys- ance networks with others to pursue voluntary ical and sociopolitical sustainability challenges

Category: Architecture and Agency standards and private governance initiatives to involved. The paper concludes by discussing im- constructively advance Earth System Govern- plications for the design of global governance ar- ance. In recent years, such action has been com- chitecture. plemented by a growing number of empirical examples of some private sector actors actively Panel ID 49 lobbying governments directly for more ambi- Private sectors, trade and business tious public policy interventions to address envi- Chair: Sikina Jinnah ronmental challenges, often partnering with 101 campaigning NGOs to jointly advocate for Influence of private governance schemes for stronger government action. How can we ac- green bond standard on national policy making count for this transition among private sector ac- Toyo Kawabata tors from apparent reactionaries to apparent ac- Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan tivists? What influences how private sector actors’ involvement in Earth System Governance Literature concerning the shift of authority in cli- has evolved over time? To explore this question, mate governance highlights that a growing num- this paper looks at the empirical case of corpo- ber of transnational actors play an authoritative rate involvement in the process to develop the role in policy-making of climate change, which SDGs. What was the private sector calling for was traditionally covered by public authorities Category: Architecture and Agency 65 govern- such as governments and inter-governmental or- ments to include in the SDGs? How can we ac- ganizations. While scholarly attention of the pri- count for private sector lobbying for high ambi- vate governance has been centered on the creation SDGs? What does that tell us about how pri- tion of voluntary self-regulation schemes, an- vate sector actors in Earth System Governance other form of emergent private governance respond to change and evolve over time? Using scheme can be a guiding role of private schemes a critical hermeneutics methodology, the paper to policy-making of public authority. This paper examines key documents published by the pri- considers how and why voluntary self-regulation vate sector and statements made at meetings schemes make an influence on the public author- between private sector actors and policymakers ity’s policy-making, examining the case of the during the process to develop the SDGs. The pa- private and national standards for the green per additionally examines internal documents bond. As climate finance flow is still far behind and meeting transcripts relating to the negotia- from that is required in the Paris Agreement, tion and drafting of private sector position state- there is growing interest in the green bond ments. Finally, it draws on interviews with sev- among actors in climate governance as a poten- eral of the private sector actors involved, explor- tial source to bridge the financing gap. There are ing their accounts of the meanings that informed several private governance schemes for green their contribution to the process to develop the bonds, among which two notable schemes in- SDGs. The paper discusses the range of public clude the Green Bond Principles (GBP) devel- policy interventions that many of the private sec- oped by the International Capital Market Associ- tor actors involved in the process to develop the ation (ICMA) and the Climate Bond Standard SDGs were lobbying governments to include. The (CBS) drafted by the Climate Bond Initiatives paper offers a constructivist reading of how so- (CBI). GBP and CBI have been frequently referred cial change influences the thinking and action of to as a benchmark to meet the required level of private sector actors over time, drawing on the transparency and integrity of disclosed infor- accounts of some of the private sector actors mation that will be reported by issuers to

Category: Architecture and Agency investors and multi-stakeholders, despite that global financial industry has become capable of both are only voluntary schemes developed by creating a new institution that sets up a global non-state actors. Furthermore, those voluntary private regime, influences multinational corpo- schemes are used as guidance for the develop- rations’ business activities, and shapes the public ment of national green bond standards in several discourse on sustainability. By investigating the countries such as Brazil, China, Japan, and evolving institutional architecture, agent net- EU. Considering this, the paper hypothesizes work, and shared norm, the paper aims to criti- that transnational voluntary schemes that are cally evaluate the effectiveness of SI as a privat- adopted by a number of stakeholders could ized environmental regime. Emerging factors in bring a guiding impact on national policy-mak- global environmental governance - the expan- ing. This hypothesis is examined through the pa- sion of global markets, the rise of corporate per as follows. Firstly, the theory of private gov- power and its social and environmental impact, ernance schemes is reviewed to depict the ana- and international/national governance deficits - lytical framework on the shift of authority. Fol- raised a demand for a variety of private govern- lowing that, the paper discusses the institutional ance mechanisms to enforce corporate social re- interplay between several private governance sponsibility. Over the past decades, market schemes for green bond, underlining the benign mechanisms and financial considerations have characteristic of global discussion on green increasingly taken the central role of environ- bond. Then, a case study illustrates that the out- mental management and sustainable develop- come of the interplay forms the solid ground for ment at national and global levels. Among the the uptake of the private green bond standard as various market-based environmental initiatives, a guiding standard for national policy-making. SI has made a remarkable growth over the past The argument gives implication on how to lever- decades in terms of the assets under manage- age private governance schemes of green bond ment (over $12 trillion as of 2018), as well as the for exploring not only climate finance flow but diversity of actors in its institutional alliance. The also finance flow for the Sustainable Develop- study specifically analyzes the relationship be- ment Goals (SDGs). tween the power shift within financial market since the 1970s and the evolution of sustainabil- 170 ity discourse and practice among the SI partici- The rise of sustainable investment as a private re- pants and discusses how the dynamics of market gime in global environmental governance landscape change act upon the effectiveness of Noriko Kusumi the SI regime. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA

Sustainable investment (SI) aims to enforce its 362 policy through scrutinizing corporate environ- Pathways to transformative sustainability: gov- mental and social performance for its invest- erning small business interventions 1 2 1 ment decision-making and engaging with corpo- Sarah Burch , Linda Westman , Chris Luederitz , Aravind Kundurpi1 rate management on sustainability issues. Such 1University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 2University of a private governance initiative is widely consid- Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom ered to create positive incentives and flexibility for actors to resolve market failures and to meet It is clear that progress towards fundamentally public expectation. This paper frames SI as a new sustainable futures in urban spaces can be site and mode of global environmental govern- fraught with complexity, surprises, and con- ance and argues that, through SI activities, the tested decisions made by a multitude of public and private actors. Small- and medium-sized

Category: Architecture and Agency enterprises (SMEs) are one such actor that can the urban system of which they are a part, and contribute to prosperous societies in numerous feed into broader decision-making or political ways, including through provision of livelihood processes. opportunities, creating environmentally sound products and services, and participation in col- Panel ID 15 lective deliberations on pathways to (and visions Transforming Biodiversity Governance (i) of) sustainable futures. Their transformational Chair: Ester Turnhout potential encompasses activities that are di- 265 rected toward their own operations, as well as Justice and equity in post-2020 biodiversity gov- playing a role in shaping processes beyond their ernance business, such as contributing to neighborhood Jonathan Pickering1, Brendan Coolsaet2, Neil Dawson3 development or influencing practices of other 1University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 2Catholic Uni- firms. While an abundance of case studies exist versity of Lille, Lille, France. 3University of East Anglia, Nor- that document a long list of sustainability-ori- wich, United Kingdom ented actions taken by SMEs, these actions are Reasons of justice and equity underpin calls for rarely analyzed in terms of their contribution to transformative biodiversity governance to be in- a broader pathway, including their contribution clusive as well as effective. Biodiversity loss can to momentum or system-wide ripple ef- create new injustices or exacerbate existing fects. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of ones, particularly when the ecosystems that sus- the governance implications these pathways is tain vulnerable groups degrade or collapse while required to inform more holistic, inclusive, and others profit from ecological exploitation. Trans- innovative climate change and sustainability pol- formations towards more environmentally sus- icy. We draw upon a large sample size survey of tainable governance could help to alleviate these small business in Vancouver and Toronto injustices but may also produce other injustices, (n=1730) over 120 interviews in Vancouver for example if the creation of protected areas de- (CAN), Toronto (CAN), London (UK) and Rotter- prives vulnerable groups of access to their tradi- dam (NLD), and new case studies in Lüneburg tional lands. Despite considerable advances in (GER) and Melbourne (AUS) to develop catego- theorising environmental justice –and, more re- ries capturing the transformational actions of cently, related concepts such as climate justice SMEs. This data suggests that these actions can and planetary justice – there remains a need to be thought of as i) Adjustment interventions (i.e. clarify the scope and content of what could be modifications of quantifiable features and activ- called ‘biodiversity justice’ or ‘just biodiversity ities), ii) Function interventions (i.e. changes to governance’ and to critically assess its role in practices and interactions between actors), iii) transformative biodiversity governance. This Design interventions (i.e. changes to the ability chapter/paper addresses this task through criti- of people to take decisions and the associated in- cal engagement with recent theory and practice fluence over actions), and iv) Purpose interven- in environmental governance, with a primary fo- tions (i.e. changes to the reason behind opera- cus on the negotiation and implementation of tions, the values and worldviews underlying ex- the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s plicit and implicit goals of a system). We then (CBD’s) post-2020 framework. We begin by set- map the connections, to explore the pathways ting out a conceptual framework for understand- that small businesses might follow as they exer- ing biodiversity justice and its relationships to cise their agency to reconfigure the underlying environmental, ecological and planetary justice. values that define their business, interact with We briefly map how discourses of justice, equity

Category: Architecture and Agency and rights have featured in the CBD to date. We With the persistence of major structural chal- then address questions of justice and equity that lenges in the form of economic and trade agen- arise in three key areas of debate about the tra- das that continue to threaten the biosphere and jectory of transformative biodiversity govern- its human inhabitants, we question whether or ance: What should be conserved? How should not the concept of ‘biodiversity’ itself – and the resources for transforming conservation be mo- science and policy that surround it – is suffi- bilised and allocated? And how should decision- ciently compelling to halt the degradation of life making processes relating to those transfor- on earth. This paper will present the results of mations be structured? First, we discuss ques- “Biodiversity Revisited”, a year-long expert con- tions of justice embedded in proposals for a mas- vening process undertaken throughout 2019 to sive expansion of protected areas, as with Wil- catalyse critical reflection and fresh thinking son’s (2016) ‘Half-Earth’ proposal. We critically around the current research, policy, and practice assess debates about whether such an expan- agendas for biodiversity. The Biodiversity Revis- sion could further disenfranchise the global ited project engages with the five analytical poor, or whether it may strike a more equitable lenses of the Earth System Governance research balance between human and non-human inter- agenda as they relate to the governance of bio- ests. Second, we address considerations of jus- diversity. Our convening will critically assess the tice associated with an unprecedented scale-up shortcomings of existing mechanisms for biodi- of financial investment in nature conservation, versity governance from local to global scales, including how the global conservation effort and reflect upon the ways in which biodiversity should be shared fairly among contributing loss is inseparable from the political issues of countries, how financial resources should be al- land ownership and rights; access to natural re- located among recipient countries, and what sources; competing concepts, narratives and ep- role the CBD could play in this context. Third, we istemic alliances; and the fragmentation of re- discuss how procedural justice applies to deci- search and policy efforts into overlapping agen- sion-making about transformative justice, focus- das including climate, oceans, land degradation ing on the extent to which different actors have and sustainable development. Through this been included in the process of developing the work, we will draw on and contribute to thinking CBD’s post-2020 framework. about the earth system in order to inform the future of conservation-related research and cata- 332 lyse more holistic approaches that take account Biodiversity Revisited: Developing a new ap- of social and policy dynamics alongside biophys- proach to sustaining life on earth. ical change. In this paper, we report on the pro- Carina Wyborn 1,2, Jasper Montana 3, Lindsey Elliot 4, Mela- cess and set out the implications of the “Biodi- nie Ryan1, Jonathon Hutton1 1Luc Hoffmann Institute, Gland, Switzerland. 2University of versity Revisited” project as they relate to a Montana, Missoula, USA. 3Oxford University, Oxford, United more grounded and inclusive understanding of Kingdom. 4Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom ‘biodiversity’ as part of the earth system and the The diversity of life that sustains humanity is be- governance implications therein. ing severely degraded by human action leading 381 to a deterioration in land, air, and water quality, loss of natural ecosystems and widespread declines in populations of wild species. Despite significant knowledge about the problem, effective broad-based action has not been forthcoming.

Category: Architecture and Agency

Mainstreaming, discourses and social capital: re- Participants from non-environmental sectors flecting existing knowledge on biodiversity con- perceive little added value for strengthening im- servation with National Planning processes plementation. Despite a growing debate on Yves Zinngrebe mainstreaming and biodiversity planning, there George-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, literature to date falls short of providing specific Göttingen, Germany guidance for how to improve it. Identifying National Governments of signatory countries to shortcomings in policy planning is a necessary the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are prerequisite to stimulate institutional learning. responsible for translating the national commit- In this perspective, the findings of this article ments on biodiversity into National Strategies provide a range of practical entrance points for and Action Plans (NBSAPs). In this article I as- improved biodiversity policy planning. sume that this process is conditioned by the ability to (A) link objective to national biodiversity Panel ID 50 discourses, (B) address dominant causes of bio- Multi-level governance: Climate policy at diversity loss, (C) link objectives and activities to sub-national level sector specific implementation processes and Chair: Benjamin Cashore (D) the ability to engage relevant sector actors and build social capital. Looking at the case of 177 Peru I build an analytic framework based on ex- Institutional development and reconfiguration in isting studies for each of these aspects (A-D) and governance systems under pressure: Urban cli- analyse their performance based on the NBSAP mate adaptation in Santiago, Chile document, reports from the Peruvian National James Patterson Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Commission for Biological Diversity (CONADIB) and selected expert interviews. A: Despite the Governance systems across scales are increas- coexistence of five dominant biodiversity narra- ingly confronted with a need to adapt and trans- tives in Peru, I find that the national NBSAP is form under growing social, political, and environ- dominated by the Capitalist and the Protection- mental pressures. Urban climate adaptation gov- ist narrative, focussing on the economic value of ernance is a particular example of this issue, as biodiversity and protected areas. B: The NBSAP cities are confronted with growing climate-re- addresses several elements, such as climate lated risks and impacts. Institutional develop- change, deforestation and the use of fertilizers ment and reconfiguration is a key need. How- and herbicides. Several key causes of biodiver- ever, the processes by which this occurs remain sity loss, such as pollution, mining, agricultural vastly under-developed, and are still often practices and expansion as well as overfishing treated as a ‘black box’ (e.g. widely called for, but however remain unaddressed. C: Few NBSAP ac- rarely studied explicitly). Addressing this gap is tivities are aiming at supporting sector policies, challenging, because institutional development such as providing a monitoring guideline for En- and reconfiguration largely occur in situ on the vironmental Impact Assessments, such as ap- fabric of present setups, potentially in multiple plied in the Mining and Transport sectors. By co-occurring ways. This calls for process-ori- contrast, the NBSAP misses links to many im- ented explanations of how and why (i.e. under portant sector policies as those regulating fish which permissive and productive conditions, and extraction, forestry and agriculture. D: About through which causal mechanisms) are institu- two thirds of the CONADIB agenda items are fo- tions for climate change adaptation developed, cused on CBD reporting and planning. and with what consequences for reconfiguring

Category: Architecture and Agency urban governance systems? This paper examines explanations underpinning the production of processes of institutional development and re- adaptiveness. configuration in urban climate adaptation, 195 through an in-depth case study of Santiago, Chile over a 12-year period (2005-2017). Drawing on Drawing descriptive inferences from regions and primary and secondary data, including 26 semi- states climate actions data: contributions for un- structured interviews with policy, academic, and derstanding climate multilevel governance archi- civil society actors, we identify six key institu- tecture Thais Ribeiro tional developments occurring across multiple Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil levels (i.e. programmatic, legislative, constitutional levels), and apply a systematic process New and more pluralistic forms of climate gov- tracing methodology to identify causal condi- ernance are necessary to achieve emission re- tions and mechanisms explaining them. Findings ductions based on the 2ºC target, and new em- reveal a promising, yet tentative, ‘work in pro- pirical research has indicated a shift to multi-lev- gress’ towards institutional reconfiguration for eled and bottom-up governance architectures. climate adaptation in Santiago, achieved Innovative institutional governance arrange- through a multiple response pattern involving ments, separate negotiation tracks under UN- differing causal mechanisms, and synergistic and FCCC umbrella and INDCs evidence this shift. In antagonistic interplay between them. Yet, there this context, regions, provinces, states and cities is an evident need for further bold action to con- actions engaged with climate change mitigation solidate current developments, although the and adaptation have been presented as alterna- prospects for this seem uncertain. The study re- tives to compensate for insufficient regulation at veals the simultaneous presence of multiple in- national and international levels, and as means stitutional logics (i.e. consequence, appropriate- to contribute to national targets and compro- ness, history) involved in institutional develop- mises. There is extensive literature about cities ment and reconfiguration in practice. This sug- engagement and commitments, but research gests the relevance of a variety of existing insti- about the intermediate level comprised of re- tutionalist and policy change theories, but that gions, province and states is still scarce. Such these may need to be combined with some de- studies can be especially relevant considering gree of eclecticism to explain deliberate efforts that seven out of the ten major greenhouse gas to adapt and transform governance systems, and emitters are federated systems. This paper ob- constraints on this. Overall, the paper contrib- jective is to draw descriptive inferences from utes to advancing process-oriented explanations data about states and regions actions for climate of change in institutional architectures that goes change mitigation and adaptation based on beyond input-oriented assessments of capacity, multi-level governance and architecture frag- or output-oriented assessments of adaptation mentation approaches. The analytical category planning. It demonstrates a novel exploratory is subnational action, which can reveal motiva- approach to studying institutional development tions and differences in behavior made by coun- and reconfiguration by disaggregating causal tries with similar emission profiles or commit- processes across institutional levels and over ments. The research question is how are regions time. This contributes to Earth System Govern- and states' climate actions framed and how this ance scholarship on Architecture and Adaptive- framing interacts with multilevel governance for ness, by developing process-oriented climate change. The hypothesis is that the majority of actions is aligned with the UNFCCC,

Category: Architecture and Agency considered the overarching frame, and this align- country Kenya with a focus on urban service pro- ment allows a situation of cooperative fragmen- vision in the water and energy sectors. Consider- tation in governance architecture. The multilevel ing cities as increasingly relevant agents in Earth approach is used for contextual description of System Governance, this paper asks specifically climate change governance, while data results to what extent climate policies are integrated in are analyzed considering the degree of govern- urban development in Kenya and how this is re- ance architecture fragmentation and its implica- flected in the country’s decentralized govern- tions for global climate governance. The meth- ance architecture. Building on the climate policy odology is based on descriptive inferences and integration (CPI) literature the paper explores statistical techniques using data from subna- enabling and constraining factors for the align- tional actions organized in terms of observable ment of national climate policies with subna- implications of a specific theory: quantity and tional development priorities and related chal- characteristics of subnational actions for climate lenges for policy implementation. As one of Af- change, number of national legislation for cli- rica’s rapidly urbanizing countries, Kenya and its mate change, country GHG emissions profile and domestic “Vision 2030” provide for an interest- vulnerability to climate change. The CDP Disclo- ing case study regarding the synergies and trade- sure Insight Action database comprises 140 ac- offs between climate policy and sustainable ur- tions of 63 regions or states in 24 countries, ban development. Internationally, Kenya was ac- which together represent 34% of world emis- tively engaged in the development of the Sus- sions. This study expects to offer sound descrip- tainable Development Goals (SDGs) and in ad- tive inferences based on empirical data and pre- vancing the Paris Agreement. Domestically, the liminary work on global multilevel governance country has adopted ambitious climate policies, and governance architecture fragmentation. which it now seeks to integrate with national and Even though it will not demonstrate systematic sub-national sectoral development aspirations in relations between the variables presented, it the context of Kenya's ongoing devolution of will be able to suggest developments for further powers. Against the backdrop of Kenya’s newly research. decentralized governance architecture, the country’s dynamically growing cities are facing 205 considerable challenges, especially regarding the Climate policy integration in rapidly urbanizing provision of adequate basic services such as middle-income countries: insights from Kenya clean water and sustainable energy. Empirically, Steffen Bauer, Eva Dick the paper draws on qualitative case studies of German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- wicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany three Kenyan second-tier cities, Eldoret, Kisumu and Nakuru, all of which are concomitantly capi- The United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable tals of their respective counties. Differentiating Development and the Paris Agreement under policy frames, political subsystems, policy goals the UNFCCC create profound challenges for the and policy instruments it provides innovative in- development and implementation of coherent sights regarding challenges and future perspec- policies at national and local levels. This paper tives for the coherent integration of climate pol- discusses how multilaterally negotiated and na- icies into urban development and their prospec- tionally developed policies relate to governance tive contribution to achieving sustainable devel- challenges that are pertinent to both climate pol- opment goals in a dynamic lower middle-income icy and sustainable development at subnational country. levels. It is based on an in-depth empirical analysis of climate policy in lower middle-income

Category: Architecture and Agency

256 249 Energy Transition in Yucatán: impacts, responses, China’s engagement in transnational extractives and possibilities governance and global environmental norm de- Ivet Reyes Maturano velopment McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Articulación Yucatán, Hyeyoon Park Merida, Mexico Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable en- Traditional norm literature in IR does not suffi- ergies (energy transition; ET) is perhaps the most ciently explain the impact of changing power re- important globally coordinated response to cli- lations among states on norm development. This mate change. To understand whether the imple- theoretical gap leads to a lack of research on the mentation of ET is attuned with the protection of role of China as an emerging power in develop- local environments and the strengthening of lo- ing global environmental governance norms. cal governance a critical assessment of the policy Meanwhile, Chinese actors are beginning to en- framework surrounding ET is needed. This paper gage in global extractive governance due to uses Yucatan, a predominantly indigenous state growing overseas investment and business in ex- in Mexico, as a case study for analyzing the po- tractive sectors. This research explores the role tential harm to local environments and commu- of China in transparency norm development in nities caused by ET. In 2016 Yucatan jumped to global extractives governance through the con- the forefront of the global renewable energy cept of norm contestation. It examines norm de- sector when it became the “big winner” of the velopment as a two-way socialization process first renewal energy auction in the country. To- where China is both a norm-taker (adopts exist- day, Yucatan hosts at least 22 renewable energy ing norms) and a norm-maker (shapes/re-shapes mega projects (12 wind farms and 10 solar norms) through analyzing forty-two transna- farms) that, if developed, together would occupy tional extractive governance initiatives (TEGI) se- more than 11 000 hectares of fragile ecosystems. lected based on the Standards Map of Interna- The paper presents an overview of ET’s main so- tional Trade Center and previous literature. This cioenvironmental impacts (e.g. territorial dispos- analysis will use the data collected from TEGI’s session, land-use planning law violations, indige- official websites, conducting questionnaires and nous rights violations, deforestation, aquifer de- interviewing TEGI secretariats for Patton’s data struction), assesses how those impacts are re- triangulation approach (Yin 2014). Applying a lated to a global institutional network and Mexi- qualitative coding method, the following charac- can ET policy, describes how local communities teristics in each initiative will be evaluated: (1) have responded to ET, and suggests how global the types of Chinese actors participating in TEGI; networks and regional policy can be changed to (2) the distinctive features of their engagement; redirect ET towards a more sustainable path. (3) the centrality of the transparency norm in each TEGI; (4) the influence of Chinese actors in Panel ID 51 transparency-related rules of the TEGI; (5) and Politics and Interests in Global Environ- relationships between the TEGIs in which Chi- mental Governance nese actors engage. My preliminary analysis Chair: Peter Dauvergne finds that one or more Chinese public or private actors are involved in one-half of the initiatives, the vast majority of which emphasize transparency, for instance, by declaring it in their mission statement. This result suggests that Chinese

Category: Architecture and Agency actors are involved in TEGI which reproduce and environmentally oriented forms of nationalism disseminate the transparency norm. Neverthe- that have potential implications for Earth sys- less, Chinese actors do not actively engage in tems. The first relates to the flexing power of in- governance platforms where transparency is the ternational environmental administrative agen- most primary norm, while they are more in- cies in relation to environmental issues that po- volved in business-oriented voluntary programs tentially influence Earth systems. The other rein which transparency is less emphasized. In- lates to the sense of solastalgia that comes from stead, the Chinese government recently devel- more frequent severe environmental damage oped a Chinese version of transnational extrac- and harm. Solastalgia it is argued can encourage tive governance guidelines to promote social re- greater ecological isolation or nationalism for lo- sponsibility in outbound mining investments. cal communities that are deeply connected to This result suggests that China is both a norm- their local environments. The potential reaction taker and norm-shaper through a two-way so- of local communities to such experiences of eco- cialization process in global environmental gov- logical nostalgia may have detrimental effects on ernance. Regarding the conference stream of Ar- Australia’s likely interest in being involved in cer- chitecture and Agency, this paper contributes to tain international environmental law develop- understanding how an emerging country (an ments. The reluctance of Australia to register the agent) interact with existing environmental gov- loss of ecological character in some of its Ramsar ernance institutions (architecture) and influ- wetlands with the Montreux Record is a good ex- ences in global environmental norm contesta- ample of the first. To do so would otherwise al- tion. low the Technical and Scientific Committee of the 1971 Convention on Wetlands of Interna- 286 tional Importance to carry out domestic investi- Nationalism and Earth Systems: A Challenge from gations to assist Australia to restore the wetland. the Anthropocene Another similar example includes the decisions Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Amanda Kennedy to drain some wetlands for farming needs, which School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Bris- bane, Australia then impact the long-term ecological character of those areas. The second driver discussed is the The rise of nationalism and populism are chal- increasing incidences of severe environmental lenging international law and global governance degradation evoking solastalgia. For instance, developments. Nationalism is more apparent in megafires are now common in Australia, as are the last few years, as countries have reacted to decisions to continue extracting resources at a the challenges of globalisation. There is evidence large scale, with consequent implications for lo- that it is increasingly more difficult to generate cal communities. This form of ecological nostal- new international environmental treaties that gia, however, can have counterintuitive effects will coordinate and develop laws and policies for leading to a sense of nature nationalism. The pa- the world on particular issues or problems. This per argues that these drivers of nationalism can is partly because of the high cost for countries in have adverse influences on Earth systems which agreeing to certain environmental standards. in turn can further aggravate, if unchecked, the The challenges around achieving more ambitious participation of countries in global environmen- climate change goals, for instance, pose an ap- tal governance arrangements. parent and deep problem for global environmental governance and for Earth systems. Drawing from Australia as a case study, this paper argues that there are two kinds of emerging drivers of

Category: Architecture and Agency

297 In previous works, we have assessed the pro- Re-Politicizing the Study of Climate Governance spects for global climate governance - in particu- Frank Biermann1, Markus Lederer2 lar mitigation - focusing on the political economy 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 2Technical Uni- of the world's major climate state actors - or cli- versity of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany mate powers. As such, our question was how Most recent scholarship on global climate gov- power asymmetries and different levels of ernance is marked by a focus on the effective- agency affected global climate governance. We ness of novel and experimental policy instru- concluded that the path of global mitigation ments. Scholars have studied in detail the effec- would be strongly affected by the level of climate tiveness of combining various novel institutional commitment of these powerful actors, namely arrangements, including non-state, transna- the United States, the EU, China, India, Brazil, In- tional institutions, along with a fresh emphasis donesia, Japan, South Korea, and Russia. As most on polycentricity, governance orchestration, and of these actors showed low levels of climate regime complexes. Yet, this dominant focus on commitment, our conclusion was that climate governance effectiveness, and the prevalent af- change mitigation would not increase visibly, de- firmative approach towards polycentricity in an spite the path taken by the UNFCCC negotia- apolitical "all hands on board" approach, lacks tions. In recent years, there have been a number any deeper attention to the crucial questions of of relevant developments in the area of mitiga- power, dominance, and political conflict. In the tion governance: First, the rise in temperature larger quest to prevent galloping climate change, seems to be accelerating, bringing us closer to the mainstream has become overly apolitical, es- dangerous climate change. Accordingly, the pecially when it comes to the novel involvement chances of reaching the 2C target by 2100 are of non-state actors, where powerful multina- very low. Second, the impact of low-carbon tech- tional corporations become "business stakehold- nologies on the emissions trajectory has in- ers" and powerful rich Northern NGOs turn into creased, particularly in the energy sector, where "global civil society". The role of spoilers, the in- a price revolution is making non-traditional re- fluence of money, the necessity of complex alli- newable energy sources competitive with fossil ances, or the role of violence, conflict and exploi- fuels. This has probably been the most notable tation, are too often neglected, and the interests development in climate change mitigation, and especially of poorer countries in the South is too is not directly related to public policies. Thirdly, often overlooked in the prevalent analyses of non-national-state actors continued to increase “multi-stakeholder partnerships” and "non-state their level of agency: Cities; States and prov- climate initiatives". This paper argues hence for inces; NGOs and large corporations. Fourth, cli- a fundamental re-politicization of climate gov- mate negotiations have followed the path of ernance research within the institutionalist many talks and little action, including the Paris mainstream. Agreement. Fifth, the level of economic and security conflict has increased in the core of the in- 306 ternational system, in particular between the US, Assessing the chances of global climate govern- the EU, Japan, China and Russia. Sixth, the cli- ance: the role of Climate Powers in a conflictive mate commitment among climate powers has world decreased since 2011, with the partial exception Matias Franchini1, Eduardo Viola2 of the EU. This paper focuses on the last three 1Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia. 2University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil points, i.e. how the increasingly conflictual nature of the international system, combined with

Category: Architecture and Agency the declining level of climate commitment merely duplicate extant obligations from inter- among climate powers, negatively affects the national environmental law to serve political path of cooperation in climate change mitiga- goals. We shed light on this question by building tion, including but not limited to the UNFCCC ne- on two datasets of 690 PTAs and 2342 environ- gotiations. To achieve this objective, the article mental treaties. We investigate four potential is divided as follows: A first part describes the contributions of PTAs to environmental law: the current characteristics of the conflictive interna- diffusion of multilateral environmental agree- tional system. A second part contains a short his- ments (MEAs), the promotion of existing envi- tory of how systemic conflict have affected cli- ronmental rules, the design of new environmen- mate cooperation in the past, a third part as- tal rules, and the legal prevalence of MEAs. The sesses the level of climate commitment of the article concludes that the trade regime consti- major climate powers and, finally, our conclu- tutes an echo chamber for international environ- sions. mental law. It provides to environmental law an image of itself, but not an amplified one. Panel ID 52 Institutional interplay 171 Chair: Fariborz Zelli An institutional interplay perspective to multilevel governance: The case of the São Paulo Mac- 39 rometropolitan region promoting environmental protection in trade Leandra Goncalves1, Pedro Fidelman2, Alexander Turra1 agreements: a regime shift or a tactical linkage? 1University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 2University of Noémie Laurens, Jean-Frédéric Morin Queensland, Queensland, Australia Université Laval , Québec, Canada Multi-level governance (i.e., decision- and pol- The prolific literature on the relationship be- icy-making that involve multiple actors and take tween the trade and environmental regimes suf- place across multiple jurisdictions and sectors) fers from two shortcomings. First, it myopically has been proposed as a promising approach to focuses on multilateral institutions while the deal with the multidimensional nature of press- vast majority of trade and environmental agreeing environmental issues . This is because these ments are bilateral. Second, it examines how the issues manifest at multiple levels, from local to trade and environmental regimes negatively af- global, and need to be addressed accordingly. fect each other, leaving aside their potential syn- However, multi-level governance is very often ergies. Conversely, this article assesses the po- challenging given the complex institutional envi- tential contribution of preferential trade agree- ronment (e.g., rules, norms, decision-making ments (PTAs) to international environmental processes and network of actors) in which it is law. Several PTAs include a full-fledged chapter implemented. This paper proposes that the con- devoted to environmental protection and concept of institutional interplay (i.e., interaction tain detailed commitments on various environ- between institutions) is critical if the challenges mental issue areas. One possible scenario is that to multi-level governance are to be better under- countries that are dissatisfied with traditional stood and addressed. Drawing on the literature settings for environmental lawmaking engage in on institutional interplay, it develops an analyti- a process of “regime shifting” toward PTAs to cal approach to examine challenges to coastal move forward on their environmental agenda. governance at multiple subnational levels. São The alternative is that PTAs’ environmental pro- Paulo Macrometropolitan region (MMP, in por- visions are the result of “tactical linkages” and tuguese) is used to ground the empirical analysis. The MMP is one of the largest urban areas in the

Category: Architecture and Agency

Southern Hemisphere; it houses the Metropoli- include provisions that seek to restrict certain tan Region of São Paulo - one of the the six larg- imports or exports. While trade-related provi- est in the world, and important coastal urban ar- sions are an important feature of many fre- eas, such as Baixada Santista and Litoral Norte. quently discussed IEAs, such as the Montreal The MMP concentrates critical infrastructure, Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone such as ports, airports and roads and major Layer, their implications have not been thor- knowledge, technology and innovation hubs. oughly researched yet. In this paper, we investi- The analysis of the MMP underscored several in- gate trade-related provisions in IEAs, putting the teracting institutions pertaining to multiple pol- focus on their effects on the trade flows between icy sectors across local, state and national levels. the signatory countries. To the best of our These comprised a complex environment featur- knowledge, this paper is the first to address this ing a great deal of fragmentation, and, conse- gap in the literature. We investigate the effects quently, jurisdictional and functional gaps and of trade-related provisions in IEAs on trade flows overlaps. This environment was best explained in a large-n study by making use of a novel, fine- in terms normative, functional and political in- grained dataset on “Trade and Investment Provi- terplay. Improved governance of the MMP will sions in International Environmental Agree- require interplay management to enhance syn- ments” (TIPEA). To analyse the effects of trade- ergies and minimise tensions among the institu- related provisions in IEAs on trade flows, we use tions analysed. This includes fostering cognitive a panel of worldwide bilateral trade flows and interaction (i.e., promoting inter-institutional use fixed effects estimations to address issues of learning and assistance, and enhancing synergy) endogeneity. We assess the effect of the overall between institutions with complementary number of trade-related provisions in IEAs but and/or similar objectives. Ultimately, interplay we also classify provisions by whether they are management may reduce fragmentation, im- rather trade-restricting or trade-liberalizing in prove compliance and monitoring and increase nature. Our paper contributes to the literature cost-effectiveness. The findings from this paper on the effects of international environmental may prove useful to other jurisdictions where agreements and the interplay between trade pressing environmental issues involve multiple and the environment. governance levels and interacting institutions. 235 188 The inter-organizational interplay of intergovern- Trade Effects of International Environmental mental treaty secretariats in global environmen- Agreements tal governance Clara Brandi1, Jean-Frédéric Morin2, Jakob Schwab1 Joshua Elsässer 1German Development Institute, Bonn, Germany. 2Laval University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany University, Quebec City, Canada Over the past two decades, numerous scholars Numerous International Environmental Agree- have broadened our understanding of the role ments (IEAs) contain provisions that are linked to and function of intergovernmental bureaucra- international trade. Many of these provisions cies in world politics. Today, there is general con- have potential effects on international trade sensus in the literature that bureaucracies mat- flows. For example, a number of IEAs include ter, in fact, bureaucratic influence plays an im- provisions that entail a commitment towards lib- portant role in contemporary policy-making in eralized trade or provisions that promote inter- many political arenas. However, inter-organiza- national trade in environmental goods and ser- tional interplay between various bureaucracies vices. On the other hand, several IEAs also

Category: Architecture and Agency has only recently attracted wider scholarly inter- futures of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) are est in International Relations research, especially examined in the context of China’s rise. The ATS in the field of global environmental governance. has generally been praised as a success for main- Due to their rather narrow mandates, the politi- taining peace and security in the Antarctic. Ques- cal leeway and decision-making capacity of inter- tions have, however, been raised in recent years governmental treaty secretariats has tradition- because no significant new agreement has been ally been considered as rather limited compared concluded under the ATS since the adoption of to other bureaucracies. Yet, in the past few the Madrid Protocol in 1991. Due to the chal- years, these secretariats have adopted a more lenges posed to the Antarctic environment in the active role in global environmental policy-mak- Anthropocene, the resilience and the future of ing by connecting and engaging in horizontal in- the ATS is under increasing scrutiny. The paper terplay with other secretariats across policy do- thus examines the capacity of the ATS to evolve mains. Building upon a qualitative case study ap- to respond to global environmental and political proach, the aim of this paper is to explore the change. The paper points out that 2048 and 2052 genesis, structure, and effectiveness of the inter- are critical time points for the future of the ATS. organizational interplay between three intergov- These dates are respectively when the Madrid ernmental treaty secretariats in the field of Protocol’s Mining Ban could potentially be re- global environmental governance, i.e. the secre- viewed; and when the duration of the Ross Sea tariats of the United Nations Framework Con- Marine Protected Area comes to an end. The pa- vention on Climate Change (“climate secretar- per then reflects on recent Chinese activities in iat”), the Convention of Biological Diversity (“bi- the Antarctic as well as China’s Antarctic law and odiversity secretariat”), and the United Nations policy to determine China’s possible moves in Convention to Combat Desertification (“deserti- Antarctica, as well its potential impact on the fication secretariat”). By focusing on the inter- ATS in next 30-50 years. China appears to have play activities of these secretariats, the results of taken a two-fold approach in Antarctic govern- this study might also shed light on ways in which ance – while China is generally supportive of the intergovernmental bureaucracies better and ATS, China is also keen to make its mark in shap- more effectively provide continuous agency for ing future development of the ATS in a manner multilateral environmental agreements. that promotes China’s interests. The paper thus concludes with an assessment of the capacity of Panel ID 53 the ATS to address the emerging threats of the New Directions in International Environ- Anthropocene in the context of shifting global mental Law powers. Chair: Rakhyun E. Kim 255 152 How do we achieve equitable sustainability in the Rising China and Antarctic Futures in the Anthro- Anthropocene? - An agenda for legal research pocene Michelle Lim Nengye Liu Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Aus- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia tralia

This paper examines the question: what will the Leach et al. (2018) coin the term ‘equitable sus- future of Antarctica look like with a rising China? tainability’ to denote a desirable operating space It first briefly sets out the international legal re- for humanity in the Anthropocene. Here equity gime that governs the Antarctic. Next, possible and sustainability are recognised as being so closely connected that they are emergent

Category: Architecture and Agency outcomes of coupled socio-ecological systems. reach across disciplinary divides and to under- The emergent outcomes of a just and sustainable take the transformations required to achieve eq- world thus arise from the feedbacks across net- uitable sustainability and the continued rele- works formed between the Earth system and hu- vance of the legal discipline in the Anthropo- man societies. Viewing the Anthropocene cene. through the lens of equitable sustainability goes 271 beyond conceptualising equity and sustainability as biophysical or social limits or foundations. In- Proxy representation of future generations and stead, focus is on understanding the dynamic in- ecosystems: transforming global governance teractions across human and natural systems through an integrated discourse Peter Lawrence and the way in which this system could develop Faculty of Law University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia into the future. Transformations to a better future require technological progress as well as Global institutions to represent future genera- dramatic social changes and governance re- tions tend to be more widely embraced than informs. It also requires greater understanding of stitutions to represent ecosystems. One reason how to shift coupled socio-ecological systems to- for this may be the perception that justifying rep- wards a desirable future while recognising his- resentation of ecosystems requires adopting an torical inequities in the contributions made to eco-centric worldview, which is less broadly ac- undermining the stability of the Earth system. In cepted than anthropocentric worldviews. This this paper, I argue that the law is not sufficiently paper argues that in practice there are strong recognised as a key tool for addressing the inter- synergies in the normative justifications behind connected social-ecological challenges of the An- both forms of representation. Part I: Architec- thropocene. Revolutionary approaches to envi- ture. This part outlines models of proxy repre- ronmental law are, nevertheless, required to sentation of future generations and ecological shape a sustainable and just world in the epoch systems found in national and international law of humans. It is vital that we think creatively, yet including: guardianship, trust models (including realistically, about the design and implementa- atmospheric trust), erga omnes claims in relation tion of environmental law. There is the need to to whaling, global commons, actio popularis (in- envision a range of plausible and desirable future ternational tribunals), amicus curiae briefs, and states of the Earth and the human systems that conferral of legal personality on elements of na- operate amidst the uncertainty and surprise of ture (e.g. New Zealand's Te Urewera Act 51 of the Anthropocene. Next, there is the need to 2014). The paper examines the normative justifi- forge legal pathways which steer humanity to- cations made in relation to each particular mech- wards desirable future states. This paper sets anism. Part II: Theory. The key theoretical justifi- out four inter-related priority areas for interdis- cations for representation of future generations ciplinary legal research: 1) the adoption of sys- of human beings. These theories rest on either 1) tems thinking; 2) harnessing mechanisms across arguments based on the furthering of intergen- a range of legal fields (e.g. from rights based ap- erational justice, or 2) democratic values, includ- proaches to tort law; 3) exploring legal options in ing the ‘all affected principle’ and extension of the private sphere which mobilise new actors; the demos into the future. It is argued that proxy and 4) strengthening the capacity of legal institu- representation is also linked to other democratic tions to facilitate transparent, democratic and mechanisms including deliberation in the public responsive decision-making. The paper con- sphere and education. A golden thread running cludes by calling for lawyers and legal scholars to through these theories is the concept of

Category: Architecture and Agency vulnerability; proxy representation provides coherence and synergy among a large body of both symbolic and substantive recognition of the sectoral regulatory frameworks, the heterogene- vulnerable. Schlosberg (2007) justifies proxy rep- ity of actors, important coherence and coordina- resentation of ecological systems within the con- tion challenges in the governance structure, and text of a theory of ecological justice. While proxy the problematic articulation of MEAs and envi- representation of ecological systems has great ronment-related instruments. The main solution appeal as a vehicle for countering the current un- proposed in the report for addressing most of dervaluing of ecological systems, significant these gaps is the adoption of a single overarching problems in determining inherent value, creates normative framework that sets out the rules and difficulties. Nevertheless, given the dependence principles of general application in international of human beings on ecological systems, repre- environmental law. We argue that the gaps resentation of future generations' interests goes a port presents itself a major gap: the absence of long way in achieving the same objective of rep- an Earth system approach that considers the resentation of ecological systems. Analysis. The planet as “a single complex system” (W. Steffen). theoretical justifications for representation set Such an approach, based on the planetary out in Part II with the justifications found in the boundaries framework, would present a series of case studies in Part I. Do the justifications for advantages for addressing most of the gaps re- representative institutions in the real world fit lated to governance. In this paper we contribute with the theory? To the extent that they do not, to the study of Earth System Governance at the are there tensions between justifications for rep- international level by: 1) identifying the essential resentation of human beings resting on anthro- elements of the planetary boundaries frame- pocentric assumptions and justifications for rep- work; 2) Analyzing how these elements relate to resentation of ecological systems resting on eco- Earth System Governance and might be useful logical assumptions? The paper argues that for addressing the governance-related gaps there are strong synergies between the justifica- identified in the Secretary-General’s report: frag- tions made for representing future generations mentation and lack of coherence, synergy and of human beings and ecological systems opening collaboration between sectoral legal regimes, in- up exciting pathways for an integrated dis- stitutions and multiple other actors. course. Panel ID 54 387 Transforming Biodiversity Governance (ii) Linking gaps in international environmental law, Chair: Carina Wyborn planetary boundaries and Earth System Govern- ance 146 Edgar Fernandez Fernandez Nation-Branding through Peace Parks in Costa Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Rica 1 2 The report of the United Nations Secretary-Gen- Karina Barquet , Ida Andersson 1Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. eral A/73/419 of 30 November 2018 points out a 2Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden series of important gaps in international environmental law, including the lack of clarity, judicial This paper discusses the role of Peace Parks in consensus and recognition in legally binding in- strengthening nation-branding processes. We struments of environmental principles, the frag- first trace back the origins of what we refer to as mentation of multilateral environmental agree- the “Green (environmental) – Blue (peaceful)” ments (MEAs) and institutions, the lack of nation-branding project in Costa Rica; then highlight the historical events that come to shape the

Category: Architecture and Agency

Costa Rican identity; and finally reflect upon the further the Green-Blue brand of the country, the expansion of the nation-branding project national imaginary of Costa Rica is built on differ- through the establishment of the Si-A-Paz Peace entiation and is therefore contradictory to the Park in the east border between Costa Rica and goals pursued through the Peace Parks project. Nicaragua. Portrayed by conservationists as the 189 “global solution” to problems of environmental degradation, poverty, and unemployment, Biodiversity Policy Integration for nature conser- Peace Parks go beyond these goals to include the vation in agricultural landscapes Yves Zinngrebe1, Fiona Kinniburg2, Hens Runhaar3,4 promotion of peace between nations. Peace 1University of Göttingen, Department for Agricultural Eco- Parks have been described as the “hallmark” of nomics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany. 2Ba- neoliberal conservation since they emphasize an varian School of Public Policy, Technical University of Mu- all-encompassing or “win7”(win-win-win-win- nich, Chair of Environmental and Climate Policy, München, 3 win-win-win) solution that promises benefits for Germany. University of Wageningen, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands. 44) a diverse group of actors ranging from large in- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable De- ternational corporations, development agencies, velopment, Utrecht, Netherlands Western consumers, state agencies, and local in- Agricultural landscapes cover over 30% of the habitants. The idea of fostering peace and re- world’s terrestrial surface and support a wide gional unity through protected areas – while sim- range of ecosystem services and habitats. Never- ultaneously promoting economic growth and bi- theless, the agricultural sector has been identi- odiversity protection – fit well with former Costa fied as the single largest contributor to biodiver- Rican president Oscar Arias’ attempts at achiev- sity loss worldwide, principally as a result of hab- ing regional peace. At the same time, Peace itat conversion and agro-chemical pollution. Parks could help to further reproduce the na- Though trends differ across the Global North and tional imagery of a peaceful and sustainable the Global South, with agricultural expansion country, which make up the two main constitu- and land use change of greater concern in the ents of Costa Rican tourist identity. Considering latter, a worldwide trend towards farm speciali- such potential, two Peace Parks were estab- zation, intensification, and enlargement has lished in Costa Rica’s Southern (La Amistad Peace driven losses of biodiversity, soil degradation, Park) and Northern borders (Si-A-Paz Peace and the pollution of landscapes worldwide. In Park). This paper discusses the governance of Si- 2010, parties to the Convention of Biological Di- A-Paz in relation to the broader nation-building versity (CBD) collectively agreed to transform project in Costa Rica. Evidence from this study their agricultural systems to ensure sustainable problematize an image of the Costa Rican iden- management of biodiversity (Aichi Target 7 of tity that has rarely been disputed. We argue that the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan), as well as to re- the continuous reproduction of the national duce harmful subsidies (Aichi Target 3). Achiev- identity in Costa Rica, which lays the foundation ing those targets and the upcoming targets un- for the Green-Blue nation branding strategy, is a der the post-2020 Strategic Plan of the CBD, as major obstructing factor for improved cross-bor- well as several SDG targets, requires a coherent der cooperation with Nicaragua because of the mainstreaming of biodiversity into agricultural failure to recognize and address the historical policies and practices. Theory on Biodiversity roots of the narrative on colonial politics and Policy Integration (BPI) suggests that objectives, process of othering that remain present in to- legal frameworks, political incentives, and instru- day’s discourse and actions. While Peace Parks ments and implementation processes all need to may have been conceived as a way of building be integrated to produce coherent guidance

Category: Architecture and Agency towards agricultural sustainability. Based on an delimiting a planetary boundary for biosphere analysis of BPI using the criteria of Inclusion, Op- integrity. Emerging legal scholarship and juris- erationalisation, Coherence, Capacity, and prudence underline the urgent need for legal re- Weighing (Zinngrebe, 2018), we (a) assess the gimes which achieve an appropriate balance be- potential biodiversity gains of BPI by identifying tween ecological integrity and the livelihoods the presence or absence of the above conditions that rely on the use of the environment. Never- and (b) identify and analyse the structural eco- theless, legal frameworks often undervalue or ig- nomic and political factors which explain the nore the importance of biodiversity for sustaina- presence or absence of the conditions and which ble livelihoods. At the same time, governance need to be favourable for transitions towards ag- frameworks largely fail to coordinate responses ricultural sustainability. Data are derived from in a manner which adequately addresses the desk research and two ongoing research projects complex issues that impact on biodiversity and in the Global North (EU) and the Global South human well-being. This is particularly evident in (Peru, Uganda, Rwanda, Indonesia, and Hondu- the fragmented nature of international instru- ras). While there are large differences in the ments relevant to biodiversity which span areas presence of the five conditions across countries, of the environment, trade and human rights. The the overall inclusion of biodiversity objectives in Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for agricultural policies and practices is generally Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has low. Biodiversity instruments and policies are developed a conceptual framework that aims to predominantly ‘add on’ policies that do not di- inspire an integrated approach to biodiversity rectly address the dominant productivist para- which includes the full cycle of interactions be- digms in both the Global North and the Global tween humans and nature. ‘Nature’s Contribu- South. In general, a stronger transformation of tion to People’ (NCP) is a central component of agriculture integrating biodiversity objectives this framework. NCP represents the new global will be necessary to achieve both global biodiver- framing of the relationships between humans sity goals and the Sustainable Development and biodiversity and with it a shift in thinking Goals (SDGs), especially those aiming at preserv- from ‘services’ to ‘contributions. The premise of ing life on land (SDG 14) and life in water (SDG NCP is that humans and nature co-produce the 15), as well as that relating to sustainable pro- benefits we get from the environment. NCP ex- duction and consumption (SDG 8). tends previous conceptualisation of human-nature relationships by elevating Indigenous and 250 local knowledge and emphasising the fundamen- Can 'Nature’s Contribution to People' Facilitate tal role of culture in shaping our interactions Effective Orchestration of International Law for with the natural world. NCP aims to incorporate Integrated Biodiversity Governance in the Anthro- multiple world-views, a range of disciplinary per- pocene? spectives and the multitude of ways stakehold- Michelle Lim ers value biodiversity. This paper evaluates the Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Aus- tralia capacity of NCP to facilitate global governance of biodiversity in a cohesive, socially legitimate and The magnitude of global biodiversity decline is so effective manner. It identifies the range of inter- significant it poses a greater risk to humanity national legal instruments that would need to be than climate change. Managing biodiversity at coordinated at the global scale while highlighting the appropriate scale complicates attempts at the broad range of values that need to be recon- global biodiversity governance. This is evi- ciled across these instruments. The paper also denced, for example, in the challenges of

Category: Architecture and Agency interrogates the ability of existing international biodiversity-related initiatives in the RStudio law to address biodiversity at the appropriate software. Second, we crosscheck remaining management scale in a manner which incorpo- promising initiatives with the biodiversity ex- rates the concerns of Indigenous and local peo- perts to create a comprehensive database. The ples. preliminary results show that mapping transnational biodiversity initiatives offers useful in- 453 sights for the action agenda and a post-2020 bi- Biodiversity Governance Beyond 2020: The Land- odiversity framework. These initiatives are often scape of Transnational Initiatives the first candidates on the international level to Philipp Pattberg1, Oscar Widerberg1, Katarzyna Negacz1, engage in the promising voluntary commitment- Marcel Kok2 1VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2PBL process. Therefore, the outcomes of our analysis Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Den Haag, are particularly interesting for biodiversity policy Netherlands makers. Keywords: biodiversity, governance, Biodiversity decline is one of the most pressing fragmentation, mapping, MRV. sustainability challenges. Despite the ambitious Panel ID 57 2020 Aichi targets, the state of biodiversity con- Transformation and its tensions: drivers, tinues to deteriorate. The upcoming negotiations for a follow-up to the Aichi targets within dynamics and struggles the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) pro- Chair: Marie Claire Brisbois vide an excellent opportunity for discussing ways 185 to increase the ambition level and to start imple- (Re)conceptualizing institutional dynamics for ur- menting effective biodiversity actions. Many ob- gent transformations in Earth System Govern- servers believe that transnational initiatives, ance public-private partnerships and commitments by James Patterson the private sector might be the way forward. The Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands CBD itself has recognized the important of non- state actions for biodiversity by establishing the Transformations in Earth System Governance ‘Sharm El-Sheikh to Beijing Action Agenda for are urgently needed to address multiple major Nature and People Therefore’. Consequently, sustainability challenges, as well as fundamental there is a need to identify and map existing initi- social, political, and environmental shifts unfold- atives, as well as to assess their effectiveness in ing in the Anthropocene. While there has been relation to the CBD objectives. The aim of this pa- rapidly growing attention to understanding per is to analyze the emerging institutional land- transformations in society and the environment scape of the transnational biodiversity initia- (e.g. behavioral, technological, infrastructural, tives. Based on empirical research, we character- and cultural changes), scholars still do not have ize the distribution of actors, members, func- a good grasp on how fundamental changes in tions, focus areas, geographical coverage, moni- governance systems themselves occur and can toring, and reporting and verification mecha- be accomplished. Institutional dynamics are cen- nisms in place. We apply a replicable methodol- tral to transformations in governance, entailing ogy suitable for exploring and analyzing any the processes by which institutional architec- given governance landscape. First, based on a tures change. But this remains a difficult issue to large set of initiatives from the climate, agricul- get a grip on, not least because it also means ture, forest, fisheries and energy governance, by confronting questions about how intentional or using carefully chosen keywords, we identify deliberate efforts to bring about change (e.g.

Category: Architecture and Agency reform, renewal) collide with long-recognized institutional dynamics of “urgent transfor- challenges of institutional complexity, contesta- mations” in governance systems. tion, and path-dependency. This raises questions 197 about how scholars can systematically study institutional dynamics in order to better under- Navigating complexity in Canadian climate poli- stand how urgent transformations in governance tics: evidence from elite interviews Christopher Orr systems may be realized. This paper presents a McGill University, Montreal, Canada novel conceptual synthesis of institutional dynamics within governance transformations, fo- Transformations to low-carbon economies are cusing at domestic political and policy scales, unpredictable, present trade-offs, and may be drawing on a broad range of insights from vari- politically risky. How can decision-makers better ous scientific communities which have emerged navigate these political minefields in ways that in recent years. For example, this includes lines minimize trade-offs and risks that may deter ac- of thinking on governance innovation, policy re- tion? This paper proposes that transformations form, and transitions thinking; each of which can be better navigated by understanding their points towards a variety of sometimes overlap- underlying sociological dynamics and processes. ping and sometimes differing dynamics relevant Using a typology of these dynamics and pro- to understanding governance transformations, cesses, this paper draws on document review but which so far remain quite fragmented. A ty- and elite interviews to understand how decision pology of six broad categories of institutional dy- makers in Canadian politics are navigating the namics is presented, comprising: Novelty (e.g. in- complexities of the transformation to a low-car- novation, experimentation), Uptake (e.g. scaling- bon economy. Semi-structured interviews were up, diffusion, catalysis), Decline (e.g. disman- conducted with over 20 elite participants – cur- tling, drift, decay), Lock-in (e.g. path-depend- rent and former politicians, senior public serv- ency, reinforcement, increasing returns), Inter- ants, business leaders and NGO representatives play (e.g. coherence, competition, mutual ad- involved in Canadian economic and the environ- justment), and Maintenance (e.g. productive sta- mental policy, with particular attention to cli- bility, protection of democratic norms). This pro- mate change. Participants were identified and vides a novel set of ‘entry points’ for scholars contacted using snowball sampling techniques studying institutional dynamics, a bridging con- to increase the potential number of respond- cept to enable communication and debate, and ents, while ensuring a diverse range of perspec- a tool for comparative study within and across tives was included. Interviews were transcribed political settings. It also allows novel proposi- verbatim. These were input into NVivo 12 and tions about institutional change to be formu- coded for themes, both the hypothesized dy- lated and tested, both within a single category or namics and processes, as well as themes that by combining multiple categories (e.g. tensions emerged from the data. Interviews and docu- between Uptake, Lock-in, and Decline; synergy ment review were then used to identify how between Uptake and Interplay; or nuance be- elite decision-makers navigate the complexities tween Decline and Maintenance). Overall, this of Canadian politics of climate change. Results il- contributes to advancing Earth System Govern- lustrate the ways elite complexity-managers ance scholarship at the intersection of Architec- navigate these dynamics, but are also con- ture & Agency and Adaptiveness & Reflexivity, by strained by them. Looking beneath the surface providing a novel lens for unpacking the can reveal counter-intuitive strategies, open up possibilities for transformative change, and

Category: Architecture and Agency ultimately help complexity-managers more ef- rechannelling a portion of spending budget ex- fectively navigate towards sustainable econo- clusively for family farmers, PNAE creates an in- mies. stitutional market that offers a stable and reliable demand for diversified food products (e.g., 369 vegetables, legumes, fruits, dairy products). We Sustainable Public Procurement: An underutilized found that family farmers with relatively small policy instrument to transform governance in landholdings were able to shift their production food systems away from monocultures and volatile cash crops Vivian Valencia 1,2, Hannah Wittman3, Jennifer Blesh 2 (e.g., soybean) to diversified farming systems for 1Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Neth- erlands. 2University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. 3The Uni- food production. This shift resulted in the reduc- versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada tion of commodity crops mostly for regional or international markets, to the production of food Governments may play a key role in the transfor- for local consumption. Because the program is mation of earth governance systems towards de-centralized and procurement and consump- sustainability by using a neglected instrument tion occur at the municipality level, short food capable of driving large-scale transformation: circuits emerged, characterized by the flow of public procurement (PP). PP is an underutilized nutritious food products and the creation of al- policy instrument that has the potential to con- ternative economic opportunities. We demon- tribute to sustainable development goals strate that SPP may serve as a policy instrument through the purchasing power of the State. Sus- to change the structure and governance of local tainable public procurement (SPP) builds on the food systems to foster a transformation towards realization that “business as usual” is no longer sustainability. an option and that our production and consumption patterns need to be realigned with social 383 and environmental values. PP may drive sustain- Warm to the Idea: Do Extreme Weather Events ability in food system by leveraging the purchas- Compel Countries to Implement More Ambitious ing power of the state to restructure production Climate Mitigation Policies? and consumption patterns. Brazil offers a re- Lauri Peterson markable case in which SPP programs (under the Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Zero Hunger Strategy) were designed to address Meteorological research shows that anthropo- cross-sectorial goals in food and nutrition secu- genic climate change increases the risk and in- rity, rural and agricultural development, and ed- tensity of extreme weather events such as hurri- ucation. In this study, we investigated the canes, droughts and sea level rise. The economic changes that one of Brazil’s flagship SPP pro- and social impacts caused by climate extremes gram—the National School Meal Program (PNAE are, however, unevenly distributed across the for its Portuguese acronyms)—drove in farming world. Literatures on public policy and natural systems among family farmers and discuss how hazards management discuss the likelihood of this program restructured food system govern- external shocks triggering public action. Govern- ance. This study shows how the creation of an ments, however, do not always respond to long- institutional market aligned with nutrition and term hazards by introducing new policies. Rather development goals may restructure food sys- they may respond with denial or continue busi- tems. PNAE is an exceptional PP program in that ness as usual. A growing body of research has 30% of its spending budget need to be spent on sought to investigate the particular effect of cli- purchases from family farmers and a price pre- mate impacts on climate policy. It is ambiguous mium is offered for organic food products. By

Category: Architecture and Agency whether national governments consider the of- address tropical deforestation and biodiversity ten-lethal effects of extreme weather events conservation across the globe. Along with the such hurricanes, heat waves and floods as a nec- proliferation of protected areas, a growing body essary impetus to take further action to curb of research has emerged that attempts to assess greenhouse gas emissions. The central aim of the impacts of protected area networks and aims this paper is to empirically investigate whether to better understand the conditions that are climate change-related natural disasters have an conducive to effective conservation. Many stud- effect on countries’ climate change mitigation ies have compared the effects of protection ver- policy. Previous studies have shown that munic- sus no protection on deforestation, finding that ipalities and federated states, which are more many protected areas have successfully main- exposed to climate impacts, are also more likely tained forest cover. Little empirical evidence ex- to implement more ambitious climate policies. ists, however, on the conservation effectiveness While this potential mechanism has been inves- of different protected area governance regimes, tigated on the level of local governments, there and few studies have assessed how protected is a research gap on the level of country govern- area performance varies with the level of protec- ments. Moreover, while most research has relied tion and management authority. This study ad- on in-depth case studies, there is a lack of large- dresses this gap by evaluating the impact of pro- n analyses. Addressing this knowledge gap, the tected areas on deforestation in Uganda from paper asks the question whether countries that 2000 to 2017. In this paper, I use satellite data to have been more significantly affected by ex- measure deforestation and matching methods treme weather events are more likely to take on to compare the effects of more strictly protected more ambitious climate change mitigation poli- national parks and wildlife reserves with mixed- cies. Specifically, the analysis investigates the ef- use forest reserves and community managed ar- fect of yearly extreme weather events on the eas. Protected areas experienced less forest loss ambition of climate policy by employing data than comparable unprotected sites. The analysis from the EM-DAT international disasters data- uncovered heterogenous effects across the dif- base and Germanwatch’s Climate Change Per- ferent types of protected areas, suggesting that formance Index (CCPI) on climate change mitiga- protected area governance is an important fac- tion policies from 2007 to 2015. The results of tor affecting outcomes. The findings of this re- the paper contribute to the ever-expanding body search highlight the need for additional empiri- of literature on comparative climate politics. cal evaluation on the impacts of protected areas that go beyond inside-outside comparisons to Panel ID 59 consider how different aspects of governance in- Conservation governance fluence performance. Chair: Yves Zinngrebe 334 320 Between subsidies and parks: Agroecological Assessing conservation effectiveness of different change amid agrarian and conservation policy in governance regimes: Evidence from protected ar- Calakmul, Mexico eas in Uganda Carlos Dobler-Morales1, Rinku Roy Chowdhury1, Birgit Michaela Foster Schmook2 Yale University, New Haven, USA 1Clark University, Worcester, USA. 2ECOSUR, Chetumal, Mexico The establishment of protected areas has been one of the most widely employed strategies to Over the last decades, tropical agro-forest landscapes have been increasingly exposed to

Category: Architecture and Agency centralized forms of state governance, often decision-making across scales (Architecture and rooted in modernist logics of agrarian develop- Agency), as well as the role of governments and ment and/or environmental conservation. In other actors in the transformation of earth sys- landscapes dominated by swidden agriculture, tems through a Mexican experience (Socio-envi- favored policy arrangements often target re- ronmental impacts of economic globalization in strictions to the access to old-growth forest on the developing world). the one hand, and the reduction of farmland ex- 434 tents through agricultural intensification, on the other. Broadly referred to as land-sparing, such International conservation treaties and biodiver- interventions can have unintended impacts, sity declines: Exploring the fit between formal and such as the loss of resilient agroecosystems and informal rule structures to assess treaty robust- landscape multifunctionality. In this study, we ness Ute Brady examine the role of the state in advancing land- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA sparing governance frameworks in Calakmul, Mexico, a region historically characterized by Studies have consistently confirmed exception- swidden agriculture. Drawing on household sur- ally high and accelerating species extinction vey data, key-informant interviews, and satellite rates that are indicative of a sixth mass extinc- imagery, we trace the multi-scale linkages be- tion event. These are troubling developments tween state institutions, smallholder farming from a moral and an anthropocentric perspec- practices, and landscape-scale dynamics. Statis- tive because nonhuman species have an intrinsic tical analysis and qualitative insights reveal how right to exist and losing them will result in sub- the prevailing policy regime incentivizes intensi- stantial ecological, social, and economic conse- fication through subsidies and cash-transfers, quences. International conservation treaties but also imposes it by introducing strict regula- play an important role in generating the neces- tions against crop field rotations. At a broader sary collective action to foster species conserva- scale, time series analysis of remotely sensed tion efforts. Yet, it remains unclear to what de- vegetation suggests that the intensification of gree treaty rule structures are robust to change agricultural practices is contributing to the stabi- and can operate within parameters that foster lization and simplification of the formerly dy- global conservation efforts. I suggest that a com- namic and complex agro-forest mosaic of the re- parative analysis of conservation treaties based gion. Our findings illustrate how government on common pool resource (CPR) methods and subsidies and environmental regulations, alt- theories from a coupled infrastructure system hough seemingly disparate, converge in pushing perspective may provide a different lens with towards the disarticulation and spatial segrega- which to examine international conservation tion of agriculture and forests in Calakmul. This governance and its effect on decision-making division of the landscape works against the local processes. Utilizing the institutional grammar practice of swidden, failing to acknowledge its tool and the design principles of long-enduring potential to minimize the environmental costs of CPR governance systems, I code the treaty texts farming while securing subsistence livelihoods in and relevant resolutions of four wildlife conven- the face of scant economic alternatives. The em- tions (CITES, CMS, CBD, and the ICRW) (formal pirical contribution of this study resonates with rules), as well as key informant interviews and key themes of interest for the 2019 Conference the literature on treaty effectiveness (informal on Earth System Governance, in particular, with rules). This facilitates an exploration of the writ- the relationship between structural forces and ten regulatory and generative rule structure

Category: Architecture and Agency which I then compare to the rule perceptions Brazil and the main argument is the contribution within and across treaty forums to assess: (1) the to environmental conservation. Considering that feedback and fit between the formal and infor- the economic exploitation of a natural resource mal rule structures; (2) rule consistency and such as native fauna requires extensive completeness; and (3) the scope, clustering, and knowledge of species richness and diversity, configuration of treaty rules. Preliminary find- long-term studies on dynamics, monitoring and ings suggest that the degree of fit (1) within the population management and an efficient en- formal generative rules—i.e., the way the origi- forcement system, it is relevant to question the nal drafters of the treaties envisioned and de- viability economic and technical capacity of Bra- fined how the world ought to be—and the for- zil to invest in this sector. Despite scientific ef- mal regulatory rules that define the prohibited, forts to estimate the hunting pressure on Brazil's required, and permitted actions of member forests and efforts of actors involved in the de- countries; and (2) between the formal and infor- tection and punishment of crimes against wild- mal rules is an important indicator of treaty ro- life in Brazil, the results are not satisfactory re- bustness. The greater the degree of fit, the more garding the effectiveness of punishment. In the likely the treaty rule structure can cope with absence of governance on the issue it is funda- change and continue to operate within desirable mental to understand the efficiency of the pun- parameters that foster core conservation objec- ishment of environmental crimes before any dis- tives. My research provides a complimentary ap- cussion about release of commercial and sport proach to traditional international relations and hunting in Brazil. The study of the architecture of political science analyses of treaty effectiveness the chain of agencies involved from the enforce- and design. It also offers practical insights into ment system to the punishment of environmen- the treaties’ strengths and weaknesses, as well tal crime can generate a governance model for as the effect that formal/informal fit may have the effective punishment of illegal hunting. In on the decision-making of key actors. Finally, a this sense, this study intends to answer the ques- theoretical contribution is made by testing the tions: what are the deficiencies and difficulties of usefulness of CPR methods to examine rules at the agencies of enforcement and punishment to the international governance level. act against the illegal hunting? What are the motivations of the agents? How do agencies work 445 together? What factors undermine the effective- Governance architecture of Brazilian agencies ness of punishment of illegal hunting? What that act against illegal hunting strategies can strengthen them? We believe that Daniela Teodoro Sampaio1, Frederico Machado Teixeira2 understanding which mechanisms provide effi- 1Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil. 2In- stituto Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil ciency to environmental regulations and the articulation of agencies contribute to the field of Hunting is illegal in Brazil. To control the exploi- environmental governance studies. tation of wildlife, environmental laws and public policies were created, the country is a signatory Panel ID 60 of multilateral environmental agreements and Policy and technological innovations enforcement strategies, especially in protected areas are carried out. However, there are several Chair: Claudia Monzon Alvarado opportunities for crimes against the fauna to occur with ever greater intensity. Recently, pressures from groups interested in the permission of sport and commercial hunting resurfaced in

Category: Architecture and Agency

162 actors on gender issues, and an emerging organ- Seeds and Sunflowers: Opportunities for Gender ics movement is dominated by women. Yet Equality in the Pursuit of Food Security within a precarious political and economic con- Andrea Collins text, it remains unclear whether these opportu- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada nities will materialize into real and lasting bene- Various governance efforts to address the chal- fits. lenges of food security under the threats posed 342 by climate change have sought to engage global Network Governance To Enhance Community private sector actors in the design and execution Based Ecotourism, Case Study In Oaxaca Coast of new initiatives and policies, particularly across Alejandra Ramírez-León, V. Sophie Avila-Foucat sub-Saharan Africa. However, the execution of Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas-UNAM, Ciudad de these global public-private partnerships has had Mexico, Mexico uneven impacts in practice. Even though billions Ecotourism has been promoted as a strategy of of dollars have been invested in expanded agri- two common goals: eradication of poverty and cultural production, the risks and benefits have conservation of natural resources. In addition, been unevenly distributed, often undermining community based ecotourism (CBE) encourages the livelihoods of rural populations. Importantly, community participation in the management of the failure to think about these rural popula- ecotourism projects, to generate decentraliza- tions, particularly rural women, in goal setting tion of natural resource management, which im- and project design has led to the neglect of key plies redistribution of power, transfer of respon- issues, such as land access and control, agricul- sibilities from central governments to rural com- tural inputs, and agricultural labour markets. munities, collaboration, and creation of social Moreover, the focus on large-scale agricultural capital. This change depends on the networks production appears to be coming at the expense that are built among different organizations of conserving key sites of biodiversity raising trough time to develop CBE. The approach of questions about the viability of rural livelihoods network governance focus on the institutional in the longer term. This paper reviews one such arrangements to enhance the empowerment of case of public-private partnerships for food secu- communities and could improve the environ- rity – the G8 New Alliance in Tanzania – and ex- mental governance. This research presents the amines not just the allocation of risks and bene- characteristics of the networks that have been fits, but also provides an assessment of the op- built around CBE and the role they have played portunities for change in this context. Based on in the instrumentation of this activity. This re- field research conducted in 2018, this paper research was carried out in two locations on the veals the ways in which commercial agricultural coast of Oaxaca, where community ecotourism activities have overlooked women’s role in agri- projects have been developed. The study period culture and have created new risks. New com- runs from 1996 to 2016. Semi structured inter- mercial interest in land, shifts to imported seeds views were conducted among community au- and agrochemicals, and new modes of farming thorities, presidents of community cooperatives risk leaving women behind. At the same time, and representatives of governmental and non- there are also new transnational actors and do- governmental organizations. The data obtained mestic opportunities to facilitate women’s par- was analyzed through Social Networks Analysis, ticipation in agriculture and address these risks. which allows the identification of nodes and links Several organizations are findings new ways to between actors. The results show that the period engage with both the government and private from 2005 to 2012 was characterized by the

Category: Architecture and Agency growth of ecotourism in both locations. The to decarbonize personal transportation but is community cooperatives already formally con- also spurring innovative electrification efforts in stituted, increased their offer and tourist infra- other sectors in Norway, such as maritime structure. Reforestation, cleaning and protection transport and short-haul aviation. To explain this of species were carried out. Networks highlights pattern of scaling, the paper employs Bernstein the increase of organizations supporting both co- and Hoffmann’s (2018) framework on policy operatives. The predominant organizations over pathways towards decarbonization. It finds polit- time were government agencies that operate ical causal mechanisms of capacity building and public policy on environmental conservation. normalization have helped create a welcoming These organizations provide financing, training, domestic environment to realize early uptake operating permits and advice to access govern- and scaling of electric vehicles, and subsequently ment programs. These programs require the for- fostered secondary scaling in other modes of mation of community groups to access their ben- transportation. The initial scaling was facilitated efits. Besides, non-governmental organizations by Norway’s unique political economy. Ironi- have been vital entities to generate training to cally, Norway’s climate leadership has been, in offer services to tourists. Also, they built bridges part, because of its desire to sustain oil and gas of trust between locals and other organizations. development. This desire has steered the emis- The role of civil organizations acquires special sion mitigation focus towards sectors of the relevance in Ventanilla community, where uni- economy that are less contentious and lack op- versities and tour operators have been also col- posing incumbents. Indirectly, the wealth from laborated in favor of ecotourism. In contrast, hydrocarbon extraction bankrolls these pricey there is little participation of non-governmental policies and the growing number of beneficiaries organizations in Escobilla community where dis- ensure these policies remain in place, creating trust and imposition of government agencies is positive feedbacks. Despite these domestic polit- perceived. ical economic concerns, the demonstration effects from Norway’s electrification are spurring 377 other countries, companies and cities to pursue Rolling the snowball: Norway’s efforts to electrify action. Evidence for these causal mechanisms transportation and effects is drawn from interviews with key Nathan Lemphers, Matthew Hoffmann, Steven Bernstein policy and industry participants and observers of University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Norway’s electrification efforts along with a Norway’s policies to encourage electric vehicle range of secondary sources. adoption have been highly successfully. In 2017, 39 percent of all new car sales in Norway were 392 all-electric or hybrid, making the country the The challenges of technology selection for meet- world’s most advanced market for electric vehi- ing the needs of the poorest farmers: A Case Study cles (EV) (IEA 2018). This high rate of EV owner- of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) ship is the result of thirty years of EV policies, Alicia Harley Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, USA Norway’s particular political economy, and significant improvements in electric vehicle and The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a tech- battery technology. This paper argues that Nor- nology for growing rice that emerged onto the way’s sustained policy interventions to make it global stage in the early 2000s. SRI has an uncon- easier to purchase and drive an electric vehicle, ventional innovation history. It was invented by and prove that it can be done, is not only starting a French Jesuit missionary working with local

Category: Architecture and Agency farmers in Madagascar in the 1980s. SRI consists not aligned with the needs of the poorest farm- of a set of practices, including earlier transplant- ers (e.g. political and professional incentives). ing and wider spacing of seedlings. SRI has the The paper offers some potential solutions drawn potential to be a “pro-poor” technology because from science and technology studies for over- it increases yields while decreasing input costs, coming the challenges of technology selection. including for seeds and irrigation. However, Al- These solutions include institutionalizing greater most as soon as SRI emerged on the global stage, reflexivity into innovation systems through the technology received virulent pushback from greater focus on framing and distribution. the formal rice research community, including scientists at the International Rice Research In- Panel ID 61 stitute (IRRI).The first part of this paper analyzes Breaking down silos: Governing policy in- the controversy surrounding SRI at the transna- tegration tional level. This section of the paper demon- Chair: Steffen Bauer strates several challenges at the selection stage of innovation systems in prioritizing the needs of 26 the poorest farmers and demonstrates how the Institutional mechanisms for governing the wa- established rice research community engaged in ter-energy-food nexus: mediating competing in- boundary-work to protect their own epistemic terests and fostering policy coherence in rural authority. The second part of the paper grounds Mexico the discussion of SRI in a local context (Bihar, In- Anita Breuer, Hannah Janetschek German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- dia). The paper finds, that while the physical di- wikcklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany mensions of the technology have the potential to benefit the poorest farmers, in Bihar, relatively The 2030 Agenda has set an ambitious vision for wealthier farmers are benefiting more from SRI human development in times of global environ- than their poorest neighbors because of limited mental change and earth system transformation. and expensive access to irrigation, but also be- In the Agenda’s networked system of targets, cause the institutional design of the govern- policy sectors do not stand isolated. Instead, syn- ment’s support policy is not well-targeted at the ergies and tradeoffs exist between the SDGs. The poorest farmers. These findings demonstrate proposed paper seeks to contribute to the de- that even when the physical dimensions of a bate on how governance architectures should be technology are “pro-poor,” the ability of the designed and what forms of agency are needed poorest farmers to realize these benefits re- to ensure the coherent implementation of the quires reorienting the entire sociotechnical re- 2030 Agenda. To do so, it focuses on the Water- gime undergirding innovation systems towards Energy-Food (WEF) nexus under conditions of the needs of the poorest. The paper concludes water scarcity and land degradation using Mex- that actors on both sides of the ‘rice wars’ fell ico as a case study. Mexico has demonstrated a victim to more general challenges in the selec- high level of commitment to the 2030 Agenda - tion stage of agricultural innovation systems for evident through high-level political support and meeting the needs of the poorest farmers, in- the incorporation of the Agenda’s objectives into cluding 1) propensity for silver bullet thinking; 2) the national development framework. Further- failure to take into account variance and uncer- more, Mexico has experience in cross-sectorial tainty in local conditions, where all agricultural coordination mechanisms at sub-national level technologies are ultimately applied; 3) selection to deal with water scarcity and land degradation. of technology based on institutional incentives One example is the National Water Law, which

Category: Architecture and Agency adopted innovative approaches such as sustain- The dual function of renewable energy in miti- able management, integral planning and Basin gating climate change and meeting basic human Councils as early as 1992. At the same time, 58 % needs is increasingly appreciated. Achieving of Mexico’s national territory consist of drylands SDG7 plays a critical role in addressing both hu- with problems related to water and land re- man security and ecological sustainability of source use, competition and availability posing many countries in the global south, such as India. obstacles to human development and threaten- Second in world population, eighth in GDP ing societal peace. Our case study on Mexico (2010), and the third largest in terms of CO2 provides insights into how trade-offs between emission (Yoshida et al. 2014), India has the high- the SDGs closely linked to the WEF Nexus (par- est number of people living in extreme poverty ticularly SDG 2, 6, 7, 15 and 16) manifest in the (UN 2015) who are among the 1.4 billion without local context and are being dealt with. To this access to electricity (UNDP 2016). Accompanying end, Mexico’s existing institutional arrange- the growing economy of the country is a rising ments, coordinating mechanisms and policy in- inequality. This paper is drawn from a case study struments are analyzed both at the national as that examines a non-state actors’ initiative pro- well as at sub-national level in one of Mexico’s moting a hybrid solar-wind energy system in a most water scarce and land degraded re- remote island village of the Sundarbans region in gions. Drawing on expert interviews and a Social West Bengal, India. Key informant interviews Network Analysis (SNA) of communication be- and focus group discussions were the main tween WEF-stakeholders, this paper seeks to an- sources of the empirical material. The results swer the question whether and how existing in- identify community impacts of renewable en- stitutional arrangements contribute to promot- ergy access and elucidate how they are linked ing a coherent implementation of policies and closely with other SDGs highlighting the issue of strategies that are relevant for achieving WEF se- energy equity and social justice. Lessons and in- curity and for dealing with the related trade-offs sights drawn can hopefully contribute in concep- in a sustainable and socially just manner. Specif- tualizing future strategies for a more effective in- ically, the paper will address the following re- tegration and policy coherence, which is recog- search questions: Which governance mecha- nized as one of the most daunting challenges of nisms of cross-sectoral coordination exist for an SDG implementation, yet, necessary in the scal- integrated implementation of the SDGs at na- ing up of collective actions. tional and sub-national level? How do these 432 mechanisms address the challenge of inter-sectoral and multi-level coordination in provision of Policy integration for REDD+: insights from Mex- WEF-Nexus securities? Can policy coordination ico Jovanka Špirić, María Isabel Ramírez Ramírez and institutional learning between sub-national Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia, coordination mechanisms and national SDG im- Mexico plementation arrangements be observed? Mexico counts with a national strategy for Re- 216 ducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Integrating renewable energy promotion with Degradation, plus promoting conservation, sus- other SDGs to scale up collective actions: A case tainable forest management, and enhancement study from an island village in India of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). REDD+ is a new Maria Noelyn Dano form of environmental governance aimed at University of Science and Technoglogy of Southern Philip- aligning the views of a variety of actors on how pines (USTP), Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines to address the problem of deforestation and

Category: Architecture and Agency forest degradation in developing countries and Climate change is a crosscutting global issue that in such way contribute to climate change mitiga- challenges the traditional sectoral silo approach tion, biodiversity conservation and rural devel- to governance and management of agri-food opment. According to Mexico’s strategy, REDD+ systems. As scientific knowledge of climate should be implemented as a set of productive change advances, the implications of the impacts and conservation activities directed toward sus- demonstrate the interdependency and complex- tainable rural development and should be in- ity of interactions taking place within these sys- formed by a landscape approach. The object of tems. Thereby, the validity of existent govern- this study is the multilevel forest governance in ance models is called into question as being suf- Mexico during the REDD+ readiness process and ficient to adequately address agri-environmental the implementation of early REDD+ actions in challenges. Policy integration is recognized as a two federal states, Campeche and Jalisco. We framework to address crosscutting policy issues. evaluate the effectiveness of the current REDD+ The study explores how advancing cross-sectoral design by examining the level of the integration policy integration on agriculture-climate-energy of Mexico’s REDD+ objectives in land use public (ACE), can lead to a more holistic governance ap- policies in terms of their objects, goals, actors, proach that enhances the capacity of agri-food structures/procedures and instruments. We are systems to deliver synergistic environmental in particular interested in responding to the fol- benefits. In bringing the otherwise disparate sec- lowing questions: How policy integration has tors of energy and agriculture together, a place been conceptualised and unfolding in Mexico so for exploring novel governance modes emerges far? Whether REDD+ has induced changes in pol- within the political discourse. The study com- icy framing at the federal and state levels in the pares three initiatives in the United Kingdom country? Starting from 2008, when Mexico en- that promote energy-saving practices within the tered the REDD+ readiness, we analyse 1) nor- agriculture sector to reduce greenhouse gas mative and organisational characteristics of emissions on-farm. Taking a practice-led re- cross-sectoral and coordinated policy bodies es- search approach, the initiatives are examined as tablished to promote synergistic institutional in- governance networks that represent sites of pol- terplay between forest and other land use sec- icy interplay. Policy integration theory is com- tors, and 2) if and how the federal and states of bined with network analysis, utilizing quantita- Campeche and Jalisco land use policies and pro- tive survey responses with qualitative in-depth grams have been cancelled or reformed to re- interviews to discern how network structure and spond to the objectives of REDD+. A set of quali- relations demonstrate dynamics of policy inte- tative research techniques, including document gration interplay. A comparative approach is review and semi-structured interviews with key taken to address the diversity of the three initia- actors, is employed following a multiscale re- tives, which each feature a distinct structure, ac- search design. tor roles, and relations, in regards to how the network operates and leads to particular policy 447 implementation outcomes. Mapping the social Breaking out of agriculture and energy policy silos relations and structure of the network of each in- to deliver upon common climate objectives for itiative elucidates a visual model of the govern- agri-food system sustainability in the United King- ance architecture on integrating energy and ag- dom riculture policies to achieve climate targets. The Emilia Noel Ptak , Morten Graversgaard, Tommy Dalgaard findings highlights that the initiatives represent Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark social innovation on governance, offering

Category: Architecture and Agency practical insights regarding how policy interplay unraveling critical life support systems—such as takes place in practice. Further, the comparative causing the Sixth Great Extinction and climate cases study identifies constraining and enabling change. I will make two broad claims. First, I factors of governance capacity to implement en- make an instrumental claim—that GPT explains ergy-saving practices on-farm that achieve cli- existential problems facing global populations mate objectives through policy integration. even though IR has generally treated these problems of sustainability as trivial or specialty areas Panel ID 77 unremarkable to the general work of IR theory International agreements, domestic ef- and global governance. I argue here that Earth fects? systems and cycles are elemental to material Chair: Michelle Lim power, wherever it is held. I will argue that “sustainability” matters to world politics in multiple 36 ways. Second, I will argue that GPT can explain green international relations: taking sustainabil- the loss of critical ecological life supports by the ity seriously fetish of economic growth, rarely questioned in Peter Jacques IR theory but often taken for granted as a benef- University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA icent element of a strong economy/economies. This paper proposes a “new” international rela- The general proposition for a Green IR addresses tions (IR) theory, or rather one that was pro- two main themes of the conference: Architec- posed in the 1990s but abandoned by the side of ture and Agency, and Democracy and Power. the IR road for no good reason I can think of, ex- Green IR criticizes the structural arrangement of cept perhaps a vicious cycle of promoting main- world politics, argues that there are agents (non- stream theories in graduate schools, journals, human persons) we should not ignore, and chal- and conferences. This new IR theory is informed lenges modernity’s privilege out of a hope for a by Green Political Theory (GPT) and some im- world that is still “full” with diverse communities portant challenges from Burke et al.’s (2016) and robust systems. manifesto for “Planet Politics” who rightfully ar- 74 gue that IR has failed to take ecological change seriously. Green IR has four main tenets: it as- The implementation of international agreements: serts that there is no society without ecological when do treaties matter for domestic environ- support systems, that non-human nations mat- mental legislation? Clara Brandi1, Jean-Frédéric Morin2, Dominique Blümer1 ter, that the world is radically inter-dependent, 1German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2La- and that the Children of Modernity: state sys- val University, Quebec City, Canada tem, capitalism, individualization, modern science all carry a heavy price. Green IR is also very While thousands of environment-related trea- critical of blind growth which can undermine the ties have been concluded, it remains unclear preconditions of human and non-human exist- whether they have been implemented. This pa- ence. Another way to put all of this, is that Green per investigates the relationship between the IR takes “true” sustainability seriously. Sustaina- conclusion of treaties, namely international en- bility is “essentially contested” but there are vironmental agreements (IEAs) and preferential agreed upon core principles, and these principles trade agreements (PTAs) that include environ- are systematically ignored by current IR the- mental provisions, and the adoption of domestic ory. Thus, it is not surprising that the current environmental legislations. Thanks to datasets core social and political systems are also that are significantly more comprehensive and fine-grained than those previously used, we can

Category: Architecture and Agency focus on the direct link to environmental legisla- using a large-N approach with the spotlight on tions rather than the less direct link to environ- success. This analysis of effectiveness focuses on mental outcomes. We are also able to study the the outcomes of the regime, meaning the na- relationship between international obligations tional implementation of measures. Thereby, it on specific environmental issue areas and legis- investigates whether widespread progress in the lation in the same issue areas. As expected, we national DRR strategies, i.e. substantial positive find a significant and positive relationship be- change in HFA indicator scores, materialised tween both IEAs and PTAs with domestic legisla- over the runtime of this environmental regime. tion. The link between treaties and domestic leg- Descriptive statistics are used in the search for islation is more robust for PTAs than for IEAs, evidence for the effectiveness of the regime and more pronounced in developing countries and, to spot instances of progress and success in in these countries, more pronounced before ra- space and time. Although there is no support for ther than after entry into force. This relationship the effectiveness of the HFA on a larger scale, can be observed for many specific environmen- this study is able to identify several countries and tal issue areas, but not all of them. These findings periods of progress for future research. These contribute to the literature on environmental re- findings can enrich scholarship on both the effec- gime effectiveness and the domestic impact of tiveness of environmental regimes and disaster treaties. governance. The study provides future research with potential success and failure cases deserv- 210 ing of closer investigation and comparative anal- Are international environmental regimes effec- ysis for unraveling mechanisms and pathways tive? The case of the Hyogo Framework for Action that have led to successful implementation. and its implementation Maxmilian Wanner 413 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Centre of Natural Mitigating Energy Poverty on the Islands of the In- hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala, Stockholm and Karlstad, Sweden donesian Archipelago: Climate Finance for Low Carbon Solutions While there is partial agreement that interna- Abidah Setyowati tional environmental regimes matter, it is still Australian National University, Canberra, Australia unclear when and to what extent. Despite the in- Mitigating energy poverty remains a big chal- crease in numbers of such regimes and the asso- lenge for Indonesia to overcome. Nearly 25 mil- ciated efforts, many environmental problems lion Indonesians still live in energy poverty; many persist including climate change and losses on outlying islands or other remote areas where caused by natural hazards. In this context, this logistical problems and a sparsely distributed study systematically assesses for the first time population preclude grid-based solutions. This the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), which situation resembles many countries in Asia-Pa- was set up by the United Nations International cific where similar challenges are prevalent in- Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as a cluding around 421 million people remain with- first global audit of the national measures for dis- out electricity access. On such islands and other asters risk reduction (DRR) with the substantive remote areas where much of the population goal to substantially reduce disaster losses by lacks access to electricity there is an opportunity 2015. While the body of literature in DRR re- to leapfrog fossil-fuel based energy solutions and search has to a large extent focused on single embrace technologically advanced and increas- case studies and in particular failures, this study ingly cheap renewables technology (i.e. zero- attempts to offer an alternative perspective

Category: Architecture and Agency carbon electricity expansion). However, financ- While the focus of Earth System Governance is ing renewable energy proposals has proved ex- explicitly on the human-social aspects of Earth tremely problematic. Beyond geographical chal- system changes, law has played a conspicuously lenges, there are oft-cited challenges that could peripheral part in the Earth System Governance deter the growth of private low-carbon invest- scientific agenda. To date, Earth System Govern- ments such as misaligned policy, an underdevel- ance perspectives have also not significantly in- oped financial sector, scaling up challenges, lack filtrated the juridical domain, despite increasing of credible climate finance business models and calls for such a convergence. Thus, while there is an inclement investment environment. How- a clear link between Earth System Governance ever, to what extent and in what ways the above and the law, this link is largely under-explored, factors constrain climate finance is an empirical and it remains unclear how law could respond question which the literature has not yet re- from a regulatory perspective to some of the key solved. This paper examines layers of barriers to problem characteristics of Earth System Govern- private financing identified above and considers ance. As a first contribution to the work of the the entrenchment and complexities of such chal- recently established Task Force on Earth System lenges. This approach is crucial to generate more Law as part of the Earth System Governance Pro- realistic policy goals, effectively design se- ject, the purpose of this paper is to initiate an ac- quences for policy measures and improve de- ademic debate on the juridical dimensions of signing priorities for public finance allocation to Earth System Governance. We make out a case leverage private climate finance. The first level in support of developing a new overarching legal constitutes policy/regulatory barriers that are phenomenon that comprehensively accommo- caused by uncertain regulatory environment and dates and encapsulates all juridical aspects of complex institutional arrangements could be su- Earth System Governance, including a new re- perficially tackled in a short term. The second search agenda that is able to respond to the level consists of structural barriers and problem unique epistemic, ontological and normative with underdevelopment which need longer time characteristics, demands and nature of Earth and support to overcome. The third level in- System Governance in the Anthropocene. We cludes the barriers posed by geography and com- call this new legal phenomenon and its accom- plex dealing with land access. The paper con- panying research agenda ‘earth system law’. cludes with exploring the form of viable policy Earth system law, as we will show, could intro- and governance arrangements to narrow the fi- duce a new era in legal scholarship, while seek- nancing gap. ing to comprehensively respond to the regulatory challenges presented by a changing Earth Panel ID 78 system as reflected by the Anthropocene’s The Earth System: Law and Targets global socio-ecological regulatory and associated Chair: Rakhyun E. Kim normative and epistemic demands. In elaborat- ing earth system law, we first introduce the An- 31 thropocene as the broader context within which The Juridical Dimensions of Earth System Govern- to contemplate the relevance and role of law in ance: Initiating a De-bate on Earth System Law a radically altered human-dominated geological Louis Kotzé 1,2, Rakhyun Kim3 1North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 2Uni- epoch. We then reflect on the prevailing juridical versity of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom. 3Utrecht Univer- response to global environmental change, focus- sity, Utrecht, Netherlands ing for the sake of brevity specifically on environmental law and its attendant scholarship. We

Category: Architecture and Agency specifically highlight some of the mounting regu- UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage, the copy- latory and epistemic concerns surrounding envi- right of intellectual property, or intangible busi- ronmental law in the Anthropocene; concerns ness value are just some examples. The analogy which we believe could in time be more effec- between these intangible legal objects and the tively addressed through the lens of earth sys- Earth System is crucial — not only to represent tem law. The paper then offers a first working the global and indivisible functionality of the definition of earth system law and describes, for Earth System in the international community but illustrative purposes, what a conceptual progres- also to give economic visibility to the real value sion from international environmental law to a of the intangible services provided by ecosys- planetary form of earth system law might entail. tems. Just as the legal division between the book We conclude the discussion with a brief elabora- and the idea was the fundamental legal concept tion of a proposed future research agenda that that underlies the construction of a society could contribute to establishing, clarifying, elab- based on knowledge, we argue that for the con- orating and further developing earth system struction of a sustainable society we must build law. an autonomous legal object capable of representing the Earth System, as support economy 51 capable of giving visibility to the natural intangi- The earth system as a new legal intangible object bles. A system of accounting for positive and Paulo Magalhães negative pressures is needed to change the dom- CIJE- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Common Home of Humanity, Porto, Portugal inant rule of destruction and consumption as the sole driver of economic growth. And this is only Our planet is more than a geographic area span- possible if the intangible nature enters into our ning 510 million km2. While all planets have a ge- accounts. For all intents and purposes, what is of ographic area, only Earth has a unique system in- vital value to us? The timber or the intangible trinsically coupled to the physical planet, capable benefits that forests provide? The objective is to of sustaining life as we know it. The Earth System develop a new object of global governance, that is a global and intangible system, that is not rec- will work as a coordination platform where all ognized by the rigidity of the current interna- positive and negative externalities can be aggre- tional legal system. Planetary Boundaries frame- gated and accounted for. work defines the limits that we must not cross if we are to maintain the Earth System in a favora- 65 ble state - the Safe Operating Space for Human- The ethical place of the non-human world in earth ity. This qualitative and quantitative space is in- system law: pathways of transformation tangible and non-territorial, and constitutes our Rosalind Warner true global common, existing both across and Okanagan College, Kelowna BC, Canada beyond all borders. The current legal non-exist- Recent trends towards a new conceptualization ence of the Earth System thus authorizes its un- of law, termed earth system law, are co-evolving regulated use and the consequent tragedy of the with the growth of environmental constitution- support of life, reduced to the category of exter- alism and changes in environmental rights nality. A planet outside of this favorable state law. This paper will examine various ways in cannot serve as our ‘Common Home’. Legal sci- which the expansion of the ethical community to ences have long recognized the existence of include the non-human world may inform an some intangible legal assets as a solution for the emergent earth system law. The paper will sur- protection of certain interests or entities that vey recent trends in environmental have become relevant to human societies.

Category: Architecture and Agency constitutionalism, environmental rights, and 99 case law and evaluate the representation of the A rationale and examples for Earth system targets non-human in these trends. This paper will ar- Roger Cremades gue that if earth system law is something distinct Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) , Hamburg, Ger- from international and environmental law, then many its transformative potential lies at least partially Initiatives to achieve global sustainability paid lit- in its ability to articulate alternative approaches tle attention to the solution space for Earth sys- to the human-non-human relationship. This is in tem components. Although several initiatives alignment with the approach of earth jurispru- have explored the limits and the boundaries of dence and its offshoot of Wild Law, which intro- the planet where anthropogenic pressures on duces a novel legality within a unique ethical the Earth System have reached a scale causing framework of rights, property and human-earth irreversible environmental changes, there is a enhancement within an earth-centric legal phi- lack of measures to suitably quantify the biolog- losophy. In accordance with the philosophical ical and physical components of the Earth so that approach of earth jurisprudence, earth system they can continue to provide their life-support- law addresses itself to current international law, ing role for humanity. The solution space for this environmental law and human rights law, which role has not been approached and large uncer- have so far not proved effective in responding to tainties exist about the interaction of its ele- planetary crises. This ineffectiveness demon- ments. These knowledge gaps translate into so- strates flaws, gaps and silences which deserve to ciety by limiting the impact of Earth System Gov- be addressed. To this end, earth system law may ernance, thus threatening human development prove more ‘fit for purpose’ than existing anthro- and sustainability. The interconnections of Earth pocentric law by enhancing justice, adaptability, system components and cycles across scales and and sustainability in areas where prevailing re- their intimate relation with society and the econ- gimes of law have failed. The paper will include omy call for a complex systems approach to im- a comparison of three distinct modes of change prove the understanding of the overall dynam- toward earth system law: through environmen- ics. Examples of multi-scale targets on soils, for- tal constitutionalism, through the continued and est cover, freshwater and others are explored extended greening of human rights law, and and discussed. through increasing synergies among diverse regimes of international law. As well, the paper will 290 address philosophical and legal ambiguities aris- The Boundaries of the Planetary Boundaries Ap- ing from these different pathways, including dif- proach: A Critical Analysis ferent conceptualizations of ‘personhood’, Frank Biermann, Rakhyun Kim Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ‘property’ and legal standing. The pathway of building coherence between diverse regimes of This comprehensive paper analyses, from a criti- international law is considered to be the most cal perspective, the most recent conceptual, an- promising, both for addressing the role of the alytical and prescriptive work around the propo- non-human world in law and for instigating sition of scientifically decided planetary limits to transformative changes in development policies the "operating space" of human societies, and its and practices toward improved justice, adapta- proposed relevance as a normative guideline for bility and sustainability over time. Earth System Governance. We focus on "planetary boundaries" but review also similar termi- nology that describes the same idea, such as the

Category: Architecture and Agency older concept of "planetary guardrails" and the Earth" – of which the Earth System Governance concept’s most recent incarnation as "earth sys- Project has become part. tem targets". After a conceptual and historical introduction into this debate, the paper critically Panel ID 79 assesses the development of this problematic Dynamics of agency and architecture concept of planetary boundaries over time, em- Chair: Nengye Liu phasizing the many branches that the debate has 76 taken, from the proposal of regional boundaries to a variety of additional boundaries that had not The Performance of Agency in Earth System Gov- ernance been included in the original exposé of 2009. We Michele Betsill1, Manjana Milkoreit2 then elaborate on the different critiques that the 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA. 2Purdue Uni- concept had to face since 2009. We cover the versity, West Lafayette, USA conceptual critique from earth scientists – for instance, that quantification is not possible or that Recognizing agents as “authoritative actors,” we the concept in general, or the specific determi- seek to understand how agents enact, conduct nation of some boundaries, is flawed. We also and perform agency in Earth System Govern- address the more fundamental critique from civil ance. We acknowledge the iterative and inter- society, social scientists and humanist scholars, dependent relationship between becoming au- including more general social science and hu- thoritative and enacting agency. It is through the manist criticisms from Science and Technology process of governing that agents continuously Studies that object to expert-driven, techno- (re-)constitute, secure, maintain and sometimes cratic attempts at a sort of Platonian world of a lose their authority (Heubaum & Biermann, "global expertocracy". Related to the critique 2015; Orsini, 2012; Partzsch & Ziegler, 2011; from the social sciences and the humanities, we Pattberg, 2012). The form of authority that gives then analyse the real-world political impact of rise to agency also enables, shapes or constrains the concept of planetary boundaries, which is the governance functions and activities that strongly linked to the science machinery behind agents can legitimately perform. In this chapter, the concept. At the 2012 UN Conference on Sus- we foreground what agents do with their author- tainable Development, the notion of planetary ity and how they engage with Earth System Gov- boundaries became marginalized in the final ernance through the performance of diverse documents, and the concept has not found entry governance functions. The discussion is based on into the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals as an analysis of publications in the Earth System well. Even more, as we argue, the overall inte- Governance-Agency Harvesting Database, a col- grated and balanced structure of the Sustainable lection of 322 peer-reviewed journal articles Development Goals is exactly the opposite of published between 2008 and 2016, 254 of which what proponents of planetary boundaries had related to the question "How do agents exercise originally proposed. We conclude by a critical as- agency?" We identify 20 distinct governance sessment of the value and dangers of the plane- functions performed by agents in Earth System tary boundaries concept, including here the Governance and note that the articles in the most recent incarnation of this concept in the Earth System Governance-Agency Harvesting form of "earth systems targets" or "science- Database have focused most heavily on rule- based targets for earth" as they are promoted by making and regulation; convening and facilitat- the powerful global research alliance "Future ing participation; and knowledge generation, provision, and sharing. We observe that while the state has remained a central agent in Earth

Category: Architecture and Agency

System Governance-Agency scholarship, the traps)—how to produce catalytic action that functions performed by state agents have diver- generates transformation by disrupting the sta- sified, particularly as they engage in partnerships tus quo in a way that overcomes the inertia in and networks with other types of agents. We ar- social systems that tends to reinforce equilibria. gue that the performance of governance func- This new metaphor implies a different kind of tions is enabled or constrained by structural fac- politics and research agenda—a focus on experi- tors, especially the forms of governance in oper- mentation and multilevel action (Overdevest ation (hierarchies, markets, or networks) as well and Zeitlin 2014; De Búrca et al. 2014; Bulkeley as the multi-level or multi-scalar dynamics of a and Castán Broto 2013; Hoffmann 2011; Bern- particular governance context. We conclude by stein and Hoffmann 2018) in fractal systems. We identifying gaps and areas for future research. argue that this metaphor will be more analyti- cally and practically productive in generating ef- 221 fective means of responding to the climate chal- Politics, Metaphors, and the Fractal Carbon Trap lenge and illustrate its utility drawing on primary Steven Bernstein, Matthew Hoffmann and secondary case material from our project on University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada the politics of decarbonization. The international community has largely treated climate change as an emissions challenge—re- 301 duce greenhouse gas emissions to address the Architectures of Global Governance: A State-of- problem. While not wrong, this approach fo- the-Art Assessment cuses on the proximate cause of the problem ra- Frank Biermann, Rakhyun Kim Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ther than the underlying pathology: the practices, processes and policies that produce green- The emergence of global governance architec- house gases. The focus on emissions reductions tures now constitutes an established phenome- lends itself to framing around the analytic meta- non in world politics. As large web-like structures phors of the carbon budget, global public goods, at the meta-level of governance, architectures and the global commons, and thus the politics of shape, enable and at times hinder the function- collective action and international cooperation ing of single international institutions as well as (Keohane and Victor 2016). These guiding meta- clusters of institutions. It is now widely under- phors have so far failed to produce the global re- stood that the structure and dynamics of archi- sponse necessary to catalyze transformation on tectures are crucial variables in determining the the scale required to avoid catastrophic impacts overall effectiveness of global governance. of climate change. We argue that new guiding Therefore, the analytical focus of global govern- metaphors and analytic tools are needed to ance research is no longer confined to the more move the global response forward with requisite limited examination of treaties or regimes and speed. In this paper we propose decarbonization their interaction, but to situations in which an is- as the key political goal and that the challenge of sue area is regulated by multiple institutions and carbon lock-in (Unruh 2000; Seto et al 2016) can norms in complex settings. Our study presents a be usefully characterized as a fractal system state-of-the-art analysis of this new body of lit- (Perey 2014; DeFlorio et al 2013; Barret and erature on architectures of global governance. Swallow 2006). The analytic/policy problem is We first delineate the concept of architecture in therefore how to escape what we call the fractal the global governance context, and demarcate carbon trap (a characterization we adapt from boundaries between key concepts used to refer Barret and Swallow 2006, on fractal poverty to various building blocks of an architecture

Category: Architecture and Agency

(e.g., intergovernmental institutions and non- focuses on transnational climate governance ini- state actors), their key structural features (e.g., tiatives, understood as cross-border alliances of regime complexes and fragmentation), as well as sub-national and non-state actors which explic- policy responses (e.g., integration and orchestra- itly seek to mobilise their members’ climate action). We then present key findings to the five tion potential. The paper pays specific attention core research questions presented in the 2009 to the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth Action and the Global Climate Action Portal, also System Governance Project. These are questions known as the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate relating to the performance of institutions and Action (NAZCA), as structures which seek to link governance architectures; overarching or cross- the inter-state with the transnational sphere of cutting norms that shape the ideational struc- engagement within the United Nations Frame- tures of governance architectures; architectural work Convention on Climate Change (UN- voids or instances of non-governance; the rela- FCCC). The aim of the paper is to set out a model tive performance of different multilevel govern- of climate change transformations which can ance architectures; and interaction between contribute to developing a better understanding governance architectures from different policy of how top-down state-driven interventions may domains. We then continue with a critical reflec- be combined with bottom-up climate action to tion of three recent research trends around com- achieve the fast, deep and systemic changes im- plexity, dynamics and transformation, as well as plied by an effective global response to climate associated methodological challenges and ad- change. In so doing, the paper addresses two key vances. We conclude by highlighting the poten- aspects of current debates on global climate gov- tial political impact that an ‘architecture lens’ in- ernance, namely: (a) the growing recognition of vites for a much deeper debate about a new vi- sub-national and non-state actors as central par- sion on the fundamental restructuring of world ticipants and stakeholders in the global effort to politics. address climate change, and (b) the framing of the climate crisis as a transformation challenge. Panel ID 80 The paper draws on interview and document Multilateral environmental agreements data as well as observational data collected at and international organisations the twenty-fourth Conference of the Parties to Chair: Yixian Sun the UNFCCC in Katowice in December 2018. Building on the concept of transfor- 60 mations and focusing on the architecture of the Fit for transformation? An assessment of the un UN climate change regime, the paper is relevant climate change regime’s efforts to integrate to the main theme of the 2019 Mexico Confer- transnational actors ence on Earth System Governance and falls Laura Mai within the ‘Architecture and Agency’ conference King's College London, London, United Kingdom stream. This paper assesses how the UN climate change 108 regime has evolved to integrate transnational actors and whether the emerging institutional ar- Withdrawing From Common Goods: Exiting Mul- rangements are fit for purpose to facilitate and tilateral Environmental Agreements Claire Peacock 1,2, Jean-Frédéric Morin3, Véronique Four- bring about the transformational processes of nier1 change that are required to achieve the goals of 1University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada. 2Simon Fraser the Paris Agreement. In so doing, the paper

Category: Architecture and Agency

University, Burnaby, Canada. 3University of Laval, Quebec new treaty regime, another treaty withdrawal City , Canada has incidental withdrawal effects. States may When and why do states withdraw from multi- withdraw from a given treaty for one or a combi- lateral environmental agreements? In 2012, Can- nation of several of these reasons. We present ada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, followed an original dataset on treaty withdrawals from by its withdrawal from the United Nations Con- multilateral environmental agreements span- vention to Combat Desertification in 2013. Japan ning 1945 to 2014 and apply our theoretical ex- announced its pending withdrawal from the In- planations to four cases of withdrawal from four ternational Whaling Commission in 2018. These multilateral environmental agreements: the events are not uncommon occurrences. Empiri- Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the United cal evidence from a broad sample of multilateral Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, treaties suggests that from 1975 to 2005, one and the International Whaling Commission. Our state withdrew from a treaty commitment analysis is informed by stakeholder interviews, roughly every ten days (Helfer 2005). Yet, we primary, and secondary sources. By evaluating know little of the general conditions under which incidents of states leaving their international states engage in treaty withdrawal, other than treaty commitments, this paper provides an im- suspicions that the costs of remaining in the re- portant look at when and why states cease to co- gime must outweigh the benefits (Helfer 2005) operate. or of treaty exit patterns specific to multilateral 133 environmental agreements. Understanding the Institutional fragmentation, policy complexity, rationales behind treaty-withdrawals in the area and the strategies of international organization of international environmental cooperation is to address climate risks especially important given the far-reaching (and Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Ece Kural, Almut trans-national) consequences of non-coopera- Schilling-Vacaflor. tive environmental outcomes. While states with- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden draw from international agreements for multiple A remarkable trend in recent years is that inter- reasons, including war or supersession by an- national organizations (IOs) such as the United other treaty (Tobin 1967), the primary concern Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the World of this paper is withdrawal after notice is given Health Organization (WHO) are increasingly ad- by one or more of the parties. In this paper, we dressing climate risks although their mandates introduce a theoretical framework for under- did originally not include climate change. IOs standing international treaty exit and apply it to within different issue areas, such as peace and the case of withdrawal from multilateral envi- conflict, migration and health,vary extensively to ronmental agreements. We identify five ration- what extent they deal with such risks.This article ales for treaty withdrawals—cost distribution, investigates why IOs within different (tradition- success, relevance, inciting new cooperation, ally non-climate) issue areas have (or have not) and incidental effects. In more detail, we argue developed strategies to address climate risks that states use withdrawal procedures to leave over the past decade. To answer this question, international treaties when they perceive the the article combines insights from previous liter- distribution of costs as unfair, they believe the atures on global environmental governance and treaty will not meet its goals or that they will not the population ecology of organizations. These meet their obligations under the treaty, they feel literatures inspire us to argue that IOs are re- the treaty is no longer relevant or its rules have source-dependent organizations with both prin- fallen out of favour, they desire to pre-empt a cipled and strategic preferences to address

Category: Architecture and Agency climate risks. IOs may both seek to solve climate- frameworks, working groups, etc.), even if this is- related problems for the sake of improving the sue is not a part of its original mandate? These lives of affected people, or because this may in- are vital questions as adaptation is calling for crease their own reputation, resources and global and cross-sectoral responses, with climate power if central member states or donors ap- impacts having as wide influence areas as eco- prove. However, IOs face two main constraints nomic sectors, human wellbeing and state secu- to address climate risks: problem complexity and rity. Yet, little is known about climate adaptation institutional fragmentation. Strategies to over- architecture and agency beyond UNFCCC. Firstly, come these constraints are (a) to collaborate to fill this gap, this paper develops a conceptual with other global governance institutions to ex- and analytical framework to measure IO integra- change resources (funding, information and tion with adaptation: constructing a unique da- power) in mutually beneficial ways, and (b) to taset across 31 IOs for time period 1990-2017. (de-)politicize climate risks in relation to their IOs’ annual reports constitute the base for the mandates in ways that please central member content analysis which systematically displays states or donors who may either prefer IOs to what these actors have done, with whom, and provide technical services or political leadership, how much they prioritized climate adaptation. trying to gain relevance in governing climate Following this descriptive account, I ask what risks globally. The article illustrates this argu- drives the variations in IO actions, both across ment by analyzing an original quantitative and actors and across years. Deriving hypotheses qualitative dataset based on an analysis of offi- from resource exchange, principal-agent theo- cial documents for United Nations Environment, ries and theories of power, this study strives to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees show the factors triggering IO engagement with (UNHCR), and World Health Organization adaptation. The results reveal substantial varia- (WHO), as well as 30 qualitative interviews and tion in institutional change in global climate ad- 61 standardized interviews with staff and mem- aptation governance across issue areas, IOs, and ber state representatives in these organizations. over time. The findings seek to push theories of The analysis contributes to burgeoning litera- institutional change, international organizations tures on global environmental governance, and fragmentation in global environmental gov- which have mainly focused on complexity and ernance forward. fragmentation of the global governance architecture, and not on the impacts of institutional Panel ID 81 environments on individual organizations’ strat- Governing through global goals egies to address climate risks. Chair: Fariborz Zelli

345 82 Why do International Organisations Engage with The Global Governance Challenge Examined: Climate Change Adaptation? The Role of Money, Analysis of Why the MDGs Achieved Only Modest Member States and External Events Success and How a Similar Outcome Can Be Ece Kural Avoided on the SDGs Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Montserrat Koloffon Rosas1, Jack Harich2

How and why do intergovernmental organiza- 1Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. tions (IOs) address climate change adaptation? 2Thwink.org, Atlanta, USA When does an IO begin conducting adaptation Since the establishment of the United Nations activities (publishing reports, establishing Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the

Category: Architecture and Agency

United Nations (UN) has been increasing its high solution effectiveness. We base this conclu- scope and effort as an orchestrator for all three sion on how well these tools and formal process pillars of sustainable development (economic, maturity management have worked for industry social, and environmental). Unfortunately, the on somewhat similar problems. significant rise in effort has been accompanied 269 by a simultaneous rise in the world's ecological footprint, a problem that would make all other Local governance transitions and the governing of economic and social concerns unmanageable the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia due to an unprecedented ecological collapse if it and Japan Mahesti Okitasari1, Kanako Morita2, Hiromi Masuda1 remains unsolved. Given the worldwide increase 1United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study in awareness and collective action that has taken of Sustainability , Tokyo, Japan. 2Forestry and Forest Prod- place since the Millennium Development Goals ucts Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (MDGs) were launched in 2000, and redoubled Following the discourse on the 2030 Agenda and by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the 2015, we should be seeing more tangible results implementation of the Agenda calls for an inte- at this point. Yet only partial progress has been grated approach and transformational change to made in most areas. The lack of tangible results, achieve its objectives by 2030. This new dis- or low solution element effectiveness, points to course promotes a holistic way of planning and shortcomings in the UN problem-solving pro- implementing policies, and greater involvement cess. This situation has not escaped the attention of private sectors and civil society in the provi- of the UN even at the highest levels, as reflected sion of public goods. At the local level, it means by repeated calls for reform. However, despite that the SDGs implementation requires an inclu- the pervasive feeling that something needs to sive and integrated national-local policy main- change, there is little consensus of what a reform streaming. As such, transposing the global SDGs would mean in practice. Applying tools widely into local policy through close vertical and hori- used in business and engineering, principally for- zontal coordination of policy efforts implies the mal root cause analysis and model-based analy- needs to ensure the way architecture and agency sis, we evaluate the UN's problem-solving proof local governance are constructed is fit to ad- cess maturity. The central finding is that the UN dress multi-level and cross-sectoral challenges. is using certain tools in their process which the In reality, local authorities struggle to transition evidence shows are not working, such as goal from the traditional way of government-led to setting through Logical Framework Approach cross-sectoral governing system and the chang- and Results Based Management. More appropri- ing agency and functions of private sectors and ate would be the tool of process maturity, which civil society over time are not clearly under- has long been known in the business world to be stood. Further, local governance is often based the key driver for solving otherwise impossible- on means-ends rationality and constantly oper- to-solve problems involving large complex sys- ated within divergent priorities and depended tems. This analysis suggests it is possible to apply on other actors and resources. The focus of this the tool of problem-solving process maturity to paper is to understand the importance of archi- the types of problems the UN tries to solve. In tecture and agency in the local governing of the particular, this work concludes that a very small SDGs implementation, contributing to the re- number of crucial changes to the present UN search field of transition in the context of gov- process are all that is necessary to initiate a ernance. It explores whether a certain form of mode change from low solution effectiveness to architecture leads to positive advantages or

Category: Architecture and Agency negative constraints in the SDGs policy-making to achieving this goal. Water diplomacy is one and implementation processes. It examines such entry point; but there are several other whether the changing functions, agency and de- frameworks and cases that are increasingly be- pendency of government, private sectors and ing used to ascertain the interlinkages. For in- civil society to implement the SDGs contributes stance, virtual water is at the core of interna- to the transition of local governance. This paper tional trade, and by extension, foreign policy, conducts a comparative analysis on the cases of and despite the enormity of the problem, very piloting cities for the SDGs in Indonesia and the little has been done to address it, leaving water- SDGs Future Cities in Japan where multiple scarce countries (and communities) even more modes of local governing through the SDGs im- vulnerable. Without taking into consideration plementation is taking place. The transition man- the geopolitics and geoeconomics of water, find- agement for sustainable development is used to ing solutions to escalating water stress as well as build the analytical framework. The impacts of inequity in the distribution of this resource, will city-to-city networks, national policies, experi- thus, be almost impossible. Foreign policy has ence on implementing other development poli- traditionally been a state-centric and elite plat- cies, such as the Millennium Development Goals, form, with little or no room for non-state or pri- climate change, disaster risk reduction or green vate actors, which continues to be so in the ma- economy, and exposure to knowledge and infor- jority of countries. However, in a highly intercon- mation on sustainable development will also be nected world, the ‘local’ cannot be disconnected examined to understand their functions and con- from the ‘international’. Therefore, the pool of ditions in influencing the architecture and necessary partners in foreign policy has enlarged agency on transitions. Keywords: architecture, significantly. In this context, this paper will ex- agency, transition management, local govern- plore whether SDGs provide an opportunity to ance, SDGs not only integrate these goals into foreign policy, but also transform it into a much more inclusive 277 process, by integrating the marginalised commu- Can Sustainable Development Goals Make For- nities into the discourses and processes, con- eign Policy More Inclusive: Water (SDG 6) as a cerning the planning and implementation of Case in Point SDGs, specifically water, through foreign policy Dhanasree Jayaram and diplomacy. The paper will provide an over- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India view of theoretical foundations of foreign policy from an International Relations perspective, and Sustainable Development Goal 6 – clean water how it has evolved over time at both conceptual and sanitation – is perhaps one of the most criti- and practical levels. It will analyse the interlink- cal goals that the United Nations (UN) has recog- ages between foreign policy and SDGs using sci- nised as a priority through its initiatives such as entific and policy literature, with a special focus the World Water Day campaign 2019 on Leaving on SDG 6 (water). The paper, by providing a crit- No One Behind. Most often, it is the marginalised ical evaluation of the role of marginalised com- and vulnerable communities, including women, munities in foreign policy discourses, will also refugees and migrants, indigenous peoples, and make a modest attempt at identifying avenues of children among others who are affected most by enhancing inclusivity in this process, using the the lack of safe and sustainable access to clean case of water. water and dignified sanitation. SDG 6 is also gaining traction in foreign policy and diplomatic discourses, as multilateralism is considered the key

Category: Architecture and Agency

310 variation across geographies and issue areas. The Effects of the Millennium Development Goals: Based on this mapping, we identified a subset of A Meta-Analysis literature that analyzed in detail the causal ef- Frank Biermann, Matteo Spinazzola, Maya Bogers, Agni fects of the MDGs and the pathways that led to Kalfagianni, Rakhyun Kim, Francesco Montesano, Melanie the results that have been achieved. We con- van Driel, Marjanneke Vijge, Abbie Yunita clude our analysis by detailing our expectations Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands for the likelihood of success for the SDGs, as well The Millennium Development Goals, agreed as a list of policy recommendations to help deci- upon by UN member states for the period 2000- sion-makers adjust the current SDG implementa- 2015, were an important precursor to the cur- tion process and strengthen this newest version rent Sustainable Development Goals. With the of "governance through goals". Millennium Development Goals, the international community embarked for the first time Panel ID 84 systematically on the novel approach of "govern- Governing flood risks ance through goals" that became so dominant Chair: Maria del Mar Delgado Serrano with the later Sustainable Development Goals. 114 Yet, what were the actual impacts of the Millen- nium Development Goals? To what extent have Understanding inter-municipal conflict and coop- they been achieved, in what areas, in which eration on urban flood risk policies in the Metro- countries, and most importantly – how can we politan City of Milan Corinne Vitale, Sander Meijerink explain these impacts and the underlying varia- Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands tions? Answering these questions can give vital information to the future success of the Sustain- Because floodplain occupancy and climate able Development Goals and could even lead to change have increased flood risk in many cities important adjustments in the political frame- around the globe, flood risk management poli- work around the SDGs. This paper provides a sys- cies aim at enhancing urban flood resilience. Ur- tematic meta-analysis of the current knowledge ban resilience to river flooding often requires co- on the effectiveness of the Millennium Develop- ordination of policies between upstream and ment Goals. We have built a database of all pub- downstream municipalities within a river basin. lished studies in the English language that sought As an example, the realization of a retention ba- to assess the impact of MDGs so far, limited to sin within a municipality, which is situated in the academic articles and reviews published in the upstream part of a river basin, may enhance social sciences. We assessed these articles with flood resilience in a downstream municipality. a view of the countries that were covered; the The central question of this paper is how we can selection of MDGs that were addressed; the understand the interactions between upstream methods that were used, particularly as to and downstream municipalities on urban flood whether quantitative or qualitative methods risk policies. To answer this research question were applied and whether the article is theoret- we employed a case study strategy and made an ical or empirical; and the place where the rein-depth study of inter-municipal conflict and co- searchers have been located. Based on this data- operation in the Seveso River Basin on the reali- base, we provided a systematic mapping of all zation of retention basins to reduce the hydrau- existing research on MDGs over the last period, lic risk affecting the Metropolitan City of Milan including a meta-assessment of the overall effec- (Italy). Our analysis was informed by Ostrom’s In- tiveness of the MDGs and the underlying stitutional Analysis and Development (IAD)-

Category: Architecture and Agency framework and Mirumachi’s Transboundary Wa- standards. The Dutch government aims at ac- ters Interaction NexuS (TWINS)-theory. Whereas complishing this task through innovative inte- the IAD-framework has been helpful in analyzing grated projects in which investments in flood the characteristics of and rules guiding and regu- safety are coordinated with spatial agendas, na- lating the interactions within the relevant action ture development or other sectoral objectives. arenas, the TWINS-theory enabled us to study The planning and implementation of such inte- the role of power in understanding patterns of grated projects is challenging given the sectoral inter-municipal conflict and cooperation. We silos and differences in sectoral interests, objec- have carried out a document and media analysis tives, and decision making procedures. Establish- as well as 20 interviews. The qualitative coding ing collaboration within this polycentric struc- of these data aimed at defining relevant action ture requires effective forms of governance ar- arenas, attributes of the community of actors in- chitecture and institutional frameworks. The volved in urban flood risk management, types of central question of this paper is which factors rules-in-use, relevant contextual factors, pat- promote or hinder cross-sector collaboration in terns of interaction, and power relations. The Dutch flood risk management and, more specifi- main findings of our analysis are that a combina- cally, how governance and institutional arrange- tion of contextual factors (such as the urban ments enhance this collaboration. To answer this morphology), attributes of the community of ac- research question we have employed a case tors involved in decision making (for instance the study strategy. One of the large integrated pro- strong inclination towards realizing engineering jects within the Dutch Flood Protection Pro- solutions to flood risks), and institutional factors gramme is the project Grebbedijk along the river (such as the authority and financial resources of Nederrijn. In this project various alternatives for the region) may explain why retention basins are realizing the new flood risk standards have been pushed as the main solution to reduce the hy- explored by concerned agencies. The integrative draulic risk in the city of Milan. The case study framework for collaborative governance is used illustrates that the downstream city of Milan – as an analytical tool to study the project with the support of Lombardia Region – imposes Grebbedijk as a collaborative governance regime this engineering resilience solution on upstream with the involved formal/informal agents as re- municipalities. This is in accordance with the gime participants. The process performance of TWINS-theory, which argues that other sources Grebbedijk is studied by analysing the principled of power may be more important to understand engagement (behavioural interaction between upstream-downstream interactions than the up- the regime participants), shared motivation (in- stream or downstream position within a river ba- terpersonal and relational components of inter- sin. action process) and capacity for joint action (cross-functional elements of establishing insti- 115 tutional arrangements and consolidating The architecture of collaborative governance re- knowledge and resources). The analysis distin- gimes in Dutch flood risk management guishes between two levels of analysis: (1) the Emma Avoyan, Sander Meijerink participant level, and (2) the collaborative gov- Radboud university, Nijmegen, Netherlands ernance regime level. Supported by an extensive The safety standards for flood protection in the document analysis, observations made during Netherlands have been updated recently. It is ex- project meetings as well as a series of in depth pected that most flood protection infrastructure interviews, we have assessed the overall perfor- will have to be reinforced to meet the new mance of collaborative governance regime for

Category: Architecture and Agency the project Grebbedijk. The main conclusion of Resilience Capacity Building for Flood Risk Miti- the analysis at the participant level is that partic- gation’. The results conveyed a low awareness of ipation contributes to the accomplishment of in- the high flood risk induced by an alpine river. In- dividual goals and missions of participant agen- stitutions are in place for informing and advising cies in varying degrees. The analysis at the re- municipalities on flood risk mitigation, yet, gime level demonstrates that in spite of the ca- knowledge seems not to be disseminated further pacity of the regime to facilitate collaborative dy- ‘down’ to individuals and communities, and the namics, power asymmetries between the agen- last major flood occurred two decades ago. To- cies shape the collaborative dynamics of princi- gether with participants of the focus group we pled engagement and shared motivation. This planned participatory pilot actions with the aim may explain why the water authority, which of raising risk awareness and motivation for col- seems to prefer straightforward sectoral rather lective action. The developed formats open for than more complex integrative solutions, is the anyone interested were deliberately designed as dominant agency determining the outcomes of unconventional in comparison to traditional this collaborative governance regime. ones (e.g. workshops), such as a movie screening and interactive engagement at the river. We 214 evaluated the categories of knowledge gain, mo- How do we motivate action for flood risk mitiga- tivation for action, and network building as well tion when there is no flood? Challenges of com- as the perceived quality of pilot actions via ques- munity capacity building towards local adapta- tionnaires and group discussion observation to climate change. tion. Our findings show a considerable increase Elisa Kochskämper in knowledge, while motivation for action and Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany networking score substantially lower. In addi- Capacity building for the adaptation to local ef- tion, the actions on- and off-site resulted in dif- fects of climate change has gained weight in re- ferent effects. The challenges we confronted search and practice during the last decade. Suc- might give useful implications for future re- cessful adaptation requires the capabilities of in- search and particularly transdisciplinary ap- dividuals and communities to develop and thrive proaches: In contexts without recent disastrous the overall adaptive capacity of their social-eco- events and a low risk awareness, mobilizing in- logical system. This continuous process includes terest and participation for the adaptation to lo- social learning by the wider public that leads to cal effects of climate change is demanding. The collective action. Social learning and capacity role of the researcher is complicated, meander- building for climate change adaptation are, how- ing between neutral observer and promoter. ever, highly fragmented research fields with Eventually, the questions of what actually consti- scarcely scattered empirical evidence far from tutes a community (locality, municipality, com- clarifying how and under which conditions these munity of practice) and who is the addressee of phenomena materialize. We engaged into a actions need conceptual clarification. community capacity building process for local adaptation to floods from February to July 2017 424 in Ulm, a southern German city. Employing a sur- A computational model to assess socio-hydrolog- vey, a focus group, and interviews at various gov- ical risk in Mexico City Metropolitan Area 1 2 ernance levels, we conducted an initial capacity Yosune Miquejauregui , Luis Bojórquez-Tapia , Fidel Se- rrano-Candela1, Ileana Grave1, Alejandra Estrada Barón1 assessment developed in the context of the Eu- 1Instituto de Ecología/Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de ropean research project ‘CAPFLO – Local la Sostenibilidad, México, Mexico. 2Instituto de

Category: Architecture and Agency

Ecología/Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibili- 1 Technológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Mexico, 2Uni- dad, México, Mexico versidad del Valle de México, Mexico

Computational models represent a useful ap- Current pledges under the Paris Agreement are proach to dynamically simulate feedbacks and insufficient to stay below 2 degrees and it is likely interactions among socio-ecological system vari- temperatures will raise beyond 3 degrees. With ables while incorporating methodological uncer- this scenario becoming increasingly probable, tainties associated to model structure and func- vulnerable countries should operate under the tional relationships. Here, we present a com- paradigm of climate security to manage the una- puter modeling approach applied to assess so- voidable and to avoid the unmanageable. Under cio-hydrological risk (SHR) in Mexico City Metro- these circumstances, in December 2017, the politan Area (MCMA). In this context, socio-hy- Special Commission on Climate Change of the drological risk was measured as the probability Senate of Mexico introduced the topic of climate of flooding and ponding occurrence in a given security in the environmental agenda by propos- time and specific location. We dynamically simu- ing a set of modifications to more than 15 laws. late the integrated effects of watershed runoff, The objective was to introduce climate security rainfall and sewerage capacity on SHR. To incor- in strategic areas: (1) enhancing sustainable de- porate the impact of watershed runoff on SHR velopment implementation by using the law to we used a water balance model SCS-CN that re- ensure the protection of the critical natural sys- lates runoff to land cover type, soil conditions tems beyond the conventional environmental and daily precipitation and evapotranspiration protection laws. This objective would be di- inputs. Water infrastructure attributes such as rected at framing sustainable development as a topology of the sewerage network, infrastruc- national security matter, as unmovable strategic ture age and total flow were spatially aggregated locks in Mexican laws to stop current overexploi- and used to model sewerage capacity. Statistical tation of critical natural systems, as a paradigm techniques were used to estimate SHR as a func- for the development agenda and (2) to operation of watershed runoff, rainfall and sewerage tionalize adaptation to climate change as a na- capacity. Our results suggest that SHR increased tional security priority assuming a 2-3 degree in areas within the MCMA where watershed run- temperature increase scenario. As authors of the off and rainfall events were more intense. Simi- aforementioned Climate Security strategy pro- larly, increasing sewage capacity through infra- posal in the Senate of Mexico, the aim of this oral structure building and maintenance reduced presentation is to introduce the case study, its SHR. This approach sheds light into the mecha- rationale, the strategy applied throughout the nisms that explain patterns of vulnerability in Mexican laws to spark innovative thinking in ap- Mexico City Metropolitan Area. plying the sustainability-security link in government institutions and policies to guarantee gov- Panel ID 86 ernmental action on both environmental protec- Environmental security and peacebuild- tion and adaptation to climate change. ing 289 Chair: Chucks Okereke Linking Science Diplomacy with Environmental 122 Peacebuilding Climate Security as a Legislative Framework: A Dhanasree Jayaram Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, case study in Mexico India Luis Fernández-Carril1, Andrés Obregón Mayorga2

Category: Architecture and Agency

The role of science in environmental diplomacy, stakeholders at international, regional and local whether it is in terms of fostering research col- levels that could operationalise science diplo- laborations between countries or communities, macy-environmental peacebuilding interface. or in terms of its role in environmental treaty- The paper will be based on discussions held dur- making, has been under deliberation for a long ing a webinar series on this theme (focussing on time. However, how can science contribute to polar regions, marine/maritime and Cyprus) that peacebuilding between nations and communi- the author is organising in April-May 2019. Some ties that are wat war with each other or are of the common sub-elements that are expected simply hostile with each other through environ- to be addressed through this webinar series in- mental cooperation? This is a question that clude: responsible research and innovation, in- needs to be addressed more seriously and ur- terdisciplinary studies, partnership-building, gently at a time when environmental security communication and stakeholder engagement, challenges and climate-fragility risks are posing conflict-sensitivity, capacity-building, gender threat to peace and stability in many parts of the sensitivity and conflict prevention among oth- world. At the same time, it is also critical to ex- ers. plore ways in which science could engender or 420 advance diplomatic initiatives in the environmental arena, by acting as a preventive diplo- Non-State Agents of Environmental Security: macy tool, which then contributes to interna- Emerging Sources of Legitimacy and Accountabil- tional peace. Science, being often labelled a dou- ity in Global Environmental Governance Julianne Liebenguth ble-edged sword, needs to be attuned to a con- Colorado State University , Fort Collins , USA flict-sensitive approach for better results in peacebuilding, which is also a part of responsible The concept of “environmental security” is rap- research and innovation in a world that is wit- idly expanding into global policy debates about nessing the effects of a dramatically changed en- environmental change and sustainable develop- vironmental and climate. Similarly, environmen- ment. Connecting environmental issues to con- tal peacebuilding efforts could also have back- cerns about security prompts important ques- draft effects, if the mitigation and adaptation in- tions about who can or should provide security itiatives are not scientifically, socio-economically in the face of increasingly complex socio-ecolog- and politically sound. In this context, the paper ical threats, which often transcend state borders will attempt to identify interlinkages between and extend beyond traditional risk calculations. two concepts – “environmental peacebuilding” While some scholars warn that securitizing envi- and “science diplomacy” – through empirical ob- ronmental issues might unnecessarily militarize servations from different regions. The two con- global responses, making solutions exclusionary ceptual frameworks, at the outset, seem to have and non-cooperative, others suggest that linking common goals; and therefore, the question is – these two concepts encourages collaborative ef- if they are aligned with each other, can they pro- forts toward overcoming shared ecological chal- vide better solutions to the problems of the lenges. This paper seeks to extend the “environ- 21stcentury? The other objectives of the paper mental security” debate into conversations are the following: to explore the role of science about sources of legitimacy and accountability in in environmental peacebuilding; to analyse the global environmental governance. Specifically, I interplay between science diplomacy and issues am interested in identifying environment-secu- such as conflict sensitivity and conflict preven- rity concepts that are “privatized” by the core tion; and to identify the institutions and tenets of ecological modernization and

Category: Architecture and Agency sustainable development through a case analysis of the water, energy, and food (WEF) security nexus—an approach to sustainability that, I argue, shifts authority over security from state- centric institutions toward private sector organizations. My ultimate goal is to understand whether and to what extent this shift away from state-centrism toward private governance elicits new sources of legitimacy and accountability that are otherwise nonexistent in traditional security apparatuses, and how such new security arrangements reorient the citizen-state relationship within the context of environmental change. My conclusion is that an emerging, transboundary political sphere that governs both security and environmental change constitutes new relationships between agents and referents of security, potentially widening the scope of decision-making power among those who are vulnerable to environment risks.

Category: Democracy and Power

Panel ID 7 changes in preferences, greater levels of agree- Democratic transformations in Earth Sys- ment with decision outcomes, and greater perceived fairness. This research sheds some light tem Governance (i) on the relationship between deliberative democ- Chair: Kyla Tienhaara racy and decisions related to sustainability and 19 governance of collective goods. Improving Collective Problem-Solving through De- 142 liberative Democracy Democracy and power in Earth System Govern- Tara Grillos Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ance: progress, paralysis and potential Jonathan Pickering1, Thomas Hickmann2, Karin Bäckstrand3, Stakeholder participation in decision-making has David Schlosberg4 been widely lauded as a method for improving 1University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 2Potsdam Uni- 3 outcomes in environmental management, inter- versity, Potsdam, Germany. Stockholm University, Stock- holm, Sweden. 4University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia national development, democratic governance, and sustainability science, among other areas. Confidence among scholars and policy-makers in While there are normative reasons to encourage the ability of democracies to respond effectively more inclusive decision-making processes, costly to environmental problems has been shaken by and time-intensive group decision-making pro- recent shifts in political power. This includes the cesses are often justified on the grounds that rise of anti-environmental populism across a they may also improve outcomes. Deliberative range of countries, as well as collective failures discussion, in particular, is believed to be more to mitigate climate change and reverse biodiver- transformative than a mere aggregation of indi- sity loss. Yet many authors argue that demo- vidual preferences. Empirical work confirms that cratic processes remain essential for ensuring in- deliberation results in shifts of opinion, but it has put legitimacy, and there is substantial – alt- had little to say about the quality of the resulting hough contested – evidence that they also en- decisions, which are understandably difficult to hance output legitimacy, i.e. that democracies assess in a field setting. This research involves perform better on environmental issues than controlled laboratory experiments conducted in non-democratic countries. Building on previous Nairobi, and it examines the hypothesis that de- scholarship on Earth System Governance and the liberative discussion leads to better decision- section on ‘democracy and power’ in the new making regarding the creation of a collective Earth System Governance Project’s Science and good. I find that participation in group decision- Implementation Plan (2018), this paper charts making involving deliberation (but not a simple new directions for research on democracy and majority vote) does result in more successful col- power along four dimensions, each correspond- lective good production. This effect is not ing to one of the four contextual conditions set achieved through greater effort exerted, but ra- out in the Plan: the Anthropocene, transfor- ther through better strategic decision-making mations, inequalities and diversity. Across each that minimizes the costs associated with contri- of these dimensions we survey scholarly litera- butions. Deliberation is also associated with ture and policy innovations since 2010. Whereas

Category: Democracy and Power

previous work at the intersection of democracy Research results largely demonstrate democ- and Earth System Governance (e.g. Dryzek and racy’s positive effect on sustainability. At the Stevenson 2011) focused on the global level, our same time, even established democracies are far paper spans intersecting democratic processes from reaching internationally agreed-upon tar- from the local to the global, as well as fore- gets, such as those set in the Paris Agreement grounding the nexus between democracy and and the Sustainable Development Goals. When power. First, we assess the implications of the taking into account shrinking timeframes for ac- Anthropocene for democracy and power. De- tion, incremental democratization is unlikely to spite calls for technocratic or authoritarian re- improve democracies’ sustainability perfor- sponses to emblematic problems of the Anthro- mance sufficiently. Against this background, this pocene, we argue that democracy takes on re- paper introduces the concept of “leapfrogging newed importance as democratic interactions democratization”. While much of the current ef- prove crucial for the societal rethinking needed fort in democratization research is spent on ana- to change unsustainable practices. Second, we lyzing transitions along the autocracy-democ- address the transformations needed to respond racy continuum and on democratic innovations to the earth system risks that societies now face. at a small scale or as non-viable blueprints, we We critically review the role of democratic pro- know little about fundamental democratization cesses in recent literature and practice on sus- leaps of established democracies omitting single tainability transformations, and outline the asso- reform steps. An illustrative example is provided ciated implications of technological change (e.g. by Thomas Jefferson’s idea that “the earth be- mobilising social movements for and against ac- longs in usufruct to the living” and thus every law tion on climate change) for democratic legiti- should expire with those who created it. The ac- macy and sustainability. Third, we explore the tual implementation of this proposal might lead role of institutionalised economic and power in- to the adoption of numerous sunset clauses for equalities in impeding or accelerating demo- every law related to the use of natural resources. cratic transformations towards sustainability, fo- Each generation would then experience demo- cusing on populist movements (often driven by cratic self-efficacy in the act of negotiating fun- real or perceived inequalities), including leaders damental laws on whether path dependencies in the US and Brazil, as well as the gilets jaunes (e.g.,the subsidization of fossil fuels, which is still movement in France. Finally, we address diver- higher than that of renewable energies world- sity and show how different visions of democ- wide), are compatible with the usufruct princi- racy – e.g. the Indian concept of ‘ecological swa- ple. This form of step-change democratization raj’ (radical ecological democracy) – and diverse that goes beyond incremental reform consti- knowledge systems can enrich Earth System tutes a conceptual gap in the literature, which Governance, while acknowledging the need to “leapfrogging democratization” aims to fill by agree on collective responses to earth system identifying democratic means potentially able to risks. improve sustainability performance to the extent needed. The concept formation of “leap- 202 frogging democratization” is derived from a the- Leapfrogging Democratization: meeting sustain- oretical as well as an empirical angle. First, we ability goals through fundamental democratiza- define possible drivers, conditions and processes tion leaps of leapfrogging democratization, using, amongst Frederic Hanusch, Azucena Morán others, literature on democratic transitions, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- transformative governance and socio-technical dam, Germany

Category: Democracy and Power

as well as economic leapfrogging. Second, we exclusions resulting from neoliberal globaliza- identify rapid increases of democratic quality in tion, carbon market expansion and collaborative order to isolate empirically elements of leapfrog- forms of global governance. Under the label ‘cli- ging democratization. Third, we discuss and re- mate justice’ this broad landscape of climate ac- late our theoretically and empirically derived in- tivists is contesting the ‘false solutions’ pro- sights to formulate the concept of “leapfrogging moted by global policy elites and mobilizing the democratization”. Lastly, we apply the concept grassroots to foster a more eco-centric and just to the conditions of the Anthropocene, outlining world order. In this paper we critically examine entry points for democracies coping with the the democratic ideals underpinning this antago- new kind of planetary challenges ahead, while nistic counter-movement and the form of left- taking possible side effects into account. wing populism it rests upon. We trace the political narratives and strategies used to bring ‘the 180 political’ and ‘the people’ back into climate pol- Climate justice activism and the quest for radical icy discourse and ask what the implications are democracy: left-wing populism and the demise of for the liberal-democratic and multi-stakeholder collaborative climate governance? governance strategies promoted by Paris Agree- Karin Bäckstrand1, Eva Lövbrand2 ment. Our analysis is based on more than 30 in- 1Department of Political Science, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden. 2Department of Thematic Studies: En- terviews with activists from environmental vironmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Swe- NGOs, women’s groups, youth organizations, den and indigenous peoples organizations, as well as The US presidential elections in November 2016 discourse analysis of policy briefs, and websites coincided with the 22nd UN Climate Change Con- of the same organizations. ference in Marrakech. This was a moment in the Panel ID 8 history of global climate politics when diplomats Democratic transformations in Earth Sys- were celebrating the recent entry into force of the Paris Agreement. While the election of Don- tem Governance (ii) ald Trump as the next US president cast a Chair: Jonathan Pickering shadow of uncertainty over the new climate re- Discussant: Karin Bäckstrand gime, it also increased the resolve among many 153 of the delegates gathered in Marrakech. 'Toghe- Intersectionality and Climate Policies of Govern- ther now' became the symbolic language for dip- ment Agencies: Is a socially inclusive and sustain- lomats, political leaders and non-state observers able climate policy possible? who tried to show a united international front Nanna Rask, Gunnhildur Magnusdottir, Benedict Singleton, against the rise of right-wing nationalism, popu- Annica Kronsell lism and climate denialism symbolized by the School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothen- new president. However, among the participants burg, Sweden. present in Marrakech was also a smaller group of Climate issues are salient on the political agenda climate justice activists that contested main- and governmental institutions are deeply in- stream climate policy discourse and the liberal- volved in developing policies with significant dis- democratic institutions upon which the Paris tributive effects for the future. Government Agreement rests. Rather than joining forces with agencies play an important role in producing pol- the champions of the new climate regime, they icies for climate action. A key problem is the linked up with a broader civil society movement prevalent focus on technical innovations and that is protesting the social inequality and economic incentives, and the lack of attention to

Category: Democracy and Power

social dimensions. Research shows how green- address in the subsequent work, and provide in- house gas emissions, vulnerability to impacts sights and examples of intersectional aspects and political participation vary across the popu- that can be useful in the interaction with policy lation, according to gender, race, class, age and makers. other intersectional factors (Kaijser & Kronsell 173 2014; IPC C 2014; Djoudi et al 2016). Recognition of social differences needs to inform climate pol- Rights, Regimes, and Restatements by Consensus: icy. If such differences are not recognized, cli- Transformation of Democratic Earth System Gov- mate policy risks being both ineffective (by fo- ernance Walter Baber1, Robert Bartlett2 cusing on the wrong targets) and reinforcing in- 1California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, Califor- equalities. In a previous study, we showed that nia, USA. 2University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA the diversity of the public and the various needs and behaviour patterns of different groups have The recognition of a body of rights insulated not been sufficiently recognized (Magnusdottir from popular abridgment by the effective rule of & Kronsell 2015 and 2016). This non-recognition law is absolutely necessary to any ongoing prac- risks undermining action on climate change and tice of Earth System Governance democ- conflict with other sustainability goals. Our focus racy. Governance processes can transform in is on Swedish climate policy where there are no- the direction of becoming more democratic and table shortcomings in this respect. This paper ex- more environmentally benign by fostering the plores how policy makers articulate the signifi- establishment of environmental human cance of social differences for climate policy rights. Human rights, including environmental making in an effort to better understand why so- human rights, should be understood as consti- cial differences have not been fully recognized in tuting the bounds of legitimate democratic dis- climate relevant policies. The empirical base are course—continuing, real democracy is always the existing climate policy documents of four critically dependent on the establishment and Swedish agencies working with climate policy. maintenance of real human rights. But real, es- The material is analyzed through critical policy tablished human rights, including environmental analysis (Bacchi and Eveline 2010, Fairclough rights, are not and have never been a gift--not 2013) combined with intersectional methodol- from God, or Nature, or philosophers, or judges, ogy that poses critical questions to the material, or parliaments, or conferences, or constitutional such as: What types of knowledge and what conventions. Legal restatement and interna- kinds of subjects are recognized? What norms tional regime formation are two constitutive are important for (non-)recognition of climate governance processes that exemplify and render relevant social differences? (as outlined in more concrete the characterization of rights nar- Kaijser & Kronsell 2014). These questions serve ratives as descriptions of areas of normative con- to identify and analyze assumptions about social sensus--of places in the political world where groups, ideals and legitimacy that are embedde- people have adopted a “final vocabulary” in or- din institutions and manifested in their practices der to terminate the otherwise infinite regress of and policies. The critical policy analysis will help normative justification. In this paper we review us demonstrate whether and how intersectional the formation of international environmental re- aspects have been taken into account, but also gimes and the tradition of legal restatement (to point out which ideas influence the policies and date mostly within domestic legal systems) and possibly shed light on path-dependencies in gov- analyze their similarities as processes animated ernment agencies. It will help us identify areas to by the same desire to establish a broad consensus about legitimate and desirable ends of

Category: Democracy and Power

governance. We extend this analysis by as- formal legal title and thus decision-making sessing how areas of consensus on global rights power. These voices come from smallholder can be memorialized through democratic legal crop farmers in South Asia, Africa, and Latin and political processes that already exist and are America, pastoralists, poor and informal urban reasonably well understood. The idea and impli- settlers, dwellers of riverscapes and riparian cations of consensus matter. We apply a broad- fringes, as well as holders of Indigenous land ened and enhanced analysis of consensus from rights. In exploring the fringes of legal land, wa- the perspectives of history, sociology, and politi- ter, and forest title, the democratic landscape of cal science to explicate how reimagined versions the fringe is explored. In many places, legal title of the processes of international regime for- to land, forest or water is a prerequisite to par- mation and legal restatement can effectively ticipation in decision making concerning land, serve the cause of extending both human rights water, and the environment. For instance, in and environmental narratives, such that they water governance in Chile and Argentina, only complement and reinforce one another and those with water rights participate in water gov- transform democratic governance. We identify ernance and with very little regulation, land major concerns for what must follow in any col- owners determine activities occurring on their lective effort of humanity to theorize, experi- land. Water infrastructure decisions such as the ment, and evaluate what will be necessary to es- building of hydro-electric dams are made by tablish the rights foundations of successful dem- these water rights holders without the participa- ocratic Earth System Governance. tion of, and to the detriment of, dryland pastoralists. Further, although women play a signifi- 248 cant role in agriculture, patriarchal structures in The Fringes, Legal title and “Standing” in the An- many countries prevent women from being land- thropocene holders and thereby restrict women’s decision Margot Hurlbert making in relation to land and its resources. This Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Regina, Canada paper draws on case studies of formal and informal mechanisms for participation in decision Earth System Governance literature abounds making surrounding land and water, identifying with policy decisions ‘steered’ through participa- policy and institutional mechanisms that ad- tory, bottom up practices involving people in the vance participation thereby achieving demo- management of common pool resources. Cli- cratic transformation. Some of these include In- mate change is the foremost challenge of the An- digenous rights, rights of Free Prior Informed trhopocene in relation to land as it exacerbates Consent, and legal and policy avenues that ad- land degradation and desertification. Climate vance standing in the Anthropocene. change models contain a strong component of land-based mitigation of climate change, further 266 straining relations surrounding land as biomass, The potential of pluralizing participation for the bioenergy, and food production compete for earth system: Guatemala’s Consultations of Good space on Mother Earth. Climate change, and ini- Faith tiatives to advance climate mitigation and adap- Frederic Hanusch, Azucena Morán tation may encourage land grabbing and elite Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- dam, Germany capture. These developments may further the precariousness of land dwellers on the fringe The Latin-American region has gone through key who are without strong legal title. This paper ex- democratic transition processes upon which par- poses the precarious voices of those without ticipatory forms of political experimentation

Category: Democracy and Power

have attempted to address the gaps and failures Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 on af- of representative democratic regimes. The re- fordable and clean energy with other SDGs and gion’s current receding political landscape and compare them with the results of the consulta- the frequent collision between sustainable de- tions. Based on a process-tracing method, we velopment and democratic decision-making will map its meeting points. Results demonstrate leave space to examine, in primis, the capability that democratically embedded and genuinely of Latin-America’s representative governments plural participation has the potential to consti- to improve democratic qualities by institutional- tute a sine qua non driver for improving demo- izing and pluralizing policy-making processes. cratic quality and sustainability performance at Moreover, they put into question whether par- the same time. ticipation constitutes not only an end in itself but also a potential means to address planetary chal- Panel ID 40 lenges. Against these empirical queries, we use a Power in Earth System Governance (I): contrasting comparison with different degrees Decentering Power of plural participation and map their respective Chair: Robert Bartlett influence on sustainability performance. This allows us to contribute not only to the conceptual 141 debate on the enabling conditions for pluralizing The Right to Repair: Democracy, Activism and the participation, but also hypothesize about its po- Circular Economy tential impacts depending on its quality. With Kate O'Neill, Alastair Iles University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, USA the aim of addressing this conceptual gap, we will use Guatemala’s Consultation of Good Faith Until the 1980s, many people in developed coun- in Santa María Cahabón, Alta Verapaz, as a case tries remained skilled and knowledgeable study. The unique dispute over the Oxec Hydro- enough to repair household items, from washing electric Project and the participatory processes machines and radios to clothes and shoes. Or that followed avoid, on the one hand, the instru- they could seek out the expertise of repair shops mentalization of the civil society that comes with in their neighborhoods. Since then, manufactur- legally-binding participatory processes. On the ers and corporate designers have made their other, it lets us analyze participation within dif- products increasingly difficult to fix, to ferent levels of institutionalization, since the strengthen their control over intellectual prop- consultation was carried out two times: one by erty rights, and to force consumers to buy more local indigenous leaders, and one by governmen- products. Such practices of “planned obsoles- tal officials following a ruling by the Constitu- cence” drive the generation of masses of e- tional Court. Furthermore, this case gives space waste, discarded textiles and other sorts of to assess plural transformations of sustainability “waste” that might otherwise have long use- solutions due to its interconnectedness between lives. In response, the “Right to Repair” (R2R) has the local and the global, indigenous and scientific become a rallying cry that has mobilized very dif- knowledge, and imperfectly institutionalized ferent constellations of actors and diverse strat- procedures and CSO-led processes. This paper egies. It is now seen as a fundamental building will first define pluralized participation and de- block of circular economies. It is also subversive, velop a corresponding analytical scheme to eval- seeking to undercut some of the world’s most uate the quality of pluralized participation pro- powerful corporations and empower communi- cesses. Secondly, it will delineate sustainable pa- ties. And it engages democratic institutions and rameters based on the interlinkages of processes. This paper analyzes this emerging

Category: Democracy and Power

movement in OECD countries, how it has ap- This paper is based on the premise that the An- peared in different jurisdictions and political thropocene is, at its core, a crisis of democracy; contexts, its impacts, and broader implications. it is a distributive problem concerning the bene- Across the US, Europe, and Australia, a growing fits and environmental burdens of social metab- number of community groups and networks are olism, and ultimately a matter of allocation of calling for a legally mandated right to repair power. Conflicts over mining or oil develop- technologies. Across the US, R2R has manifested ments fostered by national governments, in alli- itself in the form of ballot measures and legisla- ance with big corporations, and opposed by local tion. Farmers helped drive this legislative move- communities are a clear expression of the crisis ment. John Deere, for example, stops farmers of democracy. Very often, local populations and from being able to change the electronics and authorities use mechanisms of direct democ- programming for its agricultural machines, and racy, such as referenda or local consultations, to to fix them when they break down, something articulate their opposition to extractive industry most farmers consider a basic right. In other development projects in their lands. Since these parts of the world, “fix-it” collectives engage democratic tools tend to give rise to conflicts communities, teaching people again how to re- with high macroeconomic interests of national pair broken goods (and sometimes, “illegally” governments, they are frequently prevented, re- breaking into laptops, phones and other devices pressed or ignored by higher authorities through to fix them counter to manufacturers’ require- either legal or political strategies, which some- ments). The Swedish government provides tax times are violently implemented. Whereas simi- breaks to citizens who bring goods for repair. In lar claims from indigenous peoples find legal pro- Australia, ‘Men’s Sheds’ have materialized as a tection in international law, primarily on the reinvigorated community institution and also grounds of free, prior and informed consent, in- combat male depression and suicide rates. Be- ternational legal protection for non-indigenous yond recycling and waste prevention, R2R move- populations claiming direct say in public deci- ments across these cases connect with broader sions remains very vague. Furthermore, whereas political and social issues in the 21stcentury, the Aarhus Convention and the Escazu Conven- challenging corporate intellectual property tion grant participatory democracy related rights rights and the privatization of technical in environmental and development decision- knowledge. This paper, therefore, considers how making processes, international protection of lo- these initiatives add up to a concerted effort to cal demands for mechanisms of direct democ- break cycles of disposability and planned obso- racy is still an unsettled legal issue. This paper lescence, while re-building communities and cre- has three main goals. From a theoretical per- ating a grassroots-based model for sustainable spective, I will first explore in what sense and to development in OECD countries, with potentially what extent a form of democracy with deep lib- profound implications for broader political/cor- eral roots, such as one of direct democracy porate structures. mechanisms, may be a powerful tool to address current environmental conflicts and power im- 282 balances, not without taking into account the Direct local democracy and development deci- risks they imply. Second, I will assess how these sions: emancipatory potentials and legal status in mechanisms are protected by international International Law and different constitutional sys- norms, courts and agencies. Third, I will examine tems different forms in which a few states are granting Isabel Vilaseca Boixareu Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

Category: Democracy and Power

protection to local direct democracy mecha- engagement. The drought problem was seen nisms regarding development decisions. mainly as linked to infrastructure, and measures taken by state government to guarantee water 328 security emphasized the hydraulic paradigm Water Governance in context of scarcity in Met- over a more complex approach of water govern- ropolitan São Paulo – what needs for adaptation? ance, maintaining the mainstream logic. So the Pedro Jacobi underlying drivers of the crisis were not affected, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil strengthening centralized power and reducing Water governance in several Latin American the possibility of other initiatives based on a new countries has been gradually moving from con- culture of water governance. The text proposes ventional centralized model towards a decen- the need of a reflexive and adaptiveness and im- tralized participatory and adaptive approach. In plies the adoption of another strategy of govern- early 2015, a water crisis took place in the Met- ance, that considers society as an effective pro- ropolitan Region of São Paulo, one of the largest tagonist in decision making process as well in the metropolis in Latin America. During the crisis, fo- social control, thus demanding cooperation and cus was given mainly by media and government co-responsibility to guarantee access to common on unusual meteorological conditions. But it is resources as water. There is a need of enlarging known that inadequacies of the management of dialogues on water scarcity as systemic in the re- water resources and low levels of sewage treat- gion, and the vulnerabilities and uncertainty in- ment with its contaminating impact in reservoirs herent to the existing unsustainable model. This and waterways and reduced watershed conser- stimulates the discussion of two issues: the role vation have a great impact. São Paulo experi- of organized initiatives and the fragility of the mented the water crisis that indicated inade- governance model. quate management practices of water management for many decades, and the whole institu- 336 tional setting based on decentralized water basin Public Policy, Markets, Local Democracy, and the committees. Decisions during the crisis were not Seeds of a Good Anthropocene: Mexico’s Commu- transparent and the participatory arenas were nity Forest Enterprises excluded from discussions and decision making. David Bray Florida International University, Miami, USA So negotiation and decisions to address the water crisis did not take place within formal partic- Mexico presents a unique case where govern- ipatory institutions, and decisions took place ance of some 60% of the nation’s forests were outside the formal system. The interplay be- placed in the hands of communities, in succes- tween water security and water governance is sive degrees of actual control, stretching from the issue to be addressed, emphasizing decen- the 1930s to the 1990s, as a little-noticed result tralisation, transparency, and participation, as of the Mexican Revolution (1911- components of an adaptive logic. While examin- 1917). This massive decentralization of forest ing the relationship between water governance management created Mexico’s democratically- and water security in the context of the 2013- 15 managed common property forest sector, in water crisis in the São Paulo Metropolitan Re- both temperate and tropical areas, at a scale and gion, we discuss how the conventional process of level of maturity unmatched anywhere else in governance shaped the dynamic of the drought the world. It is thus a national laboratory for and its outcomes and limited responses that pro- studying the social, economic and ecological mote participation and civil society benefits of delivering forests to local

Category: Democracy and Power

communities and providing them with the five Panel ID 41 capitals necessary to engage in collective action Power in Earth System Governance (II): to organize community forest enterprises Shifting Configuration of Power (CFEs). This paper critiques common property Chair: Peter Jacques theory with an examination of how State policy provided much of the hierarchy of rules around 183 forest and harvest governance and defined many Powershifts: an empirical assessment of the of the rights that provided the foundation for growing impact of energy decentralisation on po- collective action around CFEs.. This imposition litical power structures across 36 countries from above reduced institutional choice, but also Marie Claire Brisbois reduced the transaction costs in creating gov- University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom ernance rules. Further, rules and organizations As global energy systems transform, a turbulent from above did not “crowd-out” collective action shift in energy governance is underway. Soci- around forest governance because of a signifi- otechnical developments have enabled the cant market incentive in relatively high and sta- emergence of decentralised electricity produc- ble prices for their timber. Thus, common prop- tion owned by new energy system actors. Com- erty models need to be extended in three ways munity or co-operative groups, termed ‘CE’ here, to help explain the Mexican case: 1) the historic differ from traditional energy players in that they role of State policy in in creating the enabling in- are not driven primarily by shareholder returns. stitutions for territorial governance, the plat- The explosion of CE across the developed world form for democratically-managed community has implications for energy governance pro- firms, and for establishing clear rules and regula- cesses and outcomes, and democracy in gen- tions around forest harvests and most aspects of eral. Significant scholarship on ‘energy democ- forest management. 2) the role of markets and racy’ and transitions anticipates that, as these price in providing economic incentives for collec- actors capture increasing market share, they will tive action to organize market-oriented firms destabilise the long standing political and eco- that overcome the crowding out effects of rules nomic relationships associated with centralised imposition from above. The fact that they are energy systems. Political power struggles be- firms also requires an examination of the role tween CE and incumbent industries are already of the “five capitals” : financial, physical, hu- on the rise as CE builds institutional capacity and man, social, and natural, and the varying govern- claims a more active governance role. Policy ment role in providing them, and 3) the role makers are struggling to keep up with the rapid of different kinds of pre-existing communities, pace of change, and with the ever-increasing that range from social networks without a terri- number of voices in policy debates. There is po- tory until very recent times to indigenous peo- tential for a vast improvement in the quality of ples with millennial ties to a territory. State pol- previously captured energy governance, but also icy, markets, and community responses have for a re-entrenchment of the status quo. This pa- created a national sector that is resilient to cli- per presents results from the first multi-country mate change and is a model for a “good anthro- comparative study into the political conse- pocene”, a path towards positive human-man- quences of increasing decentralisation of en- aged futures for forest communities in the de- ergy. The project, grounded in theory on power, veloping world. institutions, governance, and transitions, sought to answer three questions: a) if shifts in political power are indeed occurring with

Category: Democracy and Power

decentralization of electricity, b) through which the short run. This paper addresses this puzzle by mechanisms power shifts are occurring, and c) explaining the choice of movement target by ac- what the implications of these shifts are for en- tivists and environmental non-governmental or- ergy governance. Data was collected through ganizations (ENGOs). This paper argues that three in-depth case studies and an online survey characteristics of pipeline infrastructure, a grow- of policy-makers across 36 OECD countries. Find- ing awareness of climate change in the United ings reveal that decentralisation is indeed shift- States and growing legal and political empower- ing political power. The mechanisms vary but ment of Indigenous peoples in Canada have there is an overall increase in the political capac- helped catalyze powerful waves of pipeline activity of CE actors, buoyed by public support for low ism in North America. These conditions generate carbon initiatives and local economic develop- unique dynamics with important implications for ment. There is also a clear trend toward coalition our understanding of social movements. First, and partnership building with municipalities and pipeline activism begins to close the distance – a local non-profit institutions. The most support- concept developed by Clapp in the context of ive jurisdictions are those with well-articulated global food politics (2014; 2014) – between pro- devolved governance strategies that reduce duction and consumption decisions of fossil fuels complexity for central decision-makers, while re- through place-based activism and networks, taining clear pathways of accountability. The thus affecting the distribution of power in oil predicted larger impacts on energy policy out- governance. Second, while pipeline campaigns puts are emerging in some locations. Impacts on are composed of several groups of actors, with governance outcomes and democratic quality varied motivations and interests, they do not are in early stages but some jurisdictions (e.g., employ market solutions to environmental pro- Netherlands, New York state) are demonstrating tection. Pipeline protests are thus a break from potential for larger shifts in political power struc- liberal environmentalism – a concept developed tures. The paper links strongly with conference by Bernstein (2001; 2002) used to describe the themes of power structures and asymmetries in driving force behind environmental movements resource governance, and implications for trans- in North America (Dauvergne 2016). This paper formations to sustainability. draws on interviews with social movement actors engaged in campaigns against oil pipelines 212 in and through Canada. Oil Pipeline Activism in North America: Implica- tions for Social Movements 364 Amy Janzwood Seeing like a system: Exploring the power dimen- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada sions of regime shifts in natural resource manage- Pipeline activism in North America has become a ment 1 2 3 focal point for local, regional and transnational Marta Berbes-Blazquez , Garry Peterson , Martin Bunch , Peter Mulvihill3, Berna van Wendel de Joode4 environmental movements. Campaigns have tar- 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2Stockholm Resili- geted pipeline companies with a range of strate- ence Centre, Stockholm, Sweden. 3York University, Toronto, gies including direct action and blockades. How- Canada. 4Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, ever, according to social movement literature, Costa Rica pipeline companies make unexpected targets of The concept of regime shifts, has been used to activism for two reasons: pipeline companies do analyze persistent, substantial reorganizations not have high profile reputations or high brand of social-ecological systems. Power relations and value, and demand for fossil fuels is inelastic in power differentials are key forces influencing

Category: Democracy and Power

processes of change in social-ecological sys- ocean network? How does this asymmetry affect tems but, for the most part, these forces have the environmental management in high seas and been missing in the analysis and identification of Antarctica in particular? Method: To examine drivers, thresholds and impacts of regime the ocean network with the highest degree of shifts. In this article, we propose a typology of relevance to South America, we map out the power and use it to characterize a regime shift main countries - global and technological powers from traditional to conventional agriculture in in- - in five types of institutional initiatives, namely: digenous plantain communities in the Bribri In- the UNCLOS, ISA, Antarctica, BBNJ-ILBI, and digenous Territory in Costa Rica. Based on inter- RFMOs. We then investigate how South Ameri- views with Indigenous farmers and key inform- can countries are placed in this specific network. ants, our analysis reveals how different forms of From an international relations perspective, key power interact to establish a feedback questions are: Which are the main countries in loop pushing the advancement of conventional the ocean governance network? How are they agriculture in the territory. The advancement of organized? Are they the traditional UN environ- conventional agriculture increases the amount mental leaders? Are they also frequently in the of non-Indigenous influences in the territory UN Security Council? How are they connected to and it brings a series of health and environmen- science, technology and innovation (STI) in- tal risks. An understanding of underlying power dexes? Where are South American countries po- dynamics adds nuance to trade-offs in resource sitioned in the network? What are South Amer- management, shows winners and losers from ican common interests and were they success- management decisions, and highlights leverage fully promoted? Argument: First, the “ocean points that could challenge existing inequali- powers” are the ones in the center of the global ties. Our typology of power can easily be applied economy, technology and security agenda, so it to other cases in natural resource manage- is not a coincidence that they participate more ment and should assist in the identification and effectively than the other countries in the cases analysis of social-ecological regime shifts. above. We argue that the “ocean powers network” is composed of only a few countries and Panel ID 42 has traditionally been asymmetric. Second, pre- Power in earth system governance (iii): vious research and modelling has shown that the Asymmetries of power recent UN-led environmental treaties mention Chair: Prakash Kashwan the seas/ocean more frequently than in the past, but they do not apply to sovereignty-free spaces 243 (Mazzega et al, 2018). Hence, the high seas and Power asymmetry in the global governance of the Antarctica activities are still poorly regulated ocean (Dodds et al, 2017; OECD, 2016, 2019; Tiller et Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau, Carlos Henrique Tomé Silva, Niels al, 2019). Third, despite the Mercosul, ZOPACAS Søndergaard University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil and OTCA, there is no significant South American environmental or ocean governance (Boulet et Problem: There is a clear power asymmetry in al, 2016; Barros-Platiau et al, 2019). Hence, we the global governance of the ocean and South argue that South-America is incapable of collec- American countries are in a disadvantageous po- tively promoting regional interests in Antarctica sition within this network of agents. Such reality and the high seas, that are sovereignty-free affects governance in many ways. Therefore, the spaces. Expected results: we aim at discussing following questions arise: How asymmetric is the the implications of strong power asymmetries

Category: Democracy and Power

within the ocean governance network. The pre- not only the need to provide low-carbon hous- vailing geopolitical and STI approach of the ing, but to do so in a way that is fast and inex- ocean powers and the “consumptive juggernaut pensive, actors have drawn on an imaginary we of industrialized societies” (Young, 2017) leads label ‘historic futurism’: the imaginary of Fordist to slow transformations towards sustainability, assembly lines as the construction process of the particularly regarding Antarctica and ABNJ, that future, enabling timber towers to be built in a are contrary to South American interests. way that is fast and inexpensive. In tracing these two narratives, how they have (e)merged and to 296 what effect, we pay particular attention to key Constructing low-carbon affordable cities? Power concepts of power and justice. By emphasising and inequality in the making of the modern tim- which low-carbon urban futures and processes ber city. are deemed plausible and desirable and by Bregje van Veelen, Sarah Knuth whom, and how these futures have shaped nar- Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom ratives for change, we highlight not only who or Cities are increasingly at the heart of efforts to what are included in the imagination and gov- address climate change, and there is a growing ernance of green urbanisation, but also who and awareness of the role of buildings – and the car- what are left out. In doing so we show that the bon embedded in their materials – can play in physical and metaphorical construction of the this process. “Previewing the world to come: modern timber city risks not only leaves struc- Making the modern timber city”, “Plyscrapers”, tural inequalities in urban environments un- “Google’s smart timber city”…, a glance at recent addressed but also has the potential to create news articles shows that timber buildings are at new inequalities in the process. the heart of an emerging urban imaginary that is both modern and green. An ostensibly lower- 335 carbon alternative to the building materials that Fossil Fuel Bailouts: Explaining State Finance for have dominated our urban landscapes in the ‘Unbankable’ Infrastructure Projects 1 2 20th century, timber is heralded as the material Kyla Tienhaara , Jeremy Walker 1Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. 2University of Tech- that will ‘green’ our urban environments from nology Sydney, Sydney, Australia the inside out. The social implications of the changing material fabric of our cities are, how- Neoliberal economic policies have been a main- ever, little understood. Drawing on examples stay for major political parties in Canada and from the UK and Canada we show how the ‘tim- Australia since the 1980s. A fundamental tenet ber revolution’ rests on the coalescence of two of neoliberalism is that governments should not key narratives. First, we explore the emerging 'pick winners' but instead should ‘let the market narrative around the need for low-carbon mate- decide’ whether private sector investments suc- rials. We show how the temporality at which the ceed or fail. Although this principle has never future is imagined enabled the emissions em- been applied consistently to the fossil fuel sec- bedded in building materials to be calculated tor, which has always received extensive (but and made political, and subsequent green mate- largely hidden) public subsidies in both coun- rial solutions to be devised. We subsequently ex- tries, it has been more noticeably eschewed in plore how this narrative of low-carbon urbanisa- recent years. A financing gap has opened up as tion – with timber at its heart – merged with an- private banks have begun to shy away from other, second narrative around the lack of af- providing support to certain types of fossil fuel fordable housing in many cities. By focusing on projects. This is the result of pressure that has been put on banks by the divestment movement

Category: Democracy and Power

as well as the reality of stranded asset risk in the questions whether compatibility or fit between sector (i.e. as the price of renewable energy falls standards and a locality should be a major goal and demand for fossil fuels weakens, many as- in global sustainability standards adoption. It is sets in the sector will become liabilities). The fi- argued that in seeking ways to introduce, en- nancing gap is particularly pronounced in the trench, and facilitate RSPO standard legitimation case of fossil fuel transport infrastructure (e.g. in localities, little attention is given to the ways pipelines, rail lines, ports) where increased on- in which pre-existing local institutions under- the-ground resistance from social movements serve and/or exclude vulnerable populations. and indigenous groups has rendered many pro- Furthermore it is argued that in aiming to con- jects ‘unbankable’. Rather than letting these in- nect with, and adhere to local institutions, in frastructure projects fail, governments in Canada highly divisive societies, RSPO standards risk be- and Australia have stepped in to offer highly vis- ing complicit in the reproduction of unequal ible public bailouts to their proponents. This pa- power relations in environmental governance per seeks to explain why neoliberal governments over time. Drawing on research findings on the are willing to back projects that are perceived as interpretation and adoption of RSPO standards unbankable by the private sector, even in the in Ecuador, this paper examines how local RSPO face of overwhelming public opposition to the legitimization processes connected very well use of taxpayer funds. This is explored through with the existing (unequal) social, environmen- case studies of two proposed infrastructure pro- tal, and political landscape of Ecuador’s palm oil jects: a rail line to service the Adani/Carmichael industry; unfortunately, this ultimately worked coal mine in Australia and the Kinder Mor- to reinscribe the (long-standing) exclusion of in- gan/Trans Mountain oil pipeline in Canada digenous and Afro-Ecuadorian groups from palm oil decision-making processes. This paper is 411 based on empirical research findings that were Compliant or complicit? Local institutions, RSPO collected over 15 months in 2011-2014, and standards and uneven power relations in Ecua- 2017. Over 80 interviews were conducted with dor’s palm oil industry palm oil company employees, small-scale farm- Adrienne Johnson ers, indigenous peoples, Afro-Ecuadorians, rep- University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA resentatives from the Ecuadorian government as National institutions play an important role in well as from Ecuador’s National Palm Oil Cultiva- the local substantiation and implementation of tor’s Association. The paper concludes with the standards as linked to roundtable governance suggestion that roundtable governance mecha- mechanisms. Environmental governance schol- nisms should be more aware of the local political ars often advocate for a high degree of ‘institu- contexts of legitimizing countries before stand- tional fit’ or compatibility between the standards ards are consulted upon and adopted. and locality for successful institutionalization. For example, in certification mechanisms such as Panel ID 43 the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Polycentricity and Coherence: democratic high priority is placed on the compatibility and possibilities and constraints more importantly, compliance with local laws Chair: Frederic Hanusch and regulations for standards entrenchment. Such emphasis rests on the assumption that local institutions properly and fairly represent all social groups evenly. This paper

Category: Democracy and Power

311 extremely ambitious type of governance that Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development as aims at mainstreaming sustainability, but that a governance tool: Recent operationalisation, im- also comes with the risk of transforming crucial plementation and impacts on (de)politicization political conflicts over policies affecting sustain- Ondřej Horký-Hlucháň able development into technical fixes and thus Institute of International Relations, Prague, Czech Republic maintain the status quo.

The merger of the global and sustainable devel- 339 opment agendas in the UN 2030 Agenda has led Water governance in Mexican drylands. Case to the spill-over and upgrade of some concepts study Guadalupe Valley, Baja California, Mexico. and tools with a previously limited use in the Lina Carreño-Correa, Claudia Leyva Aguilera, Ileana Espejel area of international development, disregarding Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada, Me- their success and applicability to the broader xico area of global governance. The concept of Policy Mexico faces challenges in the institutional, en- Coherence for Development (PCD), more pro- vironmental and population spheres for the im- moted than implemented by some individual plementation and fulfillment of the Sustainable Western donors, the European Union and the Development Goals and the Principles of Water OECD particularly, is a perfect example of this. Governance (OECD) at local or community levels This is also reflected in research with the main due to: inequalities in the capacities of the gov- focus on policy coherence by development stud- ernment at the institutional and administrative ies while environmental studies have focused level; the generation of data and information more on the concept of policy integration, for ex- with quality, accessibility and relevance from na- ample. Since its transformation into the SDG tar- tional to community level; decentralization; get 17.14 to “enhance Policy Coherence for Sus- strengthening and establishing mechanisms for tainable Development”, PCSD is now being oper- citizen participation and inclusion and accounta- ationalised by some actors as a sustainable de- bility; and coherence among public policy instru- velopment check “at all stages of domestic and ments. This is relevant for the arid or semi-arid international policy making”. Academic litera- zones of Mexico (65% of its territory), where 66 ture shows that the implementation of PCD, lim- million people lived (60% of its population) in ited to the effects of the Northern polices on the 2010. In this work the Guadalupe Valley, Baja global South, was not a success, not least be- California, Mexico and its aquifer is analyzed cause of its complexity. Yet PCSD encompasses through the Twelve Principles of Water Govern- many more dimensions than PCD by including, ance and its indicators in order to evaluate their inter alia, a long-term perspective, environmen- implementation at the local level. This aquifer tal aspects and policy making at national level in supplies the wine region that produces 90% of the global South. By drawing on the critical ap- Mexican wine, four rural communities and the praisal of PCD and by analysing empirical evi- tourism sector associated with winemaking. The dence from the first years of the PCSD operation- analysis has two phases; first the documentation alisation and implementation, the goal of this pa- was analyzed to determine the existence of the per is to assess the latest developments in the government, economy and social dimensions in PCSD agenda as promoted by selected national, the 36 indicators of water governance. Then, ex- regional and international actors from a particu- perts were consulted to investigate the function- lar perspective of its impacts on (de)politicisa- ality of the indicators. In the second stage, the tion. In spite of the many preconditions for its National Waters Law and the Groundwater Tech- potential success, PCSD presents itself a new, nical Committee (COTAS in Spanish) of

Category: Democracy and Power

Guadalupe Valley were analyzed. The results of ambition both creates potential for significant show that at a local level there are references in governance gaps amidst a flurry of activities in all dimensions (government, economy and soci- the realm of transnational and global govern- ety). Also, the rules that favor the applicability in ance. It is likely that the burdens of these gaps the government dimension are identified, such are likely to fall disproportionately on those as: the Law on Transparency and Access to Public most affected and least capable of responding to Information and LGEEPA. In addition, it was global environmental and climate change. It is in found that the COTAS are the institutional ar- this context that this research seeks to map the rangement that favors the implementation of conditions under which polycentric governance governance in the Guadalupe Valley. However, facilitates provision of public goods without trig- the functionality of the indicators is influenced gering conflicts or producing negative social and by the political cycles, budget allocation, the environmental externalities. This paper is orga- fragmentation that exists between the groups of nized into two parts. The first part contains a sur- interest, low transparency and lack of accounta- vey of the foundational writings on polycen- bility. In summary, the integral management of tricity to distill the key features of robust poly- water in Mexico at the local level has more in- centric governance for the provision of public struments of governability than of governance, goods. Drawing on V. Ostrom et al. (1961), V. such as COTAS. In other words, governance is un- Ostrom (1972 ), Ostrom (2009, 2010) and oth- derstood only as the arrangement of actors that ers, we show that the application of polycentric promote and coordinate actions for the efficient governance in the context of earth systems gov- use of water and the preservation of the aquifer. ernance requires 1) a clear identification of relevant ‘public/s’ and means of appropriate political 367 representation, which are prerequisite for mak- Polycentric Governance in an Unequal World: Re- ing decisions regarding the provision of public visiting the Classics to Draw Lessons for Earth Sys- goods; and, 2) formulating a general system of tems Governance rules of engagement among actors with a plural- Prakash Kashwan ity of endowments and interests, especially in University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA. Ostrom Workshop, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA the presence of deep and entrenched political and economic inequalities. This aspect of poly- Polycentric governance has come to occupy a centric governance requires greater attention place of prominence within Earth Systems Gov- within earth systems governance, as evident ernance. It is commonly identified with the pres- from the inclusion within the new Earth System ence of multiple centers of decision-making Governance Science Plan the contextual condi- comprising state and nonstate actors that are tion of inequality and the research lenses of ‘de- nevertheless linked via a plurality of relation- mocracy and power’. The second part of the pa- ships undergirded by constitutional, collective- per applies these insights to two specific areas of choice, and operational rules. This contribution earth systems governance: 1) global governance identifies and responds to a puzzling coincidence of nature conservation; 2) the nascent discus- in the literature on global environmental and cli- sions about international governance of solar ge- mate governance: the ascendance of polycentric oengineering. We conclude with a research governance has been accompanied by the fre- agenda for polycentric earth systems govern- quent references to fragmented governance, ance in an unequal world. and at least in the context of global climate governance, the common refrain about lack of ambition and effectiveness. Fragmentation and lack

Category: Democracy and Power

422 continued degradation of global ecosystems and Decentralization and Adaptive Governance at the their effect on regional inequality. US-Mexico Border Kyle Haines University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA

Environmental justice, bioregionalism, and resilience theories often agree that greater local control of resources through democratic engagement, deliberation, and participation can result in superior ecological outcomes. In the Latin American context, decentralization is also associated with powerful narratives of decolonization, democratization, and indigenous autonomy. Many of these theories, however, rely on assumptions which do not hold in binational contexts like San Diego-Tijuana, chief amongst them a common framework of national politics, and, at the most basic level, a common language for deliberation. In the context of fading national leadership on environmental issues in the 'developed' world, traditional reliance on national policy strategies will need to be modified at the border to emphasize an overarching binational identity and the institutionalization of collective forums for regional deliberation. This is necessary in the binational region in order to incorporate the broad range of perspectives in the shared bi- oregion, divided as it is by political sovereignty, physical barriers, and linguistic difference. In order to guard against national parochialism, I argue here that places at the edges of national sovereignty, where community identities are simultaneously shared and divided in messy, overlapping ways, provide interesting and more globally-representative lessons, ones that complicate tidy visions of nested institutions built on national decentralization programs. This analysis thus challenges decentralization narratives to begin imagining new nested forms of regional and local institutions which balance the need for more meaningful power to deliberate and decide with a focus on cross-scale political and ecological factors. The urgency of such medium and small-scale answers is accentuated both by

Category: Justice and Allocation

Panel ID 2 use the Earth, especially those arising between Concepts of Planetary Justice: How Do generations. Recent debates about natural resource justice try to accommodate the picture of We Clarify and Conceptualize Planetary Earth systems, departing from that of a perpetu- Justice? ally accruing bounty presupposed by earlier po- Chair: Stefan Pedersen litical theorists. Yet we remain stuck with an un- 46 systematic, mixed ontology of natural resources, with no clear connections between conventional Planetary Justice and the Earth System Dominic Lenzi designations of user rights and the Earth sys- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Cli- tem. The first step to conceiving of planetary jus- mate Change, Berlin, Germany tice seems to be the development of a coherent ontological conception of the planet we actually Theorising planetary justice requires bringing to- inhabit, and not merely those aspects of it we gether two distinctive perspectives which sel- have been concerned with in the past. In this pa- dom directly interact. First, there is the perspec- per, I provide an outline of such a view, which tive afforded by Earth system science which con- posits natural resources as fundamentally rela- ceives of the planet as a closed system of energy tional objects embedded within larger systems, and material transfer, composed of overlapping and within the entire Earth system. open systems and processes, and responsive to both positive and negative feedbacks. Concerns 112 with overuse and degradation, expressed for in- Radical urban ecologies: A postcolonial, feminist stance within ‘planetary boundaries’ or ‘ecologi- perspective on just urban transformations cal footprint’ conceptions, begin from this per- Linda Westman, Vanesa Castan Broto spective, and imply a distinctive ontology of the University of Sheffield, Urban Institute, Sheffield, United Earth. Second, there are designations of user Kingdom rights to aspects of the Earth system, which are Justice and transformation are concepts featur- conventionally recognised through law and eco- ing at the center of current sustainability de- nomics. This again implies a distinctive ontology, bates. This reflects the urgent need both for ac- which overlaps with some aspects of the first celerated action to prevent irreversible changes view but does not coincide with it. The problem, of earth system functions, and strategies that ad- however, is that conventional designations of dress widespread and pervasive inequalities. In user rights over ‘natural resources’ apply to only this paper we ask: how can sustainability inter- some aspects of the Earth system, while being ventions advance just urban transformations? blind to many others. This means that resource The query is set against a backdrop of decades of use cannot avoid producing externalities some- sustainability efforts that have propelled incre- where in the Earth system, because only some mental improvements and resulted in a dis- parts of it are considered (often in isolation), course paralyzed by mainstream appropriation. while other parts are presupposed as infinite or To answer this question, we set out to explore unchanging. And this seems to raise further the history of sustainability theory and practice. problems for thinking about just entitlements to We center on sustainability thinking in cities,

Category: Justice and Allocation

which we see as the main battleground for eco- which implies seeking the roots of transfor- logical integrity and dignified living conditions. mation within the impulses of resistance of indi- We rely on a systematic review of policy docu- viduals and communities. This proposal is an ef- ments and academic studies on urban sustaina- fort to reclaim sustainability as an emancipatory bility policy, complemented with analysis of a da- discourse. tabase of 400 sustainability interventions imple- 187 mented over multiple decades in cities around the world. Our examination draws attention to Conceptualizing Planetary Justice As If Institutions two main underlying distortions. First, as post- and Political Economy Mattered Prakash Kashwan colonial theorists long have pointed out, sustain- University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA able development thinking is inherently fixed in Western worldviews and associated ideals of an- The concept of planetary justice evokes two key thropocentrism, rationalism and notions of mo- elements with potentially competing tenden- dernity, while sustainability interventions often cies: a planetary-scale unity of purpose coupled serve to reproduce historic patterns of power with the goals of securing justice for planetary and economic exploitation. Second, feminist stakeholders disadvantaged in the institutional readings of sustainability reveal approaches to status quo. This research adopts a realist political nature that are characterized by mastery, instru- economy perspective, which underscores the mentalism, and domination, and agendas that important role of global and transnational insti- perpetuate the oppression of the non-human tutional arrangements in mediating efforts to and subordinated ‘others.’ We argue that urban conceptualize and crystalize the norms of plane- sustainability programs fail to realize transfor- tary justice. For the purposes of empirical analy- mations (fundamental re-configurations of sis, this research focuses on the nearly two-dec- agency and power, technological and material ade-long process of civil society mobilization systems, institutions and practices), because aimed to secure climate justice in the context of they are designed and implemented within the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli- boundaries of these dominant rationalities. We mate Change (UNFCCC). Building on the 2018 propose the following starting points to activate Earth System Governance Science and Imple- urban just transformations through explicit en- mentation Plan, this project situates planetary gagement with these forms of oppression. First, justice at the intersection of two contextual con- urban sustainability programs need to challenge ditions, Transformation and Inequality; and one the dominant logic of progress and economic de- set of research lenses: Justice & Allocation. Go- velopment. This may, for example, be realized by ing beyond seeing global justice movements as drawing on notions of wellbeing decoupled from contentious actors who challenge the formal in- material wealth or questioning the underlying institutional negotiations dominated by national tent of sustainability programs. Second, sustain- delegations, the realist political economy ap- ability thought needs to break free from long- proach developed here takes a broader view of standing human-nature dualisms. This requires the role of climate justice movements within the engagement with multiple forms of relations formal institutional spaces that the UNFCCC has with the environment and recognition of fre- opened up to non-state actors (NSAs) in recent quently overlooked ontologies and worldviews. history. This enables us to investigate the extent Third, sustainability projects need to abandon to which climate justice movements have bene- their universalist and managerial aspirations and fited from the allocation of political spaces and re-connect with the struggles of people’s lives, decision-making powers to NSAs within UNFCCC.

Category: Justice and Allocation

This article contributes three main insights: One, – carries with it the potential to unite formerly analysis of the conceptualization and the trans- disparate discourses into a coherent agenda for formation over time of the concept of global cli- desirable change at the level of world politics. mate justice shows that the design of institu- The holistic ‘planetary justice agenda’ that could tional engagements played a crucial role in shap- result from this fusion of interrelated concerns ing the emerging understanding of global climate further implies a pivot towards creating steadily justice. Two, we show that the UNFCCC-centered more integrated forms of institutional cosmopol- global climate justice movement resulted from itanism as a means of facilitating its political re- conscious efforts to address transnational ine- alization – which could allow for the eventual qualities in the access to global climate negotia- democratic self-governance of planetary civiliza- tions, which is especially relevant to the ongoing tion, where humanity manages to govern the efforts to promote a just planetary transition at Earth with the collective interests of all human a moment of unprecedented global inequalities. beings at heart. ‘The planetary’ is in recent schol- Three, the analysis shows that despite not having arly discourse increasingly employed as a con- any voting powers, they influenced the institu- cept meant to capture an idea distinct from the tional architecture of UNFCCC significantly. We older notion of ‘the global’. Bruno Latour claims discuss three key aspects of these institutional ‘the globe’ signifies modernization while ‘the transformations: i) the development of the sys- planet’ emphasizes the fragile nature of the tem of NSA constituencies within UNFCCC; ii) the Earth System, understood as a series of intercon- institutionalization of conflicts of interest poli- nected spheres, such as the atmosphere and the cies for NSAs within UNFCCC; and iii) the devel- biosphere. ‘Global justice’, understood in the opment of ‘local communities and indigenous modernization sense, is a program for elevating peoples platform’. We leverage these research the poorest parts of the world populace, primar- findings to draw implications for the debates ily in the global ‘South’ to the economic level of about the conceptualization of planetary justice the richest part of the world populace, primarily and to build new bridges between the conven- located in the global ‘North’. Dipesh tional notions of realism and new research on Chakrabarty, however, notes that if we move planetary governance. from ‘the global’ concern with modernization to ‘the planetary’ concern with maintaining some 304 measure of human habitat normalcy – where Planetary Justice: A Definition Towards an ‘normalcy’ is understood as the prevalent cli- Agenda for the Integration of Global Justice, Envi- matic conditions since the dawn of civilization ronmentalism, and Institutional Cosmopolitanism thousands of years ago – then the justified ele- Stefan Pedersen vation of the entire human population to the ma- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom terial level of the currently richest parts of hu- What is the added value of using the term ‘plan- man civilization becomes an impossibility. The etary justice’ instead of ‘environmental justice’, hard truth is therefore that material ‘global jus- ‘social justice’ or even ‘climate justice’? The ar- tice’ is an undesirable prospect even for the pop- gument presented in this paper is that utilizing ulations of the South. The practically available ‘planetary’ – due to the term’s associations with form of planetary justice therefore lies in level- three intimately interconnected parts of the ling the life conditions of the two hemispheres wider Earth System, namely; geological planet by means of Northern material sacrifice and a fo- Earth, technological human civilization, and the cus on elevating Southern populations to parity biological biosphere, where humanity is also part in terms of health, education and wellbeing. The

Category: Justice and Allocation

achievement of planetary justice, here con- respect diverse knowledge systems on one hand ceived of as necessarily based on hard compro- and the ambition to integrate or combine them mise, needs effective cosmopolitan institutions in order to provide a consensus representation before it becomes a realistic prospect. of a singular biodiversity on the other. The conceptual argument that I will develop problema- Panel ID 4 tizes the possibility of being inclusive of diverse Diverse epistemologies for the protection epistemologies without letting go of the idea of of biodiversity a singular nature, biodiversity or reality. I suggest Chairs: Louise Guibrunet, Fernanda Rios that taking seriously the call for decolonization Discussants: Patricia Balvanera of science requires environmental and biodiver- 119 sity knowledge making practices to move from recognizing diverse epistemologies to allowing Knowing biodiversity: diverse knowledge systems, for a multiplicity of ontologies to be represented, pluralism, and the problem of ontology performed, and contested. Esther Turnhout, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands 359 Calls for the decolonization of science, method- Community forest management without local ologies and the university are increasingly prom- knowledge? Epistemological exclusion in Mexican inent in environmental social science and hu- forest policy manities scholarship. In addition to promoting José Sierra-Huelsz1, Patricia Gerez-Fernández2, Citlalli López-Binnqüist1, Claudia Álvarez Aquino3, Edward Ellis1, greater recognition and visibility of non-western, Ana Fontecilla Carbonell4, Rosa Pedraza Pérez3, Guillermo non-white and non-male scholars in research, ci- Rodríguez Rivas5 tation, and teaching practices, these calls also 1Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracru- problematize science as a form of (post)colonial zana, Xalapa, Mexico. 2Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología 3 imperialism. This refers to science’s claim to uni- Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico. Insti- tuto de Investigaciones Forestales, Universidad Veracru- versality as well as to its privileged position in zana, Xalapa, Mexico. 4Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico policy and decision making. These criticisms res- Sociales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico. 5Fac- onate with wider developments towards partici- ultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xa- pation and inclusiveness in knowledge produc- lapa, Mexico tion, as promoted through concepts such as Forest management is a land use that can main- transdisciplinarity and coproduction. Yet, while tain significant conservation values while sup- these concepts and associated practices have porting land-based livelihoods. Mexico is a bi- been criticized for reproducing existing power in- oculturally diverse country and a reference of equalities between science and other knowledge community forestry, where strikingly, local systems and promoting technocratic practices, knowledge is largely ignored by forest policies the decolonization agenda takes a more radical and management plans. Based on literature and and explicitly political perspective that addresses our experience as Mexican scholars/practition- the political and ontological implications of sci- ers, we explored technical, epistemological, po- ence. In this paper, I use the example of IPBES litical, and contextual dimensions associated (the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity with the lack of official recognition of local and Ecosystem Services) to discuss the chal- knowledge, values, and norms in forest manage- lenges of inclusiveness and diverse epistemolo- ment in Mexico. Our argument is based on two gies in biodiversity knowledge production. I will elements: 1) A diachronic analysis of forest poli- focus on the tension between the desire to cies in Mexico to inform how the domain of

Category: Justice and Allocation

conventional forest management has evolved in Mexican forest communities which, in spite of Mexico; 2) Situated examples of forest manage- been marginalized, persist and innovate. ment, including those where: a) local knowledge 227 is excluded from conventional forest management, b) local knowledge sustain forests in spite Performing fundamental values as an emancipa- an excluding policy context. Our analysis indi- tory mechanism to fostering inclusive participa- cates that official regulations and conventional tion in environmental governance Silvia Olvera-Hernandez1, Julia Martin-Ortega1, Paula forestry have somewhat expanded from their Novo2, Aywlyn Walsh1, Azahara Mesa-Jurad3, George historic domains (e.g. timber management in Holmes1, Alice Borchi1 large-scale temperate forests) to incipiently in- 1University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. 2Scotland Rural clude previously neglected systems such as trop- College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 3ECOSUR , Villaher- ical dry forests, non-timber forest products, for- mosa, Mexico est-agriculture interfaces, and small-scale opera- Inclusive participation in decision-making has tions. Official recognition of these previously ne- been a constant challenge on environmental glected systems has been partial, and with a nar- governance in rural communities in the Global row focus on regulation. Regulation often occurs South, reflecting power structures that exclude without considering scientific evidence, and people on the basis of the intersection of eco- more importantly without the recognizing the nomic status, ethnicity, education level, age and distinct context in which they are immersed, in- gender. Environmental governance and how it cluding the local knowledge, values, and norms plays out in practice is fundamentally deter- that have shaped and maintain those systems mined by the value frames, emotions and rela- over time. Traditional ecological knowledge in tionships of those involved. However, value Mexico is commonly associated with diversified judgements of those most affected by environ- production systems in agriculture-forest inter- mental decisions are rarely shared and dis- faces, including a wide gamut of agroforestry cussed. For decision-making to be genuinely in- systems and small-scale forest management in clusive it is necessary that those who are usually mosaic landscapes. Such systems challenge na- excluded are able to express and make visible ture-society dichotomies that characterize con- their values. Only in this way, decisions regarding ventional approaches to conservation and forest the natural resources on which they critically de- management. Albeit an unaccommodating pol- pend can reflect their worldviews. To address icy context, communities conduct management this challenge, new approaches that enable practices based on their knowledge, beyond the those in the lowest positions of power to reflect, script of conventional forestry, even when offi- share and make their values visible are needed. cial management plans exist. Management prac- Art-based methods, and more specifically per- tices based on local knowledge include for exam- formance-based methods, provide alternative ple selection of tree species retained, diversified means of communicating and sharing which can sequential agro-forestry uses in small plots, prac- be particularly relevant in the context of margin- tices based on moon phases, and horse skidding. alized communities. A critical performance ena- In Mexico, forest policy, markets, and conven- bles people to identify issues, bring hidden nar- tional forestry practice tend to ignore local ratives to consciousness and activate different knowledge, values, and norms, especially exclud- solutions or responses. This allows the imple- ing small-scale managers commonly pushing mentation of reflexivity or meta-reflections to them to illegality. We make a call for wider create debates about the distribution of power recognition of the vast local knowledge hold by in environmental policy and cultivate shared

Category: Justice and Allocation

values frames, emotions and affects. In this pa- Against this background, we carried out a sys- per, we present the preliminary results of apply- tematic literature review, guided by the following one of such performance-based techniques, ing questions: When and why does the integra- Forum Theatre, in two rural communities in tion of indigenous knowledge and practices con- Chiapas (Mexico). By activating and cultivating tribute to environmental sustainability and jus- reflexivity, Forum Theatre can act as an emanci- tice? What are the frequent mismatches be- patory mechanism that ultimately has the capac- tween global environmental governance ap- ity to foster inclusive participation and induce proaches and indigenous peoples` knowledge(s), broader social transformations for more sustain- practices and interests? Under what conditions able, effective and just natural resource manage- is it possible to overcome such mismatches? ment. Based on an analysis of 180 scholarly articles from interdisciplinary scholarship, we provide an Panel ID 6 overview of the opportunities and challenges Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Peo- identified at different scales, geographical loca- ple(s) in Environmental Governance tions, and policy-areas, with the purpose of an- Chairs: Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Almut Schil- swering our research questions and identifying ling-Vacaflor remaining research gaps. The review covers findings on nine environmental issue areas and mul- 55 tiple scales. It brings together research that A Literature Review on Environmental Govern- draws on diverse theoretical and conceptual ap- ance and Indigenous Peoples: Uncovering Mis- proaches from the fields of political ecology, so- matches and Searching for New Solutions cial ecological systems research, global environ- 1 2 Maria-Therese Gustafsson , Almut Schilling-Vacaflor mental governance and political anthropol- 1Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Osnabrück Uni- versity, Osnabrück, Germany ogy. In reviewing these studies, we identify four different types of governance initiatives: (a) col- A remarkable trend in recent years is the unprec- laboration and participation; (b) knowledge gov- edented recognition of indigenous peoples’ en- ernance; (c) incentive-based mechanisms; and vironmental knowledge and practices in global (d) indigenous-led initiatives. We outline the policy discourses. Relatedly, indigenous-led initi- principal mismatches identified in the literature atives for controlling their territories and influ- on each governance arrangement and the au- encing public environmental decision making thors’ proposals on how to overcome or govern have proliferated. Indigenous peoples control existing mismatches. In the discussion and con- large territories and have increasingly gained le- clusion, we first outline the three following chief gal titles. They have engaged in innovative forms research gaps; the lack of research on (1) indige- of governance such as for example tribal parks, nous-led initiatives; (2) cross-scale approaches community protocols, monitoring and mapping and (3) cross-sectoral approaches, and then dis- exercises, and intensive lobbying in domestic cuss the broader implications of our findings for and global environmental negotia- scholars and practitioners of environmental and tions. Whereas the integration of indigenous sustainability governance. Our findings empha- people(s) has been studied within different sub- size that a better understanding of indigenous fields of environmental governance (e.g. biodi- peoples’ participation in emerging arenas in en- versity, climate change, forestry), there is still a vironmental governance is essential not only for lack of systematic knowledge of indigenous envi- the legitimacy and effectiveness of ronmental governance across these policy areas.

Category: Justice and Allocation

environmental governance but also for an imple- engage the spatializing practices of global envi- mentation of the 2030 agenda that ‘leaves no ronmental governance processes as avenues for one behind’. representation? Through visual analysis and collaborative event ethnography at two sites of 192 global governance (21st Conference of Parties to Cultivating Indigenous Spaces of Representation the UN Framework Convention on Climate in Global Environmental Governance: Examining Change and the 2016 World Conservation Con- the Role of Technology, Maps, and the Built Envi- gress), our work shows that maps, technology, ronment and built spaces offers means through which In- Kimberly Marion Suiseeya1, Laura Zanotti2, Dorothy Hogg1, digenous Peoples can expand and make their Lucas Kleekamp1 1Northwestern University, Evanston, USA. 2Purdue Univer- voices legible in spaces where Indigenous repre- sity, West Lafayette, USA sentation might otherwise be rendered insignifi- cant. Specifically, maps, technology, and built Although Indigenous Peoples are central to the spaces can expand and contract spheres of en- production of global environmental governance, gagement and representation by (1) operating as scholars and practitioners often assume they are avenues for access or absence, (2) providing op- “weak” and thus inconsequential in international portunities for legitimacy or contestation, and politics. At the same time, however, the global (3) hindering ability to exert agency and author- environmental community increasingly recog- ity. Through these findings, we draw attention to nizes the vital role that Indigenous Peoples play the critical conditions that render global govern- in governing some of the world’s most significant ance processes more or less inclusive and re- biodiverse landscapes and safeguarding. As sponsive, demonstrate new modes of influence, stewards of more than 22% of the global land and generate more critical understandings of base that houses 85% of remaining biodiversity how Indigenous Peoples shape global environ- and 20% of global forest carbon stocks, the con- mental governance. tributions of Indigenous Peoples to global environmental governance are critical. Despite the 194 significance of these contributions and the grow- Indigenous knowledge systems and sustainability ing presence of Indigenous Peoples in interna- governance: reflecting on knowledge co-produc- tional environmental negotiations, however, tion to enhance governance capabilities scholars direct little attention to the roles and in- Cristina Inoue, Thais Ribeiro fluence of Indigenous Peoples in global environ- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil mental governance. Instead, Indigenous Peoples This paper will discuss the idea of “many worlds- are assumed to be at best co-opted and at worst one planet” as a lens to approach how to build further marginalized through their engagement capabilities in Earth System Governance, inte- at international policy events. Such findings not grating multiple stakeholders in knowledge co- only demean the significance of Indigenous pres- production, for instance, indigenous peoples, ence at these events, but further reinforces whom we consider as more than mere partici- dominant power hierarchies embedded in main- pants in the process , but as agents - knowers stream research practices. In this research, we who are in truly parity as other agents. At the deploy a suite of innovative methods to discover same time that interdependence and globaliza- the ways in which sites of global environmental tion have created a "one-world" market and in- governance are constructed and spatialized to ter-state system, scholars have been unpacking shape their outcomes. Specifically, we ask: how ways of being and knowing that constitute and with what effect do Indigenous Peoples

Category: Justice and Allocation

realities, which stand ontologically as other 203 worlds, even though they interact, conflict and Indigenous Mobilisations and Sustainable Devel- co-constitute each other. Many worlds in one opment planet mean that human societies are always Heike Schroeder1, Neil Dawson1, Emma Gilberthorpe1, making worlds, entailing diverse knowledge sub- Tracey Osborne2, Iokine Rodriguez1, David Glama3, Patrick 4 5 systems and notions of nature. This is what we Byakagaba , Mirna Inturias 1University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. 2Uni- call “worlding”. Enhancing capabilities for gov- versity f Arizona, Tucson, USA. 3Divine Word University, ernance in a complex and technologically driven Madang, Papua New Guinea. 4Makereke University, Kam- planet is more likely to succeed if different pala, Uganda. 5NUR University, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Plurina- knowledge systems are acknowledged in pro- tional State of cesses of co-production. The voice and represen- The 1987 Brundtland Commission’s Our Com- tation of the people inhabiting those multiple mon Future report with its definition of sustain- worlds in parity position are key for advancing able development as being “the kind of develop- Earth System Governance processes that are le- ment that meets the needs of the present with- gitimate, socially just and that promote ecologi- out compromising the ability of future genera- cal and economic sustainability. We ask how tions to meet their own needs” (Brundtland worlding can promote knowledge co-production Commission 1987) as well as the more recent among different knowledge systems (e.g. indige- Agenda 2030 with its Sustainable Development nous and academic) and how this knowledge co- Goals and principle of ‘leaving no one behind’ production can enhance capabilities in sustaina- have thus far not sufficiently extended their bility governance. To answer these questions the promises to Indigenous Peoples. For example, paper will address what is worlding, what is the Indigenous needs for self-determination, in- knowledge co-production and how have scien- cluding self-determined holistic development, tists, academicians and Indigenous peoples co- have largely not been met. This paper reviews lit- produced knowledge, considering possibilities erature on (1) the extent to which the values, and limitations of these processes. The method- rights, institutions and worldviews of Indigenous ology used is the description of contextual and Peoples and local communities have been in- theoretical issues based on recent and updated cluded or excluded in this context of sustainable literature of Earth System Govern- development thus far (forms of inclusion/exclu- ance, worldism and the pluriverse, knowledge sion), (2) the ways in which they have success- co-production and indigenous knowledge sys- fully or unsuccessfully mobilised to voice their tems. The work will contribute to a better under- needs at local, national and international levels standing of how indigenous ontologies can in- (strategies for mobilisation), and (3) the ways in form the design and effective implementation of which they can offer solutions toward sustaina- environmental policies and how socioenviron- ble, equitable and inclusive development (po- mental rights and pluralism can be integrated in tential for solutions). Key contributions will in- multi-scale environmental governance, thereby clude (1) illustrating norm travel, diffusion and contributing to planetary justice. The conclusion negotiation, (2) informing future framings about highlights ontological, epistemological and political mobilisation of social groups, and (3) methodological implications to the study identifying evidence gaps and areas for future re- of Earth System Governance, e.g. critical think- search. We focus here on contexts of climate ing about mainstream concepts used in research, change and resource extraction as being at the asymmetries in research and practice capacities, heart of struggles of Indigenous social move- language integration, among other issues. ments and central to outcomes for development

Category: Justice and Allocation

and sustainability. We look in particular at the social contexts within Mexico but are all charac- UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention terised by progressive approaches to conserva- on Climate Change), EITI (Extractive Industries tion, including participatory mechanisms and co- Transparency Initiative) and UNPFII (United Na- management. Despite this, we find that in all tions Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues) cases, local communities’ value-systems fail to processes as key forums for strategies and rais- be recognised in conservation efforts. The prev- ing voices and interfaces across Indigenous Peo- alence of the scientific paradigm (particularly in ples, national governments and international the design of laws and policies), power imbal- civil society. Whilst our outlook is global, we ap- ances (affected by financial resources) and the ply our framework to three case study countries lack of awareness of diverse cultural norms in across three continents (Bolivia, Uganda and Pa- participatory processes of decision-making hin- pua New Guinea) as pertinent, diverse examples, der this recognition. Insights from the case stud- and we consider the extent to which the litera- ies suggest that achieving the recognition of di- ture covers different subgroups, such as Indige- verse value-systems requires a profound change nous women and youth. in how conservation efforts are designed and implemented. Existing participatory mechanisms Panel ID 27 must be accompanied by an epistemological Just transitions (i): diverse conceptions transformation in which science is considered and contexts only one of various legitimate knowledge sys- Chair: Chucks Okereke tems, and by an increased awareness of the role of the socio-cultural context and power configu- 14 rations in the communication between local Participation is not enough for environmental jus- communities and external stakeholders. tice: Recognising value systems in forest conservation in Mexico 17 Louise Guibrunet1, Peter Gerritsen2, José Antonio Sierra- Gender and the ILO’s Just Transition – What does Huelsz3, Adriana Flores-Díaz4, Eduardo García-Frapolli1, Eli- it mean to Women from the Global South? 5 6 1 gio García-Serrano , Unai Pascual , Patricia Balvanera Sharmini Nair 1 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Me- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA xico. 2Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Cen- tro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadala- Women in the Global South have had to bear the jara, Autlan, Mexico. 3Centro de Investigación en Biodiversi- burdens of the impact of climate change on their dad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico. 4Centro Transdisciplinar Uni- livelihoods due to their placement in the current versitario para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Iberoameri- global neoliberal structure. They face unsur- cana, méxico, Mexico. 5Fondo Monarca, Morelia, Mexico. mountable challenges in ensuring stability in 6Basque Center for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain their households, community and their societies The recognition of diverse value-systems is an in- writ large owing to changes in their surrounding tegral part of environmental justice, and is there- environment. The International Labour Organi- fore an indispensable aspect of biodiversity con- zation (ILO) has adopted the Just Transition servation efforts. Yet, recognition remains Guidelines in 2015 that acknowledges the vul- scarcely researched in conservation contexts. In nerability of women and attempts to distribute this article, we empirically analyse the factors af- burdens and benefits fairly during a transition to fecting recognition in the governance of conser- a green economy. This study examines the mi- vation efforts in four Mexican forests. The case cro-processes in the adoption of the Guidelines studies reflect different environmental and by the ILO in order to analyze its impact on

Category: Justice and Allocation

women in the Global South. It studies the pro- conservation initiatives. At its core, the debate cesses to examine if it retains neoliberal notions over the future of the world’s forests is fraught of growth or whether it facilitates a redesign of with ethical concerns. Policy makers are not only the rules of the game. The negotiations by its tri- deciding how forests should be governed, but partite membership within the Secretariat of the also who will be winners, losers, and who should Office, Governing Body and International Labour have a voice in the decision-making processes. Conference provides a narrative of how certain This paper seeks to understand why injustices actors are empowered and others are disem- persist despite intense efforts to mitigate and powered. This research asks: Who were the main prevent injustice by asking: What are the barri- proponents of the Just Transition agenda? And ers to delivering justice to forest-dependent what strategy did they apply when using the communities? Drawing on extensive ethno- term in the meetings of the ILO? What kind of graphic and interview data from five villages support did the proponents attain to push for across Laos, as well as from four collaborative the Just Transition agenda? Did they succeed in event ethnographies including the Tenth Confer- pushing for a specific type of Just Transition? ence of Parties to the Convention on Biological What kind of pushback did the proponents face Diversity, World Parks Congress, Paris Climate after pushing for a specific type of Just Transi- Summit and the World Conservation Congress, tion? What strategy did the opponents use? And this research uncovers the multiple, dynamic finally, how is gender inserted within the Just meanings of justice held and pursued by diverse Transition agenda in these negotiations? To pro- stakeholders. The analysis reveals two critical vide this narrative, analysis of ILO documents findings. First, from the perspective of local-level from the ILO Office, the Governing Body, the In- forest communities, building and maintaining ternational Labour Conference and publications trust is one critical element for realizing multiple by ACTRAV would be performed. To support dimensions of justice, including distributive, pro- these findings, interviews with ILO officials will cedural, and recognitional, as well as transitional be conducted. justice. Second, trust does not emerge as a central part of the metanormative fabric of global 193 forest governance. Instead, policy-makers and Trust, Justice, and Global Forest Governance: Evi- practitioners tend to focus more on technical dence from the Field and design features for advancing justice rather Kimberly Marion Suiseeya than relational practices that might begin to re- Northwestern, Evanston, USA build trust between local and global forest gov- What does justice demand? For 30 years, policy ernance communities. By drawing attention to makers have sought to redress the concerns of the tensions between global efforts and local ex- the world’s 1.6 billion forest-dependent poor by periences, this research offers new insights into introducing rights-based and participatory ap- the role of trust for justice in global forest gov- proaches to conservation. Yet, despite these ef- ernance. forts, practitioners, policy makers, and scholars are increasingly confronted with claims of injus- 244 tice: assertions of colonization, marginalization A Genealogy of Just Transitions: Varieties of Just and disenfranchisement of forest-dependent Transitions - Varieties of Environmental Justice peoples, and privatization of common resources Dimitris Stevis Department of Political Science, Colorado State University, are some of the most severe allegations of injus- Fort Collins, USA tice resulting from globally-driven forest

Category: Justice and Allocation

During the last several years the strategy of Just the 1990s and the first decade of this millen- Transition has become increasingly prominent nium. The third, and more important, are inter- globally, more diverse and more contested. Its views (both regular and life) with people in- inclusion in the Paris Agreement and the Silesia volved in the development of the Just Transition Declaration at COP24 announced its rise to the narrative from the late 1980s to the present. top of global governance. This paper provides a Some of those interviews have already been systematic genealogy of Just Transitions that completed and the remaining will be completed employs the dimensions of environmental jus- during April and May of 2019. tice while embedding them into social power. The goal is to better understand the dynamic de- Panel ID 28 velopment of JT across time, its contemporary Just Transitions (ii) : energy and mining variability, and its promise as a transformative Chair: Dimitris Stevis policy. This genealogy will also provide necessary 77 context to current analyses and debates about Debating a Just Energy Transition in Brazil and Just Transition and its promise with respect to South Africa the governance of sustainability transitions. By Kathryn Hochstetler whom and for whom, has JT been promoted over London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom the years? Who is recognized and who is not in various proposals and practices? To what degree Both Brazil and South Africa have begun an en- are the voices of those affected, particularly the ergy transition toward more use of wind and so- more vulnerable, recognized as their own and lar powered electricity. While the two countries not supplanted by those of advocates? Are Just share many basic political economy characteris- Transition proposals recognizing all those af- tics, not least their striking economic inequality, fected, across space and time? Why have JTs their electricity systems are very different. In been proposed? What are the implications of South Africa, a public utility has used coal to gen- privileging some environmental and social prior- erate almost all of the national electricity supply, ities over others? Do Just Transition proposals which still leaves about 20% of the population - ever serve exigencies other than social and envi- mostly Black African and poor - unserved. In Bra- ronmental justice? How are JTs to take place? zil, there is nearly universal electricity provision Who participates in the formation of JT policies based on mostly hydropower, with both public and how is participation structured? Is participa- and private generation. As this brief summary tion inclusive of all affected or do they privilege suggests, the two countries have very different particular people or places within the world po- national political economies of electricity, bely- litical economy? What is the ambition of JT poli- ing any simple story of renewable energy inno- cies? To what degree are they managing, reform- vation. This paper asks how those two national ing of transforming the global political economy political economies of electricity create different and its governances? Do they go beyond envi- just transition dilemmas - who benefits and who ronmental justice to address ecological justice pays the costs of energy transition in each? In between humanity and nature? The evidence for particular, are historically vulnerable popula- this genealogy is based on three major sources. tions protected or are they asked to bear dispro- The first is primary and secondary material from portionate transition costs? The paper examines the late 1980s to the present that I have col- costs and benefits through not just the classic lected over the last twenty years. The second is just transition issue - for labor forces - but also access to the personal files of key people from for communities that hosted older forms of

Category: Justice and Allocation

electricity and those where wind and solar developments can take place without ignoring power are sited. It also considers the impact of indigenous rights. wind and solar power adoption on the cost, qual- 262 ity, and access to electricity service for consumers. I argue that all of these are potential areas Just transitions in mining for renewable energy: of costs and benefits that create a fuller view of justice and ethical implications of globalised what constitutes a just energy transition. As they metal trade Elsa Dominish are large emerging powers and regional leaders, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia the experiences of Brazil and South Africa are especially important for understanding the poten- The transition towards a renewable energy and tial dilemmas of just energy transition in the de- transport system requires a complex mix of met- veloping world. The paper is based on extensive als and minerals, many of which have only previ- fieldwork in the two countries, including more ously been mined in small amounts. Demand for than 90 interviews with various actors in the en- these metals – such as copper, cobalt, nickel, ergy and climate sectors. It is organised around a rare earths, lithium and silver – is projected to qualitative structured, focused comparison of rise dramatically, and new mining developments two national cases. linked to renewable energy are already underway. There are many examples of where the 163 metals used in renewable energy have led to The rise of renewables and energy transition in heavy metal contamination of water and agricul- Mexico tural soils and severe health impacts, and some Ariana Escalante of these metals are mined in vulnerable commu- University of York, York, United Kingdom nities, where precarious labour conditions and Globally market-driven mechanisms have been poor environmental standards impact the well- used to boost renewable energy. This paper in- being of workers. Using a ‘just transitions’ lens, vestigates the lack of coordination of interna- this presentation will synthesise the justice di- tional, national and local developmental priori- mensions of the supply of metals for renewable ties and the inclusion of local needs in the deci- energy technologies, and will assess which com- sion making process of renewable energy devel- munities and countries are likely to bear the opments in Mexico. Additionally, it raises con- costs and benefits of mining for the transition to cerns regarding what is in principle a much- a renewable energy system. It draws together needed, timely, and legitimate project—the the projected metal demand for solar photovol- transition to renewable energy sources—and taics, wind and electric vehicles with data on na- queries whether the transition will result in vio- tional reserves, international metal trade and lations of human rights. Alternative energy known examples of where mining is already un- schemes requires a geographical analysis be- der development. This is linked to a detailed re- yond territories of energy production. Energy view of the known location-specific environmen- transitions confront space and territory and the tal and human rights impacts of mining for each implications for existing local/national/interna- metal, and the results of industry interviews on tional structures of governance that are more responses and the potential for responsible important than the mere provision of electricity. sourcing approaches. This study will present im- This research explores how national government plications for the governance of renewable en- re-thinks political decentralization of energy sys- ergy metals in a way that ensures just and ethical tems and particularly how renewable energy outcomes for communities. Results signify that

Category: Justice and Allocation

many of the metals with large projected in- sustainability transformations. An impasse prev- creases in demand are mined or found in coun- alent in gold sector interventions reinforces tries with very weak governance structures, these sustainability barriers: echoing moderniza- where adverse human rights and environmental tion strands of sustainability thinking, govern- impacts are likely to be significant. At the same ments and international bodies promote change time some manufacturers have responded to as a matter of miners’ security mineral rights, im- this by focusing on securing new supply from in- proving technology, becoming trained, and thus dustrialised countries, which may reduce eco- equipped to adopt sustainable practices. There is nomic benefits for mining dependent communi- neither recognition of how mining actors experi- ties in countries with weaker governance that ence sustainability’s contradictions, nor of how currently supply the market. Responsible sourc- dynamic is endogenous technological change in ing approaches need to ensure the potential ASGM. This includes forms of innovation that benefits do not only benefit industrialised coun- catalyze practices to improve environmental and tries, but vulnerable communities such as infor- socio-economic impact. Using as an evidence- mal miners. base of cross-regional empirical data from a NORFACE/Belmont Forum funded project “Gold 373 Matters: Exploring Sustainability Transfor- Artisanal & Small-scale Gold Mining, Sustainabil- mations in ASGM – Transregional and Multi-Ac- ity Transformations and Social Justice tor Perspectives” this paper argues that we need Eleanor Fisher to de-center our assumptions of unsustainability University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom in ASGM and shift the terms of dominant debate Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in ways that give credence to the potential for presents a tricky proposition for debates on jus- positive transformations to arise. This includes tice and allocation in earth systems governance. acknowledging the voices of marginalized mining Combining the geological fixity of gold resources actors in articulating visions of more sustainable with human mobility, ASGM brings questions of futures. An agenda is put forward for transdisci- justice and resource allocation to the fore while plinary engagement on ASGM and issues of jus- exposing power disparities, inequalities and con- tice and allocation within the context of wider flict. Within the context of the global expansion consideration of sustainability transformation. of gold mining economies, an estimated 16 mil- Inevitably this brings questions of moral respon- lion people are dependent on ASGM. This in- sibility and political accountability to the fore. In volves labour intensive, low-tech, gold extrac- this respect the tricky proposition that ASGM tion and processing. Globally, it is associated presents for our debates on sustainability trans- with a host of negative environmental impacts, formations in earth systems governance, is not including biodiversity loss and ecosystem degra- one we can step away from given how integral is dation. Nevertheless in supporting the liveli- the use of gold and other minerals within con- hoods of millions of people, many of whom are temporary lives; significant quantities of these living in poverty and eke out an existence in the minerals are extracted through artisanal and most marginal environments, its employment small-scale techniques. and income generating potential can contribute to social justice and fairer allocation of economic Panel ID 29 resources. Despite this positive socio-economic Legal and Institutional Perspectives on potential, governance systems and profound Justice and Allocation power disparities generate critical barriers to Chair: Sonja Klinsky

Category: Justice and Allocation

68 adaptation projects. Based on a comparative Adaptation to climate change: Institutionalising case study research, this contribution will pre- (in)justices? sent first empirical and conceptual insights on Maria Kaufmann how institutional set-ups structure the formula- Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands tion of adaptation projects of the Adaptation Climate change is projected to increase the fre- Fund and the Green Climate Fund. The contribu- quency and intensity of extreme weather events tion will present a typology of distributional con- such as floods, droughts or heat waves. Societies sequences and identify multi-level discursive-in- need to adapt to these aggravating risks. In stitutional pathways reproducing injustices. It is 2009, developed countries committed to provid- crucial to understand these processes to adjust ing annually $100 billion by 2020 to support, procedures and assessment frameworks for pro- among others, developing countries’ adaptation ject formulation that counteract the (re)produc- projects. A significant portion of this funding will tion of injustices. flow through multilateral funds such as the Ad- 124 aptation Fund (AF, launched 2007) and the Law, Society and the Anthropocene Green Climate Fund (GCF, established 2010). But Margot Hurlbert adaptation projects are not without controversy. Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Regina, Scholars argue that they might actually exacer- Canada bate communities’ vulnerabilities to climate Theorizing about law, society and the Anthropo- change by multiplying societal injustices. As a cene opens a new frontier. The new frontier be- consequence, they may jeopardize the achieve- gins with a trivalent conceptualization of each ment of several Sustainable Development component: law, society and the Anthropocene Goals. Despite growing critical research on cli- but must evolve to a solid theoretical framework mate justice, we have little analytical knowledge of the components and the interrelationships of the mechanisms (re)producing injustices. This between law, society and the Anthropocene in contribution argues that the multi-level institu- order to advance justice. This paper briefly tional set-up of multi-lateral funds is crucial for builds a theoretical foundation for each compo- explaining the (re)production of injustices as it nent of law, society and the Anthropocene, and structures the formulation of adaptation pro- then a unifying trivalent framework linking the jects. The institutional set-up comprises proce- three constituent components. Law is often dures established by the multi-lateral funds, and studied in a jurisprudential positivist man- formal and informal rules on the national, re- ner. Assumptions of people as actors making ra- gional and local level. In the political debate, it is tional choices with full information frame an ‘of- assumed that the direct-access approach in- ficial version of the law.’ Often law is envisioned creases adaptation projects’ responsiveness to as a closed system free from external influ- the local context. This implies that the multi- ences. Those practicing the law, dispense justice level interaction of actors, institutions, and dis- through a completely self-referential process of courses differs in projects led by national entities reviewing statutes, legal decisions and reason- (direct-access) compared to projects led by ining. There are no outside influences. New sci- ternational intermediaries. But it remains un- ence (such as that surrounding climate change) clear how these institutional set-ups (direct-ac- does not exist within the law until a judge deter- cess, multi-national) influence the project for- mines that it exists and it applies in a particular mulation. Hence, this contribution aims to open case. thers do believe law connects to society as this black box of formulating multilateral climate it has long been conceived as the most important

Category: Justice and Allocation

observable manifestation of the collective con- study contributes new insights by (1) identifying sciousness and its transformation. The law is a the actor classes most engaged in promoting an ‘living law’ that is determined and applied by institutional norm favoring green court estab- people in their everyday decisions of how to lishment, and (2) evaluating how insights from abide by, invoke, and interpret the law. But how green court promotion can inform broader norm does our view of society and how it operates in- diffusion scholarship. It first reviews existing lit- form our understanding of how the law oper- erature addressing known environmental norm ates? Is it a social structure operating, shaping diffusion actor classes. Next, the study generates and being shaped by the society in which it oper- a detailed qualitative account of the key actor ates? Or is it a mere instruments of capital influ- classes promoting green courts by gathering encing our governments and those passing original data through document review, an ex- statue laws? And what are the implications of pert survey, and depth interviews. It subse- this for our understanding of how law and soci- quently evaluates the resulting findings, and it ety interconnect with the Anthropocene?Which emphasizes the importance of judges as norm understandings of law, society, and the Anthro- entrepreneurs, of judicial networks and confer- pocene relate to the new interconnections be- ences as catalysts for environmental norm ex- tween people and their world that is relevant for change, and of disconnects between judges and the 21st C? Can we build upon institutional anal- legal academics as constraints upon broader ysis and development framework that interre- norm diffusion. Ultimately, this project advances lates people with common pool resources such efforts in Earth System Governance to better un- as the earth or her conception of the socio-eco- derstand how norm diffusion actors influence logical system? This paper builds a framework of justice and equity when regulating the global en- law, society and the Anthropocene using a social vironment. Simultaneously, it contributes to field vision of society in order to advance justice broader discourse examining the role of judges and open a new research agenda of how to ad- and transjudicial exchanges in environmental dress the complex problems of the Anthropo- and legal norm diffusion. cene. 234 127 The Inter-American Human Rights System and Cli- Norm diffusion and legal innovation in Earth Sys- mate Change: Anticipating Human Rights-Based tem Governance: the case of green courts Climate Litigation James Mike Angstadt Juan Auz Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany. Terra Mater, Quito, Ecuador. Fundacion Pacha- Numerous institutional models have been estab- mama, Quito, Ecuador lished in pursuit of justice, rights, and access in Earth System Governance. These include special- Climate change impacts and their response ized “green” courts that exclusively hear envi- measures have clear and widely acknowledged ronmental questions. Green courts have prolif- human rights implications, especially for coun- erated across countries and governmental lev- tries in Latin America, where climate-vulnerabil- els, and they may enhance domestic capacity to ity is a prominent issue. Such implications in- interpret environmental laws and to implement clude, but are not limited to, the violation of the international environmental principles. Never- rights of indigenous peoples, tensions between theless, the mechanisms supporting rapid green legitimate interests, and the identification of at- court spread remain poorly understood. This tribution. The Inter-American Human Rights Sys- tem (IAHRS), comprised by a Commission

Category: Justice and Allocation

(IACHR) and a Court (IACtHR), has been a re- challenges are likely to aggravate issues of jus- gional norm innovator with international impact, tice in flood risk management (hereafter FRM). providing victims with a space to attain truth and Based on a discursive institutionalist perspec- justice. Plaintiffs have increasingly used the tive, this paper explores justice in Dutch FRM: IAHRS to address rights connected to the envi- how do institutions allocate the responsibilities ronment. Yet, so far climate change cases have and costs for FRM for different types of flooding? either been dismissed or not gone beyond the What are the underlying conceptions of justice - admissibility stage before the IACHR. Since cli- utilitarianism, egalitarianism, Rawlsian Justice mate change will touch upon every aspect of the Principle or elitarianism? What are the future lives of all individuals and organizations in the re- challenges with regard to climate change? To ad- gion, it is likely that victims will resort to the dress these questions, the research employed IAHRS to seek remedies for human rights viola- mainly qualitative methodologies. The research tions resulting from climate change. The IAHRS is revealed that a dichotomy is visible in the Dutch therefore expected to play a role in this connec- approach to FRM: despite an abundance of rules, tion, interpreting the rights of those living in the regulations and resources spent, flood risk or its continent in light of new societal challenges and management is only marginally discussed in granting appropriate remedies. This paper will terms of justice. Despite that, the current insti- provide a prospective analysis of the institutional tutional arrangement has material outcomes arrangements and normative production of the that treat particular groups of citizens differ- IAHRS in the context of cases arising from cli- ently, depending on the type of flooding they are mate change-related circumstances. By taking prone to, the area they live in (unembanked/em- stock of relevant environmental decisions and banked) or category of user (e.g. household, in- the IACtHR's recent advisory opinion on human dustry, farmer). The paper argues that the de- rights and the environment, I will deliver a bate on justice will (re)emerge, since the differ- clearer picture of the role of human rights insti- ences in distributional outcomes are likely to be- tutions in addressing climate change at present come increasingly uneven as a result of increas- and in future. This will offer a novel and much- ing flood risk. The Netherlands should be pre- needed contribution to academic scholarship pared for this debate by generating relevant and civil society, on the role of human rights law facts and figures. An inclusive debate on the dis- in responding to complex and pressing societal tribution of burdens of FRM could contribute to challenges associated with climate change. more effective and legitimate FRM.

Panel ID 32 181 Justice, allocation and risk Climate risk and the cost of capital: a perversion Chair: Paul Wapner of the polluter pays principle? Steffen Bauer1, Clara Brandi1, Ulrich Volz1,2 64 1German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Ent- 2 The undebated issue of justice: silent discourses in wicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn, Germany. SOAS University of London, London, United Kingdom Dutch flood risk management Maria Kaufmann1, Sally Priest2, Pieter Leroy1 Inequalities in human development are often 1Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Middlesex compounded by environmental change. This is University, London, United Kingdom particularly pronounced in the discourse on cli- Flood risk of all types of flooding is projected to mate justice, which responds to the mismatch increase based on climate change projections whereby those who contribute least to the and increases in damage potential. These causes of anthropogenic climate change are

Category: Justice and Allocation

most vulnerable to its consequences. Associated seeks to advance a policy-relevant understand- challenges to justice and allocation in Earth Sys- ing of issue linkages between climate policy, risk tem Governance include questions on the distri- management and the global economy. Ulti- bution of costs and benefits of transformational mately, the paper argues for better reflecting change. This paper addresses an emergent chal- global financial structures in multilateral climate lenge that results from interdependencies be- policy and to developing strong institutional in- tween anticipated impacts of climate change and terlinkages between global climate and global fi- global financial structures. Recent empirical re- nancial governance as a prerequisite to targeting search traced how vulnerability to climate risks one of the major blind spots of justice and allo- affects the conditions for borrowing on global cation in Earth System Governance capital markets. Specifically, assessments of cli- 425 mate vulnerability drive up the cost of sovereign debt for climate vulnerable developing coun- Impacts of Market-Based Instruments for Envi- tries. Yet, within the given structures of the ronmental Governance on Indigenous Peoples Pamela McElwee global economy, the economic prospects of de- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA veloping countries depend (among other factors) on access to financial markets at reasona- In recent years, market-based instruments ble conditions. The plight of climate vulnerable (MBIs) have become a major component of envi- developing countries is thus compounded by a ronmental governance. These MBIs range widely global financial system that braces itself against in focus and scope, but share in common a goal the costs of climate risks at the cost of those who of using economic incentives, either for promot- are already disproportionally burdened by these ing positive environmental services like habitat risks. This amounts to a perversion of the pol- preservation or for discouraging negative envi- luter pays principle that undermines environ- ronmental costs like pollution, in the hopes that mental justice, if unintentionally. Multilateral cli- the market provides a more efficient, less expen- mate governance is increasingly responding to sive policy outcome than traditional regulation. mismatches in global development through the MBIs for land-based resources and conservation mobilization of climate finance, encouraging di- policy have included subsidies to farmers for re- vestment from fossil-based industries and devel- fraining from use of sensitive lands, tradable per- oping climate risk insurance schemes. Such dis- mits and quotas for natural commodities such as tributional efforts are instrumental to address- fish, and payments for ecosystems services ing challenges of climate justice internationally. (PES), which provides funding from users of eco- They typically rely on the level of issue-specific system services to those who provide soil, water supply that developed countries are willing to and forest conservation. Such MBIs that include concede. The borrowing of capital, however, is compensation and/or incentives assume that in an expression of developing countries’ demand. one way or another, a monetary value can be es- Inhibiting their access to capital markets through tablished for environmental measures, and that issue-linkages with climate risks is a further man- this valuation can be used to leverage positive ifestation of inequity resulting from climate conservation behavior in some form. Yet how change. Yet, multilateral climate governance MBIs have been applied on lands and resources would be out of its waters to address the under- managed or claimed by Indigenous Peoples (IPs) lying fundamental structures of this particular have not yet been well understood. Many IPs conundrum. Placing this particular empirical have objected to monetary valuation of natural challenge in a normative context, this paper resources, claiming this violates cultural and

Category: Justice and Allocation

ontological beliefs relating nature-human rela- ethnic, etc. But many are also dealing only with tions, while many scholars and IPs have raised the symptoms rather than bringing in radical or questions about the distributional and equity im- transformative changes. In addition, they might pacts of MBIs on participating populations. be fundamentally challenging one dimension of There is little systematic understanding of the transformation but might be negatively impact- factors that influence participation in MBIs by ing other dimensions of transformations. This IPs, including eligibility, desire, and ability (such paper through four case studies attempts to un- as lack of secure land tenure or sufficient labor), derstand how the process of direct and dele- as well as cultural and community factors. To un- gated democracy emerge from the grassroots by derstand how MBIs have affected IPs, we under- documenting processes, initiatives and path- took a systematic literature review as well as se- ways to autonomous, downwardly accountable, lected case studies on various MBIs, including and participatory institutions in three states in PES, REDD+, agro-ecological schemes, biodiver- India. In addition, it aims to understand how the sity offsetting, Individual Transferable Quotas for attempts to establish radical forms of democracy fishing, and certification projects. Through this establish or enhance links to the other spheres review, we examined how prevalent MBI ap- of transformations i.e. Ecological integrity and proaches are in Indigenous lands and communi- resilience, Social wellbeing and justice, Direct ties; mapped out which Indigenous resources and delegated democracy, Economic democ- tended to be managed with MBIs versus tradi- racy, Cultural diversity and knowledge democ- tional management arrangements; and exam- racy . This paper is located into understanding ined what the potential impacts have been on the myriad attempts at generating and practicing IPs, including concerns about privatization of radical forms of direct democracy that could not commonly management resources and unequal only challenge the dominant ‘development’ par- distribution of benefits. We will present the ma- adigm but provide viable pathways for human jor findings from this review in this presentation. wellbeing that are ecologically sustainable and socio-economically equitable. The four case ex- Panel ID 34 amples located in different geographic locations Justice Governance of commons and rein India namely, Tosa Maidan (Jammu and Kash- sources mir) and Bhuj City (Gujarat), Korchi, (Maharash- Chair: Kimberly Marion Suiseeya tra), and Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) document and examine the local processes to estab- 32 lish forms of direct democracy and their links to Reimagining Governance: forms of self-govern- just, equitable and ecologically wise paradigms. ance from the grassroots 1.In Korchi, communities, along with resisting 1 1 Shrishtee Bajpai , Ashish Kothari state-sponsored mining, are actively engaged in 1Kalpavriksh , Pune , India. reconstructing collectives and local governance Across the world, there are a number of pro- institutions. These collectives are emerging as a cesses by communities, organisations, govern- platform to resist mining, form rules and regula- ment bodies, movements, and business that are tions for forest management and conservation, trying to challenge the issues of unsustainability, localise control over their livelihoods, revisit cul- inequity, and injustice. Many of these processes tural identity, and assert direct and engendered are challenging the fundamental and structural democracy (authors- Neema Pathak Shrishtee issues such as capitalism, statism, patriarchy, Bajpai and Mukesh Shende). 2.Tosa Maidan ex- and other inequities like race, class, caste, ample focuses on local collectivisation process to

Category: Justice and Allocation

reclaim the control of communities on the governance of protected areas into the wider meadow that was leased out to Indian military to field of sustainable regional development and to use as a firing range. The locals have now started align it with the principles of environmental jus- working towards conservation and revival of lo- tice. Based on the case of the National Reserve cal livelihoods. (authors-Shrishtee Bajpai and Coyhaique (NRC) in Chile, we show how this can Ashish Kothari). 3.The collectivisation of civil so- be done. The introduced project transformed cieties, issue-based collectives and citizens to en- the NRC into a 100% energy-self-sufficient re- sure decentralisation of governance and slum reserve. It includes retrofitting existing infrastruc- development, equity and environment condu- ture, the construction of an energy-efficient cive for development in Bhuj city. (authors- model house, and installing renewable energy Shrishtee Bajpai and Ashish Kothari). 4.The systems. Alternative models for forest manage- Ladakh Autonomous Development Hill Council ment allow for the creation of jobs, training op- (LADHC) in Leh, Ladakh came about in 1995 after portunities for marginalized parts of the popula- a long struggle of claiming autonomy in Ladakh, tion, and opportunities for local businesses. Ad- however, available literature suggest that the lo- ditionally, the project addresses the need for en- cal autonomy within the structural system of vironmental education by showcasing energy-ef- representative democracy plays out more like ficient housing and heating systems to reduce appeasement. The study attempts to dig deeper high air pollution in the city. A multi-stakeholder on how ‘autonomous’ LADHC via-vis the State platform accompanies planning, implementa- and Central government; the process of internal tion and monitoring of the project’s activities. democracy, accountability, and transparency. This triggers new bottom-up institutions that (authors- Shrishtee Bajpai, Ashish Kothari and aim to integrate the management of protected Sujatha Padmanabhan) Keywords: Democracy, areas into the wider field of sustainable regional alternatives, transformations, radical democ- development. racy, and autonomy. 138 57 The governance of access: persistent drinking wa- Integrating governance of protected areas into ter and sanitation insecurities regional sustainable development: The case of Margot Hurlbert1, Naho Mirumachi2, Pedi Obani3, Shakeel 4 5 the National Reserve of Coyhaique, Chile Hayat , Philile Mbatha 1Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, Re- Theresa Tribaldos1,2, Stephan Rist1,2 gina, Canada. 2King's College, London, United Kingdom. 1Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzer- 3University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. 4Delft Institute of Water land. 2Centre for Development and Environment, University Education, Delft, Netherlands. 5University of KwaZulu-Na- of Bern, Bern, Switzerland tal, Cape Town, South Africa Most protected areas follow a strict manage- Providing drinking water and water supply ser- ment model, often called “fortress approach”. It vices in a sustainable fashion raises a number of generally restricts activities within these areas to fundamental issues in relation to access and al- hiking on assigned paths or observing flora and location, not only of water resources but also fauna. This often fuels tensions or conflicts over rights, responsibilities and risks. Much of the existing strategies of using protected areas, or provision of water supply services and sanitation unaddressed development needs of surrounding is highly uneven across different places as well as populations. Consequently, the legitimacy of in different parts of society. This problem raises protected areas is undermined and thus, biodi- questions about the way access and allocation versity conservation is at risk. One way of ad- are negotiated and determined in variegated dressing these shortcomings is to integrate the

Category: Justice and Allocation

natural and social contexts. Answering the ques- making? We studied that question in river val- tion involves examining the international gov- leys, which commonly represent most densely ernance instruments that guide access, property populated elements of landscapes, and still un- rights ascribing allocation and the scales at which dergo profound alterations due to economic de- these rights operate, as well as the responsibili- velopment and climate change. There, a multi- ties vested to various authorities and stakehold- tude of human socio-economic interests com- ers. Water insecurity, particularly of drinking wa- pete for a very limited fraction of land surface, ter and sanitation, are not simply due to natural but which offers a very broad range of ecosys- causes. The paper conducted a literature review tem services and natural capital, as high food of papers on water supply services and sanita- production, fisheries opportunities, drinking wa- tion produced by the Earth Systems Governance ter resources, hydropower, easy transport community and beyond, focusing on the findings through navigation, recreational opportunities, from 2008-2018 in particular. Access and alloca- and others. As space is very there, land use obvi- tion were interpreted broadly, thereby covering ously has to be prioritized. For that, we suggest issues of inclusive development, justice, and sus- to use non-monetized ecosystem services as a tainability. Our findings suggest that the role of platform to collect data, visualize human bene- government has been significant in facilitating fits, facilitate stakeholder involvement and sup- access and allocation, and failures in such have port transparent decision-making. Thus, the ef- long-lasting implications. Water security there- fects of land use transformations on the availa- fore increasingly requires a comprehensive con- bility of ecosystem services can be scored and sideration of the different frames, principles, in- visualized for individual ecosystem services. This struments and norms that operate within water allows demonstrating synergies or negative governance institutions in order to promote mu- trade among several human uses of ecosystem tual support for sustainable water governance services. Furthermore, ecosystem services may protecting rights to drinking water and sanita- be summarized to an integrative index, as the tion. A governance framework for inclusive wa- ‘River Ecosystem Service Index’ (RESI) ter access and allocation framework is pro- (www.resi-project.info) which may be used to posed. compare complex river and floodplain management scenarios. The RESI has been already been 389 implemented in practice in the framework of an Establishing transparency on changes in ecosys- official regional planning prioritization proce- tem services availability for citizens resulting from dure for a 80-km section of the Danube River in land use transformations Bavaria (Germany). It hence may is recom- Martin Pusch, Simone Podschun mended as a transparent inter-sectoral visualiza- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany tion and decision support tool for inter- and transdisciplinary communication. Thus, this new The Anthropocene sees dramatic changes in land cross-sectoral approach for the management of use, either intended or unintended. Such landscapes enables the identification of opti- changes of land use often affect the access to mized multifunctional and sustainable manage- ecosystem services by local people, and thus also ment options for river and floodplain sections diminish the sustainability of the regional socio- with minimized trade-offs among available eco- ecological system. This produces a key challenge system services. The transparency of the bases to governance: How can sustainable develop- and consequences of decision-making enabled ment goals or the objectives of environmental by RESI supports the involvement of citizens and legislation be translated into local decision-

Category: Justice and Allocation

NGOs in planning decisions about land use. needs, 2) assesses the effectiveness of this man- Hence, the use of RESI may be used for a agement system by monitoring changes in ani- more effective and equitable implementation of mal populations over time, and 3) evaluates the sustainable development goals across societal extent to which residents rely on these resources sectors. This index based on ecosystem service for their well-being. assessments may thus also be implemented as a steering tool to assess justice and fair allocation Panel ID 66 of resources to regional communities during land Valuing nature: ecosystem services and use transformations. natural capital Chair: Sonja Klinsky 352 Hunting for Justice: Self-Determination in Re- 59 source Management in the Amazon Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounting: proof-of- Michael Esbach concept development at watershed scale University of Florida, Florida, USA Jazmín Argüello Velázquez, Jean-Louis Weber, Ioan Ne- Northeastern Ecuador’s rain forests are widely grutiu Institut M. Serres, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, recognized as some of the most biodiverse for- France ests on the planet. This region has also been in- habited for millennia by the indigenous Cofán Changes to ecosystem functions and derived ser- Nation, who have continuously adapted their vices are faster than ever in human history, due traditional activities to maintain their well-being to the over-consumption of resources among over time. Beginning in the 1980s, researchers others. Governments and companies do not across Amazonia began to argue that indigenous keep systematic natural capital consumption hunters can contribute to overexploitation of records. This consumption corresponds to the game. Moreover, the Cofán are cited as a glaring loss of ecosystems’ ability to provide goods and example of the impact native hunters can have services and is equivalent to creating ecological on game populations. Rigorously documented debts, to future generations or to countries evidence of this process, however, is sparse. At whose are products manufactured under unsus- the same time, this controversy ignores indige- tainable conditions. The accumulation of ecolog- nous self-determination, or the right of the ical debts represent economic and political risks Cofán to manage their resources in culturally ap- and are a matter of national security and sover- propriate ways that are essential for both food eignty. Accounting for natural capital degrada- security and cultural survival. My research lever- tion allows adapting available resources to the ages a seven year partnership with the Cofán to basic needs of populations and maintaining of explore the effectiveness of their strategies for life-supporting natural systems on which socie- managing añacho (a Cofán word meaning both ties depend on. A range of environmental evalu- animals and food), with the ultimate goal of sup- ation tools has been developed with the purpose porting self-determination in resource manage- of integrating the natural capital into economical ment within the territory of Zábalo. Residents of national accounting frameworks and inform pol- Zábalo adhere to se’picho, a set of rules and re- icy-makers on their availability, use, and deple- strictions that range from prohibited species to tion. Three methodological categories are pres- limited takes and seasons. Given this context, my ently in development: reference value or bound- research 1) describes how the Cofán adaptively ary indicators; ecosystem services valuations; manage wild resources to meet their subsistence system approach tools. My work concentrated on the system approach methodology, the

Category: Justice and Allocation

Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounting (ENCA). used to solve difficult problems of any type, with ENCA is an extension of the conceptual UN Eco- a track record of astounding success. However, nomic and Environmental Accounting System there’s a catch. The tools have only been applied (SEEA), with the purpose of calculating ecosys- to business and technical problems. They have tem change at different scales. Importantly never been applied to social problems, such as ENCA targets “no net ecosystem degradation” sustainability. This paper serves as a progress re- and ultimately the amortization of the natural port on the research results of Thwink.org, which capital. The ENCA protocol is based on 3 ac- has been attempting since 2001 to adapt these counts: bio-carbon, water, and ecosystems infra- tools to fit social problems. The result is the Sys- structure and biodiversity which require signifi- tem Improvement Process (SIP), a generic pro- cant data collection and integration, including cess designed from scratch to solve difficult available satellite imagery, standard coefficients, large-scale social problems of any type. At the official statistics, and surveys. Each account is heart of SIP lies a systematic approach for using made of tables of quantities: resource stocks and root cause analysis to find the main root causes natural flows, the resource accessible without of a problem and the high leverage points for re- depletion, and the use by economic sectors (in- solving those root causes, using subproblem de- cluding returns after use). Quantitative accounts composition, social force diagrams, and system deliver an index of intensity of use. For each ac- dynamics feedback loop simulation modeling. count, an additional table records qualitative el- Solution elements are then designed to push on ements. These elements are used for making a the high leverage points. The effect is fairly pre- diagnosis of ecosystem health, summarized in an dictable, since the simulation models can index. The indexes of the intensity of use and of roughly predict, on a qualitative or quantitative health are combined altogether to produce the bases, how the system will respond to focused Ecological Capability Unit, in the same units, the efforts to push on the high leverage points. Re- three components can be added up to calculate search results consist of SIP, a preliminary analy- their asset value and its change (Weber, sis, a large body of descriptive material, a paper 2014). The objective of this project is to make ac- on Change Resistance as the Crux of the Environ- tionable the Ecosystem Natural Capital Accounts mental Sustainability Problem, and just this year, by developing a proof-of-concept tool at the preliminary studies on the effectiveness of por- Rhone watershed scale. I will present data on tions of a solution element called Politician Truth each category of resource account and their sub- Ratings. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of sequent aggregation in ECU. I will discuss the this body of work is it represents a new paradigm strengths and limitations of ENCA for its optimi- for achieving successful Earth System Govern- zation and exploitation. ance. This new way of thinking begins with the premise that “All problems arise from their root 84 causes.” Current problem-solving approaches Process-driven Problem Solving with Root Cause contain no concept of finding and resolving root Analysis: Adapting powerful business tools to fit causes, which appears to explain the poor results the sustainability problem to date on solving difficult systemic problems Jack Harich1, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas2,3 like climate change and achieving the UN SDGs. 1Thwink.og, Atlanta, USA. 2Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3Thwink.org, Atlanta, USA

Two of the most powerful tools in the business world are process-driven problem solving and root cause analysis. These tools are routinely

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206 may explain these changes, we have made an The evolution of markets for water pollution al- analysis of legal and policy documents, and car- lowances in China, a case study of Jiaxing city ried out semi-structured interviews with Chinese Hao Wang1, Sander Meijerink1, Erwin van der Krabben1, scholars, government officials and business en- Huaguo Yang2 trepreneurs who have traded water pollution al- 1 Institute for Management Research, Radboud University , lowances. The main conclusion of the paper is Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China that market design is a continuous learning pro- One of the modes of governance, which may be cess. It took more than a decade to develop well- used to combat pollution, is market governance. functioning markets in Jiaxing city, and the de- An example of this is the market for water pollu- sign of the markets has been adjusted continu- tion allowances. The literature suggests that ously to solve issues, such as low market partici- there is a relationship between the institutional pation, and unclear market demarcation. In ad- design of these markets and their performance. dition, Jiaxing city responded to changes in na- Most studies on the institutional design and per- tional and provincial legislation. As some coun- formance of markets are cross-sectional, and fail ties have been more successful in improving to grasp the dynamics of institutional design. The market performance than others, there is room central question of this paper is how we can un- for learning across the counties within Jiaxing derstand the evolution of markets for water pol- city. lution allowances. To answer this research ques- 409 tion we employed a case study strategy. We made an in-depth study of the development of The soil governance as an element to move to- markets for water pollution allowances in Jiax- wards the sustainability of socio-ecological sys- ing, China. The Chinese government embraced tems market governance as a means to combat envi- Francisco Almonacid Buenrostro UNAM, Mexico, Mexico ronmental pollution, and Jiaxing was one of the first cities in China experimenting with markets Soils are under increasing pressure of use, and for water pollution allowances, and has more soil governance is an important element to main- than 11 years of experience with these markets. tain the functions of this resource, prevent its We have made a longitudinal analysis and inves- degradation and move towards sustainability tigated how the city has responded to observed within socio-ecological systems. Due to the lack market failures and external developments, such of scarcity of studies on soil governance, it is im- as changes in national or provincial legal and pol- portant to highlight that soils are one of the nat- icy frameworks. Interestingly, Jiaxing city al- ural resources whose use and management are lowed the seven counties within the city to set of global importance, so it is useful to examine up their own markets, within the general frame- the main drivers, pressures and institutional re- work developed by the city. This polycentric sponses to land use. Considering the diversity of structure can be conceived of as an experimental local biophysical, social and cultural environ- setting, in which various institutional designs are ments. In order to operationalize the concept of tested. Our research was informed by institu- soil governance within the framework of socio- tional-economic theory, and the literature on in- ecological systems. This document focuses on stitutional change. To investigate changes in the the soil governance mechanism seen as a collec- design and performance of the markets for wa- tive process in contrast to the theoretical as- ter pollution allowances in Jiaxing city over time, sumption in which landowners have greater in- and to learn more about the key factors which centives to conserve this resource. This analysis

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synthesizes the opinion of experts from different 418 disciplines, through structured interviews infor- Diverse values at stake: discrepancies between mation was obtained about the topics that are top-down and bottom-up “environmentalities” in needed for operational soil governance. Based a highly biodiverse region of Mexico on the framework of socio-ecological systems of Ana Monroy1, Peter Gerritsen2, Eduardo García Frapolli1, Elinor Ostrom that links the biophysical, ecologi- Gerard Verschoor3 1 cal, social, economic, political, socio-institutional Institution of Sustainability and Ecosystems Research , Mo- relia, Michoacán, Mexico. 2University of Guadalajara, environment, economic constraints and decision Autlán, Mexico. 3Wageningen , Wageningen, Netherlands characteristics; the findings are presented and discussed about how soil governance would con- Nowadays, the call for a more inclusive and just tribute to transiting towards sustainability in an environmental governance for local and indige- adaptable and reflective manner and what are nous communities is sound. Even though, differ- the opportunities, barriers, and compensations ent visions about nature and the environment that this represents. The main finding is that the exist, sometimes creating conflicts around the data obtained contradict to a large extent the same territory. Among these different visions, theoretical assumptions, that is, it is not possible there is the recognition of a sharp dichotomy be- to discern a clear relationship between the three tween top-down and bottom-up logics. These vi- parameters of soil quality of arable land, rent sions have embedded a set of values and the re- price and income ratio. The results obtained lationship with nature we should pursuit, along- show that the most relevant aspects for soil gov- side their institutions that articulate those val- ernance are: i) private benefits, public goods, ues. These logics have been called by some au- and ecosystem services; ii) development and ex- thors as “environmentalities” that refers to the tension of soil research; iii) soil education; iv) in- strategies of governing human action and the tergenerational equity; v) soil degradation, and creation of subjects. Moreover, in highly bio- vi) conflicts over land. The possible explanations diverse and biocultural regions a confluence of of the contradictions revealed in relation to the environmentalities is prominent. Therefore, we state of the research were discussed and the examined the underlying logics among the top- need for future research to better understand down and bottom-up process of environmental the potential of soil governance as a mechanism governance of a highly biodiverse region inhab- to move towards the sustainable management ited by local and indigenous groups, the South of socio-ecological systems was highlighted. In Coast of Jalisco, México, with the aim of finding addition to the above, a unifying scientific narra- discrepancies about the management of natural tive is also needed. So in general terms, the resources. By looking at different previous case transdisciplinary perspective can provide the cri- studies of natural resource management strate- teria to determine the role of soil governance on gies and valuation by local communities we de- the sustainable management of socio-ecological scribe the main peasants´ logic and their values. systems. Key concepts: soil, soil governance, so- Then we analyze the main conservation policies cio-ecological systems, soil sustainability, trans- and schemas in the same area. We found a com- disciplinary. plex governance landscape as a result of a combination of environmentalities from different actors, each of them articulating a set of values about nature. Peasants’ logic evinces a highly contextualized traditional ecological knowledge that promotes multifunctionality of the landscape where production and conservation of

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ecosystems coexist. Also, heterogeneous groups inside communities value aspects of nature dif- ferently, and overall diversity of values is found, where relational values are present. This logic clashes with, for example, neoliberal environ- metalities in schemas like Payment for Environ- mental Services that foster mostly instrumental values of nature and clearly separates conservation from production. These programs are becoming more dominant in previous conserved areas inside local communities. Also, we found the presence of sovereign environmentalities in the logic behind Natural Protected Areas where mostly the intrinsic values of nature are favored, again dismantling multifunctionality. We discuss that new forms of governance have to be conceived with an institutional diversity that articu- lates the plural values in local communities in order to make more visible other human-nature relationships.

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Panel ID 1 obfuscations (Bendik-Keymer 2018) of terms Imagining the Anthropocene: How politi- such as the “Anthropocene,” thereby exposing ways in which communal autonomy is foreclosed cal imaginaries and social fantasies affect alongside an accurate, non-reified understand- future earth-building. ing of our planetary situation. How can our plan- Chair: Aysem Mert, Jelle Behagel etary situation be understood decolonially such 28 that the worlds within the world are respected Autonomous conceptions of our planetary situa- according to the axiom of the “equality of intelli- tion gence” (Rancière 1991, cf. Freire, 1968; and Jeremy Bendik-Keymer, Case Western Reserve University, Scheinfeld et al., 2008)? Acknowledging the twin USA epistemic demands of being (1) world-focused The “Anthropocene” is a culturally current and and (2) non-reifying, I propose an epistemic un- scientifically considered naming of our planetary derstanding of anthroponomy grounded in a phi- situation characterized by social processes that losophy of disagreement. Disagreement opens have driven ecological, biochemical and geologi- the mystery of the world. It depends on devel- cal processes toward uncertain feedbacks oping good relationships within and between (Dryzek and Pickering, 2018). The “Anthropo- communities. Anthroponomy is the idea of such cene” understands these social processes as the disagreement related to a planetary situation general expression of human agency. In so do- under many different names and languages, aiming, the “Anthropocene” reifies the social pro- ing to continuously respect people’s autonomy cesses by making them natural expressions of (cf. Whyte, 2017; Dryzek and Pickering, the human being, itself reified as a natural kind 2018). Non-dominating (Pettit, 1997), interper- (cf. Honneth, 2008). The logic expressed in the sonally accountable (Darwall, 2006, 2013) and concept of the “Anthropocene” is coloniality self-determining (cf. Coulthard, 2014; Pasternak, (Walsh and Mignolo, 2018) – “the dark side of 2017), anthroponomy responds to a planetary modernity” wherein the multiplicity of worlds situation threatening communal autonomy (Gar- within the world is “englobed” by a single world diner, 2011; Frazier, 2016; Mann and Wain- (Mignolo, 2011). Thereby, uneven development wright, 2018). It is a decolonial response to the and various problematic effects of the social pro- “Anthropocene.” Using anthroponomy, how cesses of capitalism, industrialism, and colonial- should we approach imagining our planetary sit- ism (including racism and patriarchy; de Jong, uation? Social imaginaries of our planetary situ- Icaza, and Rutazibwa, 2019) are “erased” (Dot- ation should be (a) constitutively unset- son, 2017). Against such “totalization,” decolo- tled. They should be (b) results of disagreement niality as practice (Walsh, 2018; Naepi, 2019) through good relationship, (c) inscribing imagi- commits to revealing the social process nary openness to the “otherwise” of worlds

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(Walsh and Mignolo, 2018). And they should be address the question of what kind of agencies (d) grounded in the mystery of the world be- the fantasy of the Anthropocene implies and neath worlds (Marion, 1998). what kind of identities and affective relations ac- company such agencies. To answer this ques- 54 tion, we use interview data and text analysis to A fantasy of omnipotence? The Anthropocene de- trace what kind of fantasies artists, scholars, bate and its influence on contemporary na- practitioners and citizens who engage with the turecultures concept of the Anthropocene are exposed to and Ayşem Mert1, Jelle Behagel2 internalize. Using text and multi-modal visual 1Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands analysis, we explore such social and individual engagement in multiple fields across a broad What kind of fantasies and political desires do range of examples, from local art collectives to the concept of the Anthropocene and the de- global forest policy to urban water crises. Our bates surrounding it evoke? The concept of fan- paper explores what gets inscribed into the tasy has thus far been hesitantly applied to envi- techno-scientific and institutional arrangements ronmental studies. In discourse theory, the ‘fan- that reflect Anthropocene fantasies and feed tasmatic logic’ explains the direction, speed, and into global governance arrangements. We con- resistance to change. At the individual level, fan- clude by emphasizing the importance of explor- tasies allow people to become subjects capable ing fiction and fantasy in finding a realistic and of acting on the world. Fantasies also postpone actionable answer to the global challenges of the fulfilment of a broad range of desires and Earth System Governance in the Anthropocene. serve to prevent immediate outbursts of both aggression and enjoyment, allowing for cooper- 274 ation. Moreover, fantasies structure observa- The Politics of Planetary Times tion, make identities and ideas ‘natural’, provide Frederic Hanusch the potential for agency, and make cooperation Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Pots- dam, Germany possible. Systematically studying fantasy thus allows a specific understanding of the frame, di- The notion of the Anthropocene has brought the rection, and/or lack of political and social action temporal dimension of Earth System Govern- in sustainability transitions and global environ- ance to the forefront. Discussions include empir- mental politics and governance. One of the most ical insights on deep time interdependencies of central fantasies concerning Earth System Gov- current actions and future impacts, the Great Ac- ernance research is that of humans becoming a celeration of human influence on the Earth, the significant planetary force and fundamentally transformation of dates into stop signs to end transforming the natural cycles at a planetary emissions, tipping points in the earth system, level. This paper aims to understand this phan- Great Again-retrotopias of a romanticized fossil tasmal dimension of the Anthropocene. Follow- fuel past, and conceptual approaches of transi- ing Haraway, Tsing, and other feminist scholars, tion, in- and exnovation, imagination or anticipa- we explore the practical identities and relation- tion, to name just a few. The recognition of tem- ships that are made natural through the phan- poral elements was one of the major milestones tasmal. Highlighting the positive role of fantasy towards a better understanding of the web of in- in making action and agency possible, we apply terconnections between humans and the earth the concept to study how fluid identities and the system in recent years. While much of the cur- making of human/non-human relations creative rent effort is spend on either analyzing uncon- new pathways for global action. We, therefore, nected or explicating still implicit temporal

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elements, the proposed paper aims at synthesiz- 116 ing an overall concept of the politics of planetary Assessment as fantasy: IPBES and the production times. To outline entry points for the develop- of global biodiversity knowledge ment of the temporal lens of Earth System Gov- ,Esther Turnhout ernance, the paper proceeds in five sections a Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen new research perspective needs to address: rea- University, Wageningen, Netherlands sons, definitions, concepts, normativity and rec- The proposition of the Anthropocene has evoked ommendations. Accordingly, the first section ar- contrasting imaginaries in environmental hu- gues that the usage of time in the Anthropocene manities, environmental governance studies as is deeply political, but our current conceptions well as policy institutions and thinktanks. On one and applications of time are rather a product of hand, it has strengthened already existing mod- chance than deliberate judgment. Second, the ernist and imaginaries of global control and plan- diversity of time is approached through a three- etary management, but at the same time, it has fold definition of natural, artificial and planetary also served as a provocation; an invitation to times as a result of the interferences of the pre- more radically rethink the assumptions of vious two, complemented with a methodological modernism and the relation between humans underpinning. The third section extracts the and the environment. To varying extent, these (power of) time regimes’ actors, structures and two contrasting imaginaries have also shaped processes beyond existing arrangements of cur- the way in which knowledge and relations be- rent planetary times. These arrangements, tween knowledge and governance are conceptu- which will be called time designs, are made and alized and organized in practice. In this paper, I used: deadlines are set and bypassed, election will use the example of IPBES (the Intergovern- periods synchronized, time budgets negotiated, mental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem windows of opportunity utilized, etc. Having con- Services) to illustrate this. I will focus specifically ceptualized the governance of time, a fourth sec- on the activity of integrated assessment; the syn- tion formulates normative sketches towards thesis and integration of existing knowledge to “Chronopolitanism” as the temporal supplement serve as a basis for policy and governance. I will to Cosmopolitanism. If the world can be altered discuss how and to what extent the activity of as- through the use of time designs, orientational sessment within IPBES is shaped by imaginaries knowledge needs to be created, considering of unified biodiversity, inclusiveness, science- among others Hannah Arendt’s notion of natal- policy interfaces, and effective policy and gov- ity. Lastly, avenues for the further exploration ernance. The argument that I will develop in this and democratization of planetary times are out- paper is that assessment functions as a fan- lined. They include questions on how temporal tasy that is able to silence and hide the tensions literacy about planetary times can be nurtured between the different and competing imagi- towards temporally mature societies. The paper naries of biodiversity assessment, of the Anthro- concludes that approaching a temporal lens pocene more generally, while evading the ques- might be as demanding as learning a new lan- tion of what would be required to combat biodi- guage at first, but once internalized it allows for versity loss in a manner that is equitable, legiti- completely new avenues of imagining and fanta- mate and effective. sizing future earth-building.

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56 and 2018, I first analyze general patterns of fu- The Future as a Governance Object in the Interna- ture thinking as well as beliefs regarding the tional Climate Change Regime long-term goals among negotiation participants Manjana Milkoreit (national delegates and non-party stakeholders). Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Second, I report how a negotiation simulation International environmental regimes are future- (serious game) conducted with negotiation par- oriented institutions in the sense that they seek ticipants in 2018 affected their future-thinking to affect the future trajectory and state of envi- patterns. ronmental systems, e.g. reducing air pollution, Panel ID 5 slowing the rate of biodiversity decline or limit- Earth System Governance 4.0: How Does ing deforestation. Key governance instruments and tools for future-oriented governance include Digital Change Affect Earth System Gov- scientific assessment reports with a scenario ernance? modeling emphasis, the use of long-term goals Chair: Karsten A Schulz (e.g., the climate regime), target years (e.g., the Discussant: Ruben Zondervan SDGs) or implementation schedules (e.g., the 29 ozone regime), as well as review mechanisms to keep track of progress and goal achievement Reducing Disaster Risk through Forecast-Based over time. The future orientation of the climate Financing: The Future of 'Smart Contracts' Karsten Schulz regime ought to be particularly pronounced University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands given the deep time dimensions of climate change. Global decisions in this decade can af- Forecast-based financing is now considered a fect the state of the planet and conditions for all cutting-edge policy tool that holds the potential life on it not merely for centuries, but millennia to dynamically allocate resources where they are to come. Initially, these long time horizons were needed the most. Innovative forecast-based fi- not reflected in the governance structures cre- nancing thus seeks to expand the traditional fi- ated under the UNFCCC. However, the Paris nancial instruments of development coopera- Agreement has recently introduced major insti- tion by improving their efficiency, scalability and tutional innovations in this regard. These include inclusiveness. Especially when combined with the introduction of multiple long-term (i.e., mid- 'smart contracts' that are based on distributed and end-of-century) global goals, the establish- ledger-technology and triggered by evidence- ment of NDC cycles that require ten to fifteen- based indicators, forecast-based financing could year national planning horizons, the require- support new forms of anticipatory governance ment to develop mid-century decarbonization and development finance. One of the most strategies, and the conduct of the Talanoa Dia- promising fields of application for innovative logue, which invited parties to take a 2030 per- forecast-based financing via 'smart contracts' is spective. This paper investigates to what extent disaster risk reduction. Anticipatory tools such as negotiation participants have the cognitive ca- climate scenarios, early-warning systems and pacities to deal with the long time horizons of cli- seasonal weather forecasts are becoming in- mate change, i.e., how they think about the fu- creasingly important to finance early action. Yet, ture, and to what extent such future-thinking ca- there are still considerable uncertainties when it pacities can be developed with the use of a seri- comes to the automatic release of funds for pre- ous game specifically designed for this purpose. ventative measures, since anticipatory govern- Based on survey and interview collected in 2017 ance tools cannot always provide reliable

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information. This may lead to situations where of digital technologies including the use of bio- early warnings may go unheeded, either due to metrics and distributed ledger-technology (e.g. a lack of standard operating procedures for fore- Blockchain, Ethereum) could help in addressing cast-based action or based on concerns that this challenge. In a report from December 2018 funds will not be allocated optimally. At the the WEF presented research estimating that by same time, there is little discussion about com- 2022 150 million people will have ‘blockchain- bining forecast-based financing tools with dis- based’ digital identities. India has rolled out the tributed ledger-technology, not only at the pre- ‘Aadhaar’ identification system over the last dec- disaster stage but also for post-disaster re- ade – which is using biometrics almost exces- sponse. Drawing on evidence from Indonesia, sively – for more than 90 percent (more than 1.2 this paper thus asks how distributed ledger-tech- billion enrolled users) of its population by the nology can be used to render disaster risk man- end of January 2019. While the advent of new agement measures more effective and inclusive. digital technologies creates great opportunity in In particular, it addresses the challenges of em- this field on the one hand, significant challenges bedding digital tools such as 'smart contracts' in and risks arise on the other. First, the introduc- sociopolitical contexts with highly divergent in- tion of increasingly autonomous systems on terests. Special consideration is also given to the large scale in very short timeframes produces a challenge of developing inclusive indicators for setting in which ‘Code is Law’, replacing existing verification and the timely release of funds. Key- rights and institutional safeguards. Such devel- words: disaster risk reduction; forecast-based fi- opment potentially enables bias and discrimina- nancing; blockchain; distributed ledger; smart tion which is ‘embedded’ in the new digital infra- contracts; anticipatory governance. structure. Significant disruption of existing governance models might be the consequence. Sec- 37 ondly, human rights such as individual privacy The Future of Digital Identity Governance need more profound understanding to success- Oskar Gstrein fully transition to the Digital Age. This contribu- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands tion will explore these aspects by presenting use Individuals living in the Global North typically cases employing either Blockchain (communities overlook the challenge of identification for par- in Netherlands, Switzerland) or biometrics ticipation in public life. However, proof of iden- (Aadhaar India) to provide formal identification, tity remains a significant challenge for many in and conclude with perspectives for Earth System the Digital Age. It is estimated that 1 billion peo- Governance and human dignity in the Digital ple on the planet face challenges proving their Age. identity. For those, it is virtually impossible to access healthcare services, education, as well as fi- 52 nancial and mobile services. This issue hamper- Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Innovative ing development in many regions increasingly re- Climate Finance under the Green Climate Fund 1 2 ceives attention as the United Nations Sustaina- Marian Feist , Karsten Schulz 1United Nations University, Bonn, Germany. 2University of ble Development Goal 16.9 is dedicated to the Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands subject. By 2030 legal identity should be provided for all, including registration at birth. Ac- The rapid development of nascent technologies cordingly, the World Bank and the World Eco- such as blockchain and distributed ledger-based nomic Forum have set up initiatives to work on systems holds transformative potential for the fi- ‘good’ digital identities. Many hope that the use nancial sector. Applications of these novel technologies include financial transactions, asset

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management through smart contracts, as well as rights of nature expand the scope of human peer-to-peer exchange networks. International rights to non-human, non-animal entities. Start- climate finance, aimed at supporting developing ing from the position that the environment countries’ responses to climate change, stands should be interpreted broadly to include all to benefit in particular ways from the new possi- forms of life, an argument advanced in critical bilities in financial technology. Distributed environmental legal scholarship and writing on ledger-based systems offer promising solutions law in the Anthropocene, I argue that the col- for common issues in international climate fi- lapse of the human/non-human binary opens up nance, such as ensuring accountability and local- the possibility of expanding the scope of human level impact. Yet, distributed ledger-based sys- rights. Next, I demonstrate how rights have al- tems may be at odds with established institu- ready been extended to natural non-human en- tional structures and operational principles, and tities under the auspices of the rights of nature, their technical limitations need to be considered. which have been adjudicated successfully in Based on a range of plausible use cases for inno- courts within Colombia, India, and New Zealand. vative mitigation and adaptation finance, we ex- Finally, from the foregoing evidence I extract el- plore how the targeted application of distributed ements of modern environmental law that sup- ledger technology may foster effective and port further widening of the concept of human transparent climate finance under the Green Cli- rights to include artefactual non-human entities mate Fund. We then discuss key political and that comprise the larger physical environment, technical challenges that may arise, for example such as humanoid robots. regarding scalability, standards and safeguards, country ownership, and further capitalization. Panel ID 16 We conclude our investigation by identifying pri- The Role of Anticipation and Imagination ority action tracks for innovative mitigation and in Transformations towards Sustainability adaptation finance based on existing use cases of Chair: Aarti Gupta distributed ledger technology. 285 96 Imagination for Transformation – An interdiscipli- From Rights of Nature to Rights for Robots nary analysis of the cognitive-social skills for nav- Joshua Gellers igating future-making in the Anthropocene University of North Florida, Jacksonville, USA Manjana Milkoreit1, Michele-Lee Moore2 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. 2Stockholm Resil- The rights of nature movement, with its origins ience Center, Stockholm, Sweden in indigenous traditional knowledge, has realized Political and scholarly interest in deliberate concrete expression in courts, constitutions, and transformations to sustainability is growing rap- citizen referenda in several places around the idly in global environmental change discourse. world. Central to this emerging norm is the no- The ability of individuals, groups and societies to tion that the Cartesian separation between man identify, explore, assess, and pursue alternative and nature is illusory. At the same time, ad- possible futures is essential for their ability to de- vances in technology have exposed frailties in liberately and collectively forge a path into the the concept of legal personhood, and the arrival future, rather than experience unguided or of the Anthropocene has invited a debate over forced change. Therefore, transformation pro- the boundaries of nature itself. Responding to cesses inevitably involve and require imagina- these developments, I detail how critical envi- tion. In this paper we develop a framework for ronmental law and recent cases pertaining to the

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studying the multiple relationships between im- there is an increased reliance on scientific pro- agination and transformation processes, includ- jections of future change to provide a basis for ing individual-cognitive, social-communicative, decision-making. Given the many unknown and political-institutional, technological, and global unknowable aspects of future social, political, governance dimensions. In the specific context and environmental systems, projections of of transformation, we refer to imagination as change are inherently uncertain. Participatory linked cognitive and social processes that create scenario processes are an emerging response to representations of possible future states of the these types of governance challenges. Scenario world that can inform and guide public delibera- processes blend knowledge, practical experi- tion, policy, decision making and behavior from ence, and imagination to provide plausible rep- the individual to the global scale. This definition resentations of the future, from which stake- emphasizes the role of imagination in multi-scale holders discuss options, negotiate trade-offs, governance and decision-making processes, and ultimately, develop pathways for action. which have been the focus of transformation re- While scenario processes have been shown to be search thus far. We contend that imagination is effective in certain cases, they remain largely iso- an essential capacity of those groups, actors and lated from broader decision-making processes. decision-makers actively seeking to secure eco- This indicates a need to critically evaluate the logical, social, economic, and cultural well-being role of scenario processes in decision-making and prosperity in times of rapid and often unpre- and in doing so, identify strategies required to dictable global change. The existence, lack and overcome existing barriers to anticipatory ac- development of imagination capacity within cur- tion. This paper will reflect on the development rent systems of governance and power will play and use of an interdisciplinary narrative scenario a crucial role in shaping societies’ responses to methodology that was used to climate adapta- their current sustainability challenges and ought tion in public land management in the United to be integrated the growing research program States. This methodology was first piloted in two on transformations. Assessing and synthesizing regions in the Western US and then used in an recent research on the relationship between im- applied decision-making context in a project that agination and transformation, we sketch a future co-produced adaptation strategies with land interdisciplinary research agenda. management agencies. In these cases, we found that scenarios were particularly adept at reveal- 326 ing unanticipated synergies and disjunctures – “Can you tell us which is the most likely sce- findings that were surprising even to partici- nario?”: Reflections on narrative scenarios as a pants. However, the research revealed substan- means to build anticipatory decision-making ca- tial obstacles and challenges to using scenarios pacities within existing decision-making practices within Carina Wyborn 1,2, Daniel Murphy3, Laurie Yung1, Daniel the agencies. Further investigation into these Williams4 1University of Montana, Missoula, USA. 2Luc Hoffmann In- challenges through interviews with agency per- stitute, Gland, Switzerland. 3University of Cincinnati, Cincin- sonnel suggest that the wide-open, expansive nati, USA. 4USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort nature of narrative-focused scenarios simply did Collins, USA not match the highly institutionalized practices The pace and scale of global environmental of planning. This was compounded by challenges change presents fundamental challenges for en- in utilising an approach that explicitly embraces vironmental governance. When decision-making uncertainty in ways that do not align with insti- can no longer be based on historical conditions, tutional and legal requirements prescribed by US

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federal law, or decision-making cultures that do events in Phoenix, AZ (USA). Our analysis allows not create space for the kind of highly imagina- us to compare alternative visions, understand tive, speculative, and reflexive thinking embed- key governance pathways, and potential obsta- ded in scenario processes. These findings sug- cles, that participants identified in fulfilling their gest that there is a need to pay more attention future goals, as well as implicit and explicit to the broader institutional context in which sce- tradeoffs. Furthermore, the scenario visions nario processes are situated, and to design pro- were created at two different spatial and gov- cesses in ways to accommodate and directly ad- ernance scales: the Greater Phoenix Area (redress current planning priorities, data require- gional scale) and South Mountain Village (neigh- ments, decision-making cultures and capacities. borhood scale), allowing us to understand how people’s hopes and desires might intersect in 360 synergistic or conflicting ways across scales. Assessing resilience, equity, and sustainability of alternative scenario visions across governance Panel ID 17 scales Anticipating the Fate of Governance in Marta Berbes-Blazquez1, Elizabeth Cook2, David Iwaniec3, Nancy Grimm1, Tischa Munoz-Erickson4, Darin Wahl5 the Anthropocene 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2The New School, Chair: Heike Schroeder New York, USA. 3Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA. 4United States Forest Service, San Juan, USA. 5Lund Univer- 78 sity, Lund, Sweden Conservation and Sustainable Development in the Current and projected trends in extreme Anthropocene: Review of UNESCO's Man and the weather events highlight the need for transform- Biosphere Programme Desirée Fiske ative change in order to improve living condi- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA tions for urban residents. In the absence of strong international agreements, many munici- Perhaps there is no better place to recognize the pal governments are leading the efforts to build impacts of anthropogenic changes than lands set resilience to climate change in general and to ex- aside for conservation and sustainable use. With treme weather events in particular. However, it pristine ecosystems and a strive for harmonious is notoriously difficult to guide and activate pro- coexistence of human and nature, protected ar- cesses of change in complex adaptive systems eas, such as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, are es- such as cities. Participatory scenario planning pecially important to observe in the Anthropo- with municipal governments and members of cene. This paper provides a discursive analysis of civil society provide an opportunity to co-pro- the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) of duce positive visions of the future. However, not UNESCO to reveal the ways the Anthropocene all visions are created equal. The purpose of this may be entering international institutions, global paper is twofold: First, we introduce a tool for as- networks, and protected area management to sessing resilience, sustainability and transforma- answer: How is the Anthropocene narrative be- tive potential of social-ecological-technological ing taken up in global environmental govern- systems based on insights from systems thinking ance, and what are the implications for human- (Meadows), social innovation (Westley) and re- nature relations, roles of science/technol- silience thinking (Holling, Gunderson). Second, ogy/knowledge, and institutional adaption? In we apply the framework to analyze the visions this article, I review action plans, management that were created in participatory scenario work- strategies, press releases, online content, bio- shops exploring the impacts of extreme weather sphere reserve reports, and related documents

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from reserves to determine whether and how coordinate the human presence. It seeks to con- the Anthropocene narrative is being taken up trol humanity’s earthly signature in the service of within MAB and how political challenges are con- sustainable development. This paper asks about fronted as the Anthropocene becomes institu- the fate of wildness in Earth System Governance tionalized. The Anthropocene does not neces- efforts. As humans bring greater institutional- sarily negate traditional management strategies ism to their collective affairs, is there a place for focused on conservation and sustainable devel- the unbidden, unpredictable, and erratic ele- opment but refines the meanings of these anti- ments of life? Might there be value in not com- quated approaches. The driving initiative behind pletely conquering the planet with human protected areas, and desire for biosphere re- knowledge and manipulative power? Will it serve status, is to hold on to a delicate balance even be possible to restrain the human impulse of humans and nature with these pristine land- to mastery as environmental challenges intensify scapes, even as they slowly fall victim to global and the need for greater human intervention environmental change. The interplay of sustain- seems inevitable? And, if so, what would it able development and conservation blends mean to plan and govern wildness? This paper with, awakens, and informs the Anthropo- will assess the wisdom and challenges of pre- cene as human and nature relations are re-conserving wildness in an increasingly humanized ceptualized; roles of science, technology, and world. As the Anthropocene intensifies, human- knowledge are re-evaluated in management ity will persistently find itself at a crossroads. In strategies; and institutions evolve to accommo- one direction will stand greater human manipu- date new political perspectives and organiza- lation. At the extreme, this will involve geoengi- tional structures. This paper provides a compre- neering, de-extinction, and other technological hensive view of MAB and illuminates the signifi- feats that seek to control global ecosystemic dy- cance of protected areas as stewards, laborato- namics. In the other direction will stand more ries, and recognition of rapid environmental humility, a more constrained approach to human change. Moreover, it captures an in-depth snap- presence. This will involve efforts to rewild the shot of the impacts of the Anthropocene narra- world by inviting more unpredictability into hu- tive in decision-making, planning, and experi- man life through small-scale production, biore- ence in biosphere reserves. gional communities, wildlife corridors, and the relinquishing of the desire for comfort at all 300 costs. This paper will evaluate the prospects for The Fate of Wildness in the Anthropocene rewilding as the Anthropocene intensifies. Will Paul Wapner it be possible to preserve and, paradoxically, American University, washington, USA govern wildness as the planet hurls deeper into Humans dominate the Earth. They have the Anthropocene? mapped the entire planet, unlocked the building blocks of life, and extended their presence into 346 every ecosystem. This has included not only re- Understanding transformative changes and routing rivers, converting forests into agricul- emerging properties of institutional systems for tural lands, overfishing the oceans, and toxifying future climate knowledge integration much of the environment but also anthropo- Lucas Somavilla Croxatto University College London, London, United Kingdom genic climate change, ozone depletion, and cas- cading biodiversity loss. In the face of this, Earth The need for climate action has never been Systems Governance aims to shape and greater. According to the IPCC, in 2018 human

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activities are estimated to have already caused a innovatively combining multi-sited ethnographic 1.0ºC increase in the global mean temperature research with network and policy analysis. The of the planet, and experts expressed high confi- study provides case studies with experts from dence it could reach 1.5ºC by 2030. Conse- COP23 (Bonn) 2017, COP24 (Katowice) 2018, the quently, we face critical transitions and higher UN-City in Denmark 2017-2019, the Netherlands levels of uncertainty. Acknowledging these 2017-2019, Thailand and Myanmar 2017-2019. shared challenges will require countries to work My contribution in this research paper will be to together and look for transformative approaches advance our understanding of emerging trans- to accelerate and govern the integration of ex- formative approaches in complex institutional pert knowledge. Yet, the challenge to articulate systems, and stimulate further debates about visions and negotiate boundaries between dif- the interlinkages between knowledge and gov- ferent epistemic communities remains largely ernance. In particular, by examining the extent unsolved. Consequently, More research should to which emergent cooperation dynamics can be made on how to identify and target integra- serve the purpose of future climate knowledge tion opportunities across knowledge systems. A integration for the effective governance of the better understanding of such dynamics could earth system. open up innovative ways of dealing with exper- 419 tise and support transformative agendas of change. In the broader policy landscape, the Anticipatory Governance of Regime Shifts in So- need for a paradigm shift that effectively pro- cial Ecological Systems: Building Resilience to Cli- motes low-emissions and climate resilient devel- mate Change in Transboundary Lake Champlain Asim Zia, Andrew Schroth, Jory Hecht, Patrick Clemins opment together, calls for changes in the inter- University of Vermont, Burlington, USA national policy discourse in general. Unsurpris- ingly, important questions about how to gener- Anthropogenic climate change could induce re- ate transformational responses to climate gime shifts from oligotrophic to eutrophic states change, and the growing imperative for different in shallow bays of the Lake Champlain due to and more integrative responses to climate more frequent and more intense flooding events change, suggests going beyond incremental in Lake Champlain Basin (LCB) as well as reduced changes and pursue instead transformational ice cover internally in the lake system. It is, how- change. This means that the need to secure ever, not clear how anticipation of these climatic broad scientific, political, as well as civil input in change induced extreme events, coupled with order to maximize the diversity of pathways anticipated impact of land-use land cover change leading to transformation towards a climate (LULCC) on the water quality of freshwater lakes, compatible future is essential. It is important, will lead to anticipatory and reflexive govern- from this perspective, to explore strategies for ance, inducing proactive policy changes to miti- anticipation and the set of plans that further con- gate nutrient pollution across transboundary sider the organisational component of climate LCB. The transboundary LCB, situated in USA technologies from wider perspectives. In this (New York & Vermont) and Canada (Quebec), co- context, my research critically examines a net- vers approximately 21,326 square kilometers. work of experts in a variety of contexts involving The nutrient abatement costs are relatively science-policy negotiations and boundary work higher for downstream urban areas than up- at the United Nations Framework Convention on stream farming areas, yet the downstream ur- Climate Change (UNFCCC). It looks specifically at ban areas experience more benefits from the the Technology Mechanism of the Convention by clean water through tourism revenues, higher

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water front property values and drinking water 67 supplies. Climate change has added another Where are we going towards 2050? An explora- layer of complexity in this debate. This paper tion of the anticipatory processes behind low-car- presents an integrated assessment model (IAM) bon roadmaps for high-carbon industries. that couples climate change induced tempera- Bregje van Veelen1, Mariesse van Sluisveld2,3 ture and precipitation variability scenarios with 1Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. 2PBL Neth- human-system induced LULCC scenarios on the erlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, Netherlands. 3Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands nutrient flows through the hydrological system of the Missisquoi Watershed and its impacts on Anticipation processes are vital for establishing the water quality in the Missisquoi bay, a trans- good governance of anthropogenic climate boundary fresh water body in the north-eastern change, connecting preferred future develop- portion of Lake Champlain. Statistical downscal- ments to those of the present. Roadmaps - in ing of 22 Global Climate Model scenarios was which actors present a shared vision of the fu- performed to generate a 30 arc second (approx- ture and their roles in it - are one common way imately 0.8km x 0.8km ) spatial grid of tempera- of doing so. While they can serve multiple func- ture and precipitation change for the study site tions, roadmaps are often used to inform policy for the 2000 to 2060 timeframe. In parallel, a makers on the expected developments and con- LULCC modeling team developed an agent based sidered commitments of state and non-state ac- model to generate 30 meter x 30 meter land-use tors for (European) long-term climate strategies. projections for the Missisquoi watershed. Both These processes, are, however, characterised by the downscaled climate change data and LULCC uneven power relations. Indeed, there is some projections data are inputs to a distributed hy- initial evidence that indicates that participants in drological modeling framework for generating road mapping exercises take part to represent daily time-scale forecasts of nutrient flows from their vested interests, not least because the cap- the Missisquoi River and their consequent im- ital-intensiveness of many high-carbon indus- pacts on regime shifts in Missisquoi Bay of Lake tries ensures that actors seek to maintain cur- Champlain. We will present a suite of scenarios rent technical assets. As a result, it is suggested of climatic change, LULCC and anticipatory ver- that industry roadmaps may reproduce existing sus reactive governance aimed at mitigating nu- norms and technologies rather than opening up trient pollution, to determine if and under what spaces for new sociotechnical configurations. To conditions the Mississquoi Bay portion of the date there has been only little comparative re- Lake would be eutrophic or oligotrophic. We search into how processes of roadmap develop- draw broad theoretical implications for anticipa- ment and their resulting windows-of-change re- tory versus reactive governance of regime shifts late to one another. Hence, in this paper we seek in social ecological systems, with an emphasis on to address the above questions by analysing how building resilience to climate change through long-term low-carbon futures, and the role of foresight generated by IAMs. stakeholders in realising these futures, are shaped or limited. We do so, through comparing Panel ID 21 the roadmap-building processes behind a selec- Navigating Sustainable Futures: Soci- tion of industry roadmaps published between otechnical Visions and Political Land- 2015 and 2018, all stipulating low-carbon routes scapes for high-carbon economic sectors towards the Chair: Jose di Bella 2050 timeframe. These roadmaps represent different industries, but are all part of a recent

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wave of roadmaps, usually produced in response different understandings of the relationships to national or supranational carbon reduction among technology, nature, and society. We then strategies, such as the European Commission’s explore these perspectives in the context of Strategy for Long-term EU Greenhouse Gas Emis- three empirical technology clusters – solar ge- sions Reductions. Through a mixed methods ap- oengineering, digital technologies, and biological proach, combining desk research, workshops, manipulation. Within each technology cluster survey, and interview data, we draw insights on we consider similarities and differences among (1) the low-carbon futures anticipated; (2) how technologies, raise salient governance issues, such futures are translated into actionable and highlight important unanswered governance measures; (3) and by and for whom. By compar- questions. Our first technology cluster is solar ing roadmaps from different industries we pay geoengineering, or the intentional modification particular attention to the role materialities play of the planetary energy balance to attenuate cli- in mediating between the processes and out- mate change. As a technology cluster that prom- comes of road mapping. In doing so, this re- ises far-reaching implications for the relationship search also answers a call from the literature for between humans and earth systems, solar ge- greater attention to be paid to the multiple oengineering poses important governance chal- forms and roles of sociomaterial incumbency in lenges including regulating research, preventing shaping the potential to imagine and enact radi- uncoordinated deployment, and reaching agree- cally different futures. ment on where to set the “global thermostat.”. In the second cluster, we examine the develop- 233 ment and proliferation of digital technologies in- Governance of Novel Technologies in Earth Sys- cluding artificial intelligence/machine learning, tem Governance distributed ledger technology, and ‘Big Data’. Sikina Jinnah1, Josh Horton2, Jesse Reynolds3, Stefan These technologies create exciting opportunities Schaefer4, Honegger, Matthias Honegger4, Karsten Schulz 5, Marian Feist6, Valentina Nakic7, Florian Rabitz8, Oskar Os- for accelerating progress towards sustainability kar Gstrein5, Ina Moller9, Marielle Papin-Manjarrez10 goals through, for example, optimizing resource use and distribution, improving monitoring and 1UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA. 2Harvard, Cambridge, USA. 3UCLA, Los Angeles, USA. 4IASS, Potsdam, Germany. 5U of evaluation, and enabling new scales and modes Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 6UNU, London, United of access and participation. However, these op- Kingdom. 7Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 8Kau- portunities are offset by concerns about inclusiv- 9 nas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania. Lund Uni- ity, human dignity and privacy, surveillance and versity, Lund, Sweden. 10Laval University, Quebec City, Can- ada securitization. Third, we consider new biotech- nologies including agricultural and pharmaceuti- The new Earth System Governance science plan cal applications and new methods for genet- asserts that increasingly the role of technology in ically altering species in-situ to conserve biologi- environmental governance cannot be ignored. cal diversity. Gene drives, for example, are capa- This article sets the stage for inquiry among ble of intentionally extinguishing a local popula- Earth System Governance scholars into this topic tion of an invasive species. These proposals raise by outlining potential theoretical entrees and challenging questions such as risk-risk tradeoffs, empirical examples of novel technologies with liability, transboundary effects, and precaution. significant implications for environmental gov- We conclude by exploring important themes ernance. We first outline three approaches - ‘ra- that cut across the three technology clusters. tionalist,’ ‘techno-determinist,’ and ‘co-produc- Our case studies stress the anticipatory and tive,’ - to theorizing technology, each with complex nature of technology in environmental

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governance. In the face of uncertainty, we pro- characteristics, and political strategies. A pilot pose and discuss a number of requirements for analysis of Atlantic (ICCAT) stocks shows that: 1) enabling responsible and effective governance. on average, reported uncertainty has declined These include finding historical analogs from over time for managed stocks (likely indicating which to draw lessons, identifying existing insti- improved scientific information); 2) time trends tutions that could be relevant to the technolo- and the level of stock depletion impact scientific gies’ regulation, ensuring sufficient monitoring advice about management choices; 3) adher- capacity and adaptability, establishing accounta- ence to scientific advice correlates with the in- bility for the actors involved in advancing the teraction between stock price and uncertainty. technologies, and guaranteeing the integration However, the ICCAT analysis only analyzes these of collective societal goals into development outcomes within the realm of one particular sci- processes. [1] Burch et al, p. 14. entific framework, with specific rules about scientists’ role in the advisory process. This paper, 340 therefore, expands the analysis to include the Scientific Uncertainty and Tuna RFMO Decision- other four tRFMOs (IATTC, WCPFC, IOTC, and making CCSBT), allowing us to also assess whether re- Mark Axelrod1, D.G. Webster2, Leandra Gonçalves3, Ronald sults are impacted by institutional design, treaty Mitchell4, Kate Miller1 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA. 2Dartmouth membership, or characteristics of the scientific College, Hanover, NH, USA. 3Instituto Oceanográfico da Uni- community. versidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 4University of Or- egon, Eugene, OR, USA 397 Imagining the global ecological crisis: Visual poli- We ask three related questions about the influ- tics in the age of Anthropocene ence of scientific uncertainty on environmental Marcelo Saguier policy decisions, drawing on evidence from tuna Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Ai- Regional Fisheries Management Organizations res, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientí- (tRFMOs). First, whereas previous research as- ficas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina sesses whether or not scientific uncertainty im- The experience of the socio-ecological transfor- pacts policy choices, we suggest the answer is mations related to the Anthropocene is changing conditional. Therefore, we ask under what con- the prevailing understandings of our relation to ditions does scientific uncertainty lead policy- Earth. The “global ecological crisis” emerges as a makers to reject or adhere to scientific advice? concept to reference the discussions, policy ac- Second, we ask under what conditions does sci- tions and social responses that have begun to entific advice shift on the basis of scientists’ own take place in relation these transformations. This uncertainty? Finally, the level of scientific concept is not complete or hegemonic. Indeed, knowledge and uncertainty itself varies over it is a site of political contestation. The aware- time and across species assessments. This re- ness of a global ecological crisis takes place at a search therefore considers under what condi- time when visual images have a particularly im- tions does knowledge produced for the policy- portant role in shaping awareness and responses makers become more and less uncertain? Using to global scale issues. Images can often create a an original dataset of stock assessments, scien- sense of identification or connection with issues, tific policy recommendations, and Commission peoples, species and landscapes in distant geog- decisions, we test hypotheses about the interac- raphies, even without having direct experiences tion between uncertain knowledge and institu- with them. Moreover, they can create the tional design, scientific community, stock awareness that environmental, political and

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social events taking place around the world are 238 interconnected by their being the result of a Knowledge System Innovation for Resilient common global ecological crisis. In this respect, Coastal Cities visual images have a pedagogical role in eliciting Robert Hobbins1, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson2, Sara Meerow3, the political and social transformations needed Clark Miller4 to face responses to the global ecological crisis. 1Arizona State University - School of Sustainability, Tempe, Yet, different ways of seeing the ecological crisis USA. 2USDA Forest Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3Arizona relates to potentially different political ways of State University - School of Geographical Sciences and Ur- 4 understanding and responding. Responses can ban Planning, Tempe, USA. Arizona State University - School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Tempe, USA include: anticipation as planned action, anticipation without action, conscious or unconscious Urbanization in coastal areas is increasing popu- neglect, etc. However, while the visual represen- lations and infrastructure at risk to floods, storm tations of the global ecological crisis have differ- surge, and sea level rise. By 2060 an estimated ent political and social responses, what needs to 411 million people worldwide are projected to be understood are the linkages between visual live within the 100-year floodplain in coastal cit- representations and responses. That is, that ies. Strategies are urgently needed to build resil- which makes visual representations of the global ience in an increasingly uncertain future, but this ecological crisis political. The aim of this paper is places great demands on the knowledge systems to explore the role of visual politics in shaping (KS) that decision-makers, infrastructure design- the imagination of the global ecological crisis, its ers, and citizens use to assess climate risks and related future scenarios and responses. To de- make adaptation decisions. KS are the social velop this theme, in the first section I review the practices and institutional standards that shape main conceptual discussions in the field of visual the production, validation, communication, and politics in the International Relations literature, application of knowledge relevant to policy and drawing particular attention to their relevance decision-making. Many KS used to inform coastal for thinking about global environmental issues. resilience decisions are not anticipatory; they are Different visual representations open up, as well either outdated or do not incorporate climate as foreclose, potentially different pathways of projections. Hence, KS innovation is a crucial governance responses. In the second section I of- strategy to build resilience. KS innovation is not fer a typology of visual representations of the just about producing new information, but about global ecological crisis and related responses. In analyzing and updating the actor interactions, the third section I analyze the interests and values, and expectations underlying how power implications of these representations for knowledge gets made and used. By collectively the main actors of the global environmental pol- analyzing semi-structured interviews, partici- itics (institutional, market and social actors) with pant observations, and documents, I present the particular reference to Latin America. results of a KS analysis of the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (The Com- Panel ID 22 pact). The Compact is an illustrative case of a Anticipating Urban Futures: Imagining the governance and knowledge innovation for resili- City ence to uncertain coastal hazards and rapidly ris- Chair: Tlacaelel Rivera ing sea levels. This study reveals the Compact’s actors, values, epistemologies, and knowledge - its knowledge system - as well as outstanding KS gaps that may undermine coastal resilience. This

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study demonstrates the need for knowledge in- along short, medium and long-term time hori- novation in flood risk governance, and presents zons. The results provide insight into the values a method that can be used to analyze and up- assigned to sustainability, equity, and transfor- grade other climate risk KS. mation when diverse perspectives are included in envisioning resilient urban futures. The re- 287 search also highlights approaches to diverse and A multi-modal approach to framing urban resili- inclusive ways of envisioning just and sustainable ence: a Valdivian case study urban futures. Lelani Mannetti1, David Iwaniec1, Elizabeth Cook 2,3, Tischa Muñoz-Erickson4, Robert Hobbins5 354 1Urban Studies Institute, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA. 2Urban Sys- Rethinking Knowledge Systems for Urban Resili- tems Lab, Environmental Studies Department, The New ence: Feminist and Decolonial Contributions to School, New York, USA. 3Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Just Transformations Evolutivas, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda s/n, Mathieu Feagan1, Katinka Wijsman2 Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 4USDA Forest 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2The New School, Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardın New York City, USA Botanico Sur, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 5School of Sustainabil- ity, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Ari- Work in urban resilience planning recognizes the zona State University, Tempe, USA importance of knowledge diversity to under- Finding inclusive ways to plan for just and sus- standing and acting on climate change, but falls tainable urban futures remains challenging. In short in adequately situating itself within ongo- order to transition to more resilient, sustainable ing historical processes that shape uneven urban and equitable urban systems, diverse knowledge playing fields in which planning happens. This pa- and perspectives need to be integrated into stra- per uses insights from environmental feminist tegic planning processes. As complex, dynamic, and decolonial knowledge politics to challenge and highly integrated systems, cities continu- knowledge systems analysis to explicitly ques- ously need to link social, ecological, and techno- tion and alter structures of power in environ- logical solutions, especially in the face of uncer- mental knowledge making in North American cit- tain climate. This poses significant governance ies. If knowledge systems analysis can investi- challenges, with cities having to navigate these gate and intervene in governance structures social, ecological and technological complexities through which environmental decision- and pol- while transforming toward a desired “equitable icy-making happen, this necessitates reflection sustainability”. Using the city of Valdivia in Chile on ontological, epistemological and ethical com- as a case study, we assess how city planners, de- mitments (or ‘starting points’) as these carry ma- cision-makers, and civic actors envision resilient terial and discursive weight: they open up and urban futures when faced with such challenges. foreclose ways in which resilience is practiced. We analyse responses to a semi-structured ques- Given increasing recognition that urban resili- tionnaire, the content of city planning docu- ence needs to consider issues of justice and eq- ments pertaining to climate action, and the key uity, in this paper we take cues from feminist and goals and strategies co-produced during a partic- decolonial scholarship that has centered these ipatory scenarios workshop. By collectively ana- themes for decades and which offer ‘starting lysing data from governance surveys, govern- points’ to rethink knowledge systems for resili- ance documents, and workshop outputs, the ence. Understanding urbanization as a key pro- study aims to explore how climate resilience is cess in the expansion of relations fundamental to being framed by different city stakeholders the production of anthropocentric climate change, we argue that changing these relations

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is crucial if urban resilience planning is to con- politics and development research. However, we tribute to alternative and socially just urban fu- lack both comprehensive analytical frameworks tures. Against tendencies of depoliticization that and systematic comparative empirical analyses solutions-oriented work can sometimes exhibit, on this vital dynamic. Our inter-disciplinary re- feminist and decolonial perspectives locate search project provides such an analysis. An in- knowledge-making practices squarely within tegral part of our research design is the differ- struggles for social justice in the city. We pro- ence in timing between our two selected case pose three strategies for those working on studies: we ask to what extent certain lessons for knowledge systems for resilience to advance environmental justice, positive and negative, can their practice: centering justice and transgres- be learnt from Uganda for the Colombian sion, reflexive research practice, and thinking case. In Colombia, peace is within sight for the historically. Ultimately, this paper shows that first time in decades. With the beginning of the taking seriously critical social sciences furthers peacebuilding process, large tracts of land and fundamentally new ideas for what transitions to resources are now undergoing rapid transfor- urban resilience could mean. mation, with likely devastating consequences for the region’s high biodiversity and local commu- Panel ID 23 nities. In Uganda, the peace agreement dates Conflict, peace, and imagination back to 2002, but degradation and mismanage- Chair: Dahlia Simangan ment, including species loss inside and outside protected areas, are one of the principal costs re- 47 sulting from the conflict until present day. We The Nature of Peace – The Dynamics between analyse and compare both cases, guided by the Post-conflict Peacebuilding and Environmental following research questions: Justice 1. Taking stock: To which extent are concerns of Fariborz Zelli1, Alejandro Fuentes2, Torsten Krause1, Maria Nardi1, Micael Runnström2, Britta Sjöstedt3, Sandra Valen- environmental justice integrated or neglected in cia4, Josepha Wessels5 the post-conflict peacebuilding process? 1Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 2Raoul Wallenberg Insti- 2. Causes: What are the major drivers and condi- tute, Lund, Sweden. 3Lund University, Lund, Sweden. tions underlying this integration or neglect? 4 5 Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden. Malmö Univer- 3. Environmental Consequences: How does the sity, Malmö, Sweden post-conflict peacebuilding process impact the This paper presents first results from a three- respective country’s natural environment? year inter-disciplinary research project that scru- 4. Social Consequences: Which consequences do tinizes the mutual constitution between environ- the peacebuilding activities and their environmental justice and peacebuilding processes after mental implications have for the livelihoods and internal armed conflicts. Such conflicts may en- equity concerns of local communities that detail direct environmental destruction and a dete- pend on respective ecosystem services or natu- rioration of livelihoods and equity, e.g. through ral resources? population displacement, land grabbing and ille- 5. Political Consequences: How do these various gal extraction of natural resources. On the other developments feed back into the peacebuilding hand, internal armed conflicts may provide an process and, ultimately, affect its objective of unintended protection for forests, wetlands and sustainable and equitable peace? other ecosystems. This complex interlinkage be- 6. Responses: Which lessons can we learn from tween peace, justice and the environment has these causes and consequences to safeguard en- been increasingly recognized in international vironmental justice in peacebuilding processes?

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We address these questions with an ambitious between pre-conflict community attributes and mixed methods design that includes policy anal- conflict development using qualitative compara- ysis, legal analysis, interviews & focus groups, tive analysis (QCA). We find that most case stud- spatial analysis & GIS, field work in selected pro- ies are situated in post-colonial settings and tied tected areas and buffer zones. to claims over land rights, political participation, and differing ontologies related to water and na- 208 ture. Affected communities challenge hege- Community structures, conflict dynamics and nar- monic narratives of development, questioning ratives of resistance: Synthesizing current schol- neo-extractivist politics and discourses that are arship on mining and water conflicts often promoted by national governments and Mirja Schoderer1, Marlen Ott2 mining companies. Especially in water scarce ar- 1Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik/German Develo- pment Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany. 2Philipps-Universität, eas, resistance movements frequently invoke Marburg, Germany identity narratives as mineral extraction endan- gers customary water use that is embedded in Conflict around access and quality of water ac- cultural practice, affecting community structures company mining projects all over the globe, re- and cohesion. Overall, national governments sulting in conflicts of varying intensity, such as tend to support extractive projects, while re- complaints, protests, and even violent confron- gional governments as well as faith organisations tations. With water demands rising across sec- and NGOs ally with communities. International tors and (seasonal) water scarcity increasing due NGOs play an important role in connecting local to climate change, resource competition is set to conflicts to global discourses on environmental intensify. Simultaneously, environmental and so- justice and climate change dynamics but they cial protection legislation has come under fire in also limit their engagement to very specific con- several parts of the world, being rolled back in flict frames. Our study further points to a grow- political economies that favor the interests of ing awareness among mining companies regard- national and international economic and social ing the potential for water-related conflicts and elites instead, exacerbating the vulnerability of their engagement in sustainable forms of water marginal, rural communities. While a number of use especially in countries of the Global North. case studies investigate water-related mining conflicts, scholarship on the topic still remains 349 fragmented, lacking a synthesis that allows for Can imagining other futures change the present? empirically grounded theorization on how com- Reflections from an experience of a multiactoral munities mobilize around water and how con- network in defense of the cloud forest in Xalapa, flicts surrounding extractive industries and wa- Veracruz, Mexico ter resources develop. This paper provides a first Loni Hensler 1,2, Juliana Merçon 3 step in that direction, presenting a meta-analysis 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mé- of roughly 45 case studies on mining conflicts re- xico, Mexico. 2Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany. lated to water. Our goal is to a) assess the state 3Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico of current scholarship, bringing attention to ter- Since the Protected Natural Area Archipiélago de ritorial and disciplinary biases that limit our un- Bosque y Selvas of Xalapa was established in derstanding, and to b) provide insights into the 2015 as a green belt around this middle-size city roles that state, market and civil society actors in center eastern Mexico, a citizen network was play in these conflicts, which forms of agency formed with the intention of being custodians of they assume and which narratives they employ the local cloud forest, the rivers and the linked in doing so. We examine the interlinkages

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peasant life forms. It is an experience of plural 435 and horizontal participation among farmers, ac- Social-ecological grabs: A case of ecosystem ser- ademics, civil society organizations, artists, pro- vices privatization in Mexico fessionals and some local government actors. In Rafael Calderón-Contreras this multiactoral process, many difficulties and Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico obstacles arise for collective action towards sus- Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by tainable environmental governance that are nature to people. These services are vital for the framed within the general sociopolitical pano- resilience of social-ecological systems, especially rama of Mexico, the specific context of the pro- in cities, where most people live in the world. tected natural area and the conflicts in the re- New dynamics of urban growth imply that large gion. Among the challenges, we highlight the urban centres and metropolis will tend to grow tensions between different actors, their visions, vertically, while small and medium-sized cities interests and forms of life, the fragmentation be- will encroach horizontally, often over areas with tween communities, the gap between rural and highly important ecosystem services. Cities with urban forms of life, the lack of mechanism for po- high-profile urban developments might have litical participation and the diverse forms of soci- even more pressures to go through land use oeconomic crisis, violence and corruption, con- change. The paper analyses the case of Valle de sidering that all of these are marked by socially Bravo, a town in Mexico´s Central Highlands, constructed power relations. In this context, where processes of gentrification and unregu- where fear, desperation, distrust, conflicts and lated urban growth have intensified due to the resistance constitute part of the population’s scenic and natural value of the city. Even though daily life, imagination and dreaming present a more than 90% of its territory is under different challenge and an opportunity for overcoming environmental protected regimes, urban devel- barriers towards sustainability. The collective opments directed to the wealthiest families in construction of visions implies a critical analysis Mexico have fenced off the provision of specific of the past and present denunciating unjust situ- ecosystem services; denying access to local orig- ations and at the same time the announcement inal inhabitants. Those patterns of ecosystem of a future that can be created, inspiring collec- services privatisation disrupt the local govern- tive actions and strategic planning. In a participa- ance traits while representing a risk for the resil- tory action research process, we experienced ience of the whole social-ecological system. The different forms of collective dreaming and the paper uses remote sensing techniques including construction of visions, embedded in the actions the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation of the network and combined with different par- Index (NDVI) to identify potential areas of urban ticipatory practices as transect walks, mapping, growth in Valle de Bravo, and the consequent time line analysis, theater and collaborative ecosystem services loss. The areas with the high- games. In this presentation, reflections will be est provision of ecosystem services are located shared about the role of imagination and dream- within high-profile properties, impeding some ing in contexts of socio-ecological crisis, as well ecosystem services to reach the population of as its transformative potential regarding social Valle de Bravo. The paper explores the strategies learning, power relations, the relation with na- and resistances, as well as the impediments that ture, sense of place and community, and collec- privatisation and land use change represent for tive action. the provision of urban ecosystem services; and the consequences for social-ecological resilience in Valle de Bravo.

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Panel ID 25 elements. Such responses include emphasis on Imagining Multiple Words: Interrogating renewables, demand management, storage, efficiency, modularity and adaptability, among oth- the Future ers. This suggests cross-jurisdictional learning Chair: Manjana Milkoreit from the larger, arguably global, sharing of inno- 90 vative understandings related to complex sys- Electric power systems towards sustainability tems and sustainability. Ultimately, this work fo- paths cuses on exploring sustainability paths to more Ignacio Aguilar beneficial cumulative effects under the over- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada arching assumption that what we do (or not do) regionally will accumulate to the global scale. Most Earth issues and governance challenges are The study also recognizes the capacity of key ac- the cumulative results of smaller-scale activities. tors in steering transition and justice, decision- These build up in complex ways to hamper op- making, and participative and democratic pro- portunity for broad, long-term sustainability cesses. For this purpose, a context-specific benefits. While some components that steer framework will be elaborated for examining and transformations towards sustainability need comparing the cases. The framework is a broad global coordination, others may work reasonably package of evaluation criteria for electric power well through adoption of sustainability-oriented systems’ planning in the consideration of essen- approaches that share generic characteristics tial, multiple and mutually reinforcing sustaina- and are also specified to the regional context for bility gains. The findings should help us see suc- application. Hence, there is a need for regional cesses, missteps, challenges and learnings from actions to learn from each other and be aligned the pursuit of sustainability in each region and as (at least compatible and preferably mutually a collective learning project. Moreover, these supporting) if they are to tackle Earth systems findings should provide important lessons rele- problems. One relevant example is electric vant to identifying potential barriers and oppor- power systems. While delivering important ben- tunities for transforming existing systems to- efits, energy-related undertakings are also major wards sustainability futures. drivers of accumulating negative effects – e.g., climate change. Therefore, whether we ensure 148 safe planetary conditions and sound societal Earth System Governance for the pluriverse: pro- foundations or surpass Earth’s biophysical posals for ontological plurality boundaries and spur inequity and injustice will Emille Boulot, Joshua Sterlin depend greatly on the energy paths we choose. McGill University, Montreal, Canada This study examines whether electric power sys- Global environmental law and governance mod- tem planning efforts in three regional jurisdic- els are often framed as independent sets of tions in Canada, United States and Mexico are or norms and procedures to regulate the human could be moving towards sharing a common sus- use of external natural resources. These models, tainability-based approach. These regions have however, often remain fundamentally grounded evident social, economic and geographic differ- in a “one-world world” ontology paradigm (Law ences, as well as different governance systems. 2011). Conceived from the perspective of the Nonetheless, lessons drawn from an initial re- Western historical experience and its colonial view of the cases suggest that these jurisdictions trajectories, the one-world ontology suggests have incorporated, or at least demonstrate an in- that regardless of cultural variations and belief terest to incorporate, similar alternative

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systems, humans (and other than humans) oc- http://www.heterogeneities.net/publica- cupy one single ‘real’ world made up of discrete tions/Law2011WhatsWrongWithAOne- and separate entities. We consider this vision to WorldWorld.pdf. Todd, Z. (2016) ‘An Indigenous be a significant future sustainability challenge Feminists Take On The Ontological Turn: ‘Ontol- and one that could expose the global south to ogy’ Is Just Another Word For Colonialism’ Jour- ongoing colonisation and material and cultural nal of Historical Sociology. 29(1): 4-22. extractivism. In this paper we consider processes 213 of ontological plurality - ‘a vision of the world that echoes the autopoietic dynamics and crea- Agent-Based Modelling and Serious Board tivity of the Earth and the indubitable fact that Games: Methods and epistemologies of anticipa- no living being exists independently of the Earth’ tion and imagination in search for justice and sus- (Escobar 2015: 14) - and how such processes tainability in the global South and North Luis García1, Petra Ahrweiler2, Tlacaelel Rivera3, Demian could imagine inclusive and participatory Earth Frank2 System Governance frameworks for environ- 1CONAHCYT, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico. 2Johannes mentally just sustainable transformations within Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 3ECOSUR, the global North and South. We seek to draw San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico upon environmental institutional examples In this paper, we will focus on two different within the global North and South to compare methodologies for realising a Participatory Mod- and contrast processes for pluralistic environ- elling approach: Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) mental governance and examine their capabili- and Serious Board Games (SBG). ABM is increas- ties for steering towards sustainable futures. We ingly used to model complex social systems of in- further acknowledge that ontological plurality teracting agents where every agent is an auton- has long been informed by ‘Indigenous articula- omous computer program. This modelling ap- tions and intellectual labor’ (Todd 2016: 9) and proach is useful for analysing the relations be- assert that any discussion of ontological plurality tween the micro and macro level of a system. needs be framed within a decolonising method- Whenever ABM is used for modelling complex ology. This paper contributes to a shifting para- social behaviour, the institutionalised contexts digm from highly regulatory, technocratic, and of the respective scientific community repre- human-only oriented environmental law and sented by e. g. the European Social Simulation governance models, to pluriversal and systems- Association (ESSA) or journals such as the Journal grounded ecological jurisprudence(s) and earth of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation systems governance. A pluriversal orientation of (JASSS) label models as “social simulation”. BG Earth System Governance recognizes the epis- emerged two decades ago as participatory mod- temic and ontological diversity of the law, and eling tools with specific learning and training thus situates Earth System Governance within purposes for multiple stakeholders in natural re- the larger community of life humans are part of. sources management. Due to its remarkable re- References: Escobar, A. (2015) ‘Transiciones: A flexive capacity, SBG have now spread to other space for research and design for transitions to areas such as experimental economics studies the pluriverse’, Design Philosophy Papers. 13(1): and negotiation analyzes in political science. The 13-23. Law, J. (2011) ‘What’s Wrong with a one- Companion Modeling Group COMMOD and the world World.’ Paper presented to the Center for legacy of the Bloomington School of Political the humanities, Wesleyan University, September Economy figure as important scientific commu- 19. Available online from Heterogeneities: nities developing SBG. Both approaches try to shed light into the future – not in predicting it,

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but in coping with the challenges of complexity, extractivist plotline built on exploitation of in understanding the dynamics of a system, and earth’s resources to fuel perpetual growth while in finding access points for “weak prediction”. ‘externalizing’ the concomitant problems with However, their precise commonalities and dif- this approach. Holes in this extractivist story are ferences are poorly understood. We develop an becoming increasingly apparent: dependence on epistemological approach and a methodological fossil fuels has given rise to air pollution, volatile synthesis focusing on the shared concepts of an- boom-bust economies and global climate disrup- ticipation and imagination using cases from the tion. Most of humanity is not writing the world’s global South and North: 1) constructing socio-en- extractivist energy story – the planning, politics vironmental justice at a peasant territory in the and production of energy is not in their hands. Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico; and 2) civil so- Instead, they are paying the bills and paying the ciety participation in science, technology and in- consequences, watching the story unfold as the novation activities of the European Union. In the energy audience. Where I live in the Global epistemological section, for the anticipation con- North (Canada), our governments, our economy cept, we reflect about the nature of anticipatory and our way of life are built on extractivist systems and their modelling, the cognitive biol- plotlines, keeping institutions, infrastructure and ogy of enaction, and the sociology of knowledge. our collective imagination locked into the unsus- In the concept of imagination, we discuss about tainable energy story of fossil fuels. Creating en- the theory of social change, the gradients of uto- vironmentally sustainable energy story lines re- pian imagination, simple games and metagames. quires the development of new governance In the methodological section, we present a brief models that empower and connect energy au- excerpt of some of the main ABM and SBG de- thors who are imagining and implementing new vices designed and implemented by the two re- energy stories and building collective capacity to search groups. We conclude reflecting on the ca- revise the world energy plotline. My research is pability of these approaches to accurately guide investigating emerging energy authors in the research-action processes, about their political Global South and Indigenous communities who incidence in a wide range of governance contexts are writing new energy story lines that challenge and scales, and the need to advance these ap- the principles and practices of extractivism. proaches towards the complex Latin American These authors are creating visions for the energy realities, where they seem to be almost absent. future of their communities built on radically different sets of values and transforming their com- 428 munity energy systems through experi- Writing New Energy Stories: Building innovative ments. Though no perfect model exists any- governance models in the Global North based on where, exciting learning opportunities emerge lessons from energy authors in the Global South when these innovative energy stories are juxta- and Indigenous communities. posed with the locked-in plotlines of the Global Scott Morton Ninomiya North. Therefore, my research will explore how University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. Balsillie School of International Affairs, Waterloo, Canada to design and build new global energy governance models that increase local capacity to initi- This paper will articulate the theoretical frame- ate energy transitions and facilitate collaborative work for my doctoral research which investi- international networks through which communi- gates how to build transformative governance ties can learn from each other – across geogra- models that contribute to rapid energy transi- phy, culture and language. I want to explore tions. Currently, the world’s energy story is how these local/global learning processes can be dominated by fossil fuels and follows an

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designed to create new South – North flows of technology studies, social-ecological systems innovation and knowledge that can supplant the analysis, policy and management studies, envi- colonial flows of knowledge which historically ronmental governance and future studies. Di- undergirded extractivism and perpetuate it verse perspectives are compared across the fol- now. I will also explore how building connec- lowing dimensions: (a) how the concept of antic- tions between local level energy authors can am- ipatory governance is defined, if at all; (b) under- plify their power and contribute to the develop- lying conceptions of the future, particularly its ment of global level solutions knowability and manageability; (c) anticipation mechanisms and tools deployed, as well as ac- Panel ID 30 tors seen as legitimate to include; and (d) the im- The Role of anticipation and imagination pact of conceptions of the future on policy and in transformation towards sustainability governance choices in the present. Insights from (i) this comparative analysis allow us to generate an Chair: Marcelo Saguier analytical framework, which can be deployed in future research to compare the nature and im- 209 plications of anticipatory governance practices in Understanding the Anticipatory Governance of diverse climate vulnerable contexts. This pa- Climate Futures: Towards an Analytical Frame- per contributes to the conference stream ‘Antic- work ipation and Imagination’, and the extending of Karlijn Muiderman 1,2, Aarti Gupta2, Joost Vervoort 1,3, Frank the work of the 2018 Earth System Governance Biermann1 Science and Implementation Plan: Anticipation 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. 2Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands. 3Uni- and Imagination – as well as the Working Group versity of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom on Anticipatory Governance, under the auspices of the Task Force on Conceptual Foundations of In a period of accelerating earth system transfor- Earth System Governance. mations and their potentially disruptive societal and distributional consequences, imagining and 222 governing the future comes to the fore as a core Anticipatory climate governance in practice in challenge for climate and sustainability research South Asia: characteristics, functioning and im- and practice. Numerous social science research pacts on climate policy communities in the sustainability domain deploy Maliha Muzammil the notion of anticipatory governance, yet it is Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Ox- ford, United Kingdom understood in different ways, with diverse ontological, epistemological and normative starting In dealing with uncertain climate futures, gov- points and research agendas. Most notably, ernments and other actors are increasingly using these understandings vary in their conceptions foresight to help imagine and plan for future cli- of the future, including the extent to which the mate conditions. Developing countries most vul- future is knowable and subject to steering. These nerable to climate change are using foresight different understandings have implications for studies to guide adaptation and mitigation plan- what anticipatory modes of climate governance ning. However, the potential for foresight as an in the present look like. This article undertakes a intervention for improved anticipatory govern- detailed review of how diverse perspectives in ance of climate challenges is poorly understood. the social sciences engage with the notion of an- Many existing foresight processes are not suffi- ticipatory governance. Research perspectives ciently attuned to complex governance realities analysed include those from science and and policy cycles, and can imagine futures within

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a very narrow framing ignoring important drivers 371 of change, while lacking reflexivity. While cur- Understanding anticipatory climate governance rent climate governance research has generated in Central America: the links between anticipation extensive insights on the nature and effective- and policy ness of fragmented, multilevel, and multi-actor Marieke Veeger 1,2, Karlijn Muidermann 3,4, Alexander Tul- modes and architectures of climate action, a fo- loch Lapresa 4 1 cus on the contested politics and policy chal- University of International Cooperation (UCI), San José, Costa Rica. 2CGIAR Research Programme on Cliamte lenges associated with anticipatory governance, Chnage, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Wa- i.e. the capacity to both imagine and govern plu- geningen, Netherlands. 3University of Utrecht (UU), Utrecht ralistic long-term climate futures, remains in its , Netherlands. 4University of Wageningen (WUR), Wagenin- infancy. This research addresses this timely gap gen, Netherlands in our understanding and investigates how antic- Anticipation practices, such as participatory sce- ipation practices can contribute to more effec- narios, quantitative scenarios and visioning pro- tive modes of climate governance. It examines cesses, are increasingly used to imagine how the factors that shape anticipatory responses to countries will be affected by climate change and climate change in five highly vulnerable coun- to proactively plan climate strategies that tries South Asia. By assessing the links between preempt major social, economic, environmental the use of anticipation in the governance of cli- and health impacts of climate variability. These mate change adaptation the paper explores the anticipatory practices are increasingly used to impact of inclusivity, social equity, environmen- guide transformative planning processes in vul- tal justice and local perceptions on effective cli- nerable sectors such as agriculture and livestock. mate change governance. The research was However, these anticipatory processes have not guided by a case study approach with five cases been scrutinized as mechanisms of steering of studied at the national level in each South Asian the future in present planning processes. Antici- country, one regional case study; two cases from patory practices might incorporate framings that the 26 were then chosen for more in-depth anal- unwillingly reinforce inequalities and injustices, ysis where detailed interviews were conducted particularly in the vulnerable regions of the with the country level stakeholders involved. The Global South. Building on half a decade of fore- paper will discuss the regional and governance sight research and practice in one of the most challenges impacting anticipatory governance in vulnerable regions to climate change, Central South Asia and better understand if the use of America, this paper bridges the foresight and anticipation has helped create more transforma- governance community in order to critically tive policies and thus contribute to the much study foresight as a governance intervention. By needed area of research on the linkages of antic- analyzing 25 cases of anticipation practices and ipation and transformation in South Asia. The pa- policy formulation in the aforementioned re- per contributes to the conference stream ‘Antic- gion, we examine the links between anticipation ipation and Imagination’, and the work of the and policy by addressing first-order questions 2018 Earth System Governance Science and Im- such as; what type of anticipatory practices are plementation Plan: Anticipation and Imagination used, who initiates and funds these processes, – as well as the Working Group on Anticipatory and who participates? Thereafter, three cases Governance, under the auspices of the Task are studied in-depth in order to interrogate Force on Conceptual Foundations of Earth Sys- more implicit notions of the conception of the tem Governance. future. We analyze how knowable and manage- able the future is perceived to be, what the

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desired end is of engaging with the future and how it is seen to impact policy choices in the present. The analysis in this paper can be used for future research on the role of anticipatory practices in climate change governance and transformation processes. The paper contributes to the Earth System Governance conference stream ´Anticipation and Imagination´, as well as the Earth System Governance Task Force on Antici- patory Governance.

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Panel ID 14 pact, and the agricultural structural adjustment Pathways towards sustainable landscape programs deepened the socio-environmental vulnerabilities and uncertainties of millions of dynamics and food production face to cli- peasant families. Nevertheless, there are some mate change: Opportunities and Barriers horizontal forms of social learning for food secu- of Mexican Rural Societies rity among some schools. I will analyze the alter- Chair: Elena Lazos Chavero native practices of two school food programs in the municipality of Itundungia, Oaxaca. Teachers 136 and priests organized school food programs Reflexivity in food security: How do peasant and based on the agricultural varieties produced lo- indigenous families cope with vulnerability and cally. Mothers and children collaborate at differ- uncertainty of their agri-food systems? ent stages of the food system. But this experi- Elena Lazos Chavero ence was not considered so worthy by the DIF Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico (National System for the Integral Development of the Family) and by the Health Ministry in In Mexico, we are far from a “reflexive govern- charge of providing the children’s food pro- ance” framework that could facilitate learning, grams. Tensions and contradictions among adaptation, and collaboration between actors at teachers, mothers, priests, children, and the gov- different scales of the food system. The dis- ernment food institutions halt the food reflexiv- course of collaboration has circulated in times of ity of the families of Itundungia. But the collec- an agricultural crisis. The food price pact of 2008 tive learning was important to foster this experi- among several agri-food industries with the ence. Mexican government is an example of a discursive reflexive governance. The consequence was 135 the consolidation of the global and national agri- Global-to-local socioenvironmental processes food industry face to the weakness of the na- and landscape dynamics in the Mexican dry trop- tional agricultural institutions. The collective pri- ics orities for food security were mostly defined by Barbara Puente-Uribe1, Fernanda Figueroa2, Leonardo Cal- 2 the agri-food industry. For example, the school zada 1Fac. Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, food programs assured the dependence on food Mexico, Mexico. 2Fac. Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autó- industry. Urban consumers were the direct “ben- noma de México, Mexico, Mexico eficiaries” with cheap but non-nutritional food; Landscape dynamics reflect human-environmen- but peasant and indigenous families were nega- tal relations, in turn shaped by the interplay of tively affected with low prices for their agricul- diverse socio-environmental processes operat- tural products. This provoked an important ing at various scales. Global neoliberalization of transformation of their food systems. More and agriculture and conservation, markets, migration more, local food biodiversity and agrobiodiver- and remittances, public policies, local mecha- sity were replaced by industrial non-nutritious nisms of territory control and bio-cultural food. These processes and policies, including the

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resistance, are among those interacting forces. agency shape how these entangled processes We analyze how the interplay of global pro- evolve. cesses with local social responses shape agri-pro- 151 ductive and forestry systems through local-scale decisions, influencing landscape dynamics, and Climate change and regional actors in western fostering contrasting multi-functional frontier Mexico: lessons learned and challenges ahead for spaces, in two regions characterized by tropical participatory governance schemes Peter Gerritsen1, Elena Lazos Chavero2 dry ecosystems in Mexico. Three-year field work 1Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Jal., Me- in both sites, involving semi-structured inter- xico. 2UNAM, Mexico city, Mexico views, surveys and participative approaches, complemented by literature research, and re- Currently, climate change is at the heart of great mote sensing analyses were used to characterize many political and scientific discussions at both socio-environmental change from 1985 to 2015, national and global levels. Consequently, new and the local perspectives and responses to policies and programs have been designed for change. In the first case, in Amatlán (Morelos), mitigating its negative effects. Perceptions and the influence of conservation through protected views of regional stakeholders living and working areas and market-based environmental instru- is not often considered in the design of new cli- ments, the touristic industry, international mi- mate change mitigation governance schemes. gration and remittances, and agricultural mod- Notwithstanding the fact that stakeholder par- ernization interact with local responses, such as ticipation is now generally recognised as crucial the maintenance of traditional practices, the use in the development of new governance schemes. of remittances for this end, and community ef- Based on the above, in the period 2012-2015, an forts to conserve control over their territory. In EU-financed European-Latin-American research the second case, Nizanda (Oaxaca), large-scale project (titled The Role of Biodiversity in Climate development interventions involving national Change Mitigation - ROBIN), with case studies in and transnational energy and agri-industrial sec- Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico, was developed with tors, that give rise to local wage employment, in- the goal to describe and analyse the role of bio- teract with traditional agricultural practices, mi- diversity and its importance in mitigating climate gration and remittances, community-based con- change. Among great many activities, it sought servation, and strong community cohesion and a to understand the perceptions and opinions of moral economy. Both spaces represent different regional, state and federal stakeholders regard- frontier configurations, that may be regarded as ing land-use transformation and climate peri-urban in the first case, and internal agricul- change. This paper shows the results of the tural in the second case. Interestingly, large Mexican case within the ROBIN project. More tracts of forests are conserved in both sites, re- specifically, we show results from the Chamela- flecting the interaction of global forces with local Cuitzmala watershed in the south-coast region resistance, adaptation and strategies to cope of Jalisco state in western Mexico. As part of the with uncertainty and loss of control over territo- project, several workshops were organized in the ries and resources. This study illustrates context- region, analysing the testimonies of the main based diversity of landscape dynamics, derived stakeholders involved (farmers, municipal au- from specific socio-environmental configura- thorities, state and federal civil servants, opinion tions, where common global and national forces leaders, etc.). During these workshops, different are present, but where also local communities’ participatory methods and techniques were applied, such as group discussions, participatory mapping, the Metaplan technique, and Fuzzy

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Cognitive Maps. From our results, contradictions two communities located in informal areas of emerge between different stakeholders coincid- the Xochimilco borough, where 49% of the total ing in the same territory. In this sense, clear population live in informal settlement areas, we stakeholder-related perceptions and opinions analyze the existing economic, social and envi- could be distinguished: views from local stake- ronmental costs (to communities, government, holders substantially differ from stakeholders environment, etc.) of provision and access to wa- external to the region. Moreover, power rela- ter in these areas, in the absence of effective and tions shape the relationships between the differ- transparent manage of water in peri-urban ar- ent stakeholders. In this sense, a notable mis- eas. Also, we can draw some alternatives solu- trust was identified between regional stakehold- tions of water provision in this areas ensuring ers and those from governmental institutions, low environmental impact and enhance citizen especially state and federal level. We end this well-being. paper with a discussion on stakeholder participa- 417 tion in climate change policies and actions based on our case study from western Mexico. Understanding socio-ecological change and transformation on achieving sustainable water Panel ID 19 access for indigenous communities in rural Mex- Environmental degradation and govern- ico. Shiara Gonzalez Padron ance gaps: individual and community ac- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, tion across Mexico Mexico Chair: Jacopo Baggio The Sixth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG6) 406 proposed by the United Nations seeks to guaran- Understanding the controversial access to water tee access to water and sanitation for all. This in Mexico City: the case of informal settlements in will be a challenge for many countries, especially Xochimilco in the Global South. In Mexico, around 10 million Bertha Hernandez people live without access to potable water, and UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico the communities most affected by water short- ages are often rural and indigenous. In this pa- Climate change presents challenges for cities in per, we will present a case study of an isolated the Global South, particularly for marginalized indigenous community, located in the Sierra Ma- and vulnerable populations who struggle with di- dre, in northwestern Mexico were water situa- minished access to resources and conditions of tion is extremely precarious. Women and chil- poverty and which are not integrated into city dren are responsible for providing water, and policy and planning. Limited access to public ser- families live with less than 20 liters of water per vices, particularly those considered human person, per day. The geographical characteristics rights, such as water, are complex challenges of the region, as well as the complex territorial, faced by cities where informal settlements evi- sociopolitical and religious organization, have dence the need for alternative solutions. In Mex- hampered the success of many government pro- ico City the informal settlements is rising at the grams that have not been able to resolve the same time of formal urbanization in a complex problem of water supply and distribution in the environment of corruption, poverty and legal communities. Implementation of the Rainwater ambiguities. For example, the contradiction be- Collection System (RWHS), promoted by a group tween water as a human right and the “tandeo” of NGOs, has changed the situation of scarcity. system to provide water. Taking as case studies We address the health implications of gaining

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access to water and how the results relate to res- this context, we seek to explore how transform- idents' perception of health and seek to under- ative action can emerge among citizens by re- stand what changes have occurred from access membering and eliciting the connections be- to clean water in the home, and the potential to tween people and place and through the collec- trigger improvements in the well-being of fami- tive analysis of how waste has disrupted these lies. To understand the implications and poten- relationships. Through Photovoice, actors in the tial of the use of RWHS as a transformative ac- peri-urban frontier in a community in the out- tion in this indigenous community, we use a skirts of Mexico City will share and analyze dif- quantitative mixed-method qualitative ap- ferent perspectives to the problem of place as- proach, which includes water quality data and sociated to waste and institutional fails and voids semi-structured interviews at household level. and the strategies they each undertake. We pro- Additionally to the interview, we apply an eco- pose that through a participatory process of re- cosmo-cultural calendar as a visual tool for the connecting to the landscape, agency may be deeper understanding of the relationship be- steered towards the caring of their communities tween water cycles and crop cycles, traditional overcoming legal impediments and institutional festivities and the water-borne diseases oc- mismatches that limit city service provision. curred in recent years. The data showed that 433 water quality is better in sources of consumption from the RWHS. In this case study, one of the im- The use of games as a reflective exercise to study portance to the Mexican system governance is individual decisions that transform agricultural the understanding that Wixarika cosmovision is landscapes, in a context of informal urbanization. Patricia Pérez-Belmont essential to efficiently implement technological Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, packages and address a problems such as water Mexico scarcity. Further, a transformation in the "real world" cannot be based on a global development Urban expansion generates a peri-urban fringe perspective, without taking into account local with particular issues due to the mixture of ur- perception and cultural values. ban and rural and natural areas. In this peri-urban fringe, governance gaps shape the social- 431 ecological dynamics with tendencies which fol- Clearing the landscape from waste by reconnect- low trajectories of environmental degradation ing people to place and an erosion of the social fabric. A particular Beatriz Ruizpalacios, Amy Lerner case is the Xochimilco wetland in Mexico City in UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico which one of the most ancient and sustainable The peri-urban frontier is undergoing rapid agricultural systems, the chinampa, is disappear- change due to urbanization, generating a mosaic ing as urbanization expands. Water availability of land uses. As a result, government agencies for irrigation, market opportunities, social organ- face failures and voids in the provision of basic ization, value recognition, and land property urban services like waste management, transfer- rights are the drivers for the system to change, ring most of the responsibility to the individuals. expressed as land conversion and the reduction However, as responsible consumers and law- of the agricultural system area and its function. abiding citizens, individuals have marginal power We developed a board game to study how these to transition towards a circular economy and drivers operate at the individual level of the de- sustainable trajectories, but are experiencing cision-making process regarding land manage- waste externalities like flooding and disease. In ment. The game involves dynamics were players must make decisions about land use based on

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resources such as money, labor, and water for ir- governance literatures, particularly drawing rigation to change it from abandoned land to ag- from Elinor Ostrom and Oran Young. Building ricultural land or housing. During the game, play- upon the insights on local common pool re- ers also had to confront challenges which might sources and international regimes, illustrates the affect their decisions. The aim is to understand importance of the diversity of governance archi- the dynamics of those decisions and how differ- tectures; there is no panacea, simple solution, or ent situations influence them. The data from the single institutional arrangement appropriate for games played by the local communities is used the biodiversity commons. These insights run to project future scenarios in maps with different counter to alternative perspectives such as E.O. landscape configurations based on individual de- Wilson’s provocative claim that we should set cisions. With this innovative approach to study aside 50% of the Earth’s land area for conserva- and dialogue land management issues, we seek tion purposes, or Garrett Hardin’s limited op- to contribute to fulfilling governance gaps tions of privatization or state control to solve the among locals, as well as to public policies that tragedy of the commons. Moving beyond simply shape land-use planning. enlarging protected lands, requires that we think more broadly about governance of conservation. Panel ID 20 Some have argued that cross-scale, or global, Bridging scales of adaptive governance conservation has to emerge from the bottom-up from local to global commons rather than top-down. Yet with challenges of Chair: Andrea Gerlack elite capture or limited local support, bottom-up Discussant: Ute Brady may not always be effective. Trust, credible, stable, and inclusive governance with strong foun- 401 dations of legitimacy and accountability are pre- Scaling Conservation: Developing Principles for cursors identified both in the conservation liter- the Biodiversity Commons ature and the commons literature. Others have Abigail York found that collaborative approaches may re- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA quire “fuzzy” hierarchies or strong leadership of Sustaining the global biodiversity commons re- a political entrepreneur. Thus, there is both ten- quires a renewed focus on scaling governance. sion and synergy between the design principles Significant attention has been paid to advancing established by Ostrom and some of the empiri- conservation science in order to move from as- cal research on conservation. Using a machine sessing one landscape, or more often a single learning approach, we conduct a systematic, it- conservation project, to comparative analyses. erative review of the peer-reviewed and policy To do this the conservation science community literature to examine the mis/match of empirical has focused on data science and monitoring to findings on scaling conservation governance to examine efficacy. Borrowing some of the tech- the more established principles drawn from niques and perspectives from the conservation Ostrom, Young, and the wider conservation liter- community, we pursue a similar effort within the ature. Our findings suggest match with some of realm of scaling governance for conservation. the existing principles about the commons, but We begin with the premise that the challenges additionally we identify significant gaps in our associated with scaling conservation governance understanding of how to govern the global com- from the local to the regional or even global lev- mons. els requires a close empirical assessment of the governance principles from the commons and

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399 requirement that all governmentally recognized Perceptions of Population Growth and Climate committees have at least ⅓ male and female rep- Change as Threats in Cross-Scale Adaptive Water resentation. This is notable given the gendered Governance Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa roles of water use in rural smallholder farming Tom Evans1, Corrie Hannah1, Jampel Dell'Angelo2, Sara systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this complex Lopus3 management context, under what conditions 1 2 University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. VU Amsterdam, Am- does decision-making at multiple spatial scales sterdam, Netherlands. 3Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, USA produce adaptations to perceived threats to sustained water use? Our research investigated the Global water withdrawals have doubled over the perceptions of actors at the river basin, commu- past 40 years as irrigated agricultural land ex- nity and individual levels. Focus groups with panded from 138 million ha to 277 million ha committees (40) and individual interviews (120) from 1961–2003. Irrigated land is responsible for with committee representatives in water pro- >85% of global consumptive water use, produc- jects were used to identify disconnects between ing approximately 45% of the global food supply individual vs. committee perceptions. In the last on only 20% of global cropland. The combination 10 years, population has dramatically increased of increasing usage of irrigation in agricultural with relatively little change in average precipita- production has led to a situation where over tion. But we found that most committees pre- one-sixth of the world’s population relies on sur- dominantly identify climate change as a more face water that is affected by complex govern- significant challenge for water management de- ance arrangements at multiple spatial scales of spite individual representatives correctly identi- analysis. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa fying population growth as a more rapid source have undergone a process of decentralization of of change. We explore the reasons for this dis- water management with increased authority be- connect and implications for short vs. long-term ing granted to local-level actors. Yet there are adaptation in irrigation systems. critical questions regarding under what conditions multi-level, decentralized and polycentric 402 governance structures result in effective man- Individual cognitive abilities and group ability to agement of water resources. Kenya was at the adaptively manage common pool resources forefront of this process of decentralization in Jacopo Baggio1, Jacob Freeman2, Thomas Coyle3 1 2 SSA but two potential threats are facing these University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA. Utah State University, Logan, USA. 3University of Texas San Antonio, water management systems: population growth San Antonio, USA increasing demand for water resources and climate change potentially reducing future water Collective action is essential to solve today’s big- availability. The perceptions of these two threats gest issues in commons governance such as among actors at multiple levels of decision-mak- changes in climate, biodiversity loss and the de- ing has critical implications for whether adaptive pletion of natural resources. While formal and management can mitigate the effects of these informal institutions have a key role in solving is- two processes. There has been decades of work sues related to complex problems and the ability investigating community-based water manage- to sustain collective action in societies, it is indi- ment, but relatively little work has explored the viduals that lie at the base of institutions. Indi- coherence of committee decisions with the per- viduals have the ability to influence the making ceptions of heterogeneous individual members and changing of rules and norms as so as to of those committees. A novel component of adapt to environmental change. In other words, committee organization in Kenya is the cognitive abilities underpin the capacity of

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individuals to build models of their environment 403 and make decisions about how to govern re- Competing demands for water resources and sources adaptively. Specific cognitive abilities adaptive water governance in community water absolve different functions, and as functional di- projects versity increases ecosystem stability, cognitive Jampel Dell'Angelo1, Tom Evans2 diversity increases group adaptability to 1VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2Uni- changes. Here, we test the functional intelli- versity of Arizona, Tucson, USA gences proposition that states that functionally Critical questions on Socio-Ecological Systems diverse cognitive abilities within a group are crit- governance have been addressed through a va- ical to govern common-pool resources. We spe- riety of experimental approaches, that integrat- cifically assess the effect of two cognitive abili- ing the Ostromian logic of the Institutional Anal- ties, social intelligence and general intelligence, ysis and Development (IAD) Framework, have on group performance on a resource harvesting addressed foundational dilemmas of Common- and management game involving either a nega- Pool Resources theory. In the field of water gov- tive or a positive disturbance to the resource ernance, there has been a considerable amount base. General intelligence relates to the ability of of research that applied experimental ap- an individual to recognize patterns, assess the proaches in relation to the institutional dynamics dynamics of a system and more generally, their in irrigation systems or groundwater governability of individuals to engage in complex rea- ance. Despite this work there is uncharted terri- soning and thought. Social intelligence relates to tory that could benefit from insights from social the ability of individuals to communicate effec- psychology and small group research in order to tively and potentially diffuse conflict and en- better address decision-making questions at the hance the ability to negotiate, and more gener- community level water management. However ally, is related to the ability to model and reason experimental approaches alone are often and about the intentions of others. Our results, disconnected from the reality on the ground. In based on 108 participants indicate that groups order to assess cross-scale resilience and adap- with high general intelligence and ToM better tiveness of smallholder households and commu- adapt to deteriorating environmental condi- nities reliant on irrigated agriculture in the con- tions. Such groups are less likely to deplete re- text of Kenyan polycentric water governance resources as these groups have a better under- form, we have developed a multi-method ap- standing of how the system works and are also proach for characterizing institutional dynamics able to negotiate and communicate effectively. as a platform for cross-site analysis of human- Conversely, based on 100 participants, our re- water governance by combining household sur- sults also indicate that when conditions improve, veys, institutional analysis and social psychology groups with high competency in general intelli- dynamics in small group decision-making. Much gence more effectively reap the benefit of the work has demonstrated that informal rules often positive change. In fact, high general intelli- outweigh what would be dictated by formal rules gence, along with reciprocity, is sufficient for (i.e. constitutions, by-laws). But we have found groups to perform well when resource condi- that it is critical to articulate the role of internal tions improve, as conflict situations are less likely dynamics within community water project man- to arise when resources are plentiful. In this sit- agement committees in order to understand the uation the discriminating variable between nature of how individual preferences and deci- group performances is how well each group un- sions evolve and manifest in group decision- derstands the resource system. making processes in the context of nested

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systems of governance in river basins with multi- On the Dominican side, there is an expanse of ple competing users. As part of this mixed fairly well-protected protected mangroves, method research approach we implemented a while the mangroves in the Haitian side are suf- procedure of ‘small group field quasi-experi- fering from degradation motivated by charcoal ments’. We investigated a set of Community Wa- production and aquaculture. An extensive rice ir- ter Projects (CWPs) among four different river rigation system also exists upstream of the Do- basin Water Resource User Associations minican mangroves and fisheries, and this likely (WRUAs) on Mount Kenya where management contributes to coastal resource issues through committees play a central role in water alloca- agricultural runoff. The Dominican rice farmers tion and management. The research involved are facing frequent droughts and the increasing ~95 community water project managers from 20 impact of DR-CAFTA as an economic disturbance. different CWPs management committees and in- Historically the government agencies in each vestigated the internal dynamics of group deci- country have been largely absent, and the main sion making that are effectively in place. The governance support has come from two local quasi-experiments were conducted in 2014 and NGOs, one in the Dominican Republic and the 2019 in the same sites. The results of our re- other in Haiti. In the face of these challenges, op- search show different levels of coherence and in- portunities also exist in the form of increased coherence between individual decision prefer- governmental involvement and the potential for ences and group decision and what are the fac- external funding for development and conserva- tors that influence the final decision as a result tion projects in the area, under which the two lo- of a small group decision making internal dynam- cal NGOs could work with both Dominican and ics. These results provide valuable insights on Haitian fishers and mangrove users as well as Do- how decision making process on contested nat- minican rice farmers to facilitate cross-border ural resources (water) are affected by group dy- environmental governance. In this presentation namics. I will examine the barriers to and opportunities for the current situation to develop into a poly- 404 centric environmental governance system, with The potential for cross-border polycentric envi- overlapping authorities between a variety of ronmental governance in Hispaniola multiple actor groups. I will examine how the Michael Cox agency and incentives of the actors involved may Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA encourage or frustrate the ability of the system In this presentation I will discuss the prospects to adapt to increasing resource scarcity and fu- for cross-border polycentric environmental gov- ture shocks, such as increasing drought, DR- ernance on the island of Hispaniola. In the north- CAFTA, and between-group conflict. To do this I central part of the island, fishers from the Do- will synthesize work I have done with Dominican minican Republic and Haiti fish on both sides of fishers and farmers in the area and interviews I the border and there is frequent conflict over re- am conducting with the directors and staff of source access and use rights. There is evidence each NGO as well as staff at related governmen- that the interconnected fisheries on each side of tal and non-governmental organizations. In con- the border are suffering from overuse, and that clusion I will discuss the likely implications of the this has resulted from a lack of property rights structure of this system for the future of local and institutional arrangements to constrain fish- livelihoods and the environment in the study ing behavior. The fisheries systems are strongly area. connected to the nearby coastal systems as well.

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Panel ID 69 decision-making around priority-setting, collabo- Linking global and local dynamics: Gov- ration and actions that best lead to the achievement of the SDGs. The framework rests on the ernance responses across scales assumption that progress in one SDG will not ex- Chair: Hannah Barrowman clusively have positive impacts upon the rest of 211 the Agenda; instead, the method seeks to iden- Beyond positivist decision-support methods: in- tify action areas that have potential to enhance sights from piloting a semi-quantitative method progress across the SDGs through a more nu- for systemic analysis of SDG interactions in Mon- anced conceptualization of target interactions golia, Colombia and Sri Lanka and analysis of these networked relationships. Karina Barquet, Nina Weitz, Ivonne Lobos Alva To inform policy processes this type of analysis Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden requires careful tailoring to the national contexts and tools to facilitate data gathering, analysis While the adoption of the Sustainable Develop- and presentation of results. The method com- ment Goals (SDGs) was a milestone in interna- bines qualitative and quantitative analysis and tional cooperation, its success will heavily rely on takes as point of departure, the interactions be- national implementation. In an assessment of tween SDGs as perceived by key stakeholders, as global progress on the SDGs ahead of the Third it is assumed that human behavior and cognitive High-Level Political Forum (HLPF 2018), the UN aspects play an important role in decision-mak- stated that “immediate and accelerated action ing process, sometimes, even more than numer- by countries and stakeholders at all levels” is fun- ical evidence. This paper reflects upon the expe- damental to achieve the goals, overcome data riences of applying the method in Mongolia, Co- gaps, and pursue an integrated government- lombia and Sri Lanka. wide approach for achieving the SDGs. The need for systemic and integrated analysis between 308 goals for effective implementation has been fur- An analytical approach for Mexico City’s Resili- ther emphasized in assessments of Voluntary ence Strategy: incorporating reflexivity towards National Reviews (VNRs), which highlight the sustainability need for methodologies and systematic ap- Emilio Rodríguez-Izquierdo1, Abril Cid1, Paola García-Mene- proaches to address remaining analytical gaps. ses1, Karla Peña-Sanabria1, Carlos Alonso Muñoz2, Ana Es- Whereas progress has been made in the initial calante1 1Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Ins- planning stages of Agenda 2030, e.g. follow-up tituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico city, Mexico. 2 División de mechanisms and mapping SDGs in national de- Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, UAM Xochimilco, Mexico velopment strategies, large gaps remain in the city, Mexico assessments of interlinkages, trade-offs and syn- Urban planning for resilience building is a com- ergies between targets. Countries’ capacity in plex socio-political process that in the absence of conducting necessary systemic analysis for inte- reflexivity can lead to lock-in development paths grated policy-making is therefore considered and prevent sustainable pathways. Monitoring, critical for the implementation of Agenda 2030. Reporting, and Verification (MRV) systems in SEI’s novel work in this area - a method for sys- general, and the development of indicators in temic analysis of SDG interactions supported by particular, play a key role in meeting planned re- an online tool - emerges as an option to address silience goals by assessing and reflecting on the the lack of systemic approaches. The purpose is performance of policy interventions in urban sys- to improve the understanding of how targets in- tems. Through the case study of Mexico City’s teract in a given context in a way that informs

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Resilience Strategy (the Strategy, hereafter), we 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2Georgia State Uni- present an analytical approach to assess the per- versity, Atlanta, USA formance of urban planning interventions to- As cities continue to lead urban resilience plan- wards urban sustainability. Mexico City is vulner- ning, examining how urban governance struc- able to multiple and interacting shocks and tures in diverse socio-cultural and biophysical stresses, such as flooding and weak urban plan- contexts are planning for climate extremes can ning and regional coordination. In this context, help us understand what strategies are effective the Strategy becomes a relevant planning tool to and inform approaches seeking to advance resil- support the articulation of several interventions ience planning. Governance planning documents by integrating a resilience approach in Mexico are one source of insight into how cities are City’s urban planning. The Strategy was devel- framing urban resilience, yet there are few oped under the 100 Resilient Cities Program, a mechanisms to effectively and efficiently high- worldwide initiative focused on addressing the light the suite of social, ecological, and techno- vulnerabilities that hinder a city’s coping abilities logical (SET) climate action strategies cities are to handle disruptive events. The Strategy cov- considering. Our research asks, how do cities de- ered five working themes, each with a set of fine and prioritize climate resilience strategies goals that were operationalized through specific within a single plan and among governance plan- actions. This Strategy was developed under the ning documents and how do strategies address perspective of governance for transformations. current and future climate vulnerabilities? Thus, it was aimed to promote adaptive transfor- Through a content analysis of nine municipal mations ―i.e. adjustments of the fundamental planning documents from two US and one Latin attributes of a system in response to acute American cities (Baltimore, Phoenix, and San shocks and chronic stresses. In our analytical ap- Juan), we examine the diverse SET strategies proach, we first integrate a resilience conceptual proposed to address climate challenges, specifi- framework and analyze its implications for the cally related to heat, drought, and flooding operationalization of the Strategy. Then, we pro- events. Our findings suggest that current plan- pose a method to evaluate the Strategy’s actions ning strategies tend to prioritize technological in which resilience is not a normative term. The solutions and do not adequately consider system method is based on the construction of indica- relationships. Identifying patterns in proposed tors at multiple spatial and temporal scales for and implemented plans are important steps in each working theme. Although many of the ac- bridging the gap between ideas and viable adap- tions emphasized the adaptation of the urban tation actions. We discuss ways in which govern- system, outcomes may not necessarily contrib- ance-based strategies and vulnerability assess- ute to more sustainable paths. Thus, based on ments both form a basis for scenario visioning our results, we discuss the political, economic processes, and can be adapted through those and social factors underlying Mexico City’s resili- processes. ent attributes and its implications for the adaptiveness and reflexivity of this urban system. 416 Multilevel governance in climate change adapta- 370 tion in Bangladesh: structure, processes, and bar- Urban Climate Adaptation and Governance: riers Cross-city comparison of social, ecological and Asif Ishtiaque1, Hallie Eakin2, Netra Chhetri3 technological strategies 1School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning, Arizona Yeowon Kim1, Marta Berbés1, Nancy Grimm1, David State University, Tempe, USA. 2School of Sustainability, Iwaniec2

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Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 3School for the Future Panel ID 70 of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA Unpacking Process of Adaptiveness and Reflexivity Large-scale climate adaptation management re- Chair: Theresa Tribaldos quires the engagement of multiple actors in different sectors and at multiple levels of govern- 160 ance. The decision making and implementation The influence of levels of conflict and trust on pro- in the multilevel arrangement of diverse actors cesses of participatory monitoring and evaluation demand recognition of the actors’ roles, their in- Sander Meijerink1, Gerald Jan Ellen2, Bas Breman3 teractions, and the mechanism of barriers. Nev- 1Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. 2Deltares, ertheless, we have limited evidence on how mul- Utrecht, Netherlands. 3Wageningen Environmental Re- search, Wageningen, Netherlands tilevel adaptation governance structure shapes the roles of the actors, how their power dynam- Participatory (collaborative or reflective) moni- ics affect the governance process, and how bar- toring and evaluation (PME) facilitates a process riers emerge through their interactions. Address- of collecting and sharing different kinds of ing these gaps, in this study, we analyzed the knowledge. The literature suggests that PME structure, processes of and barriers in the multi- stimulates dialogue, reflection and mutual learn- level governance of adaptation to flood in ing, which is crucial to adaptive co-management coastal areas of Bangladesh. We adopted a social of social-ecological systems. It remains unclear, network analysis approach, power concept, and however, under which circumstances PME can causal mechanism approach for the analysis. Re- be successful. The central question of this paper sults revealed that the adaptation governance is how levels of conflict and trust among actors process is elite-pluralistic in nature, but has a co- influence PME processes and their potential for existence of top-down and bottom-up processes fostering dialogue and mutual learning. To an- in different phases of adaptation actions. We swer this research question we have employed a categorized the influence of organizations into methodology of action research. As researchers three classes: high, medium, and low, and we we have been actively involved in two pilot profound that the organizations with high influence jects with participatory monitoring and evalua- over the governance process reside at the nation of climate adaptive measures in Dutch rural tional level. We further identified five types of water management. The pilot projects are the organizations based on the structural attributes monitoring and evaluation of rewetting farm- of the governance network and their functions. land in the Raam valley, and of experiments with The analysis of power dynamics among them dis- drainage and soil management in the neighbour- closes the processes of domination of a few or- hood Stegeren. Whereas rewetting the Raam ganizations in the adaptation governance pro- valley is contested and the level of trust among cess. We found that eight types of mechanisms some parties involved is low, the experiments in that cause the emergence of barriers in the ad- Stegeren are broadly supported, and the level of aptation governance process: frame polariza- trust is high. We have actively contributed to the tion, lost in translation, risk innovation, conflict design of PME processes for these cases, facili- infection, belief formation, power dynamics (en- tated and observed meetings in which PME was closure/exclusion), power dynamics (boundary discussed, and conducted a series of interviews control), and organizational inertia. with participants in these PME processes. The analysis was informed by the literature on PME

as well as theories on policy-oriented learning. In

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both cases, most actors (land-owners) are willing lifecycles and adaptation activities are quickly to contribute to the PME process, either by col- becoming redundant once programmes lecting data, such as groundwater levels, them- end. This study uses a governmentality perspec- selves, or by contributing to the interpretation of tive to critically examine the challenges and op- these data. The motives for participation, how- portunities different individuals and groups en- ever, differ. Whereas in Stegeren farmers are ea- counter when participating in CBA programmes ger to learn about innovations to further im- in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. An analysis of prove soil and water management, in the Raam planning documents, focus-group discussions valley farmers and land-owners who do not sup- and open-ended interviews with individuals port the idea of rewetting the valley foremost ex- from rural communities, community leaders, pect to proof the negative impacts of rewetting and staff from local and national governments either to reverse measures or to get compensa- and local and international NGOs, reveals how tion. The advocative use of monitoring data is a CBA programmes follow a problem-solution ra- potential risk to PME processes. This risk can be tionale, that is, CBA works by rendering prob- reduced by openly discussing scenarios for the lems of vulnerability and capacity to adapt to outcomes of the monitoring process as well as global climate changes as technical and manage- measures to reduce, mitigate or compensate ex- able. Here, boundaries are defined and made vis- pected losses in these scenarios. This implies ible, information about what is to be included is that PME cannot be organized as an isolated pro- assembled, techniques are devised, individuals cess, but should be connected to and embedded are classified, categorised and mobilised, and within the broader policy context. ways of life are revealed. In rendering climate change adaptation technical, this study finds 259 that CBA programmes rarely address the values, Rendering adaptation technical: A critical exami- needs and practices of rural, remote communi- nation of community-based adaptation chal- ties, provide little incentives for local individuals lenges and opportunities in Indonesia and Timor- and government to maintain adaptive practices, Leste ignore broader political and economic activity Hannah Barrowman 1,2, James Butler3 that influence and constrain village life, and 1Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 2Fenner School downplay the transformative potential of cli- of Environment and Society, The Australian National Univer- mate change adaptation action. Having demon- sity, Canberra, Australia. 3CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia strated the analytical importance of critical de- Community-based adaptation (CBA) is a com- velopment theories in CBA research, this study mon policy response in international develop- concludes by outlining a new conceptual model ment programmes implemented in middle- and for the future CBA research agenda, which com- low-income countries vulnerable to climate bines the aspirations of community-based adap- change. CBA aims to facilitate adaptation plan- tation with the critical understanding of, and re- ning and action at the community level, to en- flections upon, traditional and technical devel- courage communities to plan for and better cope opment efforts held by critical development the- with impacts of future climate change, as well as orists. to ensure adaptation activity is more sensitive to 327 the needs and risks faced by poorer, more vul- Governance, Social Learning and Reflexivity nerable groups. However, experience with CBA Pedro JACOBI to date demonstrates that such interventions University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil are rarely being sustained beyond their project

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One of the most pressing themes to the contem- worldviews; the mediation of individual and col- porary environmental debate within the scope lective interests and the possibility of enlarging of the governance of system Earth is the institu- repertoires that expand their capacity to contex- tional architecture that has become one of the tualize and reflect. Active processes, mainly determinant factors of the enlargement of adap- those on a collaborative basis (known as co- tive capacity, as well as the resilience of ecosys- learning) have the potential to promote innova- tems. The aggravation of socio-environmental tion, collective commitments and practices of capacity, notwithstanding the expansion of gov- citizenship oriented towards sustainable actions ernmental and non-governmental activities to at different levels. The creation of spaces of con- enlarge access to information and education due viviality, interwoven by the experience of think- to the incidence and intensity of natural disas- ing and acting in a dialogical, solidary and ecolog- ters and its impacts, demands increasingly col- ically systemic form, thus creates a fertile soil to laborative strategies. In this direction, we pro- promote a culture of participation, and conse- pose a theoretical as well practical discussion on quently, for the building of new potentials of the capacity of social actors and institutions to democratic governance of natural resources. think critically their own performance, and to re- 426 formulate their objectives, practices and values as to navigate with wisdom within the human, Examining the social and behavioral determi- social and environmental complexity. We argue nants of U.S. public’s support for climate change that the production of knowledge has to neces- mitigation policy: A meta-analysis Maaz Gardezi sarily consider the interrelations of the natural South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA environment with the social, including an analysis of the determinants of the process, the role Global climate change is widely viewed as one of of the different actors involved and the dynamics the most significant challenges facing society to- of different forms of social organization that in- day. Although an overwhelming majority of cli- crease the strength of actions focused in socio- mate scientists agree that reduction in green- environmental sustainability. The literature on house gas emissions (GHGs) or mitigation can the theme recognizes environmental govern- help maintain the temperatures below the 2.5°C ance as an action that demands social participa- threshold level, the U.S. public, on the other tion through the engagement and negotiation of hand, is still divided on the existence, causes, multi-stakeholders, based in empowerment and and impacts of climate change. Effective legisla- management of natural resources through tion and implementation of climate mitigation mechanisms of conflict resolution. But this im- policy requires a better understanding of why plies in the establishment of a system of rules, the public support or oppose such policies. While norms and behaviours that reflect values, world there has been a concerted effort to highlight views of those individuals that interact and give factors that are associated with public’s support a meaning to the process. The construction of for mitigation, these studies are splintered this system constitutes a participative process, across several social science disciplines, each of and most importantly, of social learning. We un- which uses its unique epistemological tradition derstand that the biggest challenge for reflexiv- for forming research questions, developing ity is to create active social learning opportuni- methods, and situating research within specific ties, in which there is a real involvement of indi- theoretical assumptions. Against this back- viduals in dialogical relations, that favour: the ground, this paper use a meta-analytical frame- perception of the diversity of opinions and work to comprehensively identify and explain

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the main determinants of U.S. public’s support study adopts the notion of ‘social-ecological sys- for climate mitigation policies. The results of the tems’ (SES), which is used to highlight the inter- meta-analysis will be of special theoretical and dependence of humans and nature and diminish methodological interests to the social science boundaries between social and natural domains. discipline, and of immense practical benefit to We use the SES framework to examine the inter- practitioners and policy makers to understand dependent environmental and social processes the diversity of public opinions and drivers of cli- in the case study locations and interactions be- mate change mitigation policy support. The re- tween them. For instance, how variations in the sults will also identify effective ways to com- abundance of certain marine mammal species municate the risks of climate change to the pub- and increasing global interest in them resulted in lic. new economic opportunities through tourism, changes in perceptions, and altered manage- Panel ID 72 ment practices. The analysis of the case studies Navigating adaptiveness in complex so- is a part of a broader project ARCPATH looking at cial-ecological systems how Arctic SESs respond to rapid socio-ecologi- Chair: Heike Schroeder cal changes. It reveals the ability of communities to react to environmental change and globalisa- 147 tion through directed economic development, Transformation of socio-ecological systems in the altered use and management of marine re- Artic: marine ecosystem change and manage- sources, and redefining identities in relation to ment in coastal communities changing global paradigms. Globalisation and Laura Malinauskaite, David Cook tourism emerge as dominant forces in the stud- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland ied societies’ recent social and economic trans- In few places on Earth are the consequences of formation. As a result, social perceptions of ma- climate change more apparent than in the Arctic. rine ecosystems and community identities are A warming climate has left increasingly large ar- also changing. On the other hand, self-determi- eas of the Arctic Ocean ice-free in summer, nation and decision-making power are very im- which, together with thawing of permafrost and portant for its members who are cautious of top- rising temperatures on land and water, is chang- down governance initiatives, some of which ing the ecosystems in unprecedented and unpre- have been detrimental to their economic and so- dictable ways. With landscape and ecosystems, cial development and the health of ecosystems. societies that depend on them are also changing: The main sources of risk faced by the social-eco- Arctic populations are confronted with chal- logical systems include climate change, resulting lenges as well as opportunities presented by cli- industrial development and unpredictability of mate change, having to adapt to changes quickly ecosystem changes. However, there is also to remain resilient. In addition to this, globalisa- a perception of opportunities that can be seized tion, technological development and rapid through self-determination and stakeholder- growth of tourism are also driving change in the driven ecosystem-based management. circumpolar North. The study looks at how three 347 coastal communities in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway have dealt with these changes so far, Governance Influencing On Trajectories Of Social- whether they managed to adapt to them or steer Ecological Systems Alejandra Ramírez-León1, V. Sophie Avila-Foucat1, J. Fede- them, and what it has meant for the surrounding rico Morales-Barragán2, Yvon Angulo-Reyes3 marine ecosystems. In order to do that, the 1Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas-UNAM, Ciudad de

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Mexico, Mexico. 2Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplina- years to identify the stressors, thresholds of rias en Ciencias y Humanidades-UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, change and their results. A qualitative analysis Mexico. 3Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales-UNAM, Ciu- dad de Mexico, Mexico for describing the evolution of the governance will be presented as well as a social network A socio-ecological system (SES) refers to the so- analysis to identify patterns of change and model cial and natural reality in which the human being the possible phases in which it may move in the is immersed, and co-evolves as an integrated future. whole like an open, self-organized, non-linear, multiscale, hierarchical and adaptive system. 374 This approach makes explicit the biophysical and Coastal climate change adaptation policies in social connections, whose interaction processes Brazil - is EBM being taking into account? operate at multiple hierarchical and nested Luciana Xavier1, Marina Corrêa2, Leandra Gonçalves1, Maila Guilhon1 scales. In the SES there are changes over time, 1Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São caused by specific events that arouse them. Paulo, Brazil. 2Institute of Energy and Environment, Univer- These changes called trajectories are the route sity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil or path that a system makes when moving from Coastal ecosystems have indisputable socioeco- one site or state to another, this implies a dyna- logical importance as they contribute to human mism. The trajectory of any system is based on well-being through a wide range of ecosystem the interactions of the system and the type of services. However the provision of those bene- stressor or shock to which it is subject. The tra- fits is being affected by anthropogenic impacts jectory can be analyzed through the adaptive cy- both locally, regionally, and globally. Such is the cle, which allows identifying thresholds and case of climate change, which dynamic and un- pseudo-trajectories that is states of the SES. certain consequences demands new frameworks Then it is possible to describe its dynamism in to cope with change, in which adaptiveness and time and space. Governance is an important ecological reflexivity are two prominent con- component of the SES that determines its trajec- cepts. In that matter, Ecosystem-based manage- tory. Identifying shifts, actors, decision processes ment (EBM), when applied to coastal climate and interaction with different elements of the change adaptation strategies, can foster inte- system within the governance system will allow grated and sustainable coastal management. to understand its dynamic. This research investi- EBM proposes long-term planning and considers gates the trajectory of the SES governance in or- the connections and interrelationships between der to define regime shifts, as well as the factors the ecological and social dimensions of a system, that trigger it. Defining these trajectories will and how these connections affect the system it- provide theoretical elements to discuss the util- self and the benefits derived. It also recognizes ity of using the adaptive cycle to identify pat- the political dimension of the planning process at terns of change. It also aims to identify if the pro- multiple spatial scales, stemming from the con- cesses of governance in a given coastal socio- temporary human values and interests of differ- ecosystem can be classified as adaptive govern- ent social groups, fostering the adaptiveness and ance. This study is carried out in the Copalita - ecological reflexivity towards the improvement Huatulco basin in Oaxaca, characterized by being of the governance system in force. In Brazil, cli- an area that provides important ecosystem ser- mate change adaptation instruments for the vices to the region, as well as having a diversity coastal zone are inserted on the National Plan of of productive activities. The aim is to analyze the Adaptation to Climate Change (PNA) - and em- trajectory of the governance of the basin over 20 bodied in the National Program for coastline

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conservation (PROCOSTA). These are the institu- stakeholder’s capacity to collect, systematize tional arrangements that provide the means to and spread knowledge to influence decision EBM implementation, nevertheless, there is no making through the design and implementation analysis of whether the directives and actions of public policies. This piece presents the most proposed by them are enabling of this imple- significant findings on the effectiveness of socio- mentation. This article aims to evaluate if EBM is environmental observatories in Mexico to being fostered in Brazilian politics for climate achieve this transition, with specific attention to change adaptation, and to discuss the applica- those addressing the problems of water man- tion of the adaptiveness and ecological reflexiv- agement. Thirty-one socio-environmental ob- ity concepts within the existing institutional ar- servatories were identified, covering a variety of rangements. The findings from this paper shows purposes such as conservation and sustainable that Brazil still has an incipient and preliminary development (18), water management (6), en- EBM approach to climate change adaptation at ergy (1), urban sustainability (5) and coffee pro- federal level. Even though the PNA and PRO- duction (1). Among these, 11 address water is- COSTA consider many EBM principles, they im- sues, directly (6) or in combination with other posed a top-down execution strategy (from fed- objectives linked to sustainable development eral to local/regional governments) that barely (5). The rationale of the analyzed cases ranges considers the governance regime in force at from data sharing to reveal system trends to ad- lower scales, undermining the capacity for adap- vocy agendas for the defense of territories. Most tiveness and ecological reflexivity in the climate water observatories are concentrated in central change adaptation policies. Mexico, and most adopt a jurisdictional approach rather than basin vision (except for three 427 cases). The adoption of a water-basin approach Socio-environmental Observatories of Water in is crucial because it allows a comprehensive ap- Mexico: challenges for transiting to participatory proach to the socio-environmental system of and adaptive governance water, that is, to incorporate natural limits and Claudia Monzón Alvarado1,2, Fernando Gumeta Gómez3 processes of the natural water cycle and its com- 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Campeche, Mexico. 2Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico, Mexico. 3El Cole- patibility with the social, economic, political and gio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico cultural limits and processes that can affect this cycle. Furhermore, it can allow the adoption of A socio-environmental observatory is a set of ac- strategies that promote health, sustainability tors and organizations formed with the purpose and socio-ecological resilience. The main chal- of gathering, systematizing and managing exist- lenges for water observatories in Mexico to ing information, as well as generating new infor- achieve effectiveness as a transition bridge to mation and disseminating it, to encourage in- participatory and adaptive governance are: 1) formed decision-making. Socio-environmental Ensuring quality, integration, security and data observatories play an essential role in the gener- management, 2) influencing public policies, 3) ation of applied, transdisciplinary, reflective detonate and maintain the participation of all knowledge that is accountable to society. There- the actors involved and 4) design and implement fore, they have the potential to act as a bridge to for durable and self-sustaining observatories. transition to participatory decision making and The analysis concludes with a proposal of specific adaptive governance of natural resources. The strategies to face these challenges to achieve ef- effectiveness of this bridge depends, however, fectiveness as a transition bridge to participatory on our hability to address questions such as who and adaptive governance. generates new knowledge and, what is the

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Panel ID 73 notably decision-making agency and agricultural Governance Responses to Social and Eco- diversification, as parallel strategies to improve their food security. The ongoing support for co- logical Disruption conut production and inequitable access to Chair: Amy Lerner training and knowledge in rural systems traps 252 farmers into an agricultural system influenced by Maladaptive food governance: Using human ecol- a long history of colonial institutions and social ogy to identify food discourses in Leyte, The Phil- structures. The presentation will demonstrate ippines that farmers are aware of the interventions re- Federico Davila quired to diversify food systems towards higher Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology value commodities and more socially inclusive Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Fenner School of Environment practices, yet sovereignty is unlikely to be ena- and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, bled due to maladaptive institutional and social Australia networks. The integration of human ecology, The Philippines is home to over 100 million peo- food discourse theory, and Philippine historical ple, half of which remain connected to agrarian literature will allow me to discuss the implica- livelihoods and depend on rural landscapes for tions of rural inequalities for governing increas- incomes and food security. Despite progress in ingly fragile food systems. producing cash export commodities in the Phil- ippines, smallholder farmers remain marginal- 292 ized from policy making processes and continue Emergent governance networks and environmen- to face poor development and nutritional out- tal disturbance events: Assessing the evidence of comes. At the same time, environmental change adaptive response 1 2 3 continues to affect food production systems and Jesse Abrams , Heidi Huber-Stearns , Emily Jane Davis 1University of Georgia, Athens, USA. 2University of Oregon, biodiversity and deforestation continue to pre- Eugene, USA. 3Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA vail. This presentation will distill findings from a four year research project working in partner- In contrast to traditional structures of state-cen- ship with a local agricultural research center fo- tric bureaucratic administration, heterogenous cusing on the prevalence of major food dis- networks of state and non-state actors are be- courses in the Philippines. I will discuss how a lieved to possess the advantages of greater complex mix of colonial legacies, village social re- adaptability in the face of environmental change lations, and lack of agency create a maladaptive as well as greater legitimacy in contested socio- food governance system in rural Philippines. I political settings. To date, however, the litera- will situate this discourse and governance analy- ture in this field has been dominated by single sis within the framework of human ecology, case studies of successful (or, in some cases, un- which I used to thematically analyse interviews successful) adaptation, leaving unanswered with 39 coconut producing smallholder farmers questions regarding the relationships between from Leyte, The Philippines. The results docu- socio-environmental context, structure and ment how smallholders perceive market food se- function of governance networks, and outcomes curity discourse as the main way out of food in- as measured by institutional adaptation. Our secure situations, and thus continue to seek in- purpose here is to provide preliminary insights stitutional support for maintaining a coconut on these questions through a comparison of four based agricultural system. Farmers also perceive distinct emergent responses to a common, cli- elements of the food sovereignty discourse, mate-driven forest disturbance event. Between 1998 and 2016, pine forests throughout the

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western United States experienced the largest 1Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. 2Universidad Nacio- and most destructive outbreak of the native nal Autonoma de Mexico , Mexico City, Mexico mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus pondero- In contexts characterized by weak institutions, sae) on record, with most of the affected forests significant inequality and high uncertainty, what located on lands owned and managed by the U.S. role does citizens’ protests play in the govern- government as national forests. Socio-political ance of vulnerability to social-environmental responses to this event in many geographies in- risk? Protests – street blockades, sit-ins and cluded the emergence of regional governance in- other such demonstrations – can serve the func- itiatives that provided direction and resources tion of a system feedback, communicating ur- for responding to the disturbance event. Our re- gent needs of populations and provoking action search compares these responses across four rein the public sector. Yet reliance on social mobi- gional geographies: northern Colorado, south- lization to inform decision-making is also prob- western Montana, northeastern Washington, lematic for a variety of reasons. Protests are a and the Black Hills region of South Dakota and function of different social thresholds of risk tol- Wyoming. Specifically, we analyze the structure erance and harm, and thus may mask conditions and function of these emergent governance net- of chronic low-level vulnerability. Protests in- works as products of their respective socio-polit- volving vulnerable communities are also subject ical contexts (including the history of relations to manipulation by brokers with ulterior political between local communities and the U.S. Forest motivations. And governance that aims to “put Service) and provide evidence of the lasting im- out fires” rather than address the underlying pact of the networks on institutions at multiple causes of vulnerability may ultimately be unsus- scales. We pay particular attention to the mech- tainable. In this research, we investigate how so- anisms through which documented institutional cial mobilizations (formal and informal) associ- changes were enacted and the consequent im- ated with water scarcity influence the distribu- plications for the role of non-state actors in gov- tion of public investment in infrastructure, and erning landscapes formally dominated by state thus shapes the built environment, with implica- bureaucracies. By analyzing the origin, charac- tions for the spatial and social patterns of vulner- teristics, and persistence of these institutional ability in Mexico City. We provide a conceptual changes, this research contributes a compara- framework to analyze the role of protests as a tive perspective on the adaptive potential of net- feedback mechanism in an urban Socio-Ecologi- works as reflective of network composition and cal-Technical System (SETS). Through a combina- function. We discuss the implications of these tion of qualitative data and quantitative anal- findings for state-society relationships and the yses, we investigate the conditions under which adaptive potential of emergent, networked, and residents are incentivized to protest, and the im- voluntary approaches as a form of hybrid gov- plications of these social pressures on the deci- ernance of large-scale and climate-driven envision making of water managers. Through the use ronmental disturbance events. of an agent-based model, we theoretically ex- 303 plore the role that protests can play in shaping the distribution of exposure to risk in the city. By Protests as an Urban Socio-Ecological Technical making visible the interaction of social pressure System Feedback: Governing Vulnerability to So- emerging from street protests, public sector de- cial-Hydrological Risk in Mexico City cision-making about urban infrastructure, and Hallie Eakin1, Andres Baeza-Castro1, Rebecca Shelton1, Ja- gadish Parajuli1, Luis Bojorquez-Tapia2 social-hydrological risk, we reveal a potentially important driver of SETS governance with

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complex and potentially problematic implica- monitoring and community police have been tions for equity and sustainability in urban areas theirs tools to regain control of the territories. such as Mexico City. The emergence of the AAPCM has propel an internal reorganization within the communities, 437 like the creation of brigades tasked with collect- The emergence of a new environmental governing data on illegal logging and deforestation. It ance regime in the periurban forest areas of Mex- has also created a new relationship between the ico City and a new trajectory towards sustainabil- different communities propelling joint work and ity information exchange, finally it has created a Arcelia Moreno Unda1, Maria Perevochtchikova 2 new power balance with the local and federal 1PhD Sustainability Science UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. 2COLMEX , Mexico City , Mexico authorities that has allowed the AAPCM to take part on development and implementation of en- Southern mountainous peri-urban forests pro- vironmental programs. To asses change and vide a number of ecosystem services to Mexico´s evaluate if this social movement is pushing for city inhabitants, including air quality improve- adaptiveness and reflexivity in the governance ment, carbon sequestration, recreation and sev- system, I use key indicators like, knowledge, eral hydrological services. Among them is acting trust, resource flows and leadership to in a social as the main catchment area to recharge the network analysis. I use the adaptive cycle and city’s aquifer, which in turn is the main source of panarchy models to reveal the dynamics of the fresh water. Yet rapid land use change and now governance system trajectory. I explore what are climate change, threaten to compromise this vi- the conditions currently missing to ensure real tal provision. Since the year 2000 these areas change. Finally I reflect on my own role to play have been declared as conservation territories, in this transformation as a member of the aca- to maintain the forested areas, several public demia. policy instruments have been implemented, most of them based on the handling of economic Panel ID 75 supports directly to the communities living Philosophical exploration of Adaptiveness within the conservation territory, including the and Reflexivity federal program of payment for environmental Chair: Jeremy Benedik-Keymer services, but they seem to have no effect on the conservation, since deforestation continues. All 25 the while, as a result from a political crisis de- Reflection on responsible innovation in Earth Sys- rived from a disagreement with the City´s new tem Governance constitution and its dealing with collective prop- Cordula Ott erty regimes, a grassroots movement emerged, Centre for Development and Environment, Bern, Switzer- composed by an alliance of the several rural land towns that inhabit the conservation territory. Advocates of the Agenda 2030, and of sustaina- Based on their common prehispanic origins, cul- bility-oriented Science, Technology and Innova- ture and traditions, they claim their ancestral tion (STI) more broadly, typically view science– right to handle the land. They call themselves the society interactions and societal co-production Autonomous Assembly of the Peoples of Mex- of knowledge as preconditions for responsible ico’s City Basin (AAPCM), they seek to obtain a research and innovation. However, the complex- fair retribution from the ecosystem services they ities we face in practice trigger resistance, rein- provide and historical documents, scientific force institutional and political obstacles, and data, information exchange, community

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weaken the success of development interven- reference system for Earth System Governance tions. Recent progress in epistemological clarifi- might generate a third innovation paradigm cation of sustainability science makes it possible suited to foster equity-based, reflexive, respon- to better align research and innovation (studies) sible and inclusive knowledge production and in- with the paradigm of sustainable development. novation. More specifically, we draw on evi- An emancipatory understanding of sustainability dence from transdisciplinary projects in a North- allocates each individual an equitable role as an South context. Reflexive, adaptive project navi- agent of change in a joint future-forming pro- gation successfully allows combining discipli- cess. As a result, equity-related factors define nary, inter- and transdisciplinary steps and ele- the quality of science–society interaction. These ments on behalf of shared goals, and is suited to include: the balance of power and deliberative reduce tension and resistance in the joint project capacity of actors involved; openness to diverg- navigation towards sustainable development. ing values, interests, culture, worldviews, or 93 knowledge systems; the growth of shared understanding, working culture, and mutual trust; the Between fixed hierarchies and 'rule of code', a principles of reflexivity, learning, and adaptation middle way toward a social ecosystem Gael Van Weyenbergh in a collaborative setting; and meaningful, con- Meoh, Brussels, Belgium sequential involvement of all in decision-making and process navigation. Although promising The surge in connectedness that came with the ways of increasing the quality of science–society internet propelled us into a new threshold of interaction are often incorporated in the plan- complexity and uncertainty. As a result, human ning, transdisciplinary practice usually continues societies now have to deal with global challenges to be contested by partners within and beyond in a world where change is the only constant. In particular projects. We argue that to under- order to navigate effectively the waves of stand, evaluate, and adapt the contribution of change, social organizations have to become research and innovation to Earth System Gov- more agile and to rely increasingly on third-par- ernance, it is helpful to examine the generally ties that escape their traditional chains of com- conflictive systems of reference that are binding mand and control. Therefore, new societal mod- for researchers and practitioners involved. To els would need to include an improved capacity underpin this, we focus conceptually on three for resilience on one hand and a capacity to ex- major innovation paradigms usually combined in ercise trust as a fundamental element of social transdisciplinary research and innovation portfo- relationships on the other hand. Having an upper lios: In a first innovation paradigm, science is the limit on what social organizations can structur- system of reference – with scientific analysis ex- ally handle, it is time for them to be re-designed pected to bring in the “right” solution for policy for adaptability and reflexivity. As an example, and decision-making. The second – now very we witness a global and lasting trust gap be- popular – innovation paradigm centres on sci- tween citizens and their institutions. Alterna- ence–society interaction in multi-stakeholder tively, distributed technologies promise consen- processes and platforms: yet, frequently repre- sus based on a cryptographic proof instead of senting “open spaces” of negotiation and ex- trusting a central authority. Yet, when the ‘rule change, these suffer most from dynamics of un- of code’ fails, distributed initiatives fall short. A equal negotiating power and conflicting systems human-computer interaction could theoretically of reference. In this paper we examine how sus- support the development of a robust distributed tainable development as the overarching governance model at scale if human governance

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could be modelled on distributed principles. of success. Now, we have reached a critical point Since ecosystems are champions at adaptability, where the transformation of our food system to we propose to apply their dynamics to the social one that is more sustainable is urgent. This study fabric. And since they know no clear boundaries explores the experiences of US farmers who - which erases the concept of externalities - they have received private support for sustainable ag- are also champions at reflexivity. Yet, because riculture transitions. Specifically, it examines the ecosystems are self-regulated the challenge is to farmers’ perceptions of successes and failures of overcome the tragedy of the commons without the support they received as well as support that central control. Thus, we propose to supplement they could have used but did not receive. We the basic principles of ecosystems with a distrib- identified farmers from the northeast United uted social architecture that has the capacity to States who have received transition support us- prompt interpersonal coherence at scale. Similar ing snowball sampling. During the interview pro- to ecosystems where synergistic relationships cess, we constructed fuzzy cognitive maps lead to stability, a global human organism would (FCMs) of farmers’ perceptions of how success- operate as an heterarchy and the regions of ful different support mechanisms were. To ana- greatest authority would be those where trust, lyze these FCMs, we condensed and combined emotional resonance, and reciprocity have related concepts into clearer concepts and scaled the most across the social fabric, aligning grouped them into broader categories. We then intrinsic individual human needs with broader performed a quantitative analysis on the com- collective needs. We propose here a middle way bined FCM matrix values, analyzing them for between fixed hierarchies and rule of code to number of concepts, number of links, and con- propagate the dynamics of cohesive communi- cept indegree (receiving effects), outdegree ties horizontally and at scale in multi stakeholder (transmitting effects), and centrality (receiving scenarios. Compelled to adapt to the ever chang- and transmitting effects). Finally, we determined ing societal environment, this capacity is espe- density and complexity, where density describes cially relevant for institutions as social unrest the connectivity between concepts and com- now operates on increasingly complex networks plexity describes the ratio of receiver-to-trans- without any formal leadership to negotiate with. mitter concepts of an FCM. We used this analysis Indeed, the systemic challenge that we are fac- to explore similarities and differences between ing today calls for nothing less than a systemic the farmers. Reflecting on how support systems solution. have succeeded and failed in the past can help us begin to adapt old and create new governance 245 models that acknowledge and adjust ineffective Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping to Understand the support as well as expand upon favorable and Farm-Level Impact of External Support for Sus- promising components in order to create the tainable Agriculture Transitions strongest and most likely to succeed transition Bonnie Averbuch support systems. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Concerns about sustainability in our food system 253 surfaced nearly a century ago. For decades, Anticipating ‘unthinkable’ collapses: collective so- there have been efforts to establish more sus- cial ecological systems impacts and responsibili- tainable agricultural practices, including through ties public, private, or non-profit support for sustain- Beth Edmondson Federation University, Churchill, Australia able agriculture transitions, with varying degrees

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This paper examines the benefits of adopting the characterise international environmental gov- notion of ‘unthinkable’ collapses to progress in- ernance. It also considers whether doing so ternational sustainability and environmental might progress effective international environ- governance. It draws upon the work of Cum- mental governance, especially in settings of ‘un- ming and Peterson (2017) who argue that ‘col- certainty-ridden collective decision making’ lapse and resilience are two sides of the same (Mahmoodi et. al. 2013). This paper aims to pro- coin’, paying attention to predictability/unpre- gress understanding of the implications of com- dictability. Engaging with predictability/unpre- plex interplay between social ecological systems dictability dynamics in social ecological systems and structures by identifying opportunities to re- settings demands sustained identification and frame ‘unthinkable’ collapse/s. It therefore ex- interrogation of key factors in their systemic and amines these concepts and their problem-solv- structural interplay. To meet this goal, this paper ing frameworks. It examines conceptual and sec- focuses on collapse and resilience in ‘coupled hu- toral intersections and analyses their potential man environment systems’ (Edmondson & Levy significance in anticipating/predicting sustaina- 2019: 301). It utilises this notion of coupled sys- bility, critical thresholds and tipping points (see tems to examine contributing factors for predict- Westley et. al. 2011). This approach is under- ability/unpredictability of collapse and resili- pinned by cautionary observations that environ- ence. It also pays attention to their importance mental sustainability relies upon ‘urgent… re- for environmentally sustainable social ecological forms of institutions and governance approaches systems and governance in the 21st century. It to keep planetary systems clear of [further] irre- considers scalable (and tailor-able) knowledge of versible degradation’ (Mummery & Mummery community resilience and ecological sustainabil- 2019: 46). ity and their respective contributions to cascad- ing ‘predictable surprises’, interlinked ‘tipping points’ and ‘unthinkable’ social ecological systems collapse/s. This analysis arises from increasingly dire scientific predictions of the impacts of human induced environmental transformations (including climate change) alongside persistent discursive divisions concerning social ecological systems, sustainability and environmentally sustainable governance. It is under- pinned by the work of leading knowledge holders and experts across different fields, drawing upon their attention upon factors and risks in social ecological systems collapse, especially in ‘sustainability research’ (Cumming & Peterson 2017). Their work suggests that it is now more possible to envisage mass-scale environmental disasters and upheavals in natural and human created systems. Consequently, this paper asks whether (and under what conditions) unthinkable collapses might become more thinkable in the collective decision-making settings that

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Panel ID 18: governance. We suggest that the two spheres Making conservation work in a globalized are neither in competition for finite political authority, nor are they necessarily additive. The dy- world: opportunities and challenges for namism of public-private governance interac- public and private land use governance tions further complicates efforts to measure the Chair: Benjamin William Cashore contributions of non-state actors to climate Discussant: Daniel Charles Miller change mitigation.

16 247 Learning to Live Together: Competition and Com- Missing the Forest for the Trees: The Hidden Costs plementarity in Public and Private Land Use Gov- of Eco-Certification for Land Use Change ernance Yixian Sun1, Janina Grabs1,2, Benjamin Cashore1, Hamish van Hamish van der Ven1, David Barmes2 der Ven3 1McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 2Vienna University of 1Yale University, New Haven, USA. 2University of Munster, Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Munster, Germany. 3McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Land use change is a key contributor to climate Private governance in the form of certification change. It is also the subject of an increasingly and labelling has become a prominent regulatory broad and fragmented array of governance ef- mode in the global agricultural and forest supply forts led by both public authorities and private chains to promote sustainable production. A ma- groups. In this paper, we ask: how do public and jor goal claimed by these instruments is to halt private land use governance interact in com- deforestation and protect biodiversity, and re- modity-exporting countries? We address this cent impact evaluation studies find that certified question through comparative case studies of areas have reduced forest loss compared to non- soybean farming in Brazil, palm oil production in certified areas. While such evidence seems to Indonesia, and pangasius aquaculture in Vi- suggest that certification is a powerful tool to ad- etnam. In each of these countries, we find a com- dress the issue of land use change, we argue that mon pattern to public-private governance inter- these incremental gains hide the real costs of pri- actions. An initial period of complementarity is vate governance solutions by providing busi- followed by an interlude of competition be- nesses with reputational gains to certify areas tween governance efforts before resettling into that were previously deforested. Over time, cer- a complementary interaction. In essence, public tification programs have shifted problem defini- and private governance hold an uneasy marriage tions, and therefore left regulatory loopholes in characterized by learning to live together. While their standards and enforcement, which are our findings are preliminary and specific to com- likely to worsen land use outcomes on the modity exporting countries, they hold broader ground. We corroborate this argument by an ex- implications for the ways scholars think about amination of the standards of major certification the relationship between public and private programs in the agricultural and forestry sectors

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization in the past 25 years as well as primary and sec- and form across regions. We introduce a new in- ondary evidence on the relevant programs’ prac- ductive framework that identifies Jurisdictional tices. Our study suggests that this failure is Authority, Land Ownership, and Leasing & Li- deeply rooted in the way latent power is exer- censing Regulations as three variables inherent cised in global supply chains, making private gov- in every iteration of CFM, and demonstrate how ernance, by design, unable to trigger profound this framework, when paired with path depend- sustainability transitions. ency analysis, can explain the variation in CFM models across our case studies. By closely exam- 239 ining the institutional factors at play in our case Explaining Divergent Community Forestry Trajec- study countries, we establish the value added of tories in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru: A Historical the HI approach to the literature by demonstrat- Institutionalist Account ing how historical forces over time have shifted Benjamin Cashore, Chelsea Judy, Michaela Foster institutions governing forest resources in our Yale University, New Haven, USA country case studies, thereby influencing con- Current understanding of how indigenous and temporary efforts at engaging community forest forest-dependent communities might partici- management. pate in and benefit from local resource governance remains a significant and contested theme 159 of research in academia and among policy prac- Is private environmental governance an oxymo- titioners. Community Forestry Management ron? The effectiveness of market-based sustaina- (CFM), which involves local peoples and stake- bility standards in improving ecosystem conserva- holders in the management of forests, has been tion touted as a leading model of forest governance Janina Grabs University of Münster, Münster, Germany. ETH Zurich, Zur- that acts as a triple win for society, the environ- ich, Switzerland ment, and economic growth. However, as CFM has emerged and expanded across different To combat deforestation and biodiversity loss, country contexts over time, the institutional as- private environmental governance through sus- pects of these iterations of community forestry, tainability standards has risen in popularity and as well as their trajectories, diverge and vary sig- entered the mainstream of many agri-food mar- nificantly in terms of uptake, durability, and ex- kets. This paper adopts an institutional rational tent across tropical countries. The purpose of choice perspective and uses the case of coffee to this article is to shed light on CFM divergence answer two research questions: first, focusing on and variation by comparing three Latin American land use and biodiversity protection, how do countries that have established and fostered mainstream private sustainability standards op- CFM institutions: Peru, Mexico, and Costa Rica. erationalize and incentivize environmental sus- Further, we ask how might micro-level institu- tainability in the presence of economic trade- tional analyses, that have as the goal the crea- offs? And second, what impacts do their strate- tion of generalizable design principles, be modi- gies have in the field? Using document analysis fied to incorporate vastly different historical tra- and 1,900 observations from Honduran, Colom- jectories? By comparing CFM in three case stud- bian and Costa Rican coffee farmers that are an- ies, we demonstrate how historical institutional- alyzed using propensity score matching, it finds ism (HI) adds importantly to the overall scholarly that standards increasingly support a land spar- attempt to describe how community forestry de- ing approach to biodiversity conservation, velops over time and why CFM varies in extent marked by set-asides of high conservation value forestland and sustainable intensification, rather

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization than a land sharing perspective, which would photovoltaics, and energy storage (primarily in support agroforestry and shade coffee produc- the form of lithium-ion batteries), detailing the tion. Due to economic pressures, the majority of elements required to produce, use, and discard sustainably certified farms in the field thus pur- or recycle them. Finally, the paper explores the sue intensified methods with sparse shade that governance arrangements and accountability have not shown to yield on-farm biodiversity mechanisms established by state, private, and benefits. Further, it is questionable whether the non-state actors of these three renewable tech- regulatory attempt to prevent deforestation has nologies, revealing an inability to address the been successful, as up to 50% of certified farm- global displacement effects of renewable tech- ers that expanded their coffee farm reported nology. The paper argues that transcending the having done so on former forestland. technocratic paradigm and scholarship favouring the shift to renewables will be essential for un- Panel ID 37 derstanding and ideally mitigating the displace- Dilemmas of environmentalism and sus- ment of ecosystems and societies around the tainability in the Anthropocene globe. Chair: Dahlia Simangan 251 41 Green State Capacity and Extractive Governance Governing the Global Displacement Effects of Re- in Peru and Ecuador newable Energy Hyeyoon Park Susan Park1, Teresa Kramarz2, Craig Johnson3 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA 1 2 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. University of To- Since the global financial crisis in 2008, Chinese ronto, Toronto, Canada. 3University of Guelph, Guelph, Can- ada investment in Latin America has drastically increased, with a great deal of money flowing into Renewable energy is the best means of bringing extractive projects. This leads to a concern that global emissions within the 1.5 degrees limit for China’s growing influence will escalate a coun- sustainable life on Earth. While this is an imper- try’s economic dependency on natural resources ative technical response to climate change, the exports which can cause resource curse and hin- political economy of renewable technology der ecological modernization (EM). However, needs further investigation. Specifically, the there is a lack of research what political condi- market for metals, rare earth minerals, and other tions help Latin American countries to make materials used to produce renewable energy re- ‘green extractive policies’ through the process of mains poorly governed, and poorly understood. EM so that they can better manage the negative This paper argues that growing demand for environmental impacts of foreign investment in global renewable technologies has led to the their extractive industries. Applying the EM ap- displacement of functioning ecosystems and so- proach, this research examines the question of cial cohesion, creating new governance chal- how different political regime types influence in lenges at the global level. It does so in three various characteristics of extractives govern- ways. It first identifies the rapid increase in ance, especially regarding Chinese investors in global demand for renewable energy before out- Latin American countries. To answer the ques- lining the concept of governing global renewable tion this study compares Peru and Ecuador, the displacement, which examines the environmen- two countries that have different regime types tal, social, and economic costs of extracting, pro- but commonly experience the growing impact of ducing, and utilising them. Second, the article fo- Chinese investment based on their abundant oil cuses on the dramatic increase in wind, solar

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization and mineral resources. As a most similar com- conceptualizations of 'planetary boundaries', parative research, this analysis will trace the 'tipping points' or 'socio-ecological systems' for evolving history of main extractive policies, and the field of environmental policy and politics? dominant values and ideologies in main policy When proponents of the notion of an Anthropo- discourses in the two countries since the cene claim the 'end of nature' and challenge the 1990s. The preliminary research results show idea of a human 'environment', what is then left that the value of developmentalism has been of environmental policy as an independent field dominant in political discourses related to ex- of study? The Earth System Governance Project tractive policies in both Peru and Ecuador, and it has developed in 2009, in response to these chal- hinders strengthening environmental regula- lenges, the notion of 'earth system' governance tions on foreign investors such as China. In this as a research field that expands beyond environ- sense, different regimes types of the two coun- mental policy. This paper, however, will have a tries have not shown distinctive impacts on much broader scope, covering also recent work green extractive governance clearly. Neverthe- under novel themes such as planetary politics, less, a few pieces of evidence reflect slight differ- Anthropocene governance, earth system law, ences between the two countries. Peru as a de- and so forth. The paper will systematically re- centralized liberal regime gets more pressure view the consequences of the advancements in from transnational advocacy groups, which con- earth system analysis for the field of environ- tributes to facilitating the institutionalization of mental politics and address questions of ontol- sustainable extractive governance. On the other ogy, epistemology, as well as policy relevance hand, Ecuador as a centralized leftwing govern- and the organization of research. In so doing, the ment operates more social policy-oriented ex- paper will critically review also some published tractive governance rather than environmental work from the first years of operation of the policy-related one. This study provides an impli- Earth System Governance Project, and hence cation on some obstacles and potentials of the seek to contribute to the ongoing harvesting ef- ecological modernization in Latin American forts in the Earth System Governance commu- countries, given the Earth System Governance nity. conference stream of Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization in the develop- Panel ID 38 ing world. Commodity systems Chair: Federico Davila 291 Environmental Politics and Earth System Transi- 45 tions: The End of Environmentalism? Sustainability leaders in the global south: explain- Frank Biermann ing the rise of “green” tea companies in China and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Sri lanka 1 2 This paper reviews the notion of 'environmental' Michael J Bloomfield , Yixian Sun 1University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom politics in light of conceptual developments in 2Yale University, New Haven, USA earth system science and global change research. How is the traditional concept of envi- The role of business agency in Earth System Gov- ronmental politics, which gained prominence in ernance is increasingly acknowledged. For exam- the 1960s, affected by the increasing recognition ple, there is a growing literature identifying mi- of an 'Anthropocene' as the current epoch in cro-level mechanisms within firms explaining the planetary history? What are the impacts of novel engagement of particular firms in environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

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To date, this literature has largely focused on emerging markets towards supporting sustaina- Northern companies. When Southern compa- ble development goals. nies are considered at all, they tend to be cast as, 158 at best, rule-takers and, at worst, rule-breakers. But our research suggests that some Southern Signaling Sustainability: The Interplay of Public businesses have become strong advocates of and Private Regulation of Tropical Commodity sustainability, proactively considering sustaina- Production Janina Grabs bility as not only an upgrading strategy in global University of Münster, Münster, Germany. ETH Zurich, Zur- value chains, but also a necessary contribution to ich, Switzerland society and future generations. Based on original interviews with company management and A common narrative holds that the private regu- other stakeholders in the Chinese and Sri Lankan lation of agri-food value chains through volun- tea industries, we compare two companies tary sustainability standards emerged to fill a widely considered to be sustainability leaders in governance gap that states were unable or un- their respective industries. The tea industry has willing to address. However, reality is more com- earned itself a bad reputation with many recent plex: in a number of producing countries, laws studies highlighting poor social and ecological exist that mirror and go beyond what private la- practices amongst its Southern producers. As bels demand. These countries have two options such, the presence of forward thinking, large- for placing their sustainable products in the mar- scale producers presents something of a puzzle. ket: signal their national system’s equivalence to Why have these companies become sustainabil- private schemes, or utilize the existing regula- ity leaders and to what extent might their expe- tory framework as favorable preconditions for riences inform efforts to create more sustainable widespread certification. In framing this choice business models in fast-growing emerging mar- as a collective action problem that pits individual kets? Through in-depth studies of two compa- against collective reputations, this study ana- nies in very different socio-political and eco- lyzes under which conditions states and parasta- nomic contexts, our research inductively identi- tal actors opt for either approach, provides evi- fies the key factors driving the emergence of sus- dence of the strategies used, and draws conclu- tainability strategies and norms in these compa- sions on their respective success and on-the- nies. Drawing on theories from business man- ground outcomes. Using an in-depth compara- agement and political economy, we unravel the tive case study of the coffee sectors of Costa Rica histories of the two companies and unpick the and Colombia, the study finds that the diver- relative influence of internal and external fac- gence in institutional strategies can be explained tors. While not completely discounting the role by three factors: a country’s overall international of external pressure and industry structures, we image; the expected added pay-off of certifica- find that ideational change, as opposed to stra- tion; and sector-specific institutional capacity. In tegic choice, among top managers to embrace practice, producers may still pursue their own sustainability as the core value of their business strategies that contravene the best laid-out has been the most critical factor accounting for plans and compound the collective action prob- continuous commitment of these companies to lem sectoral actors tried to prevent by gaining in- sustainability practices. We therefore suggest dividual-level certification in spite of efforts to that norm change has the most potential to fun- build a country-wide sustainability reputation. damentally transform business practices in However, evidence suggests that the majority of standard requirements that mirror public regulation show little additionality in certified farmers

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization over non-certified controls, showcasing the lim- socio-environmental problems in this region are ited effectiveness of such regulatory duplication. connected to broader dynamics of expansion of The paper closes with an inquiry into more effec- transnational capital towards frontier zones for tive ways of combining public and private regu- commodity extraction. Considering that govern- latory tools for improved socio-economic out- ance arrangements surrounding commodity comes. complexes reflect and reify configurations of power between civil society actors, the state, 226 and investors/developers, we identify the dy- Expanding commodity complexes and socio-envi- namics of soy and mineral production and ex- ronmental impacts in the Amazon: the Tapajós port, and examine how these relate to infra- case structure development in Tapajós; who are the Niels Søndergaard1, Cristina Inoue1, Jonathan Gamu2 main actors, and the power relations among 1Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. 2University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom them, as well as the governance arrangements that foster these dynamics. We then map and The Amazon contains the largest tropical forest analyze the associated socio-environmental im- and river basin on the planet, and is extremely pacts on specific localities within the region, pay- rich in terms of biodiversity. What is more, Ama- ing particular attention to the peoples and lands zonian Indigenous peoples and traditional com- impacted, and the power relations and govern- munities are very diverse in and of themselves, ance arrangements that are in place to protect and their production modes and ways of living the forest, rivers, and socio-biodiversity. Based are essential to conserving the forest ecosys- on literature review, document analysis, and first tems and ensuring the region’s biodiver- stages of fieldwork, we set a context in which sity. Many studies have discussed the impacts of there are competing and conflicting visions for large-scale infrastructure projects and commod- the Tapajós – as a micro-cosmos of the whole ity production such as soy and minerals in the Amazon – reflecting different ideas of develop- Amazon. However, few have focused on the so- ment, autonomy, livelihoods and well-being. Un- cio-environmental impacts and politics through derstanding this context will allow us to analyze the conceptual lense of commodity complexes, how different governance arrangements foster which we define, in aggregate, as the activities or hinder the survival of peoples and the forest. related to the production, input provision, processing, financing, and export of primary com- Panel ID 39 modities, which necessarily includes energy and Sustainability and trade transportation infrastructure development. Ac- Chair: Peter Dauvergne cordingly, this study aims to identify and analyze the socio-environmental impacts and politics of 71 commodity complexes in the Brazilian Amazo- The many aspects of sustainability: Unpacking nian region of Tapajós, state of Pará, which has consumers’ support for tea standards in China become a transportation hub for export com- and the UK modities and an area for development projects Sarah Iweala1, Yixian Sun2 1 2 like ports, hydro ways and dams. Importantly, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany. Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, USA this region contains a mosaic of protected areas, land reform settlements, and Indigenous lands, Over the last two decades, many labels were cre- making it crucial not only for biodiversity conser- ated in the food sector as a market-based gov- vation, but also for the survival of Indigenous ernance model to promote sustainable produc- peoples and traditional communities. Thus, tion and consumption. This has led to a rising

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization literature on the emergence and growth of sus- broader literature on Earth System Governance tainability labelling schemes. While a growing by unpacking public support for specific ele- number of studies have investigated consumers’ ments behind sustainability labels and examin- willingness to pay for certified products, this ing the variation in the potential of sustainable strand of work has either focused on a specific products in Southern and Northern markets. label or asked consumers’ support for labelled 113 products in general, and consequently has paid insufficient attention to the heterogeneity of dif- Exploring new public environmental policy ap- ferent schemes. Yet, institutional analysis on sus- proaches for governing the Brazil-Europe soy tel- tainability standard-setting organizations have ecoupling Andrea Lenschow, Andrea Lenschow shown that different labelling schemes often pri- Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany oritize different types of sustainability issues (e.g. environment, labor, and health), and ac- Literature addressing the “environmental state” cordingly set varying degree of standards on or the role of public policy for environmental each issue. Moreover, past studies have also sug- protection has focused on processes within the gested that the creator and the origin of labelling state’s jurisdiction. In contrast, the role of na- organizations can influence consumers’ trust in tional and international public policies for gov- sustainability labels. As a result, to understand erning negative externalities abroad remains un- the potential of sustainable markets, it is of pri- der-researched. Based on empirical research mary importance to know which requirements in into the governance approaches of the main Eu- sustainability labels consumers actually look for. ropean soy importing countries and the Euro- Our study investigates consumers’ preferences pean Union, this paper discusses current initia- for specific standards and features of sustainabil- tives’ advances and shortcomings for regulating ity labels. To do so, we conducted a choice ex- the Brazil-Europe soy telecoupling. Previous lit- periment and questionnaire in early 2019 with erature has argued that the role of the states and 2000 tea drinkers in China and the UK (1000 in the European Union for regulating the global soy each country). We focus on tea as it has been as- production network has been weak. Most gov- sociated with several social and environmental ernance initiatives in this sector have been es- issues and various labeling schemes exist in the tablished by corporate actors or multi-stake- market. China and the UK are the largest markets holder roundtables, without a substantial partic- for tea, but as China produces most of the crop ipation of state actors, pointing to the existence itself, the UK relies heavily on imports. Amongst of a “corporate environmental food regime” other factors, this difference allows for the hy- (Friedmann). While this general trend has per- pothesis that the requirements for the various sisted, the limitations of private sustainability in- standards vary between both markets. We find itiatives have increasingly come to the forefront that Northern (the UK) and Southern (China) and new initiatives wherein the commodity im- consumers tend to prioritize different aspects of porting European states play an important role sustainability in certified tea products. This re- have emerged. For instance, in France the Law of sult suggests that public support for sustainable the Corporate Duty to Vigilance was adopted in consumption is likely to be driven by specific 2017 and in Switzerland the Swiss Responsible market contexts where socio-economic and cul- Business Initiative is expected to be imple- tural conditions give rise to different frames on mented soon. Likewise, new public-private part- sustainability issues related to the relevant prod- nerships in the Netherlands aim to improve the uct. The study makes a novel contribution to the social and ecological sustainability of its soy

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization supply chain. In this paper, we will scrutinize and existing literature mainly focuses on the value compare the emerging governance initiatives in chains supplying Northern markets, overlooking the following four European states: France, Ger- a crucial explanatory variable: (sustainable) con- many, Switzerland and the Netherlands. We will sumption in the Global South. We argue that discuss our findings in the broader context of the bringing a geopolitical perspective to the study European multi-level governance system. With of transnational private regulation is crucial to this regard, this paper also sheds light on the role understand the limited capacity of private regu- the EU plays or could play for shaping the sus- lation to transform global value chains, espe- tainability of its soy supply chain, for instance cially in an era of rising consumption in the when negotiating trade agreements (e.g. the EU- Global South where the power of Northern ac- Mercosur agreement), by fostering learning pro- tors is increasingly constrained. The paper draws cesses about good practice examples from its on data from original documents and fieldwork member states or by orchestrating certification to comparatively assess the institutionalization schemes for soy products. Eventually, we discuss of private sustainability regulation in the global the broader implications of our findings about coffee and tea sectors from a normative, organi- new public environmental policy approaches to zational, and practice-oriented perspective. We address negative impacts caused or exacerbated find that the power of Northern multinationals in in distant places, thereby contributing to the the coffee market has facilitated the diffusion of emerging volume of literature about the govern- sustainability norms along the chain, whereas ance of telecouplings and inter-regional link- the dominance of emerging markets in the tea ages. sector has reduced the incentives and capacity of Northern stakeholders to globally promote pri- 161 vate regulation. We also show evidence of a Regulation for whom? North-South tensions and growing contention over the types of regulations their implications for the institutionalization of between Northern and Southern stakeholders transnational private regulation in the global cof- within both value chains as Southern markets ex- fee and tea value chains pand. By emphasizing the North-South tension, Janina Grabs 1,2, Yixian Sun 3 the study provides a new conceptual lens to un- 1University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 2ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 3Yale University, New Haven, USA derstand challenges for transnational private regulation. Transnational private regulation to reduce social and environmental externalities in the form of 368 certification and ecolabelling schemes has risen National interest of whom? Reviewing the role of in prominence in several commodity sectors. the state in responding to transnational climate Such tools have become particularly popular in risk for trade flows buyer-driven value chains of cash crops such as Åsa Persson1,2, Magnus Benzie1 1 2 coffee and tea where lead firms and end con- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Lin- köping University, Linköping, Sweden sumers show growing awareness of sustainability issues. Nonetheless, the institutionalization The evidence that climate change will have of private regulatory governance has been transboundary and teleconnected impacts slower than expected. To explain this lack of in- across areas such as agricultural trade flows, mi- stitutionalization, past studies have looked to gration and foreign direct investment is mount- the contentious politicization of the governed ing (IPCC, 2014; Challinor et al., 2017). While sectors due to divergent interests and power im- some countries have started assessing the na- balances among stakeholders. However, the ture and magnitude of these risks and

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opportunities, it is less clear if and how states Panel ID 65 identify a responsibility and mandate to re- International and regional drivers of so- spond, through existing or new governance cio-environmental change mechanisms. Part of this ambivalence might be Chair: Kathryn Hochstetler attributed to current national climate adaptation governance which is highly locally and territori- 240 ally focused. In this paper, we review relevant lit- NAFTA in retrospective: Predictions and retro- eratures on what might be key rationales for spections about the environmental impact of the states to actively govern or be passive observers North American Free Trade Agreement (TLC) of transnational climate risks, with the goal to along the US-Mexican border produce a typology of possible roles. As a heuris- Diana Liverman1, Fiona Gladstone1, Roberto Sanchez Rodri- tic device, the typology is illustrated with the ex- guez2, Eduardo Morales Santos2 ample of Sweden and expected climate risks to 1University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. 2Colegio de La Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico its key food supply chains. The review draws on several strands of literature, which have not pre- 25 years after the North American Free Trade viously been systematically applied to climate Agreement (NAFTA) came into force what im- risk and climate adaptation. First, we draw on in- pact has it had on the environment, especially ternational relations theory, and particularly the along the border between Mexico and the US? realist school, for exploring competing defini- What lessons does NAFTA offer to contemporary tions of national interest. For example, is it ob- debates about trade and Earth System Govern- jective or subjective, and does ‘national’ refer to ance? In the early 1990s, scholars and activists a country’s population, its capital, its employers, argued that NAFTA would have mostly negative etc.? Second, we draw on public administration impacts on the US-Mexico border, creating wa- and political theory literature on the role of the ter scarcity and increasing air, land and water state vis-à-vis its citizens. This includes classic ac- pollution; degrading ecosystems and causing counts such as Musgrave’s (1959) three roles of health problems. The debate over NAFTA was the state – provision of public goods and correc- part of the larger discussion on the environmen- tions of market failure, redistribution of income tal impacts of trade and globalization and was to achieve social welfare goals, and Keynesian linked to concerns about the overall impacts of policies to secure high employment and price neoliberal policies, especially in Mexico and to stability – as well as critiques of states’ over-ex- the need for new governance arrangements for pansion of responsibilities. Lastly, the review will the environment within trade agreements. In re- examine more recent literature from the emerg- sponse to these concerns, several governance ining epistemic community around international stitutions were created to monitor the environ- risk governance (e.g., International Risk Govern- ment (the Commission on Environmental Coop- ance Council, World Economic Forum). This liter- eration) and to certify and fund improvements to ature highlights global systemic risks as a quali- environmental infrastructure along the US-Mex- tatively new phenomenon and identify a more ico border (the Border Environment Cooperation proactive and managerial role for states in their Commission and North American Development governance. Bank). Today, NAFTA faces replacement with a new trade deal (the USMCA), this time with little

discussion of border environmental issues. In our study, we analyze trends in environmental datasets and institutional reports for the US-

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Mexico border over the past 25 years, review political-economic regime shifts. These transfor- scholarly literature, and conduct interviews and mations encompass changes to economic mar- surveys with experts (researchers, activists, gov- kets, land tenure and property rights regimes, ernment personnel, and other border institu- and new forms of environmental governance. tional actors) to understand the varied impacts The impacts have been far-reaching, reshaping of NAFTA on the border environment at 25 decision making across a wide variety of land years. We find both positive and negative im- managers, with social and ecological conse- pacts on the environment. For example, the an- quences at multiple scales. This paper advances ticipated growth of the maquila industry on the a synoptic and empirical perspective on these Mexican side of the border was less than antici- dynamics. First, we review land system science pated as maquilas moved deeper into Mexico and related scholarship on neoliberal policies where wages are lower, and because the assem- targeting land reform and management across bly and electronic industries shifted to Latin America, to highlight implications for tra- China. The impact of the NAFTA environmental jectories of land governance, use, and resilience governance institutions is mostly detectable in the face of global environmental and eco- through projects to improve water and waste nomic change. We further complement this management infrastructure along the bor- broad, synoptic review with an in-depth, empiri- der. Efforts to increase protection of ecosys- cal case study of neoliberal reform and land systems have been made, but are confounded by tems in Calakmul, southern Mexico, to highlight the expansion of a hard border between the US how global and national structural changes are and Mexico and by the setting aside of environ- reshaping land management among smallholder mental regulation in the US to allow for in- farmers, with significant consequences for the creased security and immigration enforce- region’s livelihoods, ecosystems and landscapes. ment. Our analysis is complicated by challenges This paper contributes a critical review and em- of attribution, lack of data and baselines, and pirical insights relevant to key themes of Future memory. The lack of baseline and time series Earth’s Earth Systems Governance project and its data for most environmental issues along the US- flagship 2019 meeting in Oaxaca, particularly, Ar- Mexico border makes it very difficult to track the chitecture and Agency (e.g., institutional dynam- environmental impacts of trade. ics of land and forest management); Justice and Allocation (e.g., costs, benefits and livelihood im- 329 plications of sustainability transitions), and So- Reform and resilience in the Anthropocene: Ne- cio-Environmental Impacts of Economic Globali- oliberal policies and land system change in Mex- zation (e.g., implications of neoliberal economic ico and Latin America and environmental reforms for livelihoods and Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Carlos Dobler-Morales landscapes). Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA

Recent research in land systems science, political 344 ecology and institutional theory has focused on Foreign Direct Investments vs. Payment for Eco- the complex intersections of rapid, widespread, system Service Mechanisms: Why transfor- and uneven processes of social and environmen- mations in Earth System Governance are needed tal transformation of landscapes in the era of the to conserve tropical forests? Anthropocene. One of the most pervasive forces Asim Zia University of Vermont, Burlington, USA shaping land use and cover globally has been the rise of neoliberal reforms and associated

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Tropical forests are huge carbon sinks, acting like tenure rights are clearly demarcated, this study lungs of our planet, and ensuring modulation of hypothesizes that such PES approaches are not regional climate. They also contain the largest transformative enough to reverse the funda- amount of land-based biodiversity and nutrient mental drivers of FDI-driven deforestation prob- rich soils (per areal unit). Yet, according to the lem. In this context, this paper compares the recent growth rate of tropical deforestation, flow of past, present and expected FDI vs. PES in more than half of the non-conserved tropical for- 45 tropical countries. The FDI and PES data anal- ests are likely to be replaced by urban and agri- ysis reveals that without structural transfor- cultural land-cover by the end of the 21stcen- mation in the economic globalization model, tury. As opposed to conventional thinking that which promotes FDI as driver of economic devel- local livelihoods and consumer demands in more opment in the global south, PES mechanisms will than 45 tropical countries lead to deforestation, only lead to intra- and international carbon leak- there is growing scientific evidence and consen- age and exacerbate existing socio-environmen- sus that foreign direct investment (FDI) driven tal inequities. large scale agricultural projects (e.g. soybean & 380 palm oil plantations and cattle ranches), mega- development infrastructure projects (e.g. roads International Influences on Forest Resources and & hydropower dams) and massive mining pro- Social and Environmental Transformation on the jects (extraction of oil, gas, gold and other met- Yucatán Peninsula Lysann Schneider1,2, Haller Tobias 2 als) are the leading drivers of deforestation that 1Centre for Development and Environment , Bern, Switzer- account for more than two-thirds of the global land. 2Institute of Social Anthropology, Bern, Switzerland tropical deforestation problem in recent decades. Despite this growing realization, the lead- The Yucatán peninsula is a focal point of socio- ing international agencies, such as UNFCCC ecological and institutional changes like in prop- (www.unfccc.int) and UNEP (www.unep.org), erty land rights that have led to serious environ- are promoting so-called payment for ecosystem mental degradation. This leads to the emigration service (PES) approaches that will only address of the local Maya population, which for decades small fraction of the deforestation problem by lived on forest resources and agricultural pro- stimulating payments from rich industrialized duction. Institutional changes have led to con- countries to tropical developing countries. The flicts in forest use and property rights within the UNFCCC is concerned about 24-30% of global population as well as with government authori- carbon emissions that are added to the atmos- ties and undermine afforestation efforts. These phere annually due to tropical deforestation. Ne- conditions affect the livelihoods of local people, gotiations in the UNFCCC-sponsored Paris Agree- forcing them to adjust and leading them to mi- ment have institutionalized REDD+ (www.un- grate for a better income mostly to the city of redd.org), a PES mechanism, which promises to Cancún and the touristic coast. In addition, une- transfer billions of dollars in annual payments in qual political measures in development between response to the “performance-based” commit- the wealthy Caribbean tourist coast and its rural ments by tropical countries that demonstrate hinterland hinder the improvement of liveli- decreased deforestation compared to historical hoods inland, discouraging people from invest- baselines. While these incentive-based PES ap- ing in their location of origin. A stable population proaches could both conserve forests and im- and long-term economic investment in agrofor- prove livelihoods of small to medium scale farm- estry institutions could be the basis for a more ers and indigenous populations where land- resilient landscape and promote biodiversity. To understand these processes, the contribution

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization focuses on environmental and institutional increasingly complex regulatory framework in transformations of exploitation, social and polit- Mexico. Additionally, market influences are in- ical marginalization, and specific adaptation centivizing conservation and carbon sequestra- strategies like circular labour migration of the tion over logging. Ecotourism is replacing the population in northeastern Yucatán. The domi- chainsaw and many former farming parcels are nant international influences will be shown on being left fallow allowing for afforestation to the example of an formerly last continuous for- begin. As permits become more difficult to ac- est area which was used for forest extraction quire and challenge local capacity, many com- since the 20th century. A colony was established munities have reduced extraction leaving half of and a successful timber company promoted with their allowable quota in the forest. Lost liveli- the main objective to produce wood products for hoods in turn contribute to rural flight thus chal- the international market. This type of dealing lenging many communities’ social capital making with forests is anchored in national and interna- it more difficult to run a successful local busi- tional ownership and power structures and ness. Within this context, increased forest cover thereby legitimized as it contributes to the na- may appear to be more “green,” but where tional benefit. The institutional history has made might the actual carbon balance lie within these the population and the landscape more vulnera- communities from a climate change perspec- ble to climate change, and has made local collective? As communities and voluntary carbon mar- tive action for reforestation more difficult. Stud- kets consider this afforestation for carbon cred- ies on the socio-environmental impact of eco- its this study examines land use change, out-mi- nomic globalization that take into account his- gration, and lost economic opportunity. Forests torical and institutional change are important in are complex socio-ecological systems where hu- order to understand what decisions were made, mans have a long history of integration within by whom, and with what consequences. They the landscape that must be considered to move must be considered not only as comparative beyond the exclusively ecological sequestration studies, but also as sources of information for fu- assessments employed to date. Drawing from ture political and economic decisions, for exam- three communities with common tenure re- ple, in reducing communities’ vulnerability to en- gimes in Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, and the state of vironmental degradation, and to improve sus- Mexico, we make multiple case comparisons to tainability and environmental justice. address globalization and climate change mitigation. Using semi-structured interviews, a house- Panel ID 89 hold survey, census data, and geospatial analy- Land use sustainability and conflict in sis, metrics for carbon sequestration are devel- Latin America oped within a modern rurality where population Chair: Amy Lerner and land cover are fluid. We find that in these rural contexts, milpa–Mexican subsistence farm- 103 ing–has given way to the increased local import False Forest Sustainability in the Age of Globaliza- of food while construction materials are pur- tion: The Carbon Cost of Abandoning Self-Suffi- chased where in-house timber previously ciency housed residents, both of which imply increased Matthew Jurjonas, Leticia Merino emissions constraining net forest gain sequestra- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico tion. Qualitative findings uncover a youth pri- Indigenous and rural communities historically marily driven to seek economic opportunity dependent on forestry enterprises are facing an away from home even though some prefer to

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization stay for family and rural aesthetic reasons. Fur- facing land use change. Subsequently, through thermore, given that urban Mexicans and the interviews with the municipal authorities and United States emit two to six times more carbon fieldwork the main socio-ecological dynamics dioxide respectively than rural Mexicans–even were identified to characterize the conse- considering logging-based emissions–out-migra- quences and resistance traits that such commu- tion is presented as a new type of “leakage.” We nities are facing. In the two cases, patterns of argue that renewed focus on sustainable rural connectivity and social diversity are key to gen- development and local livelihoods is needed to erate local identities that provide the means for avoid this new form of “leakage,” while negative resisting the effects of the negative social-eco- emissions schemes must begin to consider for- logical consequences produced by the Magic ests as a socio-ecological system in order to Town Program. achieve climate change mitigation. 388 338 From deforestation to Trees on Farms (TonFs): Socio-ecological impacts generated by the magic Identifying incentives and actor coalitions for sus- towns (pueblos mágicos) program in mexico: illus- tainable land-use in the Peruvian Amazon trations of two divergent cases. Yves Zinngrebe1, Elena Borasino2, Valentina Rubiglio3, Laura Quiroz-Rosas, Rafael Calderón-Contreras Lourdes Quiñonez Ruíz4, Anja Gassner5, Phil Dobie6, Parmu- Uam Cuajimalpa, Cdmx, Mexico tia Makui7, Etti Winter8, Jennifer Hauck9 1University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. 2GRADE - The Mexican Government implemented the Grupoe de Análisis para el Desarrollo, Lima, Peru. 3Worldag- Pueblos Mágicos (Magic Towns) Program in 2001 roforestry Center (ICRAF), Regional Office, Lima, Peru. 4In- 5 as a means for promoting economic develop- dependent Consultant, Pucallpa, Peru. Worldagroforestry Center (ICRAF), Manila, Philippines. 6Worldagroforestry ment of attractive towns through tourism activi- Center (ICRAF), Nairbobi, Kenya. 7Worldagroforestry Center ties. However, this program has produced (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. 8Leibnitz Universität Hannover, changes in the social-ecological dynamics of the Hannover, Germany. 9CoKnow Consulting, Jesewitz, Ger- receiving towns. A growing interest of housing many developers to urbanize such towns has created An advancing agricultural frontier is one of the important pressure for land use change in peri- key causes for tropical deforestation and present urban areas, and the consequent loss of valuable a major obstacle towards the global target for ecosystem services. The new dynamics of urban- sustainable agriculture (CBD-Aichi target 3). The izations brought about by the program, has also Padre Abad province in Ucayalli is currently the created intensive gentrification processes that most critical hotspot for deforestation and land- often create tensions between the original use change in the Peruvian Amazon. In search of dwellers and the new residents. Nevertheless, livelihoods, Andean migrants enter the Amazon the negative social-ecological consequences of basin start transforming primary forests into the program have also triggered social move- pastures or plantations of palm oil, cacao, café or ments of local actors in defense of their territory. coca. To date, regional and local governments as This study presents two case studies: Tepoztlán well as projects by NGOs and the international and Valle de Bravo, where remote sensing tech- cooperation engage in individual activities with niques including the use of the Normalized Dif- limited scopes and duration. The NET-MAP is a ference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were applied in tool for analysing social networks of local actors both the dry and rainy seasons to identify areas (Schiffler et al. 2010, Reed 2009), which we ap- of potential urban growth and the amount and plied for analysing the governance of Trees on quality of the green infrastructure at risk of Farms for biodiversity (TonF) on the national

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization level in Peru, in the region of Ucayalli, and the 429 province of Padre Abad. Focus group discussions Integrated land use planning for community- brought together stakeholders from governmen- based forest management: study case of in the tal agencies, NGOs, business and farmer organi- Mixteca region Oaxaca, Mexico sations as well as academic actors to analyse the José Hernández1, Elvira Durán1, José Velázquez2 influence of actors on trees on farms. In a four 1Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo step analytical process, we first identified and Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politéc- nico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Mexico. 2Centro de categorised relevant actor groups. Secondly, Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Morelia, Mexico linkages regarding the exchange of information, financial flows and regulatory influence were Sound forest management has been proved to mapped. Thirdly, participants rank the influence trigger social and economic development of of actors in an ordinal scale. Finally, results and those who hold the rights over them. In Mexico, observations were discussed. As key result, the the communal ownership of a great portion of regulating agencies in agriculture and forestry forests with potential for commercial use, pre- play a key role as land-titling and formal registra- vails. In several forest´s territories, the manage- tion of trees are major obstacles to the commer- ment tends to be participatory, because the cialisation of timber. Furthermore, various ca- owners have the capacity to decide collectively pacity building and extension services provide a to make use of, conserve and restore this com- strong but yet disregarded potential for trans- mon goal. Mexico comprises the largest propor- forming dominant land-use practice. By contrast, tion worldwide of forest under communal own- agencies from the environmental sector were ership. Governance and therefore capacity to hardly visible in local implementation processes. collectively trigger sound forest management is Initiatives from anti-drug- and local develop- uneven. A holistic understanding of the space is ment initiatives present a strong finance poten- therefore crucial to facilitate successful commu- tial, which however is often lost by missing con- nal forest management. We argue that the land- tinuity and integration in the broader socio-eco- scape approach may serve as a trigging baseline logical context. While coca-producers and its to comprehensively understand and turn forest supporting market resulted in both net-map pro- management into sound participatory holistic cesses among the most influential actors, their territory management. Hence, we aimed at com- strong economic potential and logistic ad- paring traditional individual government incen- vantages were never related to other ongoing tives with territory-based incentives focus on commercial activities. While producing both strengthening local governance collective deci- quantitative and qualitative information, our re- sions. We further apply this argument in the Mix- sults highlight the potential of net-map to con- teca region, Oaxaca (±9,000 km²), where 97 for- nect different actor groups in structured learning estry communities exist and were considered as processes. Net-Map presents a methodology a landscape mosaic. These are integrated as well that is both methodologically solid and flexible in five zones with different conservation needs to be applied as analytical tool in transdiscipli- and forestry usages. From this recognition, it is nary development projects. proposed that the public investment for the forestry sector in the Mixteca is focused on zones of the landscape, instead of still individualizing the incentives. With the synchrony of experiences of Community Forest Management, and conservation programs in contiguous communities, not only can forest coverage be promoted, but also

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Category: Socio-environmental impacts of economic globalization the functional integrity of basins, and in turn generate opportunities for regional development.

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